Pabna Textile Engineering College

Bangladesh University Of Textile

Project work on
Effect of salt concentration & color fastness changes with shade variation of 100%
cotton fabric (turquoise color)

SUPERVISING TEACHER:

Md. Asif Hossain

Lecturers

Pabna Textile Engineering College, Pabna.

Md Habibur Rahman P20131040

Moin Uddin leon P20131038
Nazmul Huda Mintu P20131037
Sakil Islam P20131036
Bodiuzzaman bodi P20131041
James Jakir P20131043
 Effect of salt concentration & color fastness changes with
shade variation of 100% cotton fabric (turquoise color)

Abstract: Reactive dyes square is measured very fashionable for clothes as

they're environmentally safe and having sensible overall fastness properties.
However application of those dyes needs an awfully high concentration of salt. The
salt discharged from garment coloring is increased salinity in drain water stream
that incorporates a negative impact on environmental ecology. The current work
aims to eliminate the usage of salt throughout coloring of cotton merchandise with
reactive dyes. The method of the concentration of salt in cotton coloring was
supported the principle of cationisation (to develop a positive charge) of cotton.
The treated cotton once bleached from slightly acidic tub generates positive sites
attributable to protonation within the amino. The reactive dyes being anionic
(negatively charged) in resolution get interested in the positive charges on the fiber
that eliminates the salt needs for satisfactory dye exhaustion. After finished our
work we found that Salt concentration for reactive dyes on textile materials is more
important to show the good colorfastness, wash fastness, rubbing fastness.

Keywords Cotton, Salt, Reactive Dyes, shade, fastness

Introduction:
The textile market is increasing rapidly and becoming more and more competitive
day by day. Customers are getting very much conscious about what they are
buying and demanding more and more with respect to quality. It is creating
challenge for the manufacturer to gain profit by continuing production through
implementing the usual processes and they are forced to ensure various
production parameters and settings in the machines for achieving much more
effective, efficient and quality product as well as reducing cost. Therefore, it is
very much important to know about the various dyeing processes along with
gradual improvement. This research includes information that presents a detailed
description of the standard & latest working procedure in wet processing. It is
tried to highlight the main aspects, parameters & descriptions of important
dyeing sections especially Woven dyeing section which depicts a comparison
based on the information given here for getting an idea on most common dyeing
processes and which are better to use in this competitive market. Then color
fastness to wash, color fastness to dry & wet rub were tested. Change in K/S,
lightness DE and overall color difference DE were observed & analyzed.

Reactive dye: A dye, which is capable of reacting chemically with a

substrate to form a covalent dye substrate linkage, is known as reactive dye.

Here the dye contains a reactive group and this reactive group makes covalent
bond with the fibre polymer and act as an integral part of fibre. This covalent bond
is formed between the dye molecules and the terminal –OH (hydroxyl) group of
cellulosic fibres on between the dye molecules and the terminal –NH2 (amino)
group of polyamide or wool fibres.

History: Reactive dyes first appeared commercially in 1956, after their

invention in1954 by Rattee & Stepheness at the Imperial chemical
Industry (ICI). Dyestuffs Divion site in Bleckley, Manchetor. UK.

Usages:
By reactive dyes the following fibres can be dyed successfully:

1. Cotton, rayon, flax and other cellulosic fibres.

2. Polyamide and wool fibres.
3. Silk and acetate fibres.

Tradenames:
Trade name Manufacturer Country
Procion I.C.I U.K
Ciba cron Ciba Switzerland
Remazol Hoechst Germany
Levafix Bayer Germany
Reactone Geigy Switzerland
Primazin BASF Germany
Drimarine Sandoz Switzerland
Properties of reactive dye:
1. Reactive dyes are anionic dyes, which are used for dyeing cellulose, protein
and polyamide fibres.
2. Reactive dyes are found in power, liquid and print paste form.
3. During dyeing the reactive group of this dye forms covalent bond with fibre
polymer and becomes an integral parts of the fibre.
4. Reactive dyes are soluble in water.
5. They have very good light fastness with rating about 6. The dyes have very
stable electron arrangement and can protect the degrading effect of ultra-violet
ray.
6. Textile materials dyed with reactive dyes have very good wash fastness with
rating Reactive dye gives brighter shades and has moderate rubbing fastness.
7. Dyeing method of reactive dyes is easy. It requires less time and low
temperature for dyeing.
8. Reactive dyes are comparatively cheap
9. Reactive dyes have good perspiration fastness with rating 4-5.
10. Reactive dyes have good perspiration fastness.

