EXPERIMENT 2

AIM: To execute the queries in DDL commands.

Theory:
Data Definition Language (DDL) is a standard for commands that define the different structures in
a database. DDL statements create, modify, and remove database objects such as tables, indexes,
and users. Common DDL statements are CREATE, ALTER, DROP and TRUNCATE.

a) Create:
Create command is used to create a new table in database.
Syntax:

CREATE TABLE<tablename> (column_1 datatype(size), column_2 datatype(size)…colum_n

datatype(size));

Example:
create table student( sname varchar(20),sidint(5),sclassint(1),sphoneint(10));

b) Alter:
The Alter table command is used to add, delete, modify columns, add or drop various constraints on
an existing table. In other words, Alter command is used to change the structure of the table.

 Syntax to alter table and add column:

ALTER TABLE table_nameADD column_name datatype;

Example:
Alter table student add slnamevarchar(30);

 Syntax to alter table and delete a column:

ALTER TABLEtable_nameDROP COLUMN column name;

Example:
Alter table student drop column section;

 Syntax to alter table and modify the column:

ALTER TABLE table_nameMODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;

Example:
Alter table student modify column sidvarchar(10);

c) Drop:
This statement is used to remove a table definition and all the data, indexes, triggers, constraints and
permission specifications for that table.

Syntax:
DROP TABLE<table_name>
Example:
Drop table student;

d) Truncate:
This command is used to delete complete data from table. However, the structure of table is
retained.

Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE <table_name>

PROGRAM:

mysql>>create table employee( fname varchar(30), minit char(1), lname varchar(30),ssnint(10),bdate

date, address varchar(30),sex char(1),salary int(10),super_ssnint(10),dnoint(1));

query OK, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec)

mysql>>desc employee;

mysql>>insert into employee values(“John”,’B’,”Smith”,123456789,”1965-01-09”,”731

FondrenHousten, TC”,’M’,30000,333445555,5);
query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql>> insert into employee values(“Franklin”,’T’,”Wong”,333445555,”1955-12-08”,”638

Voss,Houston,TX”,’M’,40000,888665555,5);
query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql>> insert into employee values(“Alicia”,’J’,”Zelaya”,999887777,”1968-01-19”,”3321 Castle,

Spring,TX”,’F’,25000,987654321,4);
query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql>>select * from employee;

mysql>>alter table employee add column dept_location varchar(30);
query OK, 0 rows affected (0.78 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql>>desc employee;

mysql>>alter table employee drop column dept_location;

query OK, 0 rows affected (0.60 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql>>desc employee;
mysql>>alter table employee modify column salary int(7);
query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql>>desc employee;

mysql>> truncate table employee;

query OK, 0 rows affected (0.29 sec)

mysql>>select * from employee;

mysql>> drop table employee;

 EXERCISE- 3

AIM: To implement constraints on the database.

Theory:
Constraints are the rules that are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table, to maintain
accuracy and integrity of the data inside table. There are two types of constraints:
Column level constraints and Table level constraints depending upon the range up to which their
conditions hold. Constraints are used to make sure that the integrity of data is maintained. The
following are various constraints:

a) Primary Key:
Primary key constraint is used to uniquely identify each record in a database. A primary key must
contain a unique value and it must not contain a null value. Primary key is usually used to index
data inside a table.

 Syntax: (to add primary key constraint while creating a table)

Create table <tablename> (column_1 datatype(size) Primary key, column_2 datatype(size)…
column_n datatype(size));

Example:
Create table student (sidint(5) primary key, sname varchar(30), sdept varchar(4));

 Syntax: ( to add primary key constraint using alter table command)

Alter table <tablename> add primary key (column_name)

Example:
Alter table employee add primary key (eid);

b) Foreign Key:
Foreign Key is used to establish relation between two tables. It is used to ensure referential
integrity between tables. The foreign key is usually a column that is linked with the primary key of
parent table. And once a column is declared to be as foreign key, it doesn’t allow inclusion of details
which are not present in the primary key of parent table. In this way it ensures referential integrity.

 Syntax: (to add foreign key using alter table command)

Alter table <tablename> add foreign key ( column_child table) references parent table
(column_parent table);

Example:
Alter table employeebonus add foreign key(esuperid) references employee(eid);
  Adding foreign key while creating the table:

c) Not Null:
NOT NULL constraint restricts a column from having a NULL value. Once NOT NULL constraint
is applied to a column, you cannot pass a null value to that column. It enforces a column to contain
a proper value.

 Syntax:
Create table <table-name>( column_1 datatype(size) NOT NULL, column_2 datatype(size)
…column_n datatype(size));

Example:

Create table student (sidint(5) NOT NULL, sname varchar(30), sdept varchar(3));

d) Unique:
Unique constraint prevents the user from adding duplicate values in the column.

 Syntax: (to add unique constraint while creating a table)

CREATE TABLE tablename (column_1 datatype(size) NOT NULL,column_2 datatype(size)…

column_n datatype(size), UNIQUE(columnname));

Example:

CREATE TABLE Persons ( IDint NOT NULL, LastName varchar(25) NOT NULL,FirstName
varchar(25),Age int,UNIQUE (ID));

 Syntax: ( to add unique constraint using alter command)

Alter table <table-name> add unique (column-name);

Example:
Alter table persons add unique (ID);

e) Check:
CHECK constraint is used to restrict the value of a column within a range. It performs check on the
values, before storing them into the database. It is like condition checking before saving data into a
column.
Example to apply check constraint while creating the table:
Create table student(sidint(5) NOT NULL Check(sid>0), sname varchar(30) NOT NULL, age
int(2));

Example to apply check constraint using alter command:

Alter table student add check (sid>0);

PROGRAM:

mysql>> create table department( Dname varchar(20), Dnumberint(1),

Mgr_ssnint(10,Mgr_start_date date);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.29 sec)

mysql>>desc department;

mysql>>insert into department values(“ Research”,5,333445555,”1988-05-22”);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)

mysql>>insert into department values( “Administration”,4,987654321,”1955-01-01”);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql>>insert into department values( “Headquarters”,1,888665555,”1981-06-19”);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.08 sec)

mysql>>select * from department;

mysql>>create table dept_locations (Dnumberint(1), Dlocation varchar(20));

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.32 sec)

mysql>> alter table department add primary key(Dnumber);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.64 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates:0 Warnings:0

mysql>>desc department;

mysql>> alter table dept_locations add foreign key (Dnumber) references department
(Dnumber);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.97 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql>descdept_locations;

mysql>insert into dept_locations values(1,”Houston”);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)
mysql> insert into dept_locations values(4,”Stafford”);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
mysql>insert into dept_locations values(5,”Bellaire”);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)

mysql>select * from dept_locations;

mysql>insert into dept_locations values (6,” Hampshire”);

mysql>insert into department values( “Development”,5,987654322,”1995-02-01”);

mysql>create table project (Pname varchar(20), Pnumberint(3) NOT NULL, Plocation varchar(30),
Dnumint(1));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.32 sec)

mysql>desc project;

mysql>insert into project values ( “ProductX”,1,”Bellaire”,5);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> insert into project values("ProductY",2,"Sugarland",5);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)

mysql> insert into project values("ProductZ",3,NULL,5);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

mysql> insert into project valuese("Computerization",NULL,"Stafford",4);

mysql>alter table project add unique (Pnumber);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.79 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql>insert into project values (“ ProductA”,1,”Houston”,3);