VOLTE
VOLTE
VOLTE
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Agenda
EPS Bearer
QoS
QCI Call Flow
E-RAB Understanding
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Basic EPS Session and Bearer
Uu S1 S5 SGi
PDN
eNodeB SGW PGW
• PDN Connection (EPS Session): handling flows of the IP packets ,that are labeled with UE IP addresses,
between a UE and a PDN
• Represented by UE IP address and APN (“IMS” APN for VoLTE)
• EPS Bearer: a pipe through which IP packets are delivered over the LTE network between UE and P-GW
• UE can have multiple EPS bearers concurrently (up to 11 EPS bearers, EBI range: 5-15)
• EBI allocated by an MME
• E-RAB: a bearer between UE and S-GW, allocated by eNB, E-RAB ID = EBI
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Type of EPS Bearers
PDN Connection GW
Default Bearer Dedicated Bearer
One default bearer is created when UE attaches to LTE Dedicated bearer is created for QoS differentiation
and at least one default bearer remains active as long as purposes and triggered by network or UE
UE attached to LTE always on
Additional default bearers (PDN connection) may be Dedicated bearers are controlled and established by
created when simultaneous access to services available network based on operator policy
via multiple APNs needed, e.g. Internet APN for internet
services and IMS APN for VoLTE services
Default bearers are always non-BGR bearers Dedicated bearers are either non-GBR or GBR bearers
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Agenda
EPS Bearer
QoS Call Flow
E-RAB Understanding
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QoS for VoLTE
• LTE uses the concept of bearers to carry the data between UE and the core network, and to
provide QoS differentiation
• UE negotiates its capabilities and expresses its QoS requirements during a SIP session setup or
session modification procedure
o Media type and bit rate
o Direction of traffic
o Packet size
o Packet transport frequency
o Usage of RTP payload for media
o Types and bandwidth adaptation
• Information delivered to PCRF by IMS during session establishment
• PCRF creates policy rules based on session data and push appropriate policy rules (BW, QoS,
traffic flow) to P-GW
• P-GW interprets the rules and takes actions to establish required EPS bearers for VoLTE
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QoS for VoLTE
• In LTE Network QoS is implemented between UE and P-GW (UE eNB S-GW P-GW)
• QoS is applied in a EPS bearer level all traffic mapped to the same EPS bearer receives
the same bearer level packet forwarding treatment
• Different treatment requires separate EPS bearers
• VoLTE needs both default and dedicated EPS bearer
• Dedicated EPS bearer is needed for voice media(RTP) because default bearer QoS is not
sufficient
• Default EPS bearer is for SIP Signaling
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VoLTE Bearer Combination – QoS Parameters
• QoS Class Identifier (QCI) –Indicator QCI Guarantee Priority Delay Budget Loss Rate Application
Voice
used as reference to parameters 1 GBR 2 100 ms 1e-2 VoIP
data
controlling the treatment of bearer- 2 GBR 4 150 ms 1e-3 Video call
level packet forwarding (priority,
resource type, delay & packet loss 3 GBR 3 50 ms 1e-3 Real time gaming
values) 4 GBR 5 300 ms 1e-6 Streaming
• Allocation & Retention Priority (ARP) – 5 Non-GBR 1 100 ms 1e-6 IMS signalling SIP
Indicator used to prioritize resources 6 Non-GBR 6 300 ms 1e-6 Streaming, TCP
for new & existing bearers during
7 Non-GBR 7 100 ms 1e-3 Interactive gaming
congestion situations (priority level,
pre-emption capability & vulnerability) 8 Non-GBR 8 300 ms 1e-6
Streaming, TCP
9 Non-GBR 9 300 ms 1e-6
• The VoLTE service has specific bearer combination requirements (TS 23.203).
- QCI1 dedicated bearer for the speech.
- QCI5 bearer for SIP signaling to the IMS.
- non-GBR bearer (QCI9) for data transfer (always-on).
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Agenda
EPS Bearer
QoS Call Flow
E-RAB Understanding
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LTE & VoLTE Signaling flow - high level understanding
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Registration Process Overview
How VoLTE terminal get, access to internet and Ready for VoLTE calls
UE-A eNB MME HSS CSCF S-GW P-GW PCRF
1 Radio Setup
4 IMS Registration
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L3/SIP message flow 1/4
NW Capabilities
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L3/SIP message flow 2/4
QCI5 Setup
P-CSCF address
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L3/SIP message flow 3/4
IMS Server
Registration
RRC Connection
release due to
inactivity
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L3/SIP message flow 4/4
RRC/L3 messages
removed for
simplicity
IMS Registration
Call Initiate
Response from MT end
Call terminated
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E2E Call Flow
Example
Assumptions:
‘IMS’ default bearer (QCI5) establishes before ‘Internet’ default bearer (QCI6)
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Initial EPS Attach and Primary Default Bearer Activation
3. Update location
request, e.g. IMSI
HSS MSS PCRF P-CSCF
2. eNB forwards attach S6a SGs/Sv
Rx
MME Gx
0. UE performs
RRC setup
S1-MME S11 Gm
Uu
S1- U
S5
eNB
SGW PGW
MME Gx
S1-MME S11 Gm
Uu
S1- U
S5
eNB
SGW PGW
4. Update-LocationAnswer (Subscription-Data (AMBR (APN-ConfigurationProfile (Context-Identifier=1,
APN-Configuration (Context-Identifier=1, Service-Selection=ims, AMBR, EPS-Subscribed-QoS-Profile
(QCI=5, ARP (Level, PVI, PCI))), APN-Configuration (Context-Identifier=2, Service-
Selection=internet.ng2.mnet, AMBR, EPS-Subscribed-QoS-Profile (QCI=6, ARP (Level, PVI, PCI)))))
MME Gx
S1-MME S11 Gm
Uu
S1- U
S5
eNB
SGW PGW
S1-MME S11 Gm
Uu
S1- U
S5
eNB
SGW PGW
D:\GoLF\SOA\
VoIP\VoLTE\EUS WS\Trace files
S1-MME S11 Gm
Uu
S1- U
S5
eNB
SGW PGW
22 © 2017 Nokia
Secondary Default Bearer Activation
5. Credit Control Answer (Default-EPS-Bearer-QoS (QCI=6, ARP), QoS-Information ( AMBR UL/DL))
MME Gx
S11
S1-MME Gm
Uu
S1- U
S5
eNB
SGW PGW
23 © 2017 Nokia
Source: adapted from Thomas Hammann
Secondary Default Bearer Activation
10. Attach Complete, Activate default EPS bearer context accept
11. Modify bearer 12. Modify bearer
request Response
HSS MSS PCRF P-CSCF
9. E-RAB Setup Response
Rx
S6a SGs/Sv
Uu
S1- U
S5
eNB
SGW PGW
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