General structure of reactive dyes:

The general structure of reactive dye is: D-B-G-X.

Chemical structure of reactive dyes:

Chemical structure of reactive dyes

Here,

D= dye part or chromogen (color producing part)

Dyes may be direct, acid, disperse, premetallised dye etc.

B = bridging part.
Bridging part may be –NH- group or –NR- group.

G = reactive group bearing part.

X= reactive group.

Classification of reactive dyes:

Reactive dyes may be classified in various ways as below:

1) On the basis of reactive group:

a) Halogen (commonly chlorine) derivatives of nitrogen containing
heterocycle, like 3 types-

 Triazine group
 Pyridimine group
 Quinoxaline dyes
Example:
Triazine derivatives: procion, cibacron.
Pyridimine derivatives: reactone
Quinoxaline derivatives: levafix.

b) Activated vinyl compound:

 Vinyl sulphone
 Vinyl acrylamide
 Vinyl sulphonamide.
Example:

 Vinyl sulphone: remazol

 Vinyl acrylamide: primazine
 Vinyl sulphonamide: levafix.
2) On the basis of reactivity:
a) Lower reactive dye: Medium reactive dye: here pH is maintained 11-12 by
using Na2CO3 in dye bath.
b) Higher reactive dye: here pH is maintained 10-11 by using NaHCO3 in dye
bath.

3) On the basis of dyeing temperature:

a) Cold brand:
These types of dyes contain reactive group of high reactivity. So dyeing can be
done in lower temperature i.e. 320-600C.

For example: PROCION M, LIVAFIX E.

b) Medium brand:
This type of dyes contains reactive groups of moderate reactivity. So dyeing is
done in higher temperature than that of cold brand dyes i.e. in between 600-710C
temperatures.
For example, Remazol, Livafix are medium brand dyes.

c) Hot brand:
This type of dye contains reactive groups of least reactivity. So high temperature is
required for dyeing i.e. 720-930 C temperature is required for dyeing.
For example PRICION H, CIBACRON are hot brand dyes.

Dyeing mechanism of reactive dye:

The dyeing mechanism of material with reactive dye takes place in 3 stages:-

1. Exhaustion of dye in presence of electrolyte or dye absorption.

2. Fixation under the influence of alkali.
3. wash-off the unfixed dye from material surface.
Now they are mentioned below:

Dye absorption:
When fibre is immersed in dye liquor, an electrolyte is added to assist the
exhaustion of dye. Here NaCl is used as the electrolyte. This electrolyte neutralize
absorption. So when the textile material is introduces to dye liquor the dye is
exhausted on to the fibre.

Fixation:
Fixation of dye means the reaction of reactive group of dye with terminal –OH or-
NH2 group of fibre and thus forming strong covalent bond with the fibre and thus
forming strong covalent bond with the fibre. This is an important phase, which is
controlled by maintaining proper pH by adding alkali. The alkali used for this
create proper pH in dye bath and do as the dye-fixing agent. The reaction takes
place in this stage is shown below: -

1. D-SO2-CH2-CH2-OSO3Na + OH-Cell = D-SO2-CH2-CH2-O-Cell + NaHSO3

2. D-SO2-CH2-CH2-OSO3Na + OH-Wool = D-SO2-CH2-CH2-O-Wool +
NaHSO3
3. Wash-off:
As the dyeing is completed, a good wash must be applied to the material to remove
extra and unfixed dyes from material surface. This is necessary for level dyeing
and good wash-fastness. It is done by a series of hot wash, cold wash and soap
solution wash.

Application method:
These are 3 application procedures available:
1. Discontinuous method-
 Conventional method
 Exhaust or constant temperature method
 High temperature method
 Hot critical method.
2. Cotinuous method-

 Pad-steam method
 Pad dry method
 Pad thermofix method
3. Semi continuous method-

 Pad roll method

 Pad jig method
 Pad batch method.
Stripping of reactive dye:
The reactive dye cannot be satisfactory stripped from fibre due to covalent bond
between dye molecule and fibre. Stripping becomes necessary when uneven dyeing
occurs.

Partial stripping:
Partial stripping is obtained by treating the dyed fabric with dilute acetic acid or
formic acid. Here temperature is raised to 70-100°C and treatment is continued
until shade is product of hydrolysis. The amount of acid used is as below: -
Glacial acetic acid : 5-10 parts
With water :1000 parts

Or

Formic acid :2.5 to 10 parts

With water :1000 parts
Temperature : 70 - 100°C
Time : until desired shade is obtained.

