Chapter 13 – IPv6

Chapter 13 – IPv6

Presentation_ID 2
 Chapter 13

1 IPv6 Introduction
2 IPv6 Address Configuration
3 Static route with IPV6
4 OSPF Version 3
5 EIGRP for IPv6
 1 IPV6 INTRODUCTION

Presentation_ID 4
 IPv4 Issues
The Need for IPv6
 IPv6 is designed to be the successor to IPv4.
 Depletion of IPv4 address space has been the motivating factor for moving
to IPv6.
 Projections show that all five RIRs will run out of IPv4 addresses between
2015 and 2020.
 With an increasing Internet population, a limited IPv4 address space, issues
with NAT and an Internet of things, the time has come to begin the
transition to IPv6!
 IPv4 has a theoretical maximum of 4.3 billion addresses, plus private
addresses in combination with NAT.
 IPv6 larger 128-bit address space provides for 340 undecillion addresses.
 IPv6 fixes the limitations of IPv4 and includes additional enhancements,
such as ICMPv6.
 IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence

The migration techniques can be divided into three categories:

Dual-stack, Tunnelling, and Translation.

Dual-stack

Dual-stack: Allows IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist on the same network. Devices
run both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks simultaneously.
 IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence (cont.)

Tunnelling

Tunnelling: A method of transporting an IPv6 packet over an IPv4

network. The IPv6 packet is encapsulated inside an IPv4 packet.
 IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence (cont.)

Translation

Translation: The Network Address Translation 64 (NAT64) allows IPv6-

enabled devices to communicate with IPv4-enabled devices using a
translation technique similar to NAT for IPv4. An IPv6 packet is translated to
an IPv4 packet, and vice versa.
 2 IPV6 ADDRESS CONFIGURATION

Presentation_ID 9
 IPv6 Addressing
Hexadecimal Number System

Hexadecimal is a base
sixteen system.
Base 16 numbering system
uses the numbers 0 to 9 and
the letters A to F.
Four bits (half of a byte) can
be represented with a single
hexadecimal value.
 IPv6 Addressing
Hexadecimal Number System (cont.)

Look at the binary bit patterns

that match the decimal and
hexadecimal values
 IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Address Representation

128 bits in length and written as a string of hexadecimal values

In IPv6, 4 bits represents a single hexadecimal digit, 32 hexadecimal value = IPv6
address

2001:0DB8:0000:1111:0000:0000:0000:0200
FE80:0000:0000:0000:0123:4567:89AB:CDEF

Hextet used to refer to a segment of 16 bits or four hexadecimals

Can be written in either lowercase or uppercase
 IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Address Representation (cont.)
 IPv6 Addressing
Rule 1- Omitting Leading 0s

The first rule to help reduce the notation of IPv6 addresses is any leading 0s
(zeros) in any 16-bit section or hextet can be omitted.
01AB can be represented as 1AB.
09F0 can be represented as 9F0.
0A00 can be represented as A00.
00AB can be represented as AB.
 IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2 - Omitting All 0 Segments

A double colon (::) can replace any single, contiguous string of one or more 16-
bit segments (hextets) consisting of all 0’s.
Double colon (::) can only be used once within an address otherwise the
address will be ambiguous.
Known as the compressed format.
Incorrect address - 2001:0DB8::ABCD::1234.
 IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2 - Omitting All 0 Segments (cont.)

Example #1

Example #2
 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Prefix Length
IPv6 does not use the dotted-decimal subnet mask notation
Prefix length indicates the network portion of an IPv6 address using the
following format:
 IPv6 address/prefix length
 Prefix length can range from 0 to 128
 Typical prefix length is /64
 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Address Types

There are three types of IPv6 addresses:

 Unicast
 Multicast
 Anycast.

Note: IPv6 does not have broadcast addresses.

 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses

Unicast
 Uniquely
identifies an
interface on an
IPv6-enabled
device.
 A packet sent to a
unicast address is
received by the
interface that is
assigned that
address.
 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses (cont.)
 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses (cont.)

