Asphalt Practicum Report

PREFACE
First of all we would like to extend our praise and gratitude to the Almighty
God for giving us strength, patience, pleasure, and health, so we can complete the
highway engineering report in time. We also express our deepest gratitude to the lab
assistants for their guidance and assistance during the process of making this report,
so that this report can be completed on time.
In the preparation of this report we are aware that there are still many
shortcomings and mistakes, either intentionally or unintentionally. For that we
apologize for any shortcomings contained in this report, and we sincerely hope and
accept all constructive suggestions and criticisms to be a learning material for us in
the future.
Finally, we hope that this report can be useful and can provide knowledge to
the reader.
Jakarta, January 15th , 2019
Group 8/BB43
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ............................................................................................................. i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. iii
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................ix
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................xi
LIST OF ANOTATIONS............................................................................................xv
CHAPTER 1 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES ...... 1
1.1 PURPOSE...................................................................................................... 1
1.2 BASIC THEORY .......................................................................................... 1
1.3 TOOLS .......................................................................................................... 2
1.4 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ....................................................................... 3
1.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 3
1.6 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 9
1.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER 2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF FINE

AGGREGATES ......................................................................................................... 11
2.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 11
2.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ 11
2.3 TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 12
2.4 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ..................................................................... 13
2.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 14
2.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 15
2.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF COARSE

AGGREGATE 17
3.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 17
3.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ 17
iii
3.3 TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 18
3.4 PRACTICUM PROCEDURES ................................................................... 19
3.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 19
3.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 20
3.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 4 ABRASION ANALYSIS USING LOS ANGELES MACHINE .... 21
4.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 21
4.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ 21
4.3 TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 21
4.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 23
4.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 23
4.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF COVERAGE AND EXFOLIATION IN

AGGREGATES ......................................................................................................... 25
5.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 25
5.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ 25
5.3 TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 25
5.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 26
5.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 27
5.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF COVERAGE AND EXFOLIATION IN STONES 29
6.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 29
6.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ 29
6.3 TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 29
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6.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 31
6.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 31
6.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 31
CHAPTER 7 SOFTENING POINT ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT BITUMEN ...... 33
7.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 33
7.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ 33
7.3 TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 33
7.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 35
7.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 36
7.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 36
CHAPTER 8 ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT PENETRATION................................. 37
8.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 37
8.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ 37
8.3 TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 37
8.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 39
8.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 39
8.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER 9 FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT ANALYSIS WITH

CLEVELAND OPEN CUP........................................................................................ 41
9.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 41
9.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ 41
9.3 TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 41
9.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 43
9.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 43
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9.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 43
CHAPTER 10 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT BITUMEN ..... 45
10.1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................ 45
10.2 BASIC THEORY..................................................................................... 45
10.3 TOOLS..................................................................................................... 45
10.4 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ................................................................. 46
10.5 ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 47
10.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 47
10.7 ERROR FACTOR ................................................................................... 47
CHAPTER 11 ASPHALT DUCTILITY ANALYSIS ............................................. 49
11.1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................ 49
11.2 BASIC THEORY..................................................................................... 49
11.3 TOOLS..................................................................................................... 49
11.5 ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 51
11.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 51
11.7 ERROR FACTOR ................................................................................... 51
CHAPTER 12 ASPHALT MIXTURE ANALYSIS USING MARSHALL

MACHINE .......................................................................................................... 53
12.1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................ 53
12.2 BASIC THEORY..................................................................................... 53
12.3 TOOLS..................................................................................................... 55
12.4 PRACTICUM PREPARATION.............................................................. 56
12.6 ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 57
12.7 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 65
12.8 ERROR FACTOR ................................................................................... 65
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CHAPTER 13 MAXIMUM SPECIFIC GRAVITY ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT
MIXTURE .......................................................................................................... 67
13.1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................ 67
13.2 BASIC THEORY..................................................................................... 67
13.3 TOOLS..................................................................................................... 67
13.5 ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 69
13.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 70
13.7 ERROR FACTOR ................................................................................... 70
CHAPTER 14 EXTRACTION OF ASPHALT CONTENT USING CENTRIFUGE

EXTRACTOR ..................................................................................................... 71
14.1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................ 71
14.2 BASIC THEORY..................................................................................... 71
14.3 TOOLS..................................................................................................... 72
14.5 ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 73
14.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 74
14.7 ERROR FACTOR ................................................................................... 74
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ lxxv
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Aggregate Gradation for Asphalt Mixture ................................................... 1

Table 1.2 (Continued) Aggregate Gradation for Asphalt Mixture ............................... 2
Table 1.3 Hotbin 1 Sieve Analysis Data ...................................................................... 3
Table 1.7 Hotbin 1 Sieve Analysis Calculation ........................................................... 5
Table 1.10 Hotbin 4 Sieve Analysis Calculation ......................................................... 8
Table 2.1 Aggregate Specification for Asphalt Mixture ............................................ 11
Table 2.2 Data of Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity ................................................... 14
Table 2.3 Result of Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity ................................................ 15
Table 3.1 Aggregate Specification for Asphalt Mixture ............................................ 17
Table 3.2 Data of Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity ............................................... 19
Table 3.3 Practicum Result of Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity ........................... 20
Table 7.1 Asphalt Parameter Requirements ............................................................... 33
Table 7.2 Asphalt Softening Point Data..................................................................... 35
Table 8.1 Provisions for penetration grade differentiation ........................................ 37
Table 8.2 Observation of Sample 1 and Sample 2 ..................................................... 39
Table 9.1 Flash Point and Fire Point Data ................................................................. 43
Table 10.1 Specific Gravity Data ............................................................................... 47
Table 11.1 Measurement Reading of Asphalt Ductility............................................. 51
Table 11.1 Bulk Specific Gravity Data from Hotbin Variants................................... 57
Table 11.2 Hotbin Percentage Data............................................................................ 58
Table 11.3 Asphalt Mixture Data ............................................................................... 59
Table 11.4 Flow and Stability of Asphalt Mixture..................................................... 61
Table 11.5 Result of Marshall Test ............................................................................ 61
Table 12.1 Maximum Specific Gravity Calculation .................................................. 69
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Digital Scale................................................................................................ 2

Figure 1.2 Sieve Shaker ............................................................................................... 2
Figure 1.3 Sieve (1/2”, 3/8”, No.4, No.8, No.16, No.30, No.50, No.100, No.200) ..... 2
Figure 1.4 Pan .............................................................................................................. 2
Figure 1.5 Coarse Aggregate........................................................................................ 2
Figure 1.6 Fine Aggregate............................................................................................ 2
Figure 1.7 Hotbin 1 Passing Percentage....................................................................... 6
Figure 1.10 Hotbin 4 Passing Percentage..................................................................... 9
Figure 1.11 Comparison of Aggregate Particle Gradations between Hotbin 1-4 ........ 9
Figure 2.1 Digital Scale.............................................................................................. 13
Figure 2.2 Pycnometer ............................................................................................... 13
Figure 2.3 Conical Cone............................................................................................. 13
Figure 2.4 Stick Compactor ....................................................................................... 13
Figure 2.5 Pipette Bottle............................................................................................. 13
Figure 2.6 Pan ............................................................................................................ 13
Figure 3.2 Buoyancy Balance .................................................................................... 18
Figure 3.3 Pan ............................................................................................................ 18
Figure 3.4 Napkin....................................................................................................... 18
Figure 4.1 Los Angeles Machine ............................................................................... 22
Figure 4.2 Steel Balls ................................................................................................. 22
Figure 4.3 Sieve No. ⅜, ¼, 4...................................................................................... 22
Figure 5.2 Frying Pan................................................................................................. 26
Figure 5.3 Spatula ...................................................................................................... 26
Figure 5.4 Asphalt ...................................................................................................... 26
Figure 5.5 Gas Stove .................................................................................................. 26
Figure 5.7 Aggregate Covered with Asphalt.............................................................. 27
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Figure 6.3 Spatula ...................................................................................................... 30
Figure 6.4 Asphalt ...................................................................................................... 30
Figure 6.5 Gas Stove .................................................................................................. 30
Figure 6.7 White Stone Covered with Asphalt .......................................................... 31
Figure 7.1 Pole and Ring Handle ............................................................................... 34
Figure 7.2 Steel Balls 9.52 mm Diameter .................................................................. 34
Figure 7.3 Ring........................................................................................................... 34
Figure 7.4 1000 mL Beaker........................................................................................ 34
Figure 7.6 Electric Stove ............................................................................................ 34
Figure 7.7 Gas Stove .................................................................................................. 35
Figure 7.8 Glycerin .................................................................................................... 35
Figure 7.9 Thermometer............................................................................................. 35
Figure 7.10 Stopwatch................................................................................................ 35
Figure 8.1 Penetrometer ............................................................................................. 38
Figure 8.2 Penetration Needle Steel ........................................................................... 38
Figure 8.3 Can ............................................................................................................ 38
Figure 8.4 Stopwatch.................................................................................................. 38
Figure 9.2 Gas Stove .................................................................................................. 42
Figure 9.3 Electic Cleveland ...................................................................................... 42
Figure 9.4 Thermometer............................................................................................. 42
Figure 9.5 Flash Cup .................................................................................................. 42
Figure 10.1 25 mL Hubbart Pycnometer.................................................................... 46
Figure 10.2 Gas Stove ................................................................................................ 46
Figure 10.3 Frying Pan............................................................................................... 46
Figure 10.4 Digital Scale............................................................................................ 46
Figure 11.1 Ductility Mold......................................................................................... 50
Figure 11.3 Gas Stove ................................................................................................ 50
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Figure 11.4 Spatula .................................................................................................... 50
Figure 11.5 Ductility Test Machine ........................................................................... 50
Figure 11.6 Glycerin .................................................................................................. 50
Figure 12.1 Marshal Machine .................................................................................... 55
Figure 12.2 Mold........................................................................................................ 55
Figure 12.3 Extruder .................................................................................................. 55
Figure 12.4 Hammer .................................................................................................. 55
Figure 12.5 Compaction Pedestal............................................................................... 55
Figure 12.7 Gas Stove ................................................................................................ 56
Figure 12.8 Waterbath ................................................................................................ 56
Figure 12.9 Glycerin .................................................................................................. 56
Figure 12.10 Buoyancy Balance ................................................................................ 56
Figure 12.11 Correlation Graph between Stability and Asphalt Content .................. 62
Figure 12.12 Correlation Graph between Flow and Asphalt Content........................ 62
Figure 12.13 Correlation Graph between Air Void and Asphalt Content.................. 63
Figure 12.14 Correlation Graph between VFA and Asphalt Content ........................ 63
Figure 12.15 Correlation Graph between Density and Asphalt Content.................... 64
Figure 12.16 Correlation Graph between VMA and Asphalt Content....................... 64
Figure 12.17 Optimum Moisture Content .................................................................. 65
Figure 13.1 500 mL Pycnometer................................................................................ 68
Figure 13.2 Hammer .................................................................................................. 68
Figure 13.4 Pan .......................................................................................................... 68
Figure 15.1 Centriguge Extractor ............................................................................... 72
Figure 15.2 Filter Paper.............................................................................................. 72
Figure 15.4 Oven ........................................................................................................ 72
Figure 15.5 Pan .......................................................................................................... 72
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LIST OF ANOTATIONS
Bk = Dry Weight (gram)

