Background of The Study

Effectiveness of Ipili-ipil Seeds as Coagulant for Water Purification
Conrado M. Galang Jr.
A. Background of the Study
British poet W. H. Auden once noted, “Thousands have lived without love, not one without
water.” Yet, 80 percent of the world’s wastewater is dumped-largely untreated and came back to
the environment, polluting rivers, lakes and oceans.
Furthermore, the widespread problem of water pollution jeopardized people’s health.
Unsafe water kills more people each year than war and all other forms of violence combined.
Meanwhile, the drinkable water sources are finite: less than one percent of the earth’s fresh water
is accessible (Denchack, 2018).
According to Postnote (2002), water- borne diseases are one of the main problems in
developing countries; about 1.6 million people are compelled to use contaminated water and more
than a million people (of which two million are children) die from diarrhea each year.
In connection, Philippines, as one of the developing countries, nine million Filipinos rely
on unimproved, unsafe and unsustainable water sources and 19 million lack access to improved
sanitation. Families without a safe water source in or near their home often spend significant time
and energy collecting water. (https://water.org/our-impact/philippines/)
As a solution to these problem, previous researches introduce water treatment with the
use of aluminium sulphate and calcium hypochlorite. Earlier research findings of Crapper et al.
(1973) and Miller et al. (1984) showed that the chemicals used for water purification can cause
serious health hazards if an error occurs in their administration during the treatment process.
Also, studies by workers (Letterman and Driscoll, 1988; Mallevialle et al., 1984; Miller et
al., 1984) have raised doubts about the advisability of introducing aluminium into the environment
by the continuous use of aluminium sulphate as a coagulant in water treatment. There is therefore
the need to investigate the use of non-chemicals which would be available locally.
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The use of natural materials of plant origin to clarify turbid water is not a new idea (Bina,
1991; Folkard et al., 1989; Jahn, 1986, 1988; Kaser et al., 1990; Sani, 1990; Sutherland et al.,
1992) cited by Ndabigengesere et al. (1995) and Madsen et al. (1987). Past researches used
Malunggay (Moring oleifera) that has shown to be effective primary coagulant for water treatment.
On the other hand, Ipil- ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), have the potential coagulant for
water purification. It, containing 34.40% crude protein fractioned using the Osborne method. Total
soluble proteins amounted to 79.8% which was broken down as follows: 51.7% albumins, 14.0%
globulins, 3.9% prolamins and 10.0% glutelins. The residue contained 11.9% protein (Research
Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. (January-March 2013), volume 4
issue 1).
It is a well-established fact as proven in several publications that the quality parameters
of drinking water include its turbidity, conductivity, pH and microbial load.
The main objective of this study is to confirm the effectiveness of powder processed from
Ipil-ipil seeds as water coagulant.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Ipil-ipil seeds as coagulant Effectiveness for water

purification in different
parameters
Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework
The figure above illustrates the variables used in the study. The independent variable,
which the researchers controlled and affected the results is Ipil-ipil seeds as coagulant. On the
other hand, the dependent variable, the effect, is the Effectiveness for water purification in
different parameters.
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B. Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of ipili-ipil seeds as coagulant for water
purification.
Specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions:
1. Is it possible for the ipil-ipil seeds to act as coagulant for water purification?
2. Is there a significant difference between ipil-ipil seeds and aluminium sulphate in terms of:
a. pH and conductivity;
b. turbidity; and
c. total coliform using most probable number?
Hypotheses
1. It is impossible for the ipil-ipil seeds to act as coagulant for water purification.
2. There is no a significant difference between ipil-ipil seeds and aluminium sulphate in terms
of:
a. pH and conductivity;
b. turbidity; and
c. total coliform using most probable number.
Scope and Delimitations
This study aimed to test the effectiveness of Ipil-ipil seeds as coagulant for water
purification in different parameters.
The study will be conducted from June 2019 – August 2019 at Solsona National High
School, Solsona, Ilocos Norte. Only matured ipil-ipil seeds will be harvested. A completely
randomized design will be used for this experiment. The treatments given were the varying
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concentrations of alum, powder produced from Ipil-ipil seeds, and the control (no alum or Moringa
powder). Each treatment effect on the response (turbidity, pH, conductivity, total coliform counts)
will be repeated 3 times except the total coliform count which was carried out in duplicate.
Laboratory analyses will be needed in order to obtain the results and to test wether the
ipil-ipil seeds is effective coagulant for water purification.
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Effectiveness of Ipili-ipil Seeds as Coagulant for Water Purification

Conrado M. Galang Jr.

A. Background of the Study

the environment, polluting rivers, lakes and oceans.

Furthermore, the widespread problem of water pollution jeopardized people’s health.

is accessible (Denchack, 2018).

and energy collecting water. (https://water.org/our-impact/philippines/)

Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. (January-March 2013), volume 4

It is a well-established fact as proven in several publications that the quality parameters

of drinking water include its turbidity, conductivity, pH and microbial load.

Ipil-ipil seeds as water coagulant.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Ipil-ipil seeds as coagulant Effectiveness for water

Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework

Specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions:

c. total coliform using most probable number?

c. total coliform using most probable number.

Scope and Delimitations

purification in different parameters.

ipil-ipil seeds is effective coagulant for water purification.

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