Different methods of reactive dye application:

1) Pad-batch method.
Pad batch processes are of two types-

a) Pad (alkali)-batch (cold) process.

b) Pad (alkali)-batch (warm or hot) process.
2) Pad dry method
3) Pad steam method.
Process Flow Chart for 100% Cotton Knit Fabric (Turquoise Color)
Turquoise Color:
Turquoise is the color of the gem turquoise. It is a slightly greenish shade of cyan.
Turquoise is sometimes described as a mixture of pale blue and green. The name
comes from the French for Turkish.

Turquoise Color
Types of Turquoise Color: There are six type of Turquoise Color. They
are given below:

1. Pale Turquoise (web color) (Hex: #AFEEEE) (RGB: 175, 238, 238)
2. Turquoise Blue (Hex: #00FFEF) (RGB: 0, 255, 239)
3. Bright Turquoise (Hex: #08E8DE) (RGB: 8, 232, 222)
4. TURQUOISE (web color) (Hex: #40E0D0) (RGB: 64, 224, 208)
5. Medium Turquoise (web color) (Hex: #48D1CC) (RGB: 72, 209, 204)
6. Deep Turquoise (web color Dark Turquoise) (Hex: #00CED1) (RGB: 0, 206,
209)
Process Flow Chart for 100% Cotton Knit Fabric
(Turquoise Color):
Turquoise is very sensitive color. Its wash fastness is not good. Dyeing process of
turquoise color is slightly difference from other color process.

Process Sequence of Turquoise Color:

Fabric loaded
↓
Treating with anti-creasing agent (Room temperature)
↓
Adding detergent
↓
Adding Antifoaming agent
↓
Caustic dosing (dosing 6min)
↓
Peroxide dosing (60˚c; 5min)
↓
Run time 1 hour 95˚c
↓
Sample check
↓
If ok
↓
Drain out
↓
Normal hot (70˚c,10min)
↓
Drain
 ↓
Adding Peroxide Killer
↓
Run time 55˚c, 10min
↓
Adding Acetic Acid
↓
Run time 10min 55˚c (ph-4.5)
↓
Adding enzyme
↓
Run time 1hour, 55˚c
↓
Enzyme hot- 70˚c, 10min
↓
Drain
↓
Filling in the tank (run time 5min)
↓
Rinsing -4min
↓
Drain
↓
Filling in the tank
↓
Adding Leveling, Antifoaming & Anti-creasing agent (R.T.)
↓
10min run time (R.T.)
↓
10min run time (60˚c)
↓
Color dosing-30min
↓
10min run
↓
½ Salt dosing-5min
↓
½ Salt dosing -5min
↓
Runtime -25min (60˚c)
 ↓
Sample check
↓
Soda dosing (2 g/l; 20min)
↓
Remaining Soda dosing (30min)
↓
20 min run
↓
Temp rise 80˚c
↓
Run time-1 hour
↓
Rinsing-5min
↓
Drain
↓
Filling in the tank
↓
Run time (RT)
↓
Drain
↓
Filling in the tank
↓
Normal hot (60˚c,10min)
↓
Sample check
↓
Drain
↓
Adding Acetic Acid (room temp ,run time-30min)
↓
Sample check
↓
Drain
↓
Filling in the tank
↓
Adding soaping agent (90˚c, run-10 min)
 ↓
Drain
↓
Sample check
↓
Filling in the tank
↓
Rinsing (5min room tem)
↓
Drain
↓
Filling in the tank
↓
Run time (5min, room tem)
↓
Drain
↓
Filling in the tank
↓
Dosing-fixing agent (15min)
↓
Run time (20min, room tem)
↓
Sample check
↓
Drain
↓
Filling in the tank
↓
Dosing softener (5min)
↓
Run time (20min,room tem)
↓
Sample check
↓
Unload
Color Fastness:
Color fastness is one of the important factors in case of buyers demand. The
outstandingly important property of a dyed material is the fastness of the shade of
color. Color fastness refers to the resistance of color to fade or bleed of a dyed or
printed textile materials to various types of influences e.g. water, light, rubbing,
washing, perspiration etc. to which they are normally exposed in textile
manufacturing and in daily use. We have written a lot of articles on color fastness.

Color fastness test

Standards of Color Fastness:
1. AATCC (American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists) technical
manual:
Describes 66 numbers of different color fastness tests.

2. SDC (Society of Dyers and Colorists):

In 1927, SDC (Europe) made fastness test committee.