B1 = Picknometer Weight With Water (gram)
Bt = Picknometer Weight + Asphalt + Water (gram)
a = Original sample weight (gram)
b = Retained sample weight (gram)
A = Mass of oven-dry sample in air (Chapter 12)
C = Asphalt Moisture Content in Mixture (%) (Chapter 12)
D = Mass of container filled with water at 25°C (Chapter 12)
E = Mass of container filled with sample and water at 25°C (gram)
(Chapter 12)
A = Unextracted Mixture Weight (gram)(Chapter 14)
B = Extracted Mixture Weight (gram) (Chapter 14)
C = Unextracted Filter Paper Weight (gram) (Chapter 14)
D = Extracted Filter Paper Weight (gram) (Chapter 14)
E = Extracted Bitumen Weight (gram) (Chapter 14)
F = Extracted Mineral Weight (gram) (Chapter 14)
A = Weight of pycnometer + lid (gram) (Chapter 10)
B = Weight of pycnometer filled with water (gram) (Chapter 10)
C = Weight of pycnometer part filled with bitumen (gram) (Chapter
10)
D = Weight of pycnometer + bitumen + water (gram) (Chapter 10)
Xn = Total Data
n = Total Sample
CA = Coarse aggregates
FA = Fine aggregates
FF = Filler
Ps = Percentage of aggregate (%)
Gse = Effective specific gravity of aggregate
Pb = Percentage of binder content (%)
Gb = Specific gravity of the binder
Gmm = Theoretical maximum specific gravity
Pmm = Percentage of total mixture weight (%)
xv
Gsb = Oven-dry bulk specific gravity of aggregate
P1 , P 2 , P n = Percentage of each fraction of aggregates (%)
G1 , G2 , Gn = Specific gravity each fraction of aggregates
Pba = Percentage of absorbed binder (%)
Pbe = Percentage effective binder content (%)
Gmb = Measured bulk specific gravity
VFB = Void filled with asphalt (%)
VMA = Void in mineral aggregate (%)
VIM = Void in the asphalt mixture (%)
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CHAPTER 1
SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES
1.1 PURPOSE
This practicum is intended to determine the grain distribution of fine
aggregates and coarse aggregates using sieves.
1.2 BASIC THEORY

Gradation is the composition of the aggregate grain size. The aggregate grain
size can be obtained by doing sieve analysis. Sieve analysis can be done in wet or dry
condition.
Aggregate gradations determine the amount of cavity or pore that may occur
in mixed aggregates. Mixed aggregates that consist of aggregates of the same will be
hollow or porous because there are no smaller aggregates that can fill the gap
between the grains. Conversely, if mixed aggregates distributed from the small to
large aggregates evenly, then the cavity formed will be small.
Mixed aggregates for asphalt mixture are shown in percentage of aggregate
weight, mixed aggregates must be within limits and must be outside the restriction
zone given in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Aggregate Gradation for Asphalt Mixture
Sieve Size Passed Granules Percentage (%)
ASTM (mm) Latasir (SS) Lataston (HRS) LASTON (AC)
1 ½” 37.5
1” 25
Max.
¾” 19 100 100 100 100 100 90-100
90
Max.
½” 12.5 90-100 90-100 90-100
90
3/8” 9.5 90-100 75-85 65-100 Max. 90
19-
No. 8 2.36 75-100 50-72 35-55 28-58 23-39
45
No. 16 1.18
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Table 1.2 (Continued) Aggregate Gradation for Asphalt Mixture

Sieve Size Passed Granules Percentage (%)
Latasir Lataston
ASTM (mm) LASTON (AC)
(SS) (HRS)
No. 30 0.600 19.1-23.1 16.7-20.7 13.6-17.6
No. 50 0.300 15.5 13.7 11.4
1.3 TOOLS
The following tools needed in this practicum:
a. Digital Scale;
b. Sieve Shaker;
c. Sieve (1/2”, 3/8”, No.4, No.8, No.16, No.30, No.50, No.100, No.200);
d. Pan;
e. Coarse Aggregate;
f. Fine Agrgregate.
Figure 1.1 Digital Scale Figure 1.2 Sieve Shaker Figure 1.3 Sieve (1/2”,
3/8”, No.4, No.8, No.16,
No.30, No.50, No.100,
No.200)
Figure 1.4 Pan Figure 1.5 Coarse Figure 1.6 Fine Aggregate
Aggregate
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1.4 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE

The following procedures for this practicum:
a. Prepare dried coarse and fine aggregates as needed;
b. Arrange sieves starting from sieve ½” on top until sieve No. 200 with pan
located at the bottom;
c. Put the aggregates into the sieve that already arranged and placed on sieve
shaker machine and run it within 15 minutes;
d. After 15 minutes, remove sieve from sieve shaker and weigh it, then write
down the weight of detained aggregates from each sieve;
e. Perform sieving separately for Hotbin 1, II, III and IV.
1.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Practicum data obtained as follows below:
Table 1.3 Hotbin 1 Sieve Analysis Data
Sieve Restrained
Sieve
Size Aggregate
Number
(mm) (gr)
½" 12.5 0
⅜" 9.5 826.6
#4 4.75 170.4
#8 2.36 3
#16 1.18 0.2
#30 0.6 0
#50 0.3 0
#100 0.15 0
#200 0.075 0
Pan - 0
Total 1000.2
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Sieve Restrained
Sieve
Size Aggregate
Number
(mm) (gr)
½" 12.5 0
⅜" 9.5 6.8
#4 4.75 809
#8 2.36 174.4
#16 1.18 7.2
#30 0.6 0
#50 0.3 0
#100 0.15 0
#200 0.075 0
Pan - 0
Total 997.4
Sieve Restrained
Sieve
Size Aggregate
Number
(mm) (gr)
½" 12.5 0
⅜" 9.5 0
#4 4.75 2.2
#8 2.36 6.6
#16 1.18 849.2
#30 0.6 135.2
#50 0.3 0.6
#100 0.15 0.4
#200 0.075 2.2
Pan - 1.6
Total 998
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Sieve Restrained
Sieve
Size Aggregate
Number
(mm) (gr)
½" 12.5 0
⅜" 9.5 0
#4 4.75 0.6
#8 2.36 0.8
#16 1.18 0.6
#30 0.6 308.8
#50 0.3 264.8
#100 0.15 220.4
#200 0.075 139.2
Pan - 58
Total 993.2
B. PRACTICUM CALCULATION
Practicum calculation as follows below:
Table 1.7 Hotbin 1 Sieve Analysis Calculation
Cummulative
Sieve Restrained
Sieve
Size Aggregate Restrained % %
Number
(mm) (gram) Aggregate Restrained Passed
(gram) (%) (%)
½" 12.5 0 0 0.0% 100.0%
⅜" 9.5 826.6 826.6 82.6% 17.4%
#4 4.75 170.4 997 99.7% 0.3%
#8 2.36 3 1000 100.0% 0.0%
#16 1.18 0.2 1000.2 100.0% 0.0%
#30 0.6 0 1000.2 100.0% 0.0%
#50 0.3 0 1000.2 100.0% 0.0%
#100 0.15 0 1000.2 100.0% 0.0%
#200 0.075 0 1000.2 100.0% 0.0%
Pan - 0 1000.2 100.0% 0.0%
Total 1000.2
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100%
90%
Passing Percentage (%)
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve Size(mm)
Figure 1.7 Hotbin 1 Passing Percentage

