01 - Animal Diversity-I (Theory) PDF
01 - Animal Diversity-I (Theory) PDF
01 - Animal Diversity-I (Theory) PDF
AIPMT Syllabus
1. Taxonomy.
Exercise # 1…….………………………………….299
Exercise # 2 …….…………………………………288
Exercise # 3 …….…………………………………150
*** Students are advised to solve the questions of exercises in the same sequence or as
directed by the faculty members.
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Index : Preparing your own list of Important/Difficult Questions
Instruction to fill
(A) Write down the Question Number you are unable to solve in column A below, by Pen.
(B) After discussing the Questions written in column A with faculties, strike off them in the
manner so that you can see at the time of Revision also, to solve these questions again.
(C) Write down the Question Number you feel are important or good in the column B.
COLUMN :A COLUMN :B
EXERCISE NO.
Questions I am unable
Good/Important questions
to solve in first attempt
Exercise # 1
Exercise # 2
Exercise # 3
Advantages
1. It is advised to the students that they should prepare a question bank for the revision as it is
very difficult to solve all the questions at the time of revision.
2. Using above index you can prepare and maintain the questions for your revision.
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ANIMAL DIVERSITY-I
INTRODUCTION :
– Taxomony (Gr.) - study of nomenclature, classification and their principles. This word was given by
''Candolle'' (Taxis – arrangements. Nomos - Law)
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TAXONOMY :
– Aristotle : - ''father of zoology ''. (Book : Historia Animalium)
Father of ancient animal – Classification. He classified animals into two groups on the basis of their
natural similarities and differences into –
(i) Anaima :- Those animals which don't have Red blood or in which RBC are absent e.g. Sponges,
Cnidaria, Mollusca, Arthropoda. Echinodermata like Invertebrates.
(ii) Enaima :- These animals have red blood. This group includes all vertebrated and it has been further
divided into two sub groups.
(a) Vivipara :- It incldues animals which give birth to young-ones e.g. Man, Whale and other mammals.
(b) Ovipara :- It includes animals which lay eggs. e.g. Amphibians, Pisces, Aves, Reptiles etc.
– Based on this, all animals are included in the animals kingdom – groups and written in the following
Hierarchical manner. For example obligate category of man can be written as
TAXA Category
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species Sapiens
IMPORTANT PHYLA :
Storer and Usinger classified whole animal kingdom into 31 phyla. Out of which 10 are major and 21 are minor
phyla. Main phyla are :
1. Protozoa - e.g. Amoeba, Paramoecium etc.
2. Porifera - Sponges etc.
3. Coelenterate - Hydra, Jellyfish etc.
4. Ctenophora (minor phylum) - Beroe etc.
5. Platyhelminthes - Tape worm etc.
6. Nemathelminthes-Nematoda - Ascaris etc.
7. Annelida - Earthworm, Leach etc.
8. Arthropoda - Insects, Scorpion, Fly etc.
9. Mollusca - Snail, Pila, Octopus etc
10. Echinodermata - Star fish etc.
11. Hemichordata - Balanoglossus
12. Chordata - Fish, Snake, Birds, Monkey etc.
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Basis of Classification.
METAZOA :
– Animal groups are characterized by mobility, and the presence of a sensory or a nervous system. These
systems receive stimuli from the environment and respond by exhibiting some behaviour.
– The only exception are the porifers (pore-bearers) or the sponges. They have no cell that can be
termed as nerve cell.
– Like plant life, early animal life also arose in sea.
– The animals which live on the sea floor are called Benthonic (e.g., echinoderms, corals and deep sea fishes),
whereas, which swim about actively in sea are called Nektons.
– The multicellular eukaryotic organisms with holozoic mode of nutrition are called as metazoans.
– Based on complexity of organization, metazoans are further sub-divided into two sub-kingdoms, the
Parazoa and Eumetazoa.
– Parazoa : Parazoa includes the sponges in which the cells are loosely aggregated and do not form
tissues or organs.
– Eumetazoa : Eumetazoa includes the rest of the animals, the cells are organized into structural and
functional units called as tissues, organs and organ systems.
SYMMETRY :
– Two type of symmetry are usually seen in the animals :
(i) Radial symmetry : The animals with radial symmetry are called as Radiata. For example,
Cnidarians (hydra, jellyfish and starfish). Biradial symmetry is present in sea anemone.
For sessile animals, radial symmetry is advantageous, as it allows food to be gathered from all
sides.
They may develop appendages all round the mouth to capture and push prey into it.
Their sensory and nerve coordination surrounds the mouth. We see this in coelenterates.
(ii) Bilateral symmetry : - The animals with bilateral symmetry are called as Bilateria. The body can
be divided into right and left halves in only one plane.
Bilateral symmetry arose when animals on the ocean floor became mobile.
A crawling animal is most likely to encounter food with the end that goes first. So the mouth
developed at this end.
With the mouth, sensory organs and a coordinating brain also development at the front end.
These organs helped in sensing food. So we see how the head, enclosing the brain, became
associated with the mouth end. This is cephalization.
Asymmetric organisms cannot be divided in any plane to produce two equivalent halves.
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Radial symmetyry Bilateral symmetry
GERM LAYERS
Mesoglea Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Diploblastic Triploblastic
– Germ layer give rise to all the tissues/organs of the fully formed individuals. On the basis of germ
layers, animals can be
(i) Diploblastic : In Diploblastic animals the body cells are arranged in two layers, an outer Ectoderm
and an internal Endoderm with an intervening Mesoglea.
(ii) Triploblastic : If the body wall in animals is made up of three germ layer i.e. ectoderm, mesoderm
and endoderm, they are called as triploblastic animals.
BODY PLAN
– Animals have three types of body plan :
(i) Cell aggregate : Cell aggregate type of body plan is present in sponges.
(ii) Blind sac : Blind sac type of body plan is present in Platyheiminthes and Coelenterates, where the
alimentary canal has only one opening.
(iii) Tube within tube : Tube within tube type of body plan is present in Nemathelminthes, Annelida,
Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinoderms Hemichordates and Chordates. The digestive system is a
continuous tube with an opening at each end.
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Tube-within-a-tube body plan has been achieved in two different ways in two evolutionary lines.