3. ISO(International Organization for Standardization):

In 1947, ISO made color sub committee. ISO also grades the fastness:
For light fastness: 1~8
For other fastness: 1~5

Factors Affecting the Color Fastness Properties:

1. The chemical nature of the fiber. For example, cellulosic fibers dyed with
reactive or vat dyes will show good fastness properties. Protein fibers dyed
with acid mordant and reactive dyes will achieve good fastness properties and
so on. That is to say compatibility of dye with the fiber is very important.
2. The molecular structure (e.g.) of a dye molecule: If the dye molecule is larger
in size, it will be tightly entrapped inside the inter-polymer chain space of a
fiber. Thus the fastness will be better.
3. The manner in which the dye is bonded to the fiber or the physical form
present.
4. The amount of dye present in the fiber i.e. depth of shade. A deep shade will be
less fast than a pale or light shade.
5. The presence of other chemicals in the material.
6. The actual conditions prevailing during exposure.

Measuring scale: There are two types scale is used for measuring color
fastness. Grey scale &wool blue scale.
Color fastness to washing:
The resistance of a material to change in any of its color characteristics,
when subjected to washing is called color fasntess to washing.

General Principle:
A specimen of the textile to be tested, with the adjacent fabric attached is
subjected to washing under specifiend conditions. Te extent of any change in
color and that of the staining of the adjacent fabric are assessed and the
rating is expressed in fastness numbers.

There are two types of adjacent fabrics; (1) single fibre fabric and multiple
fibre fabric. In the case of multifiber fabric only one specimen is required
and in the of single fiber fabric two adjacent faabric are required.

There are various colorfastness tests. Details of washing fastness tests are
given below.

Fastness to Washing:
In the test, change in color of the textile and also staining of color on the
 adjacent fabric are assessed. A 10 x 4 cm swatch of the coloured fabric is
taken and is sandwitched between two adjacent fabric and stitched, The
sample and the adjacent fabric are washed together. FIve different types of
washing are specified as different washing mthods.

Fastness to Wash
Soap+Soda in Time in Steel
Sr.No Method Washing severity grams/liter minutes Temperature balls

1 IS:687:79 Very mild like hand wash 5 30 40+/- 2 Nil

2 IS:3361:79 5 times severe than method 1 5 45 50+/- 2 Nil

3 IS:764:79 Mild washing 5+2 30 60+/-2 Nil

4 IS:765:79 Severe washing 5+2 30 95+/-2 10

5 IS:3417:79 Severe washing 5+2 4 hrs 95+/-2 10

The solution for washing should be prepared to the required temperature of

washing. The liquor material ratio is 50:1 . After soaping treatment, remove the
speciment, rinse twice in cold water and then in running cold water under a tap.
Squeeze it and air dry at a temperture not exceeding 60°C. The change in color
and staining is evaluated with the help of grey scales.

Evaluation & result:

Shade variation result comment
.5% 4/5
1% 4/5
1.5% 4
2% 4
2.5% 3/4
Color fastness to water: Color fastness to water is designed to measure
the resistance to water of dyed, printed, or otherwise colored textile yarns and
fabrics.The test method by which this test is carried out is AATCC 107-1991 or
ISO 105 E01. This method is to assess the degree of cross staining which may
occur when garments are left in contact when damp. The test measures the
resistance to water of any colored textiles.

Color fastness to water

Apparatus:
1. Perspiration Tester
2. Oven
3. Multi fiber fabric
4. Grey scale
5. Color matching cabinet
6. Glass plate or Acrylic resin plates
7. Weight 12.5 kPa or 5kg pressure
8. Glass beaker
9. Stirring rod
10.
Reagent:
Distilled water or de-ionized water is used in this test method because natural (tap)
water is variable in composition.

Sample Preparation:
Cut the specimen & multi-fibre at 10×4cm & sewn together. This is the composite
test sample.

Working Procedure:
 Wet in distilled water at room temperature & it will suck water.
↓
Place it in acrylic resin plates & put the weight on to the plates.
↓
Keep it in oven & keep the temperature at 37± 2°C for 4hrs.
↓
Open the specimen & dry it in the air hot exceeding 60°C.
↓
Change in color is assessed with the help of Grey Scale.

Evaluation & result:

Shade variation result comment

.5% 4
1% 4
1.5% 4
2% 4/5
2.5% 4/5

color fastness to rubbing: A fastness is a place, such as a castle, which is

considered safe because it is difficult to reach or easy to defend against attack. This
test is designed to determine the degree of color which may be transferred from the
surface of a colored fabric to a specify test cloth for rubbing (which could be dry
and Wet).