Cummulative
Sieve Restrained
Sieve
Number
(mm) (gram) Aggregate Restrained Passed
(gram) (%) (%)
½" 12.5 0 0 0.0% 100.0%
⅜" 9.5 6.8 6.8 0.7% 99.3%
#4 4.75 809 815.8 81.8% 18.2%
#8 2.36 174.4 990.2 99.3% 0.7%
#16 1.18 7.2 997.4 100.0% 0.0%
#30 0.6 0 997.4 100.0% 0.0%
#50 0.3 0 997.4 100.0% 0.0%
#100 0.15 0 997.4 100.0% 0.0%
#200 0.075 0 997.4 100.0% 0.0%
Pan - 0 997.4 100.0% 0.0%
Total 997.4
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100.0%
90.0%

80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve Size (mm)

Cummulative
Sieve Restrained
Sieve Restrained % %
Size Aggregate
Number Aggregate Restrained Passed
(mm) (gr)
(gram) (%) (%)
½" 12.5 0 0 0.0% 100.0%
⅜" 9.5 0 0 0.0% 100.0%
#4 4.75 2.2 2.2 0.2% 99.8%
#8 2.36 6.6 8.8 0.9% 99.1%
#16 1.18 849.2 858 86.0% 14.0%
#30 0.6 135.2 993.2 99.5% 0.5%
#50 0.3 0.6 993.8 99.6% 0.4%
#100 0.15 0.4 994.2 99.6% 0.4%
#200 0.075 2.2 996.4 99.8% 0.2%
Pan - 1.6 998 100.0% 0.0%
Total 998
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100.0%
90.0%
80.0%
70.0%
Passing Percentage(%)
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve Size (mm)

Cummulative
Sieve Restrained
Sieve
Number Aggregate Restrained Passed
(mm) (gr)
(gram) (%) (%)
½" 12.5 0 0 0.0% 100.0%
⅜" 9.5 0 0 0.0% 100.0%
#4 4.75 0.6 0.6 0.1% 99.9%
#8 2.36 0.8 1.4 0.1% 99.9%
#16 1.18 0.6 2 0.2% 99.8%
#30 0.6 308.8 310.8 31.3% 68.7%
#50 0.3 264.8 575.6 58.0% 42.0%
#100 0.15 220.4 796 80.1% 19.9%
#200 0.075 139.2 935.2 94.2% 5.8%
Pan - 58 993.2 100.0% 0.0%
Total 993.2
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100.0%
90.0%
Passing Percentage(%)
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve Size (mm)
1.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that:
100.0%
90.0%
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
Hotbin 1
50.0%
Hotbin 2
40.0%
Hotbin 3
30.0%
20.0% Hotbin 4
10.0%
0.0%
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve Size (mm)
Figure 1.11 Comparison of Aggregate Particle Gradations between Hotbin 1-4
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1.7 ERROR FACTOR

Error factors that occur in this practicum as follows:
a. Sample weight is not exactly 1000 grams;
b. Lots of fine aggregate attached to the pan which affects the sample weight.
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CHAPTER 2
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION
OF FINE AGGREGATES
2.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the bulk specific gravity, saturated surface
dry (SSD) specific gravity, apparent specific gravity and absorption of fine
aggregates.
2.2 BASIC THEORY

The bulk density or unit weight of an aggregate is the mass or weight of the
aggregate required to fill a container of a specified unit volume. The volume refers to
the occupied volume by both aggregates and voids between aggregate particles.
Saturated surface dry specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of the
saturated surface dry aggregates to the weight of distilled water within the same
volume at temperature of 25°C.
Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of the dry aggregates to
the weight of distilled water which has the same content with the aggregates in dry
condition at a temperature of 25°C.
Absorption is the ratio of the weight of the water that can be absorbed by the
quarry to the weight of dry aggregates, stated in percent.
Based on road material inspection manual from Bina Marga, the aggregate
specifications for asphalt mixture are as follows below:
Table 2.1 Aggregate Specification for Asphalt Mixture
Subject Specification
Coarse Aggregate
Bulk Specific Gravity Min. 2.5
SSD Specific Gravity -
Apparent Specific Gravity -
Absorption Max. 3%
Los Angeles Test Max. 40%
Fine Aggregate
Absorption Max. 5%
Filler
Fly-Ash -
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ATK -
The formulas for each specific gravity are as follows:
Bk
 Bulk specific gravity = ....................................................(2.1)
Bj+500-Ba
Bj
 SSD specific gravity = .....................................................(2.2)
Bj+500-Ba
Bk
 Apparent specific gravity = ...................................................(2.3)
Bk+500-Ba
500-Bk
 Absorption = ×100%.............................................(2.4)
Bk
Where:
Bk = Bulk weight (gr);
Bj = Pycnometer weight with water (gr);
Ba = Pycnometer weight with water and sample (gr);
2.3 TOOLS
a. Digital Scale;
b. Pycnometer;
c. Conical Cone;
d. Stick Compactor;
e. Pipette Bottle;
f. Pan.
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Figure 2.1 Digital Scale Figure 2.2 Pycnometer
Figure 2.3 Conical Cone Figure 2.4 Stick Compactor
Figure 2.5 Pipette Bottle Figure 2.6 Pan

a. Prepare the aggregates from hotbin 3 and 4;
b. Put the aggregates into conical cone until 1/3 of its section filled up and
compact it 25 times, repeat until the conical cone is full;
c. After shaped in saturated surface dry condition, put the test specimen into
pycnometer as much as 500 grams. Pour water until it reaches the neck of the
pycnometer and shake it until there is no bubble.
d. Weigh the pycnometer containing water and aggregates, then write down the
result.
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2.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Table 2.2 Data of Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity
Subject Hotbin 3 Hotbin 4
Weight of Dried Sample (Bk) (gram) 489 483.4
Weight of Pycnometer with water (Bj) (gram) 921.2 921.2
Weight of Pycnometer with water and sample 1233.8 1225
(Ba) (gram)
Weight of Sample (gram) 500 500
Temperature (o C) 25 25
Bk
Bulk specific gravity = Bj+500-Ba
489
= 921.2+500-1233.8
= 2.609
Bj
SSD specific gravity = Bj+500-Ba
921.2
= 921.2+500-1233.8
= 2.834
Bk
Apparent specific gravity = Bk+500-Ba
489
= 489+500-1233.8
= 2.772
500-Bk
Absorption = ×100%
Bk
500-489
= ×100%
489
= 2.249%
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C. PRACTICUM RESULT
Practicum result as follows below:
Table 2.3 Result of Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity
Subject Hotbin 3 Hotbin 4 Average
Bulk Specific Gravity 2.609 2.464 2.537
SSD Specific Gravity 2.834 2.784 2.809
Apparent Specific Gravity 2.772 2.692 2.732
Absorption (%) 2.249 3.434 2.842
2.6 CONCLUSION
a. The bulk specific gravity for both Hotbin 3 and Hotbin 4 are adequate for the
asphalt mixture, since the minimum specification is 2.5 (Hotbin 4 specific
gravity rounded up to 2.5);
b. The average SSD specific gravity value is 2.809;
c. The average apparent speciic gravity value is 2.732;
d. The average absorption value is 2.842%, which is adequate for the asphalt
mixture.
2.7 ERROR FACTOR
Error factor that occur in this practicum are as follows:
a. Error in filling aggregate into conic cone;
b. Less dense when pounding the aggregate inside the conic cone.
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CHAPTER 3
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE
3.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the bulk specific gravity, saturated surface
dry (SSD) specific gravity, apparent specific gravity and absorption of coarse
aggregates.
3.2 BASIC THEORY

The bulk density or unit weight of an aggregate is the mass or weight of the
aggregate required to fill a container of a specified unit volume. The volume refers to
the occupied volume by both aggregates and voids between aggregate particles.
Saturated surface dry specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of the
saturated surface dry aggregates to the weight of distilled water within the same
volume at temperature of 25°C.
Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of the dry aggregates to
the weight of distilled water which has the same content with the aggregates in dry
condition at a temperature of 25°C.
Absorption is the ratio of the weight of the water that can be absorbed by the
quarry to the weight of dry aggregates, stated in percent.
Based on road material inspection manual from Bina Marga, the aggregate
specifications for asphalt mixture are as follows below:
Table 3.1 Aggregate Specification for Asphalt Mixture
Subject Specification
Coarse Aggregate
Absorption Max. 3%
Los Angeles Test Max. 40%
Fine Aggregate
Absorption Max. 5%
Filler
Fly-Ash -
ATK -
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The formulas for each specific gravity are as follows:

Bk
 Bulk specific gravity = Bj-Ba ...........................................................(3.1)
Bj
 SSD specific gravity = Bj-Ba ...........................................................(3.2)
Bk
 Apparent specific gravity = Bk-Ba ..........................................................(3.3)
Bj-Bk
 Absorption = ×100%..............................................(3.4)
Bk
Where:
Bk = Bulk weight (gr);
Bj = Pycnometer weight with water (gr);
Ba = Pycnometer weight with water and sample (gr);
3.3 TOOLS
a. Digital Scale;
b. Buyoancy Balance;
c. Pan;
d. Napkin.
Figure 3.1 Digital Scale Figure 3.2 Buoyancy Balance
Figure 3.3 Pan Figure 3.4 Napkin
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3.4 PRACTICUM PROCEDURES

a. Prepare hotbin I and hotbin II aggregates;
b. Wash the aggregates until the dirt is gone;
c. Dry the aggregates surfaces with napkin until the surface is dry;
d. Weigh the aggregates in the buoyancy balance connected to the scales.
3.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Table 3.2 Data of Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity
Subject Hotbin I Hotbin II
Dry sample weight (Bk) (gram) 1000 1000
SSD weight (Bj) (gram) 1015 1009.6
Buoyancy weight (Ba) (gram) 602.4 464.4
o
Temperature ( C) 25 25
Bk
Bulk specific gravity = Bj-Ba
1000
=
1015-602.4
= 2.424
Bj
SSD specific gravity = Bj-Ba
1015
= 1015-602.4
= 2.46
Bk
Apparent specific gravity = Bk-Ba
1015
= 1000-602.4
= 2.515
Bj-Bk
Absorption = ×100%
Bk
1015-1000
= ×100%
1000
= 1.5%
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C. PRACTICUM RESULT
Table 3.3 Practicum Result of Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity
Subject Hotbin 1 Hotbin 2 Average

Bulk Specific Gravity 2.424 1.834 2.129
SSD Specific Gravity 2.460 1.852 2.156
Apparent Specific Gravity 2.515 1.867 2.191
Absorption (%) 1.500 0.960 1.230
3.6 CONCLUSION
a. The bulk specific gravity for both Hotbin 1 and Hotbin 2 are not adequate for
the asphalt mixture, since the minimum specification is 2.5;
b. The average SSD specific gravity value is 2.156;
c. The average apparent speciic gravity value is 2.191;
d. The average absorption value is 1,23%, which is adequate for the asphalt
mixture.
3.7 ERROR FACTOR

Error factors that occur in this practicum as follows:
a. Less dry aggregate when doing SSD test which will affect the sample weight;
b. The digital scale is too sensitive which whill affect the sample weight.
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CHAPTER 4
ABRASION ANALYSIS USING
LOS ANGELES MACHINE
4.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the resistance of coarse
aggregates to wear using the Los Angeles abrasion machine.
4.2 BASIC THEORY

Toughness of aggregate can be defined as the ability of an aggregate to resist
the impacting and grinding forces applied during the process of manufacturing,
placing and compacting. Los Angeles Machine is used to test and measure the
toughness of aggregate particles as described in ASTM C131 (Resistance to
Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los
Angeles Machine) and SNI 2417:2008 (Cara uji keausan agregat dengan mesin
abrasi Los Angeles).
The Los Angeles degradation test carried out to measure the resistance of an
aggregate to wear or abrasion. In this test, according to SNI 2417:2008, the specimen
rotated in the Los Angeles Machine at 30 to 33 rpm and the amount of rotation will
be vary for each gradation. The result of the test stated in percentage and can be
calculated by using the following equation:
(original weight - final weight)
Percentage LA Loss = × 100% ................ (4.1)
original weight
4.3 TOOLS
a. Los Angeles Machine;
b. Steel Balls;
c. Sieve No. ⅜, ¼, 4;
d. Digital Scale.
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Figure 4.1 Los Angeles Machine Figure 4.2 Steel Balls
Figure 4.3 Sieve No. ⅜, ¼, 4 Figure 4.4 Digital Scale

a. Sieve as much as 2500 grams of aggregates that held on both sieve No. ¼ and
No.4;
b. Put the aggregates and the steel balls (8 steel balls used) into the Los Angeles
Machine;
c. Set the rotation of the Los Angeles Machine to 500 rotations, then start the
machine;
d. Take out the aggregates from the Los Angeles Machine and sieve it with
sieve no. 12;
e. Weigh the aggregates that held on sieve no. 12 and write down the result.
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4.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Original weight of aggregates : 5000 grams;
Final weight of aggregates : 4105.4 grams.
(original weight - final weight)
Percentage LA Loss = × 100%
original weight
(5000-4105.4)
= ×100%
5000
= 17.9%
4.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the Los Angeles Loss of the
aggregate is 17.9% which is adequate for asphalt mixture, since the maximum
percentage according to the road material inspection manual is 40%.
4.7 ERROR FACTOR

Error factor that occur in this practicum is that there is a small amount of
aggregate spilled from the sieve which affects the final sample weight.
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CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS OF COVERAGE AND EXFOLIATION IN AGGREGATES
5.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to get the percentage of viscosity in the
aggregate mixture with asphalt.
5.2 BASIC THEORY

Coating and stripping of bitumen-aggregate mixtures carried out by using
several types of asphalt, including cutback asphalt, emulsified asphalt and semi-solid
asphalt.
Aggregate coating on asphalt defined as the percentage of aggregate’s surface
area that covered by asphalt against its surface. Coating process of aggregates using
cutback asphalt carried out at a temperature of 60 °C, and if using emulsified asphalt,
the aggregates left at temperature of 135 °C. After the coating process is finished,
then the bitumen-aggregate mixtures soaked into the water. The result of this process
should be 95% or greater.
5.3 TOOLS
a. Digital Scale;
b. Frying Pan;
c. Spatula;
d. Asphalt;
e. Gas Stove;
f. Pycnometer;
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Figure 5.1 Digital Scale Figure 5.2 Frying Pan Figure 5.3 Spatula
Figure 5.4 Asphalt Figure 5.5 Gas Stove Figure 5.6 Pycnometer

a. Weigh as much as 100 grams of aggregates, then wash and dry it;
b. Put the asphalt into the pan, then heat it until it melts;
c. Put the aggregates into the melted asphalt while stirring it until the surface of
the aggregates coated with asphalt;
d. Pour water into the pycnometer and leave it at room temperature up to 16-18
hours;
e. Observe the surface area of the test specimen which coated with asphalt
visually.
5.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Aggregates weight = 100 grams;
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B. PRACTICUM RESULT
Figure 5.7 Aggregate Covered with Asphalt
Area percentage covered with asphalt > 95%.
5.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the aggregate is covered well
enough by the asphalt with the area covered percentage > 95%, which is adequate for
the asphalt mixture according to SNI 2439:2011.
5.7 ERROR FACTOR

Error factor that occurs in this practicum as follows:
a. The aggregate covered with asphalt is not left for 16-18 hours according to
the procedure;
b. The asphalt weight is not measured, the weight should be 4-10% of the
aggregates weight according to SNI 2439:2011.
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CHAPTER 6
ANALYSIS OF COVERAGE AND EXFOLIATION IN STONES
6.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to get the percentage of viscosity in the stone
mixture with asphalt.
6.2 BASIC THEORY

Coating and stripping of bitumen-aggregate mixtures carried out by using
several types of asphalt, including cutback asphalt, emulsified asphalt and semi-solid
asphalt.
Aggregate coating on asphalt defined as the percentage of aggregate’s surface
area that covered by asphalt against its surface. Coating process of aggregates using
cutback asphalt carried out at a temperature of 60 °C, and if using emulsified asphalt,
the aggregates left at temperature of 135 °C. After the coating process is finished,
then the bitumen-aggregate mixtures soaked into the water. The result of this process
should be 95% or greater.
6.3 TOOLS
a. Digital Scale;
b. Frying Pan;
c. Spatula;
d. Asphalt;
e. Gas Stove;
f. Pycnometer;
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Figure 6.1 Digital Scale Figure 6.2 Frying Pan Figure 6.3 Spatula
Figure 6.4 Asphalt Figure 6.5 Gas Stove Figure 6.6 Pycnometer

a. Weigh as much as 500 grams of white stones, then wash and dry it;
b. Put the asphalt into the pan, then heat it until it melts;
c. Put the aggregates into the melted asphalt while stirring it until the surface of
the aggregates coated with asphalt;
d. Pour water into the pycnometer and leave it at room temperature up to 16-18
hours;
e. Observe the surface area of the test specimen which coated with asphalt
visually.
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6.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Aggregates weight = 500 grams;
B. PRACTICUM RESULT
Figure 6.7 White Stone Covered with Asphalt
Area percentage covered with asphalt < 95%.
6.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the aggregate is covered well
enough by the asphalt with the area covered percentage < 95%, which is adequate for
the asphalt mixture according to SNI 2439:2011.
6.7 ERROR FACTOR

a. The aggregate covered with asphalt is not left for 16-18 hours according to
the procedure;
b. The asphalt weight is not measured, the weight should be 4-10% of the
aggregates weight according to SNI 2439:2011.
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CHAPTER 7
SOFTENING POINT ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT BITUMEN
7.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the softening point of asphalt using ring
equipment and steel balls.
7.2 BASIC THEORY