Global Unicast
 Similar to a public IPv4 address
 Globally unique
 Internet routable addresses
 Can be configured statically or assigned dynamically
Link-local
 Used to communicate with other devices on the same local
link
 Confined to a single link; not routable beyond the link
 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses (cont.)
Loopback
 Used by a host to send a packet to itself and cannot be
assigned to a physical interface.
 Ping an IPv6 loopback address to test the configuration of
TCP/IP on the local host.
 All-0s except for the last bit, represented as ::1/128 or just ::1.
Unspecified Address
 All-0’s address represented as ::/128 or just ::
 Cannot be assigned to an interface and is only used as a source
address.
 An unspecified address is used as a source address when the
device does not yet have a permanent IPv6 address or when
the source of the packet is irrelevant to the destination.
 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses (cont.)
Unique Local
 Similar to private addresses for IPv4.
 Used for local addressing within a site or between
a limited number of sites.
 In the range of FC00::/7 to FDFF::/7.
IPv4 Embedded (not covered in this course)
 Used to help transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Addresses

Every IPv6-enabled network interface is REQUIRED to have a link-local

address
Enables a device to communicate with other IPv6-enabled devices on the
same link and only on that link (subnet)
FE80::/10 range, first 10 bits are 1111 1110 10xx xxxx
1111 1110 1000 0000 (FE80) - 1111 1110 1011 1111 (FEBF)
 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Addresses (cont.)

Packets with a source

or destination link-
local address cannot
be routed beyond the
link from where the
packet originated.
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address

IPv6 global unicast addresses are globally unique and routable on the IPv6
Internet
Equivalent to public IPv4 addresses
ICANN allocates IPv6 address blocks to the five RIRs
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address (cont.)

Currently, only global unicast addresses with the first three bits of 001 or
2000::/3 are being assigned
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address (cont.)

A global unicast address has three parts: Global Routing Prefix, Subnet ID, and
Interface ID.

 Global Routing Prefix is the prefix or network portion of the address

assigned by the provider, such as an ISP, to a customer or site,
currently, RIR’s assign a /48 global routing prefix to customers.
 2001:0DB8:ACAD::/48 has a prefix that indicates that the first 48 bits
(2001:0DB8:ACAD) is the prefix or network portion.
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address (cont.)

Subnet ID is used by an organization to identify subnets within its site

Interface ID
 Equivalent to the host portion of an IPv4 address.
 Used because a single host may have multiple
interfaces, each having one or more IPv6 addresses.
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Static Configuration of a Global Unicast Address
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Static Configuration of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address
(cont.)

Windows
IPv6 Setup
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast Address
using SLAAC

Stateless Address Autoconfiguraton (SLAAC)

 A method that allows a device to obtain its prefix, prefix length and default
gateway from an IPv6 router
 No DHCPv6 server needed
 Rely on ICMPv6 Router Advertisement (RA) messages

IPv6 routers
 Forwards IPv6 packets between networks
 Can be configured with static routes or a dynamic IPv6 routing protocol
 Sends ICMPv6 RA messages
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast Address using
SLAAC (cont.)

 The IPv6 unicast-routing command enables IPv6 routing.

 RA message can contain one of the following three options:
 SLAAC Only – Uses the information contained in the RA message.
 SLAAC and DHCPv6 – Uses the information contained in the RA message
and get other information from the DHCPv6 server, stateless DHCPv6 (for
example, DNS).
 DHCPv6 only – The device should not use the information in the RA,
stateful DHCPv6.
 Routers send ICMPv6 RA messages using the link-local address as the source
IPv6 address
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast Address
using SLAAC (cont.)
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast
Address using DHCPv6 (cont.)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)

 Similar to IPv4
 Automatically receives addressing information, including a global unicast
address, prefix length, default gateway address and the addresses of DNS
servers using the services of a DHCPv6 server.
 Device may receive all or some of its IPv6 addressing information from a
DHCPv6 server depending upon whether option 2 (SLAAC and DHCPv6) or
option 3 (DHCPv6 only) is specified in the ICMPv6 RA message.
 Host may choose to ignore whatever is in the router’s RA message and
obtain its IPv6 address and other information directly from a DHCPv6
server.
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast Address
using DHCPv6 (cont.)
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
EUI-64 Process or Randomly Generated

EUI-64 Process
 Uses a client’s 48-bit Ethernet MAC address and inserts another 16 bits in
the middle of the 46-bit MAC address to create a 64-bit Interface ID.
 Advantage is that the Ethernet MAC address can be used to determine the
interface; is easily tracked.