In one called the Protostomes, the first opening to develop in the embryonic digestive tube is the
mouth; the anus develops later. This is seen in the annelid, mollusc and arthropod line.
In the other, the Deuterostomes, the anus develops first and the mouth is formed later. This occurs
in the Echinoderms Hemichordates and Chordates (including the vertebrates).
(ii) Pseudocoelomate : The body cavity is not completely lined with mesoderm. Instead, the mesoderm
is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a body cavity is called
as pseudocoelom e.g roundworm.
(iii) Eucoelomate : The true coelom is a body cavity which arises as a cavity in embryonic mesoderm. In
this case, the mesoderm of the embryo provides a cellular lining, called as coelomic epithelium or
peritoneum, to the cavity. The coelom is filled with coelomic fluid secreted by the peritoneum. The
coelom is found in Arthropods, Molluscs, Annelids, Echinoderms, Hemichordates and Chordates.
True coelom is of two types :
(a) Schizocoelom : It develops by the splitting up of mesoderm. It is found in annelids, arthropods
and molluscs. Body cavity of arthropods is called heamocoel.
(b) Enterocoelom : The mesoderm arises from the wall of the embryonic gut or enteron as hollow
outgrowths or enterocoelomic pouches. It occurs in Echinoderms, Hemichordates and Chordates.
Coelom
Pseudocoelom
Segmentation
– In some animals, the body is externally and internally divides into segments or metameres with serial
repetition of atleast some organs. For example, in earthworm, the body shows metameric segmentation
and the phenomenon is known as metamerism.
Notochord
– Notochord is mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the mid-dorsal surface during embryonic
development in some animals. Animals with notochord are called chordates and those animals which do
not form this structure are called non-chordates, e.g., Porifera to Echinoderms or Hemichordates.
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BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM
(i) Open type : In open type, the blood is pumped by the heart into the blood vessels that open into
blood spaces (sinuses). There is no capillary system (i.e., most arthropods, some molluscs except
cephalopods and tunicates). These sinuses are actually the body cavitites, and are called haemocoel.
The pressure of the blood is low; it moves slowly between the tissues, and finally, returns to the
heart via the opened veins. In fact, distribution of blood in the tissues is very poorly controlled. The
pigments, which carry oxygen, remain dissolved in blood plasma. Body tissues and visceral organs
exhange respiratory gases, nutrients and waste products, directly with blood.
(ii) Closed type : Many invertebrates and all the vertebrates, including humans, have a closed circulatory
system. In closed type, the blood flows around the body through the specific blood vessels. In
this system, the same blood regularly circulates in the body under high pressure, and returns
back to the heart without leaving the system of tubes. The heart pumps the blood into the aorta,
which branches in the body into the arteries, and in the tissues into the arterioles, to form the
capillary network. The venules of the capillary network carry the blood back to heart via veins
and vena cava. This helps in supplying the nutrients and oxygen to the tissues, and removing
waste materials and caron dioxide from it reveals a comparison between open and closed
circulatory systems.
These are usually low pressure systems. These are usually high pressure systems.
Blood conveyed directly to the organs without Blood is conveyed directly to the organs through
formation of capillaries. capillaries.
Distribution of blood to different organs is not well Distribution of blood to different organs is well
regulated. regulated.
Blood returns to the heart slowly. Blood returns to the heart rapidly.
Found in most arthropods, non cephalopod Found in cephalopods (octopus, squids) and
mollusks and tunicates vertebrates.
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THE LIVING WORLD
KINGDOMS
PROTOSTOMIA DEUTEROSTOMIA
Cleavage of zygote spiral and determinate. Cleavage of zygote radial and Indeterminate.
Mouth from or near blastopore. Anus from or near blastopore.
Mesoderm from primordial mesodermal Mesoderm from wall of archenteron.
Cells. Coelom enterocoelic, or secondarily
Coelom Schizocoelic. Schizocoelic.
SECTIONS
ACOELOMATA PSEUDOCOELOMATA EUCOELOMATA Eucoelomata
No body cavity Body cavity pseudocoel True coelom present
Phylum – Nematoda Schizocoel True coelom
(Round worms) Hemocoel Enterocoel
Phylum – Platyhelminthes Phylum – Nemertes or
Rhynocoela
(Flat worms) (Ribbon worms)
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PHYLUM - PROTOZOA
–It is 3rd largest phylum. One celled performed all the biological activities like multicellular animals. So
they are termed as ''Acellular'' organism, proposd by Dobell.
– They are world wide, Cosmopolitan and mostly Microscopic, Aquatic, Terrestrial, free living (Amoeba)
or parasitic (Plasmodium).
– Solitary or colonial (Proterospongia).
– Many causes serious diseases or pathogenic.
–Protozoans are samll microscopic, Eukaryotic Unicellular, Colourless, Spherical, Oval, Bell shaped,
Spindle shaped slipper like having irregular Symmetry
– Level of body organisation of Protozoans is Protoplasmic level.
– Consists of uninucleate or multinucleate protoplasm mostly nacked or some have body bounded by
delicate membrane or a firm pellicle/Test/Lorica/shell.
– In few groups of protozoa CaCO3 & Silica shell as exoskeleton is found. e.g. Radiolarian group &
Foraminiferan group.
– Number of nuclei vary from one to many. Few show nuclear dimorphism. e.g. Paramoecium.
– Body performs all necessary biological activity so in them subcellular – Physiological division of
Labour is found.
– Locomotion by means of (1) Finger-like Pseudopodia e.g. Amoeba
(2) Whip like Flagella e.g. Euglena
(3) Hairy cillia e.g. Paramoecium
(4) By contraction
(5) No locomotory organelles
– Nutrition of Protozons are mainly holozoic (Amoeba), Mixotrophic. (Euglena), Parasitic, Saprozoic
(Plasmodium) and Digestion is intracellular take place in food vacuole.
– Respiration and Excretion takes place by exchange of gases through body surface. Some excretion may
occur through contractile vacuole.
– Nitrogenous waste is Ammonia.
– Some fresh water protozoans get rid of excess water through contractile vacuole and phenomenon
known as Osmoregulation. Amoeba has one and Paramoecium has two vacuoles.