The softening points of bitumen must be determined because bitumen is a
viscoelastic material without specific defined melting points. Bitumen gradually
become softer and less viscous as the temperature rises.
The softening point is used to classify the bitumen, as one element in
establishing the uniformity of shipments and suggesting the tendency of the material
to flow at elevated temperatures found in service.
In softening point of bitumen test, two horizontal disks of bitumen and cast in
shouldered brass rings are heated in a liquid bath. The softening point of bitumen is
defined as the mean temperatures at which the disks soften and allow each ball to fall
at distance of 25 mm in the bitumen. The softening point of bitumen is in the range
of 30 to 157 °C.
Asphalt softening point requirement values according to RSNI S-01-2003 are
as follows:
Table 7.1 Asphalt Parameter Requirements
Requirement
No. Test Method
Pen 40 Pen 60 Pen 80 Pen 120 Pen 200
Penetration, 25
SNI 06-2456-
1 C, 100 gr, 5 40-59 60-79 80-99 120-150 200-300
1991
second
Softening SNI 06-2434-
2 51-63 50-58 46-54 120-150 200-300
Point (C) 1991
Flash Point SNI 06-2433- Min. Min. Min.
3 218 177
(C) 1991 200 200 225
7.3 TOOLS
a. Pole and Ring Handle;
b. Steel Balls 9.52 mm Diameter;
c. Ring;
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d. 1000 mL Beaker;
e. Frying Pan;
f. Electric Stove;
g. Gas Stove;
h. Glycerine;
i. Thermometer;
j. Stopwatch.
Figure 7.1 Pole and Ring Handle Figure 7.2 Steel Balls 9.52 mm Diameter
Figure 7.3 Ring Figure 7.4 1000 mL Beaker
Figure 7.5 Frying Pan Figure 7.6 Electric Stove
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Figure 7.7 Gas Stove Figure 7.8 Glycerin
Figure 7.9 Thermometer Figure 7.10 Stopwatch

a. Arrange the steel balls and rings, then apply the glycerin on it;
b. Heat up the bitumen until it melts with stove, then put the melted bitumen
into the ring to make two test specimens and wait about 30 minutes until it
cools down;
c. Pour the glycerin into the 1000 mL chemical glass and put the steel ball on
top of the ring that contains bitumen and arrange it to the supporting shaft;
d. Then put the shaft into the chemical glass which contains glycerine and
measure the temperature with thermometer.
7.5 ANALYSIS
PRACTICUM DATA
Table 7.2 Asphalt Softening Point Data
Initial Final
Sample Time
Temperature Temperature
1 28C 10’ 40” 56C
2 28C 10’ 49” 56C
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7.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the softening point for both
samples are 56C, which are adequate since the asphalt penetration value is 60-70
(according to RSNI 01-2003).
7.7 ERROR FACTOR

Error factor that occurs in this practicum is inaccurate when reading the
thermometer and the stopwatch.
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CHAPTER 8
ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT PENETRATION
8.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the rate of asphalt penetration by inserting
needle penetration with a certain size, load and time into the asphalt at a certain
temperature.
8.2 BASIC THEORY

Penetration of asphalt defined as the hardness that specified as the depth of
standard penetration needle infiltration vertically that stated in 0.1 mm in known load
conditions, time and temperature.
Asphalt penetration test used for measuring the consistency of the asphalt by
using penetrometer. High penetration grade shows the softer asphalt consistency. The
following table shows the provisions for asphalt penetration grade:
Table 8.1 Provisions for penetration grade differentiation
Penetration 0-49 50-149 150-249 250-500
Toleration 2 4 12 20
Asphalt cement with penetration grade of 40-50 is the hardest grade of

asphalt, while asphalt with penetration grade of 200-300 is the softest grade and used
for cold climate. The common penetration grade is 60-70 and 85-100.
8.3 TOOLS
a. Penetrometer;
b. Penetration Needle Steel;
c. Can;
d. Stopwatch;
e. Frying Pan.
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Figure 8.1 Penetrometer Figure 8.2 Penetration Needle Steel
Figure 8.3 Can Figure 8.4 Stopwatch
Figure 8.5 Frying Pan

a. Install the penetration needle steel on needle holder;
b. Place 50 grams load on the needle to obtain load of 100 grams;
c. Make sure the temperature of the sample is at 25 °C while tested;
d. Lower the needle slowly until it touches the sample surface, then adjust the
needle penetration dial until it indicates the number 0;
e. Remove the needle holder simultaneously while starting the stopwatch for
about 5 seconds;
f. After penetration occurred for 5 seconds, write down the position of dial.
Difference between dial positions at the beginning and at the end shown the
penetration grade of the asphalt;
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g. Using the same sample, repeat the procedures above 3 times in different
points.
8.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Table 8.2 Observation of Sample 1 and Sample 2
Observation Penetration Observation Penetration
1 67 1 115
2 67 2 61
3 45 3 42
X1 average = 59.67 X2 average = 73
B. PRACTICUM RESULT
Based on practicum data that has been obtained in Table 8.2, the results of the
practicum obtained are as follows:
1. Penetration value of sample 1 (X1 ) : 59.67;
2. Penetration value of sample 1 (X2 ) : 73.
8.6 CONCLUSION
a. Asphalt sample 1 (X1 ) fits to AC pen 60/70;
b. Asphalt sample 2 (X2 ) fits to AC pen 60/70;
c. According to point a and b, it can be concluded that the asphalt used is in
accordance with the climate in Indonesia, which generally using AC pen
60/70.
8.7 ERROR FACTOR

a. When the needle penetration is released, there is a difference of several
milliseconds so it does not fit 5 seconds, which affects the penetration that
occurs;
b. The temperature of asphalt sample is not 25C.
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CHAPTER 9
FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT ANALYSIS
WITH CLEVELAND OPEN CUP
9.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to check the flashpoint and fire point of the asphalt
sample to be used.
9.2 BASIC THEORY

Flash point of bitumen can be used to measure the tendency of bitumen that
can be burnt by heat and fire at controlled condition in laboratory and the result can
be used as fire hazard information in field. Flash point of bitumen is the lowest
temperature where the vapor of the specimen could ignite momentarily in blue color
if a test fire applied. The temperature of the flash point must be corrected at air
barometer pressure of 101.3 kPa (760 mmHg).
Fire point of bitumen is the lowest temperature when the vapor of the
specimen burned for minimum of 5 seconds if a test fire applied. Fire point
temperature must be corrected at air barometer pressure of 101.3 kPa (760 mmHg).
Fire point is one of the methods to determine the tendency of bitumen could burnt by
heat and fire in controlled laboratory condition.
9.3 TOOLS
a. Frying Pan;
b. Gas Stove;
c. Electric Cleveland;
d. Thermometer;
e. Flash Cup.
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Figure 9.1 Frying Pan Figure 9.2 Gas Stove
Figure 9.3 Electic Cleveland Figure 9.4 Thermometer
Figure 9.5 Flash Cup

a. Heat up the bitumen until it melts on the pan;
b. Pour the bitumen into the flash cup until it reaches the specified line;
c. Placed the flash cup on top of electic cleveland and turn it on;
d. Adjust the temperature until it increases by 15 °C every minute and turn on
the stove;
e. Put the thermometer into the bitumen;
f. Observe the sparks so it becomes the flash point of bitumen and write down
the temperature value;
g. Observe the bitumen that burnt completely so it becomes the fire point of
bitumen and write down the temperature value.
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9.5 ANALYSIS
PRACTICUM DATA
Table 9.1 Flash Point and Fire Point Data
Flash Point 336C
Fire Point 364C
9.6 CONCLUSION
a. The flash point of the asphalt sample is 336C, which is adequate for the
asphalt mixture according to RSNI S-01-2003;
b. The fire point of the asphalt sample is 364C, which is adequate for the
asphalt mixture according to RSNI S-01-2003.
9.7 ERROR FACTOR

Error factor that occurs in this practicum is inaccurate when reading the
temperature of the flash point and the fire point.
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CHAPTER 10
SPECIFIC GRAVITY ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT BITUMEN
10.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the specific gravity of solid bitumen using
a pycnometer.
10.2 BASIC THEORY