There are two test methods for rubbing fastness.

1.ISO-105-X12
2.AATCC-08
In ISO-105-X12 the wet pickup of the rubbing cloth is 100% .While in AATCC-08
the wet Pickup of the rubbing cloth is 65%.We check rubbing by Dry and Wet
methods. In wet rubbing we wet the rubbing cloth according to test method and
give rating by comparing the Staining with the gray scale.

Similarly for dry rubbing we check the rubbing with dry rubbing cloth and
compare the staining With gray scale for ratings.Color Fastness to rubbing is a
main test which is always required for every colored fabric either it is Printed or
dyed.

If the color fastness to rubbing is good then its other properties like Washing
fastness and durability etc improves automatically because the rubbing is a method
to check the fixation of the color on the fabric. So if the fixation is good its
washing properties will be good.

Rubbing Fastness depends on:

 Like Black color is a carbon base color and the particle size of carbon is large
than the other colors that's why its rubbing Nature of the Color
 Depth of the Shade
Construction of the FabricNature of the color Each color either it is pigment
,Reactive ,Disperseor direct has its own fastness properties to rubbing. There are
some colors like black, Red ,Burgundy ,Navy blue which have poor Color fastness
properties because of their chemical structure.

properties are poor. Similarly red and blue are in the same case. So to improve the
color fastness we add more binder to improve the fastness properties of these
colors. It doesn't mean that we can not achieve the best results with these colors.
The required results can achieve but production cost will be increase. On the other
hand the construction of the fabric also effects the fastness properties.

If the rubbing fastness on 100.80/40.40 is 3 on the gray scale it will be 2-3 on

52.52/22.22 with the same printing parameters. So always keep in mind these
effects during finalize the required parameters with your customer .

Always Check
 Quality construction
 Color
 Depth of the Color
 End Use of the product
Results which we can achieve in Normal Conditions are
Dark Shade Medium shades Light Shades
Dry 3-4 4 4-5

Wet2-2.5 3 3.5-4

Evaluation & result:

Shade variation result comment
.5% 5
1% 4/5
1.5% 4/5
2% 4/5
2.5% 4

Color fastness to light: The purpose of Color fastness to light test is to

determine how much the color will fade when exposed to a known light source. It
is an off line quality assurance system. Generally man wears the fabric and goes
outside of the home for doing their job. In day; sun light fall on the fabric surface.
So it needs to know how much protection ability have a fabric to sun light. It is
determined by an experiment called color fastness to light. To measure the color
fastness a blue scale is used. After completing the test, sample is compared with
the blue scale.
 Light fastness tester
Principle of Color Fastness to Light:
This test measures the resistance to fading of dyed textile when exposed to day
light. The test sample is exposed to light for a certain time which is about 24 hours
to 72 hours or by customer/buyer demand and compare the change with original
unexposed sample the changes are assessed by Blue Scales.

Light Fastness Grades:

Grade Degree of Fading Light Fastness Type
8 No fading Outstanding
7 Very slight fading Excellent
6 Slight fading Very good
5 Moderate fading Good
4 Appreciable fading Moderate
3 Significant fading Fair
2 Extensive fading Poor
1 Very extensive fading Very poor

Color Fastness to Light with the Microsol light Fastness

Tester:
The testing is done step by step. Following step is maintained during measure the
color fatness to light.
 Cut the four pieces of test specimens according to the length & width wise and
attached with the specimen holder.
 Then the holder set in to the Microsol light fastness tester.
 Then the experiment continued at 72 hours according to the buyer’s
requirement.
 After 72 hours later the specimen taken from the light fastness tester
 Then the test specimen compare with the Blue scale or computer color
matching system(CCMS).

Evaluation & Result:

Shade variation result comment
.5% 4/5
1% 4/5
1.5% 4
2% 4
2.5% 4

Color fastness to perspiration: The color fastness to perspiration (acid

and alkaline) shall be at least level 3-4 (color change and staining). This criterion
does not apply to white products, to products that are neither dyed nor printed, to
furniture fabrics, curtains or similar textiles intended for interior decoration. A
level of 3 is nevertheless allowed when fabrics are both light colored (standard
depth < 1/12) and made of silk or of blends with more than 20% silk. This kind of
test is specially applied for the sports wear and heavy dresses which is used
specially. Normal cloths is also tested by perspiration test.