– Reproduction takes place by
Asexual
Sexual
(1) Binary fission (Amoeba) (1) Syngamy (Plasmodium)
(2) Transverse fission (Paramoecium) (2) Conjugation (Paramoecium)
(3) Longitudinal fission (Trypansoma, Euglena)
(4) Multiple fission (Plasmodium)
(5) Budding
Some also form cyst which help in unfavorable condition for reproduction of organism. They do not
have natural – death because in unicellular animals there is no division of somatoplasm & germplasm
so these are considered as immortal.
WITNESS FEW COMMON PROTOZOANS
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Ectoplasm
Hyaline
layer
Plasmagel
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PHYLUM – PORIFERA (Common Name - Sponge)
– Mostly marine but few are found in fresh water also. They are sessile, solitary or colonial. Entire
body with pores i.e. numerous mouthlets Ostia and one opening for exit Osculum.
– Sponge have various body form and shapes i.e. Vase shape, cylindrical with radial symmetry
(Leucosolenia), irregular shape (asymmetrical).
– Sponges have Cellular level of organisation with two germ layer i.e. Diploblastic and do not posses head
and appendages.
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– Body wall consists of
(i) Outer Dermal layer or Pinacoderm
– Characteristic of Porifera
(iii) Between these two layers gelatinous material Mesenchyme (Mesohyl) is present which is
non-cellular.
It Consist of Amoebocytes = gives rise to different types of cells of both pinacoderm and Choanoderm
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Scleroblast – For skeleton
Spongioblast – For skeleton
Thesocytes – For food storage (Glycogen)
Phagocytes – To engulf by phagocytosis
Trophocytes – For Distribution of food
Amoebocytes
Archaeocytes – Formation ova & spermatozoa (Totipotant cells)
Collenocytes – Connective tissue cell
Chromocytes – Pigmented
Myocytes – Highly contractile (at osculum)
Gland cells – Secrete shiny substance
Germ cells (Sex cells) – Form sperm & ova during breeding season.
Ceaselless beating of flagella cause current of water which enter through ostia perforating porocytes and
various canals and enters in spongocoel and finally leave through large aperature osculum.
– Canal system : Canal system of porifera helps in nutrition, respiration, excretion and reproduction.
Canal are developed due to folding of inner wall. There are four types of canal systems.
(i) Asconoid
(Simplest canal)
Ingressing water Canal Spongocoel Osculum
Ex. Lencosolenia, Olynthus
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(ii) Syconoid
dermal ostia prosopyles
Ingressing water incurrent canals radial canals
apopyles
osculum
to outside spongocoel
Ex. Scypha
(iii) Leuconoid
(complex and most efficient canal system)
dermal ostia prosopyles
Ingressing water incurrent canals flagellated
chambers
Apopyles
osculum
to outside excurrent canals
Ex. Euspongia Spongilla
(iv) Rhagon
Ex. Larva of Demospongia
Osculum
Ocsulum
Mesoglea
Ostium
Appoyle
Central cavity
(spongocoel) Chamber
Water curren
Flagellated
Central cavity
collar cells
Asconoid Syconoid
Flagellated chamber
Surface pore
Subdermal cavity
Excurrent canal
Incurrent canal
Leuconoid
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Scleroblat secrets spicules and Spongioblast secrets spongin fibre.
– Digestive cavity and mouth is absent. Nutrition is holozoic. Digestion is intracellular and occurs in
food vacuoles of choanocytes.
Food particle is taken by collar cell and pass them to amoebocyte.
Food is stored in thesocytes.
Distribution of food from ingestive cell to other is brought about by the movable amoeboid cell. -
Trophocytes
– Respiration and Excretion takes place by diffusion of gases through body surface. Excretory matter is
Ammonia.
(ii) Sexual - Sponges are Hermaphrodite, fertilization internal and cross fertilization, Protogynous
condition is found .
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PORIFERA
(On the basis Skeleton divide into three classes)
* NCERT
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PLYLUM-COELENTERATA
– Leuckart coined name Coelenterate.
– Hatschek named Cnidaria on the basis of stinging cells. Peyssonal & Trembley established animal
nature of Coelenterata.
– Cnidology-Study of cindaria
– Mostly marine, few fresh-water (Hydra.) Carnivorous, some are fixed or free floating.
– Coelenterates have two types of forms (Dimorphic)
(1) Polyp (2) Medusa
- Cylindrical in shape - Umbrella like
- Mostly sessile, but some are motile - Free swimming
- May be solitary or Colonial - Always solitary
- Types of structures : - - Types of structures : -
Gastrozooids (Hydranth) - For Nutrition Phyllozooids - For Protection
Dactylozooids - For Protection Nectophore - For swimming
Gonozooids - For Reproduction Gonophore - For Reproduction
Pneumatophores - For Swimming
– Interstitial cells (Totipotent and act as reserve to replace worn out cells/germ cells/Nematocyst) ;
Epithelio - muscular cells ; Glandulo – muscular cells ; Sensory cells ; Germ cells
(b) Gastrodermis (Inner layer) - Formed of 5-different types of cells such as
– Endothelia - muscular cells or Nutritive cells (with food vacuole) ; Interstitial cells ; Sensory cells ;
Nerve cells ; Germ cells
Between these two layers, gelatinous Mesogloea is present which contain free cells. Mesogloea is
secreted by both the above layers.
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– Cavity of the Coelenteron is having single aperture. Mouth serve both purpose i.e. incomplete
digestion tract (Blind sac).
Digestion is Extra-cellular as well as Intracellular i.e. takes place in Coelenteron as well as food
vacuole. Coelenteron is also responsible for distribution of food besides partly digesting it. This dual
role named coelenteron as Gastrovascular cavity.
– Respiration and Excretion takes place by diffusion of gases through body surface.
Excretory matter is Ammonia.
– Nervous system present both in polyp & medusa and form a loose net work of nerve fibres on either
side of mesogloea (Diffused type). Neurons are non-polar. Sensory cell are also present. Medusa have
sense organ Rhopalia or statocyst/Tentaculocyst.