Specific gravity defined as the ratio of the mass of a unit volume to the mass
of water in the same volume at stated temperature to weight in air of an equal volume
of distilled water at the same temperature.
Specific gravity test of bitumen often used to identify the specific gravity of
straight run and cut-back bitumen to calculate the rates of spread, asphaltic concrete
mix properties etc.
The standard specific gravity test is carried out at the temperature of 25 °C if
cooling facilities available and if there are no cooling facilities available, it also can
be carried out at temperature of 35 °C. Solid bitumen minimum specific gravity
requirement according to RSNI S-01-2003 is 1 gr/cm3 . The specific gravity
calculated by using the following equation:
(C-A)
Specific Gravity = ...............................(10.1)
(B - A) - (D-C)
Where,
A = weight of pycnometer (gram);
B = weight of pycnometer containing water (gram);
C = weight of pycnometer containing bitumen (gram);
D = weight of pycnometer containing water and bitumen (gram).
10.3 TOOLS
a. 25 mL Hubbart Pycnometer;
b. Gas Stove;
c. Frying Pan;
d. Digital Scale.
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Figure 10.1 25 mL Hubbart Figure 10.2 Gas Stove

Pycnometer
Figure 10.3 Frying Pan Figure 10.4 Digital Scale

a. Heat up the bitumen until it melts on the pan;
b. Clean the pycnometer and dry it;
c. Weigh the pycnometer including the cap;
d. Pour the water into the pycnometer and weigh it with the cap, then throw it
away;
e. Pour the melted bitumen into the pycnometer up to ¾ of the section contains
bitumen;
f. Pycnometer including test specimen filled with distilled water and closed,
then weigh it.
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10.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Table 10.1 Specific Gravity Data
Weight
Subject Notation
(gram)
Pycnometer + cap 30.4 A
Pycnometer + water + cap 56.2 B
Pycnometer + asphalt + cap 49.2 C
Pycnometer + asphalt + water + cap 57 D
(C-A)
Specific Gravity =
(B - A) - (D-C)
49.2-30.4
=
(56.2-30.4 ) - (57-49.2 )
= 1.044
10.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the specific gravity of the solid
bitumen is 1.044, which is adequate for the asphlat mixture according to RSNI S-01-
2003.
10.7 ERROR FACTOR

Error factor that occur in this practicum as follows:
a. Not precisely ¾ of the pycnometer contains bitumen;
b. The digital scale is too sensitive which whill affect the sample weight.
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CHAPTER 11
ASPHALT DUCTILITY ANALYSIS
11.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the ductility value of the bitumen.
11.2 BASIC THEORY

Ductility is defined as the distance of an asphalt material will stretch before
breaking when tested on standard ductility equipment at a temperature of 25 °C.
Ductility test result indicates the range to which the material can be deformed
without breaking.
Ductility test is used generally for semisolid or solid materials, which are
heated to facilitate flow before poured into a mold to form a block of at least 1 cm2 in
cross section. The material is cooled down to 25 °C in water bath. The specimen
placed and extended at a specified rate of speed in the ductility machine until it
breaks. The distance moved by the machine is the ductility of the material. Minimum
ductility of bitumen is 100 cm (pen 40, pen 60, pen 80, pen 120) according to RSNI
S-01-2003.
11.3 TOOLS
a. Ductility Mold;
b. Frying Pan;
c. Gas Stove;
d. Spatula;
e. Ductility Test Machine;
f. Glycerin.
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Figure 11.1 Ductility Mold Figure 11.2 Frying Pan
Figure 11.3 Gas Stove Figure 11.4 Spatula
Figure 11.5 Ductility Test Machine Figure 11.6 Glycerin

a. Apply glycerin to the entire part of mold and set it up;
b. Heat the bitumen until it melts on the pan;
c. After it melted, pour the bitumen into the ductility mold gently and fill the
entire mold;
d. Wait for the bitumen until the temperature drops for ± 30 minutes;
e. Place the mold containing bitumen into the ductility test machine while
soaked;
f. Turn on the machine with constant rate of speed of 50 mm/minutes until the
specimen breaks, then write down the result.
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11.5 ANALYSIS
PRACTICUM RESULT
Table 11.1 Measurement Reading of Asphalt Ductility
Ductility at 25°C, 5 Measurement
cm/min Reading (cm)
Sample 1 104.5
11.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the asphalt bitumen can be
stretched to 104.5 cm before its fatigue state (fractured).
11.7 ERROR FACTOR

a. Inaccuracy when reading the length of stretched asphalt;
b. The ductility test machine is touched and causes shock to the water which
creates a water wave that will affect the bitumen sample inside
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CHAPTER 12
ASPHALT MIXTURE ANALYSIS USING MARSHALL MACHINE
12.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the value of the stability and flow
parameters from the asphalt mixture sample.
12.2 BASIC THEORY

The Marshall stability and flow test used for Marshall mix design method to
provides the performance prediction measurement. The stability portion of the test
measures the maximum load supported at loading rate of 50.8 mm/minute by the test
specimen. Load is applied to the specimen until failure occurs and the maximum load
is referred as stability. An attached dial gauge measures the deformation of the
specimen due to the loading during. An increase in flow value of 0.25 mm is
recorded at the same time when the maximum load is recorded.
These are the following properties of Marshall mix design:
1. Theoretical specific gravity of the mix (Gt)
W1 + W2 + W3 + Wb
Gt = W1 W2 W3 Wb .......................................(11.1)
+ + +
G1 G2 G3 Gb
Where,
Gt = theoretical specific gravity of the mix;
W1 = weight of coarse aggregate in the total mix;
W2 = weight of fine aggregate in the total mix;
W3 = weight of filler in total mix;
Wb = weight of bitumen in the total mix;
2. Bulk specific gravity of mix (Gm)

Wm
Gm = ..........................................(11.2)
Wm - Ww
Where,
Gm = bulk specific gravity of mix;
Wm = weight of mix in air;
Ww = weight of mix in water.
3. Air voids percent (Vv)
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(Gt - Gm) 100

Vv = ..........................................(11.3)
Gt
Where,
Vv = air voids percent;
Gt = theoretical specific gravity of the mix;
Gm = bulk specific gravity of the mix.
4. Percent volume of bitumen (Vb)

Wb
Vb = Gb
W 1 +W 2 +W 3 +W b .........................................(11.4)
Gm
Where,
Vb = percent volume of bitumen;
W1 = weight of coarse aggregate in the total mix;
W2 = weight of fine aggregate in the total mix;
W3 = weight of filler in total mix;
Wb = weight of bitumen in the total mix;
Gb = apparent specific gravity of bitumen;
Gm = bulk specific gravity of mix.
5. Voids in mineral aggregate (VMA)

VMA = Vv + Vb.........................................(11.5)
Where,
Vv = percent air voids in mix;
Vb = percent bitumen content in the mix.
6. Voids filled with bitumen (VFB)

Vb × 100
Vv = .............................................(11.6)
VMA
Where,
Vv = percent air voids in mix;
Vb = percent bitumen content in the mix.
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12.3 TOOLS
a. Marshall Machine;
b. Mold;
c. Extruder;
d. Hammer;
e. Compaction Pedestal;
f. Frying Pan;
g. Gas Stove;
h. Waterbath;
i. Glycerin;
j. Buoyancy Balance;
Figure 12.1 Marshal Machine Figure 12.2 Mold
Figure 12.3 Extruder Figure 12.4 Hammer
Figure 12.5 Compaction Pedestal Figure 12.6 Frying Pan
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Figure 12.7 Gas Stove Figure 12.8 Waterbath
Figure 12.9 Glycerin Figure 12.10 Buoyancy Balance
12.4 PRACTICUM PREPARATION

The following preparations for this practicum:
a. Prepare the composition ratio of mass for each hotbin (1 - 4) to the total
aggregate mass, which is 1200 grams;
b. Sieve and prepare hotbin which ready to use for 4 samples based on
predetermined bitumen content;
c. Prepare the bitumen according to the determined content;
d. After all of the bitumen prepared, mix the aggregate from each hotbin to the
pan starting from hotbin 1 to hotbin 4 intended for being mixed evenly;
e. After the mixture evenly mixed and coated with bitumen completely, put the
mixture into the mold which had been smeared with glycerin before;
f. Cut a paper matching the inner diameter of the mold for the top and bottom
surface of the sample so there are pores in mixture. Place the pore papers on
top and bottom of sample;
g. Place the mold on compaction pedestal, then drop the hammer for 75 times;
h. Pick the sample with the mold from compaction pedestal and leave it until the
temperature of the sample drops to room temperature (25 °C – 30 °C);
i. After reaching room temperature, set the mold on extruder and remove the
sample carefully;
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j. Leave the sample for 24 hours.

a. Soak the sample in water for 24 hours at room temperature;
b. After 24 hours, weigh and write down each sample mass in water (buoyancy
test);
c. Weigh and write down each sample mass in SSD condition;
d. Soak all the samples in waterbath for 30-40 minutes;
e. Set up the Marshall test machine;
f. Pick the sample for each planned bitumen content consecutively and put into
the Marshall test machine;
g. Start loading process and write down the data shown on dial flow and
stability;
h. Repeat the procedure for the next sample.
12.6 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Proving Ring Calibration = 34.27;
GSB = 2.33.
Table 12.1 Bulk Specific Gravity Data from Hotbin Variants