EUI-64 Interface ID is represented in binary and comprises three parts:

 24-bit OUI from the client MAC address, but the 7th bit (the
Universally/Locally bit) is reversed (0 becomes a 1).
 Inserted as a 16-bit value FFFE.
 24-bit device identifier from the client MAC address.
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
EUI-64 Process or Randomly Generated (cont.)
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
EUI-64 Process or Randomly Generated (cont.)
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
EUI-64 Process or Randomly Generated (cont.)

Randomly Generated Interface IDs

 Depending upon the operating system, a device can use a randomly
generated Interface ID instead of using the MAC address and the EUI-64
process.
 Beginning with Windows Vista, Windows uses a randomly generated
Interface ID instead of one created with EUI-64.
 Windows XP (and previous Windows operating systems) used EUI-64.
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Link-local Addresses

Link-Local Address
 After a global unicast address is assigned to an interface, an IPv6-enabled
device automatically generates its link-local address.
 Must have a link-local address that enables a device to communicate with
other IPv6-enabled devices on the same subnet.
 Uses the link-local address of the local router for its default gateway IPv6
address.
 Routers exchange dynamic routing protocol messages using link-local
addresses.
 Routers’ routing tables use the link-local address to identify the next-hop
router when forwarding IPv6 packets.
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Link-local Addresses (cont.)

Dynamically Assigned

The link-local address is dynamically created using the FE80::/10 prefix and the
Interface ID.
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Static Link-local Addresses

Configuring Link-local
 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Static Link-local Addresses (cont.)

Configuring Link-local
 IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses
Verifying IPv6 Address Configuration

Each interface has two IPv6

addresses -

1. global unicast address that

was configured
2. one that begins with FE80
is automatically added as a
link-local unicast address
 IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses
Verifying IPv6 Address Configuration (cont.)
 IPv6 Multicast Addresses
Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses

IPv6 multicast addresses have the prefix FF00::/8

There are two types of IPv6 multicast addresses:
 Assigned multicast
 Solicited node multicast
 IPv6 Multicast Addresses
Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses (cont.)

Two common IPv6 assigned multicast groups include:

 FF02::1 All-nodes multicast group –
 All IPv6-enabled devices join
 Same effect as an IPv4 broadcast address
 FF02::2 All-routers multicast group
 All IPv6 routers join
 A router becomes a member of this group when it is
enabled as an IPv6 router with the ipv6 unicast-
routing global configuration mode command.
 A packet sent to this group is received and processed
by all IPv6 routers on the link or network.
 IPv6 Multicast Addresses
Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses (cont.)
 IPv6 Multicast Addresses
Solicited Node IPv6 Multicast Addresses
 Similar to the all-nodes
multicast address, matches
only the last 24 bits of the
IPv6 global unicast address of
a device
 Automatically created when
the global unicast or link-
local unicast addresses are
assigned
 Created by combining a
special
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:FF00::/104
prefix with the right-most 24
bits of its unicast address
 IPv6 Multicast Addresses
Solicited Node IPv6 Multicast Addresses (cont.)