– Sexes may be separate or united. Coelenterates can reproduce Asexually by Budding (Polyp) and by
Sexually-(Medusa).
Gonads have no duct. Fertilization may be External or internal.
Cleavage is Holoblastic.
Development includes larva.
Larva of Obelia – Planula (free living) and scyphistoma larva fixed polyp like.
Larva of Aurelia – Ephyra , Scyphistoma
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Coelenterata is classified into three classes
– Gonads are Ectodermal and shed gametes directly – Gonads are Endodermal and shed the – Gonads -Endoermal and shed gametes into the
in to the surrounding water. gametes into the digestive tract when digestive tract escape via mouth
escape through the mouth.
– Cnidoblast is present only in epidermis – Cnidoblast is present in epidermis & – Cnidoblast is present in epidermis &
Gastrodermis Gastrodermis
e.g. Hydra - Fresh water polyp
* e.g. This class has two types of animal
e.g Aurelia - the Jelly fish, Moon jally,
*
*Obelia - the sea fur, (Polyp, Blastostyles, (1) Anemones - Skeleton absent
Larva - Ephyra
Medusa shows metagenesis) Rhizostoma - Many mouth (Polystomum) *Adamsia - sea anemone
*Physalia- the Portuguese man-of-war. (Neurotoxic, Cyanea - Sun Jelly Metridium - Sea anemone
gas gland present) (2) Coral - CaCO3 Skeleton
Bougainvillea Astraea - the star coral
Vellela - Little sail *Pennatula - the sea pen
Millipora (Sting coral)
*Gorgonia - the sea fan
Pteroides - Sea feather
Renilla - Sea pansy
Tubipora - Organ - pipe coral
Alcyonium - Dead man's finger (Soft
coral)
Corallium - Red coral (Moonga)
*Meandrina - Brain coral
Madrepora - Stag-Horn coral
Fungia - Mushroom coral
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PHYLUM – CTENOPHORA :
– Ctenophora name was given by Eschescboltz. Commonly called ‘‘Sea-gooseberries’’ or ‘‘Comb-
jellies’’ or ‘‘Sea-walnuts’’.
– Nematoblasts are absent, so they are also called ‘‘acnidaria’’
– Exclusively marine and pelagic (float on sea surface) and show Bioluminescence.
– Body form may be spherical, cylindrical or Pear-shaped.
– Body is soft transparent jelly like having
Biradial symmetry with tissue grade body organization.
– Triploblastic Mesoglea contains amoeboid mesodermal cells called Colloblast, Amoeboid cells and
smooth muscle cell.
– Locomotion takes place by the presence of 8 ciliary comb plates on the body surface.
– Special sensory structure statocyst at the opposite end (absoral end) of the mouth is present.
– Tentacles may be present or absent. When present, the number of tentacles are 2. They are solid and
possess adhesive cells called as colloblasts (lasso cells).
– Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular. These are carnivorous animals
– The animals move by cilia, which join together to form comb plates,
there are eight median comb plates forming locomotory organs.
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PHYLUM – PLATYHELMINTHES :
– Gagenbaur suggested the name Platyhelminthes. Includes flat worms, free living (terrestrial, fresh
water or marine) or parasitic.
– Study of worms causing parasitic infestation in human is Helminthology. Most members of this phylum
are the parasites of vertebrate. Some are found in aquatic habitat.
– Body organisation is of organ and organ system level of organisation.
– Body is Triploblastic.
– Body is Bilaterally symmetrical. Ist bilateral animals.
– Anterior and posterior parts are clear. (Ist phylum to have cephalization).
– Locomotary organs are absent in these animals but adhesive organs are present like suckers, hook etc.
– Epidermis is syncytial and is some times ciliated. On the body wall of parasitic animals a thick cuticle
is present which protects from the digestive-enzymes of the host. It is secreted by Epidermis.
– Muscles in the body-wall are mesodermal. Below the epidermis longitudinal, circular and oblique muscles
are present.
– Nervous system is Primitive and ladder like having brain ring and 1-3 paired longitudinal nerves
connected at intervals by transverse commissures. Sense organs occur in free living form.
– These are acoelomate. In between various organs a solid, loose mesodermal tissue called Mesenchyma
or Parenchyma is present, which helps in transportation of food material.
– In Turbellaria and Trematoda classes an incomplete (Blind sac body plan and without anus) digestive
system is present. In animals of class Cestoda, digestive system is completely absent.
– Skeleton and circulatory systems are absent. Turgidity of the fluid in the parenchymal meshes
maintains the form of the body (Hydroskeleton)
– Animal respire through body surface. Anaerobic respiration in internal parasite like Taenia.
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– Excretory organs are protonephridia or flame-cells. Flame - cells are also termed as the Solenocytes.
They also help in osmoregulation.
Excretory
globules
Basal
granules
Cell body or
flame bulb
Flagella
Intracellular
canaliculus
Excretory capillary
Fig. A flame cell
– All animals of this phylum are Bisexual except Schistosoma (blood fluke). Reproductive system is
complex and well-developed.
Fertilization may be self or cross and internal. Cleavage is spiral & determinate.
– Development may be direct or indirect. In indirect development, larva may be one or of more types. In
these animals yolk/vitelline glands are present which provide nutrition to the eggs.
(a) (b)
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Divided into three classes
Turbellaria Trematoda Cestoda
– Free living fresh water or – Endo-Parasite, known as flukes,
– Endo-Parasite Intestinal parasite,
marine known as Planarians or or flat worms.
known as tape worms
Eddy worm.
– Body is unsegmented and leaf – Body-Unsegmented and leaf – Body-Ribbon like, covered by
like covered by delicate ciliated like, covered by tegument, tegument. No epidermis in
epidermis.Rod shaped Rhabdites (Fine spines) No epidermis in adult
in epidermis. adult.
– Mouth is often ventral and anus – Mouth - anterior & anus is – Mouth and Anus absent (food
absent. Alimentary canal is absent. Alimentary canal- from body surface). Alimen
present. (Branched) branched. tary canal absent.