Aggregate Bulk Specific Gravity Percentage
Hotbin 1 2.424 24%
Hotbin 2 1.834 17%
Hotbin 3 2.609 16%
Hotbin 4 2.464 43%
GSB 2.333
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Table 12.2 Hotbin Percentage Data

Grading Hotbin
Sieve Chosen Specification
Number Hotbin Hotbin Hotbin (%) (%)
Hotbin I
II III IV
½" 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100

⅜" 17.4% 99.3% 100.0% 100.0% 80.0% 80 - 100
#4 0.3% 18.2% 99.8% 99.9% 62.1% 70 - 90
#8 0.0% 0.7% 99.1% 99.9% 58.9% 50 - 70
#16 0.0% 0.0% 14.0% 99.8% 45.2% 35 - 50
#30 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 68.7% 29.6% -
#50 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 42.0% 18.1% 18 - 28
#100 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 19.9% 8.6% 13 - 23
#200 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 5.8% 2.5% 8 - 16
Pan 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 4 - 10
Hotbin 1 24% 288
Hotbin 2 17% 204
Hotbin 3 16% 192
Hotbin 4 43% 516
Total 1200
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Table 12.3 Asphalt Mixture Data
Specific Gravity Mix Composition I Mix Composition II Mix Composition III Mix Composition IV Mix Composition V
Material
Asphalt Bulk I II I II I II I II I II
Gb - 3.8% 4.0% 4.3% 4.5% 4.8% 5.0% 5.2% 5.5% 5.7% 6.0%
Passed Fraction #8 2.464 56.7% 58.9% 56.4% 58.9% 56.1% 58.9% 55.9% 58.9% 55.9% 58.9%
Restrained Fracion #8
2.609 3.1% 3.2% 3.0% 3.2% 3.0% 3.2% 3.0% 3.2% 3.0% 3.2%
Passed #4
1.044
Restrained Fraction #4
1.834 17.2% 17.9% 17.2% 17.9% 17.1% 17.9% 17.0% 17.9% 17.0% 17.9%
Passed #3/8
Restrained Fraction #3/8
2.424 19.2% 20.0% 19.1% 20.0% 19.0% 20.0% 18.9% 20.0% 18.9% 20.0%
Passed #1/2
Total 100.0% 104.0% 100.0% 104.5% 100.0% 105.0% 100.0% 105.5% 100.5% 106.0%
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
59

60
Bulk Volume = SSD weight – Buoyancy weight
= 1204.8-621.6
= 583.2cm3
Dry weight
Bulk Specific Gravity = Bulk volume
1165.8
= 583.2
= 1.99
Gmm - Bulk Specific Gravity
Void =( ) ×100%
Gmm
(2.32- 1.99)
= ×100%
2.32
= 13.85%
Bulk Specific Gravity*(100- Asphalt Cont.)
VMA = 100 −
Gsb
1.99(100-4)
= 100- 2.33
= 17.74%
(VMA-Void)
VFA = ×100%
VMA
(17.74-13.85)
= ×100%
17.74
= 21.89 %
Adjusted Stability =Measured Stability × Calib. Proving
ring× 0.4536 × Correction Number
= 46× 34.27×0.4536×0.89
= 636.407 kg
Flow = Flow Measured / 100
= 333/100
= 3.33 mm
Stability
MQ = Flow
636.407
=
3.33
= 191.11
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
Table 12.4 Flow and Stability of Asphalt Mixture
Asphalt Dry SSD Bulk Bulk
Buoyancy Air Void Stability Flow
Moisture Weight Weight Volume Specific Gmm VMA (%) VFA (%) MQ
Weight (gr) 3 (%)
Content (%) (gr) (gr) (cm ) Gravity
Measured Adjusted Measured
4.0 1165.8 621.6 1204.8 583.2 1.999 2.320 13.85 17.74 21.89 46 636.407 3.33 191.113
4.5 1156.4 612.4 1188.2 575.8 2.008 2.360 14.89 17.78 16.29 44 608.737 1.8 338.187
5.0 1174.4 637.2 1225.8 588.6 1.995 2.426 17.74 18.75 5.36 53 733.252 4.08 179.719
5.5 1161.4 632 1185.2 553.2 2.099 2.404 12.66 14.95 15.36 59 816.261 5.27 154.888
6 1156 621.2 1184.2 563 2.053 2.405 14.61 17.26 15.36 48 693.923 5.6 123.915
Table 12.5 Result of Marshall Test

Optimum
Properties of
I II III IV IV Moisture Specification Condition
Marshall
Content
Asphalt Content 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 5.50 % -
Stability 636.407 608.737 733.252 816.261 693.923 816.26 > 800 kg Adequate
Flow 3.33 1.8 4.08 5.27 5.6 5.27 2 - 5 mm Adequate
Air Void 13.85 14.89 17.74 12.66 14.61 12.66 3-5% Not Adequate
Void Filled 21.89 16.29 5.36 15.36 15.36 15.36 65 - 75 % Not Adequate
Density 1.999 2.008 1.995 2.099 2.053 2.10 ≥ 2,2 gr/cm3 Not Adequate
VMA 17.74 17.78 18.75 14.95 17.26 14.95 > 15 % Adequate
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61

62
C. PRACTICUM RESULT
1000
816.261
733.252
693.923
636.407 608.737
Stability (kg)
500
0
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
Asphalt Content (%)
Figure 12.11 Correlation Graph between Stability and Asphalt Content
6 5.6
5.27
5
4.08
43.33
Flow (mm)
3
1.8
2
0
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
Asphalt Content (%)
Figure 12.12 Correlation Graph between Flow and Asphalt Content
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63
20
17.74
18
Air Void (%)
16 14.89 14.61
13.85
14
12.66
12
10
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
Asphalt Content (%)
Figure 12.13 Correlation Graph between Air Void and Asphalt Content
40
30
Void Filled (%)
21.89
20 16.29 15.36 15.36
10 5.36
0
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
Asphalt Content (%)
Figure 12.14 Correlation Graph between VFA and Asphalt Content
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64
2.1 2.099
2.053
2.05
Density(gr/cm3)
2.008
1.999 1.995
2
1.95
1.9
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
Asphalt Content (%)
Figure 12.15 Correlation Graph between Density and Asphalt Content
VMA
24
22
VMA(%)
20
18.745
17.736 17.782
18 17.262
16
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
Asphalt Content (%)
Figure 12.16 Correlation Graph between VMA and Asphalt Content
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65
Stability
Flow
Air Void
Void
Filled
Density
VMA
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Asphalt Content (%)
Figure 12.17 Optimum Moisture Content
12.7 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the optimum moisture content
is 5.5%, with the stability value of 816.26 kg, flow value of 5.27 mm, air void value
of 12.66%, VFA value of 15.36%, density value of 2.1 gr/cm3 , and VMA value of
14.95%.
12.8 ERROR FACTOR

a. The asphalt content used is not in accordance with the planned asphalt
content, asphalt can be reduced due to stickiness in the pan and spatula;
b. Inaccurate when reading the flowmeter.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
66
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 13
MAXIMUM SPECIFIC GRAVITY ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT MIXTURE
13.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the maximum specific gravity (Gmm) of
asphalt mixture.
13.2 BASIC THEORY

Maximum specific gravity is the ratio of the bulk specific gravity asphalt
mixture in air voids condition to the condition when no void exists.
The maximum theoretical specific gravity of the paving mixture (Gmm) can
be determined in the laboratory by conducting standard test (ASTM Designation
D2041) while assuming there are no air voids in the asphalt concrete. Determination
of the Gmm is necessary for all samples, some of which contain much lower or much
higher quantities than the optimum asphalt content.
The formula for the maximum specific gravity of asphalt mixture test using
the pycnometer as follows:
A
Specific Gravity = A+D-E ……………………..……..(12.1)
Where,
A = mass of dry sample in air (gram);
D = mass of container filled with water at 25°C (gram);
E = mass of container filled with sample and water at 25°C (gram).
13.3 TOOLS
a. 500 mL Pycnometer;
b. Hammer;
c. Digital Scale;
d. Pan.
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68
Figure 13.1 500 mL Pycnometer Figure 13.2 Hammer
Figure 13.3 Digital Scale Figure 13.4 Pan