The solicited node multicast

address consists of two parts:
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:FF00::/104
multicast prefix – First 104 bits
of the all solicited node
multicast address
Least significant 24-bits –
Copied from the right-most 24
bits of the global unicast or link-
local unicast address of the
device
 3 STATIC ROUTE WITH IPV6

Presentation_ID 52
 Configure IPv6 Static Routes
The ipv6 route Command

Most of parameters are identical to the IPv4 version of

the command. IPv6 static routes can also be implemented
as:
Standard IPv6 static route
Default IPv6 static route
Summary IPv6 static route
Floating IPv6 static route
 Configure IPv6 Static Routes
Next-Hop Options

The next hop can be identified by an IPv6 address,

exit interface, or both. How the destination is
specified creates one of three route types:
Next-hop IPv6 route - Only the next-hop IPv6 address
is specified.
Directly connected static IPv6 route - Only the router
exit interface is specified.
Fully specified static IPv6 route - The next-hop IPv6
address and exit interface are specified.
 Configure IPv6 Static Routes
Configure a Next-Hop Static IPv6 Route
 Configure IPv6 Static Routes
Configure Directly Connected Static IPv6 Route
 Configure IPv6 Static Routes
Configure Fully Specified Static IPv6 Route
 Configure IPv6 Static Routes
Verify IPv6 Static Routes

Along with ping and traceroute, useful

commands to verify static routes include:
show ipv6 route
show ipv6 route static
show ipv6 route network
 Configure IPv6 Default Routes
Default Static IPv6 Route
 Configure IPv6 Default Routes
Configure a Default Static IPv6 Route
 Configure IPv6 Default Routes
Configure a Default Static IPv6 Route
 4 OSPF VERSION 3

Presentation_ID 62
 Configuring OSFPv3
OSPFv3 Network Topology
 Configuring OSFPv3
OSPFv3 Network Topology (cont.)
 Configuring OSFPv3
Link-Local
Addresses

 Link-local addresses are automatically created when an IPv6 global unicast

address is assigned to the interface (required).
 Global unicast addresses are not required.
 Cisco routers create the link-local address using FE80::/10 prefix and the EUI-64
process unless the router is configured manually,
 EUI-64 involves using the 48-bit Ethernet MAC address, inserting FFFE in the
middle and flipping the seventh bit. For serial interfaces, Cisco uses the MAC
address of an Ethernet interface.
 Notice in the figure that all three interfaces are using the same link-local address.
 Configuring OSFPv3
Assigning Link-Local Addresses

Manually configuring
the link-local address
provides the ability to
create an address that
is recognizable and
easier to remember.
 Configuring OSFPv3
Configuring the OSPFv3 Router ID
 Configuring OSFPv3
Configuring the OSPFv3 Router ID (cont.)
 Configuring OSFPv3
Modifying an OSPFv3 Router ID
 OSPF Configuring OSFPv3
Enabling OSPFv3 on Interfaces

Instead of using the network router configuration mode command to specify

matching interface addresses, OSPFv3 is configured directly on the interface.
 Verify OSPFv3
Verify OSPFv3 Neighbors/Protocol Settings
 Verify OSPFv3
Verify OSPFv3 Interfaces
 Verify OSPFv3
Verify IPv6 Routing Table
 5 EIGRP FOR IPV6

Presentation_ID 74
EIGRP for IPv4 vs. IPv6
EIGRP for IPv6
 EIGRP for IPv4 vs. IPv6
Comparing EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6
 EIGRP for IPv4 vs. IPv6
IPv6 Link-local Addresses
 Configuring EIGRP for IPv6
EIGRP for IPv6 Network Topology
 Configuring EIGRP for IPv6
Configuring IPv6 Link-Local Addresses
Manually configuring link-local addresses

Verifying link-local addresses

 Configuring EIGRP for IPv6
Configuring EIGRP for the IPv6 Routing Process

 The ipv6 unicast-routing global

configuration mode command is required to enable
any IPv6 routing protocol.
 Configuring EIGRP for IPv6
 Configuring EIGRP for IPv6
IPv6 EIGRP interface Command

Enabling EIGRP of IPv6 on an Interface

 Verifying EIGRP for IPv6
Verifying EIGRP for IPv6: Examining Neighbors
 Verifying EIGRP for IPv6
Verifying EIGRP for IPv6: show ip protocols Command
 Verifying EIGRP for IPv6
Verifying EIGRP for IPv6: Examine the Routing Table

Use the show ipv6 route command to examine the IPv6

routing table.