– Reproduction - asexual sexual – Life history - includes larval – Life history - includes larval
and shows good power of stage & involve, more than stage & involve, more than
regeneration, no larva. one host. one host. Each proglottids has
one or two sets of male &
– Suckers - absent – Suckers - for attachment in the
female reproductive organ.
host
e.g. – Scolex has suckers & hooks
e.g.
for attachment
* Dugesia (Planaria) - fresh water, *Fasciola (Sheep liver flukes) – Body divided into scolex, neck
Nocturnal, Cannibalism, slow Cause liver rot disease and strobilla of few to
creeping omnivorous. Sexual Prim. Host - Sheep & Goat numerous proglottids. No true
as well as asexual (Transverse Sec. host – Snail (Planorbis ; segments
Binary fission), good power of Limnea ; Bulinus)
regeneration. Pharynx can be Show polyembryony , Life-
*Taenia solium - Pork tapeworm
everted. Reproduction Prim. Host = Man (cysticercus
cycle involves, Micacidium,
in the infective stage)
Sporocyst, Redia, Cercaria and
Microstomum - Enemy of Sec. Host = Pig (Concosphere is
Metacercaria larval form
Hydra the infective stage)
Miracidium (free-swimming
Gunda Shows multiplication in larva
larva).
Convoluta - Symbiont on stage namely –
Schistosoma (the blood flukes)
Zoochlorella and Diatoms, algae. Oncosphere, Hexacanth,
Paragonimus (Lung fluke
Bladderworm and Cysticercus.
worm) (In lungs of man and
Causes disease Taemiasis or
pig)
Cysticercosis.
Diplozoon - Ectoparasite on
Taenia saginata - Beef tapeworm
the gills of fish. (Monogenetic)
Echinococcus - Dog tapeworm
Opisthorchis - Human liver
Hymenolepis - Smallest tapeworm
fluk or chinese liver fluk
in man's intestine - 10 cm, 200
proglottids (Monogenetic)
Moniezea - Endoparisite of
ruminates
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PHYLUM - ASCHELMINTHES (NEMATHELMINTHES OR NEMATODA) :
– Grobben gave the name = Aschelminthes
Moult (changed) many times during growth period (usually four times).
Epidermis - Syncytial
– Muscle layer - Longitudinal fibres divided into four quadrants. (each with 150 muscle cells)
– Body cavity is Pseudocoel (developed from blastocoel) and contain Pseudocoelomic fluid.
– High fluid pressure in the pseudocoelom maintains body shape. It is called Hydroskeleton.
– Digestive tract is complete and differentiated into mouth, pharynx, intestine & Anus.
Mouth is surrounded by 3 - lips having sensory papillae and amphids. Pharynx is muscular. It is used to
suck food. Intestine is non muscular.
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– Respiration is through body surface by diffusion.
– Circulatory system is undeveloped
– Nervous system comprises of circum pharyngeal ring (Brain).
– Sense organs like Papillae (Tangoreceptors), Amphids (chemoreceptor) are present on lip.
Paired unicellular Phasmids (chemoreceptor) are found near hind end of body.
– Excretory system is H-shaped formed by single cell called Renette cell.
Excretory substance is ammonia.
– Reproductive system is developed and sexes are generally separate.
CLASSIFICATION :
On the basis of caudal receptor or phasmids, Aschelminthes can be divided into 2 classes-
Aschelminthes
Class
Aphasmidia Phasmidia
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Class–Aphasmidia
– Members of this class lack phasmid.
– Many types of amphids are found.
– One pairs of excretory canal are present.
– Caudal adhesive glands are found.
Ex.
Enoplus , Desmoscolex , Trilobus , Lapillaria
Class–Phasmidia
(i) Phasmid is present.
(ii) Caudal adhesive glands are not found.
Ex – Ascaris*
– It is parasite of small intestine.
– It is also called roundworm.
– Rhabditiform larva exists in the life cycle of Ascaris.
– Ascaris leads to disease called Ascariasis.
– Infective stage of Ascaris to man is embryonated egg with 2nd stage juvenile.
– Trichinella spiralis (Trichinia worm) : occur in voluntary muscles cause trichinosis.
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– Trichuris trichiura
– It is also called whipworm.
– It is parasite of large intestine of man.
Enterobius
– It is also called pinworm or seatworm.
– It is parasite of human intestine.
– It causes enterobiasis.
– No intermediate host.
*Ancyclostoma
– Cause - Ancyclostomiasis.
– It is also called hookworm.
– Its larva penetrate through sole of the person.
– Live in intestine and suck tissue fluid.
*Wuchereria
– It is also filaria worm.
– Its life cycle gets completed in two hosts. Man is the primary host, while female culex/Aedes mosquito
is the secondary host.
– It leads to a disease called Elephantiasis.
– Adult worm blocks lymph duct this leads to swelling of limbs.
– Females are ovoviviparous. Female lays juvenile microfilaria.
– Infective stage to man is microfilarae.
Dracunculus
– They are also called Guinea worm and also referred to as “fiery serpent”.
– They are digenetic, man is the primary host while waterflea (Cyclops) is the secondary host.
– Completely eradicated from India (eye worm)
Loa-loa (eye worm)
– Found in subdermal connective tissues. Some times they pass across eye ball.
– Tabanas fly act as vector.
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PHYLUM – ANNELIDA :
– Digestive tract is complete, straight and extends through entire body. The gut has both circular and
longitudinal muscles. Few annelids are sanguivorous. Digestive gland are developed for the first time
in Annelida.
– Respiration is through moist skin i.e. Cutaneous respiration. Some have gills (branchial respiration).
– Circulatory system is closed. Some blood vessels enlarge to act as pumping heart.
(Heart appear first time in annelids)
The blood is red with haemoglobin dissolved in plasma (Erythrocruarin). It has amoeboid corpuscles only.
– Few Annelids like Sabella have Chlorocruarin as a respiratory pigment.
– Hirudinaria has circulatory system with haemocoelomic system.
– Excretory organ is Nephridia. Coiled tubules also helps in osmoregulation.
NEPHRIDIA
Exonephric Endonephric
Excretory matter (1) Ammonia in aquatic form (2) Urea in land form
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– Nervous system consist of a circumentric nerve ring, double, midventral, nerve cord with ganglia.
Sense organ chemoreceptor, photoreceptor & tentacle, palp, eyes may be present.