a. Weigh the pycnometer and write down the value;
b. Fill the pycnometer with water until certain limit, then weigh and write down
the weight of pycnometer containing water;
c. Weigh the test specimen (asphalt mixture which broken down into small parts
but not become minerals) which crumbled as much as 300 grams;
d. Remove water from pycnometer and will it with weighed test specimen;
e. Weigh and write down the weight of pycnometer containing water and
specimen;
f. Repeat step 2-6 for 4 times (in accordance to number of samples).
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
69
13.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA AND RESULTS
Practicum data and result obtained as follows below:
Table 13.1 Maximum Specific Gravity Calculation
Asphalt Moisture
Subject Value
Content (%)
A = weight of dry sample (gram) 300
D = weight of container with water at 25°C
968.2
(gram)
E = weight of water and sample in the
4.0% container at 25o C (air vacuum > 30 mmHg 1133.8
for 15+2 minutes)
Gmm (Maximum Specific Gravity) =
2.232
A/(A+D-E)
968.2
(gram)
for 15+2 minutes)
2.259
A/(A+D-E)
968.2
(gram)
for 15+2 minutes)
2.311
A/(A+D-E)
968.2
(gram)
for 15+2 minutes)
2.280
A/(A+D-E)
968.2
(gram)
6.0% container at 25o C (air vacuum > 30 mmHg 1136
for 15+2 minutes)
2.269
A/(A+D-E)
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
70
A
Specific Gravity of Asphalt 4.5% = A+D-E
300
= 300+968.2-1135.4
= 2.259
13.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum it can be concluded that the smallest value of Gmm is
2.232 (4% asphalt content) and the largest value of Gmm is 2.311 (5% asphalt
content).
13.7 ERROR FACTOR

a. The digital scale is too sensitive which whill affect the sample weight;
b. When entering a sample into the picnometer, many fine particles (minerals)
from the sample are carried into the picnometer so that the data becomes
invalid.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 14
EXTRACTION OF ASPHALT CONTENT USING
CENTRIFUGE EXTRACTOR
14.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the asphalt moisture content value using
centrifuge extractor.
14.2 BASIC THEORY

Accuracy in asphalt content determination is important in the quality control
of asphalt mixture during construction. In the past, the most common method in
determining asphalt content was extraction using different methods and solvents such
as trichloroethylene, methylene chloride or n-propyl bromide. This kind of method
does not require calibration factors, and the aggregate and binder properties can be
determined post-extraction. However, this method is hazardous, and it was difficult
to dispose the remains, and new methods are developed.
According to AASHTO T 164, the general methods in asphalt extraction are
the centrifuge extraction, reflux extraction, and vacuum extractions. Centrifuge
extraction is the most commonly used method but not much information about its
effectiveness is available. In determining the asphalt content, the differences of the
mass of the extracted aggregate, moisture content, and mineral matter are calculated.
The extracted asphalt can be recovered by the Rotavapor method or Abson method
and once the asphalt is recovered, binder characterization tests can be conducted.
In centrifuge method, cold solvent is used instead of hot solvent in the reflux
method. Cold solvent extraction method is preferred because it minimizes heat
hardening of the asphalt that may influence binder stiffness. The disadvantage of
centrifuge method is it may leave up to 4% of the total binder.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
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14.3 TOOLS
a. Centrifuge Extractor;
b. Filter Paper;
c. Digital Scale;
d. Oven;
e. Pan.
Figure 14.1 Centriguge Extractor Figure 14.2 Filter Paper
Figure 14.3 Digital Scale Figure 14.4 Oven
Figure 14.5 Pan
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
73

a. Put the test specimen into the extraction bowl;
b. Put filter paper covering the extraction bowl;
c. Close the upper part of the centrifuge extractor with its cover;
d. Pour the solvent into the extraction bowl through the hole on the centrifuge
extractor;
e. Rotate the centrifuge extractor;
f. Repeat step d and e until the liquid that comes out completely clear;
g. Remove the filter paper that contains mineral from the extraction bowl;
h. Dry the filter paper that contains mineral in oven at 110 °C;
i. Weigh the filter paper that contains mineral;
j. Calculate the weight of mineral in filter paper;
k. Dry the test specimen in oven at 110 °C;
l. Weigh the test specimen;
m. Calculate bitumen weight in extracted asphalt mixture;
n. Calculate bitumen content in asphalt mixture.
14.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Practicum data obtained as follows:
Weight of unextracted mixture (A) = 300 gram;
Weight of extracted mixture (B) = 288 gram;
Weight of unextracted filter paper (C) = 14 gram;
Weight of extracted filter paper (D) = 17 gram.
B. PRACTICUM CALCULATION & RESULT

Practicum calculation & result as follows:
Weight of extracted bitumen (E) = A -B
= 300 -288
= 12 gram;
Weight of extracted mineral weight(F) = C -D
= 14- 17
= -3 gram;
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74
(E-F)
% of bitumen content = A
(12 -(-3))
= 300
= 5%.
14.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the percentage of the bitumen
in the asphalt mixture is approximately 5%.
14.7 ERROR FACTOR

a. The speed when stirring the centrifuge extractor was not constant;
b. The gasoline that comes out of the extractor is not completely transparent at
the end of the lab because of time constraints.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
REFERENCES
Achmad, F. (2010). Tinjauan Sifat-Sifat Agregat Untuk Campuran Aspal Panas

(Studi Kasus Beberapa Quarry di Gorontalo). Saintek Vol 5.
Amirkhanian, S. N., Kaczmarek, D., & Burati, J. L. (1991). Effects of Los Angeles
Abrasion Test Values on the Strengths of Laboratory-Prepared Marshall
Specimens. Transportation Research Record 1301 , 77-86.
ASTMD 36-95. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.shxf17.com:
http://www.shxf17.com/pdf/ASTMD36-95.pdf
Garber, N. J., & Hoel, L. A. (2015). Traffic and Highway Engineering.
Charlottesville: CENGAGE Learning.
Kaseke, O. H., Manoppo, M., & Jansen, F. (2013). Kajian Penyebab Perbedaan Nilai
Berat Jenis Maksimum Campuran Beraspal Panas Yang Dihitung
Berdasarkan Metode Marshall Dengan Yang Dicari Langsung Berdasarkan
Aashto T209. Jurnal Sipil Statik Vol.1 No.2, 128-132.
Mathew, T. V. (n.d.). Marshall Mix Design. Retrieved from www.civil.iitb.ac.in:
https://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/tvm/nptel/407_lnTse/web/web.html
RSNI S-01-2003. (2015). Retrieved from academia.edu:
https://www.academia.edu/28410059/LABORATORIUM_UJI_BAHAN_Job
_4._Uji_Titik_Lembek_Aspal
SNI 03-1969-1990. (2016, March). Retrieved from Wordpress:
https://imsippoliban.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/sni-03-1969-1990-metode-
pengujian-berat-jenis-dan-penyerapan-air-agregat-kasar.pdf
SNI 06-2441-1991. (2015, October 22). Retrieved from Dokumen.tips:
https://dokumen.tips/documents/sni-06-2441-1991-metode-pengujian-berat-
jenis-aspal-padat.html
SNI 2417:2008. (2016, March). Retrieved from Wordpress:
https://imsippoliban.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/5368_sni-2417_2008.pdf
SNI 2432:2011. (2011). Retrieved from Sistem Informasi Manajemen Standar
(Kementerian PU): http://sni.litbang.pu.go.id/image/sni/isi/sni-24562011.pdf
SNI 2433:2011. (2015, December 4). Retrieved from Dokumen.tips:
https://dokumen.tips/documents/bab-006-sni-2433-2011-pengujian-titik-
nyala-dan-titik-bakar-aspal.html
xvii
SNI 2439:2011. (2011). Retrieved from Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum Web site:
http://sni.litbang.pu.go.id/image/sni/isi/sni-2439--2011.pdf
Standard Test Procedures. (2001, May). Retrieved from Bangladesh Roads and
Highways Department web site:
http://www.rhd.gov.bd/Documents/ConvDocs/Standard%20Test%20Procedu
res.pdf
xviii

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PREFACE

Jakarta, January 15th , 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. iii

LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................ix

CHAPTER 1 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES ...... 1

1.2 BASIC THEORY .......................................................................................... 1

1.3 TOOLS .......................................................................................................... 2

1.4 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ....................................................................... 3

1.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 3

1.6 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 9

1.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 10

CHAPTER 2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF FINE

2.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ 11

2.3 TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 12

2.4 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ..................................................................... 13

2.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 14

2.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 15

2.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER 3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF COARSE

3.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ 17

3.4 PRACTICUM PROCEDURES ................................................................... 19

3.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 19

3.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 20

3.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 20

CHAPTER 4 ABRASION ANALYSIS USING LOS ANGELES MACHINE .... 21

4.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ 21

4.3 TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 21

4.4 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ..................................................................... 22

4.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 23

4.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 23

4.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF COVERAGE AND EXFOLIATION IN

5.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ 25

5.3 TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 25

5.4 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ..................................................................... 26

5.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 26

5.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 27

5.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 27

CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF COVERAGE AND EXFOLIATION IN STONES 29

6.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ 29

6.3 TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 29

6.4 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ..................................................................... 30

6.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 31

6.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 31

CHAPTER 7 SOFTENING POINT ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT BITUMEN ...... 33

7.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ 33

7.3 TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 33

7.4 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ..................................................................... 35

7.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 35

7.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 36

7.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 36

CHAPTER 8 ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT PENETRATION................................. 37

8.2 BASIC THEORY ........................................................................................ 37

8.3 TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 37

8.4 PRACTICUM PROCEDURE ..................................................................... 38

8.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 39

8.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 39

8.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 39

CHAPTER 9 FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT ANALYSIS WITH