Color Fastness to Perspiration

The garments a\which come into contact with the body where perspiration is heavy
may suffer serious local discoloration. This test is intended to determine the
resistance of color of dyed textile to the action of acidic and alkaline perspiration.
Before knowing about the Color Fastness to perspiration you must have to know
about Color Fastness to Wash and Color Fastness to Rubbing.

Perspirometer
Well, in today’s class you will know about the perspiration matters which affects
on Color fastness.

Purpose and Scope

This method is used to determine the resistance of the colour of textile of all kinds
and in all forms to perspiration.

Equipment For Fastness Measurement

1. Perspiration tester
2. Oven, Maintained at 37+-2 Degree centigrade
3. Multifiber test fabric
4. Grey scale
5. Color matching chamber
6. Acidic and Alkaline solution
7. Glass or Acrylic plat
8. Weight.
Reagent for Perspiration Test
1. Solution freshly prepared, containing 0.5g 1-histidine mono-hydrochloride
mono-hydrate, 5g sodium chloride, and 2.5g disodium hydrogen ortho
phosphate per litre brought to PH 8.0 with 0.1N sodium hydroxide.
2. Solution freshly prepared, containing 0.5g 1-histidine mono-hydrochloride
mono-hydrate, 5g sodium chloride, and 2.2g sodium dihydrogen ortho
phosphate per litre brought to PH 5.5 with 0.1N sodium hydroxide.
3. Two undyed cloths for each specimen each 6×6cm of the same kind of fibre as
the sample. Place the specimen between the two pieces of white cloth and sew
along one side to form a composite sample.

Working Procedure :
Thoroughly wet one composite sample in a solution of PH8.0 at the liquor ratio of
20:1 and allow it to remain in this solution at room temperature for 30min. pour off
the solution and place the composite sample between two glasses plates measuring
about 7.5×6.5cm under a force of about 4.5kg.

1. Treat the other sample in the same way but with the solution at PH 5.5.
2. Place the apparatus containing the samples in the oven for 4 hour at 37±2C˚
3. Separate the sample from the white cloth and dry them apart in air at the
temperature not exceeding 60C˚
4. Assess the change in colour of the specimen and the staining of the white cloth
with the greigh scale.

Evaluation &Result:
Shade variation result comment
.5% 4/5
1% 4/5
1.5% 4/5
2% 4
2.5% 4

Salt concentration:
Shade percentage Required amount salt
.5%
1%
1.5%
2%
2.5%
Salt required graph:

Conclusion: The pretreatment, is applied through pad-dry-cure process, brings

about some salt change in the treated fabric. Fastness properties are adequate and
quite comparable with conventionally dyed samples. The rubbing fastness of the
dyed fabric change slightly. When dyeing the modified substrates, reactive Dyes
can be much more efficiently exhausted and fixed onto Cellulosic fabric under
neutral condition in the variation of Salt concentration. The modified Dyeing don’t
suffer either from a significant drop in wash fastness and perspiration fastness.
There has significant effect on dyed fabric appearance and quality for the variation
use of different concentration of salt with reactive dyes. That was showed good all
fastness properties for different types of structural fabric on salt concentration.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research paper is viable to write down even though the help and corroboration
each Author’s. We would really like to babble precise gratitude and honor toward
the member of Micro Fiber organization for their type co-operation,
encouragement, the spur which assist us in finishing touch of this research paper.
REFERENCES
[1] Nithyanandan, R. and M. Subramanian, Salt & Alkali Free Reactive Dyeing, p.
1-5.
[2] http://www.chromogenix.com/technology/basic-principles/chromogenic
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[3] Aspland, J.R., Textile Dyeing and Coloration. Textile Hub 2006. 1(3): p. 265-
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[4] Acharya and e.a. Sanjit, Chemical cationization of cotton fabric for improved
dye uptake. Cellulose, 2014. 21(6): p. 4693-4706.
[5] http://www.answers.com/Q/Discuss_the_function_of_sodiu
m_chloride_with_reactive_dye_during_dyeing_of_cotton. [6] Iqbal and e.a.
Naseem, Asymmetric bioreduction of activated carbon–carbon double bonds using
Shewanella yellow enzyme (SYE-4) as novel enoate reductase. Tetrahedron, 2012.
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[7] Broadbent and A.D, Basic Principle of Textile Coloration. A.S.T.M, 2001.
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[9] https://www.britannica.com/technology/dye.
[10] Farook, Y., Textile Dyeing and Printing Technology. textile