– Sexes may be separate or united. Asexual reproduction by budding or fission. In some cases. Atoke
(asexual), Epitoke (sexual) phenomenon also found (Nereis).
– Cleavage is spiral and determinate unequal & holoblastic. Regeneration is usually found. Life history
includes a trochophore larva in few annelids.
Nereis
Inhabits in sea - shore between tide mark, burrower, nocturnal, carnivorous, gregarious, fertilization -
in sea.
Parapodia in each segment except first & last. During breading body divides in two parts.
Anterior asexual part - Atoke and posterior sexual portion Epitoke. This change is known as epitoky.
Annelida
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Based on presence or absence/of Parapodia, Setae and Sense organs
Polychaeta Oligochaeta Hirudinea Archiannelida Echiuridia
1. Almost all are marine 1. Most of the members 1. Aqatic, terrestrial, 1. All Marine – without external and
are terrestrial, but ectoparasite and internal segmentation.
some are aquatic. sanguivorous.
2. Cephalisation is more 2. Cephalisation absent. 2. Cephalisation absent. 2. Cephalistion absent. – Seate are rare and
distinct. Head with No distinct head, No distinct head, No distinct head, usually have long
well developed eyes, eyes, tentacles and eyes, tentacles and eyes, tentacle present prostomium
tentacles and olfactory olfactory palps. olfactory palps. and olfactory palps. or proboscis.
palps. e.g., Bonelia, Echiuris
3. Setae numerous and are p 3. Setae for locomotion. 3. Parapodia and seate 3. Parapodia and setae
parapodia helps in Number of seate is are absnt. Suckers at are absent.
locomotion and also limited and situated both the ends.
in respiration. Suckers in setal sac present
are absent. in body wall, a
single setae is present
in a bag. Parapodia
& sucker are absent.
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e.g.*Hirudinaria – Fresh
water leech
Pontobdella – Skate
sucker.
Hirudo – Medicinal
leech (Highly
modified)
Glossiphonia –
Fresh water leech
Haemadipsa –
Terrestrial leech
Haemopis – Horse
leech
Acanthobdella –
Extroparasite with
setae connecting-link
between oligochaeta
– Hirudinea
PHYLUM – ARTHROPODA :
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– It is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, including 900,000 species. The largest class is insecta
with 750,000 species. General characters are
– They are triploblastic coelomate and bilaterally symmetrical animals.
– The body cavity is full of haemolymph (blood) and it's known as haemocoel. The true coelom is restricted to
gonals.
– The body is covered by chitinous cuticle, which forms the exoskeleton. Strengthen by deposition of
minerals (Cal. Phosphate & Carbonate).
– They have a segmented body, each segement bearing a pair of jointed appendages covered by a jointed
exoskeleton.
– Exoskeleton is made of chitinous cuticle that is shed at intervals.
– The process of casting off of skin or integument is known as ecdysis or moulting. Chitnnous exoskeleton is
secreted by the underlying epidermis.
– The body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen. In some cases the head and thorax is fused to
form cephalothorax.
In insects the thoracic segments have legs and wings, the abdomen has no legs in insects.
– Muscles are striated.
– Respiratory organs are gills, book gills, book 1st time developed in Arthropoda. lungs or tracheal
system.
– Excretion takes place through green glands or malpighan tubules coxal gland.
– Excretory matter = Ammonia (Aquatic) ; Uric Acid (Terrestrial) Nephridia (Perpatus)
– Sensory structures in arthropods are antennae for perceiving odour, eyes, statocysts or balance organs
and sound receptors (in chirping crickets and cicadas). Eyes are compound. In honey bees, butterflies
and months and insects, the gustatory receptors are present on their feet.
– The heart is dorsal pulsatile, many chambered and the circulatory system is open (Haemocoel). Blood
haemolymph colourless.
– The central nervous system consists of a circumentric ring formed by paired pre-oral ganglia connected
by commissures to a solid, dorsal ganglionated, ventral nerve chord.
– In land arthropods, the fertilization is always internal. Few aquatic has external fert.
– Arthropods are oviparous. In some like the scorpion, the eggs hatch within the female body. They bring
forth the young ones alive. They are viviparous.
CLASSIFICATION :
– The phylum arthropoda is divided into five classes.
Class 1. Crustacea
– The body is divisible into cephalothorax (head + thorax) and abdomen.
– Dorsally, the cephalothorax is covered by a thick exoskeletal carapace.
– There are present two pairs of anternnae and a pair of stalked compound eyes.
– Respiration is carried out either by body surface or by gills.
Class 2. Chilopoda
– Body is long and segemented, which is divisible in to head and trunk.
– Each trunk segment bears a pair of legs. The first pair of legs are modified in to poison claws.
– There is a single pair of antennae and ocelli.
– There are present many legs.
– Respiration occurs by tracheae.
– Excretion takes place by Malpighian tubules.
– Development is direct
Class 3. Diplopoda
– Body is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen.
– There is a single pair of antennae and ocelli.
– Except first thoracic segment, (It does not have legs) each thoracic segment bears a pair of
legs, however each abdominal segment has two pairs of legs
– Respiration occurs by tracheae
– Excretion takes place by Malpighian tubules
– Development is generally direct e.g. julus (Millipede)
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Class 4. Insecta (Hexapoda) [Largest number of species]
– Body is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen.
– There is a pair of antennae, and a pair of compound eyes.
– The thorax consists of three segments with three pairs of legs and usually two pairs of
wings. Mesothorax has thick and leathery false wings called as tegmina and membranous
metathoracic wings.
– The abdomen may consists of ten segments.
– Respiration usually takes places by tracheae. (No respiratory pigments).
– Heart is tubular and divided into chambers
– Malpighian tubules are the excretory organs. Uric acid is chief excretory waste.
– Sexes are separate.
– Development may be direct or indirect e.g. silverfish, cockroach, bedbug, locust, termites,
butter flies, rat flea, beetle , wasp, aphid, glow worm etc.
– Maggot is the larva of Housefly
Insects communicate with each other by ectohormone called as Pheromones. Pheromones
are chemicals secreted to the outside of the body and perceived (as by smell by other
individuals of same species). They help in communication amongst the organisms of same
species.
Ex. Musa domestica – House fly
Tachardia lacca (Lacifer) – Lac Insect
Dactylopis – Cochineal bug
Lytta – Blister Beetle
Apis – Honey bee
Bombyx – Silkworm
Anopheles
Culex
Aedes
Locusta – (Locust)
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The insects may be divided into four groups on the basis of their mode of development.
– Insects without Metamorphosis (Ametabolous Development). Certain insects, such as silver fish, does
not undergo metamorphosis. These insects are most primitive and wingless.
There are present three stages in the life history; egg, young and imago (adult)
– Generally mouth parts of an insect are one labrum, one labium, one hypopharynx, two mandibles and
two maxillae. Following type of mouth parts are found is insects.
– Sponging type. eg. House fly. (Musca domestica.) It lacks mandibles. Feeds on sugar by dissolving in
saliva and sucking.
– Siphoning type e.g. Butterflies and moth. Here the proboscises formed by the modification of
maxilla.
Lac Insect
– Lac is produced commercially by an insect Tachardia lacca (Laccifer lacca).
– Lac is actually secreted for its protection and not for the food of the insect.
– Male insects are winged and structurally complete, but females are degenerated.
– Lac or shellac is an exuviate (secretion) of mainly female.
– Lac is resinous substance
–
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Cochineal Bug
– Dactylopis cocccus lives upon cactus. Dead and dried bodies are used for making a dye called cochineal dye.
Blister Beetle
– Lytta is a genus of blister beetle. The drug cantheridine is prepared from its blood.
– Cantheridine is widely used for healthy growth of hair
Red Ants
– Red ants are used for the production of formic acid.
Glow worm
Wingless female and larva of certain beetles like Lymphyris notiluca which emits greenish light. Also yields
luciferin
Honey Bee : A hive consists of a vertical sheet of wax with a number of hexagonal cells for rearing young
bees (brood cells), storing food (storage cells), royal chamber and chamber of themselves.
Bee is a social, polymorphic and colonial insect. It has three main castes – queen, drones and workers.
Queen is the only fertile female of the colony which continues to lay eggs for 2–5 years.
Drones are male honey bees. They develop from unfertilized eggs. Drones and virgin queens take part in
nuptial flight. After copulation the drones are not allowed to come back into hive.
Workers are sterile females.
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Scout bees search for food and intimate the same to worker bees by dances-round dance for less than 75m
and tail wagging dance for longer distances.
Prof. karl von Frisch got Nobel prize 1973 for decoding the language of bee dances. Workers have pollen
collecting apparatus, honey storing mechanism and wax secreting glands.
Young workers secrete royal jelly. Royal jelly is given to queen or potential queens.
Honey contain simple sugars (fructose and levulose), Vitamins and minerals. It is a tonic, laxative and
sweetening agent. True product of honey bee is bees wax.
Class 5. Arachnida
– The body is usually divisible into cephalothorax and abdomen.
– The cphalothorax bears simple eyes and six pairs of appendages (One pair of chelicerae,
one pair pedipalpi and four pairs of legs)
– Antennae are absent.
– Respiratory organs are book lungs or trachea or both
– Excretion takes place by Malpighian tubules or coxal glands or both
– Development is generally direct.
Examples : Scorpion, spider, Tick, Mite, Aranaeus (garden spinder), Palamneus (Scorpion), Buthus
(Scorpion)
– Spiders spins the web by means of a secrection of abdominal glands.
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– There are two more classes in the phylum Arthropods. These classes are Onychophora and Merostomata.
Peripatus is an important examples of the class Onychophora, which has characters of Phylum
Annelida and Arthopoda. Hence it is called "connecting link" between annelida and arthropoda . It
breathes by trachea.
– *Limulus. (the king crab or horseshoe crab) is good example of class Merostomata which respires with
book gills. The king crab are called "living fossils". A living fossil is a living animal of ancient origin
with many primitive characters.
– Arthopoda is the biggest phylum. About 9,00, 000 species are there . Largest class is insecta.
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PHYLUM – MOLLUSCA :
– Study of this phylum is known as Malacology & study of shells of molluscan is known as Conchology.
– Body is unsegmented with variety of shapes. Neopilina is exceptionally segmented. (connecting link).
– Molluscs are usually bilateral. Few are secondarily asymmetrical (snail) due to twisting (Torsion)
during growth.
– Triploblastic with Organ system level.
– Body wall includes one layered epidermis (usually cilited) with unstripped muscles found in bundles.
– Body parts consist of
(i) Head with sense organ. Head is absent in Pelecypoda & Scaphopoda.
(ii) Dorsal visceral mass containing organ system.
(iii) Ventral foot for locomotion.
(iv) Thin fleshy fold or outgrowth of dorsal body wall covers the body. This fold is called mantle or
pallium. It encloses a space mantle or pallial cavity between itself and the body. The mantle
usually secretes an external limy shell. Shell is made up of Calcium carbonate and Concheolin
protein.
Shell may also be internal (Cuttle fish), reduced and even absent (Octopus)
– Coelom is greatly reduced. It is represented by cavities in the pericardium, kidneys and gonads.
Space among the viscera contain blood and form haemocoel.
– Digestive tract is complete. Buccal cavity contain a rasping organ the Radula, with transverse row of teeth.
– Anus opens into the mantle cavity.
– Digestive glands are known as hepatopancreas.
– Respiration is usually by gills i.e., Ctenidia. But respiration may takes place by body surface also.
Dentalium respire by Mantle.
– Pila respire by pulmonary sac on land and by gills in water.
– Circulatory system is open. It includes dorsal pulsatile heart and a few arteries that open into sinuses.
Cephalopoda has closed type of circulatory system
Blood has a copper containing, blue respiratory pigment Haemocyanin. Blood is colourless with
amoebocytes.
– Excretory system includes 1 or 2 pairs of sac like kidneys, which open into the mantle cavity. Kidney
of molluscans are Metanephridia known as Kaber's organs or Organ of Bojanus. Excretory matter is
ammonia or uric acid.
42
– Nervous system comprises three paired ganglia
(1) Cerebral (above the mouth) (2) Pedal (In the foot) (3) Visceral (in visceral mass)
43
Molluscs are classified on the basis of shell, Foot, Nervous system and Gills into seven classes
Dorsal shell
opening Apex of shell
Penultimate whort Sutures
Body-whort Peristome
Shell Lines of Operculum
growth
or Varices
Umbilicus
Outer lip
Inner of
Captacula columellar lip
GASTROPODA
Foot (PILA)
SCAPHOPODA
(DENTALIUM)
Calcareous
Mantle edge spicules Umbo Hinge ligament
Lines of growth
Calcareous
shell plates
Foot
Left shell value
PELECYPODA
(UNIO)
POLYPLACOPHORA
(CHITON)
OCTUPUS
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Pelecypoda
Polyplacophora/
Monoplacophora Aplacophora Scaphopoda Gastropoda Bivalvia or Cephalopoda
Amphineura
Lamellibranchiata
- Marine, common - Marine, Worm like - Marine - Marine - Marine/fresh water - Marine/fresh water - Marine
character of Annelida /moist soil.
and Arthropoda. largest class.
- embryo grows into an Shell-Internal and reduced it
Head - Indistinct Head-Small without eyes Head - reduced without Head - absent. asymmetrical adult due Head-Absent may be external (Nautilus)
Shell - Dome-shaped eyes and tentacles. to twisting/torsion of or absent (Octopus)
& tentacles Shell-Consist of two valves Redula - Present
Shell - Present or absent. 8 Shell-Tubular, open at visceral mass during
with mantle.
Shell - Absent. dorsal plates present. development. mouth & Movably hinged dorsally. Foot - Modified into a funnel
both end.
(Multivalved) and partly into 8 or 10 sucker
anus lie on same side.
Redula-Absent bearing arms that surround
Head-With eyes & the mouth
Foot-Plough or Wedge
tentacles. Locomotion is by expelling
Shell - Spirally coiled shaped for burrowing
water in jet through siphon
Radula - Present Redula - Present Radula – Present Redula-Present Radula – Present Redula-absent (Jet propulsion).
Ink glands in some squids
Foot - Flat muscular Foot-Reduce/absent. Foot - Reduced/absent. Foot - Conical and use Foot - Large & flat for offense and defense.
for digging When the squid is attacked,
Larva - Trochophore Larva-Trochophore Larva-Trochophore Larva - Trochophore Larva - Trochophore Larva-Glochidium it emits a cloud of inky fluid
or Veliger. through its siphon. This
Trochophore
'smoke screen' interferes
e.g. e.g. e.g. *Pila-Apple-snail e.g. with the vision and
e.g. chemoreceptors
Chiton-The coat of mail shell e.g. (Shell used in but-tons) Unio-Mussel (fresh water)
- Neopilina - Neomenia (Sea-mica) of the predator and thereby
Cypraea-Old currency Mytilus-Mussel (marine) helps the squid to escape.
Living fossils * Dentalium-Tusk shell. Limex-Slug (shell less)
Chaetopleura- * Lamellidens-mussel - Closed blood
Connecting link of Helix
Ostrea circulation.
Annelida and (Respire by mantle) Turbinella-Shankh - Hectocotyle for
Teredo-Ship worm.
Mollusca and only Doris-Sea lemon sperm transfer
segmented mollusk * Pinctada-Pearl oysters. - Larva absent
Aplysia- Sea hare *
with nephridia. Pteria- Indian pearl e.g. Sepia-Cuttle fish *
Planorbis-Land snail
oyster. 10 arms having
Lymnea-Land snail
Tridekna-Highest economic Chromatophores.
value Tethys - Sea-fly
Loligo - Squid
Pecten - Scallop
(Radula absent)
*Octopus - Devil
fish 8 arms
Nautilus - Tiger
shell
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PHYLUM – ECHINODERMATA :
46
(i) A unique water filled ambulacral or water vascular system with tube feet to help in locomotion.
A perforated plate madreporite permits entry of water into ambulacral system which also help in
food and gas transport system. Structures like Pollian vesicle, tiedmann body or recemose, stone
canal are also found in water vascular system.
(ii) Haemal system.
(iii) Perihaemal system.
– Respiration takes place by gills called dermal branchiae or papulae in most of Echinoderms like
Starfish, genital bursae in Brittle star, cloacal respiratory trees Sea- Cucumber, Peristomial gills -
Sea urchin. tube - feets also helps in respiration in all Echinoderms
– Digestive tract is complete, (incomplete -brittle star).
Circulation system is reduced and open type called haemal system /Perihaemal system. No heart or
pumping vessel.
– There is no specialised excretory organ system. Nitrogenous waste (ammonia) diffuses out via gills,
bursae, respiratory tree and tube feet. Amoeboid cells in coelomic fluid also perform excretory
function by absorbing excretory matter.
– Nervous system is simple and primitive type includes a Nerve ring and radial nerve cord with simple
sense organ. (No brain)
– Echinoderms resemble chordates in early embryonic development.
– Echinoderms have separate sexes.
– Fertilization is external (no copulation). Life history includes ciliated, bilaterally symmetrical larva
that undergoes metamorphosis and change into a adult (Deuterostome).
Larva
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Divided into Five classes
Astropecten
*Echinus-sea urchin
Clypeaster- Cake urchin Neometra - Feather star
Echinarachinus-sand dollar
Echinocardium-heart urchin
Salmacis
48
49
PROTOZOA - HEMICHORDATA
– Body cavity is enterocoelus, that is divided into Protocoel, Mesocoel and Metacoel.
– Mostly ciliary feeders. Complete alimentary canal is present in digestive system. This is straight or
‘U’ - shaped.
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– Post anal tail is Absent.
– Respiration by gills.
– Excretion is done by a single glomerulus. This single glomerulus is situated in the proboscis known as
Proboscis gland.
– Central nervous system is just like non chordates. Brain is present in the form of nerve - ring.
– Development is direct or indirect because some animals have tornaria larva just like bipinnaria
larva or echinodermata in their developmental stages.
– *Saccoglossus
– Earlies included Hemichordata in Chordata phylum. Hyman (1959) kept in separate phylum
Hemichordata in invertebrates.
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