Two Activities—Base Isolation for Earthquake Resistance

This activity is a companion to Build a Better Wall and the BOSS Model activities. See link trail to relevant
animations below.
Explore earthquake hazards and damage to buildings by Science Standards
constructing model buildings and subjecting the buildings to (NGSS; pg. 287)
ground vibration (shaking similar to earthquake vibrations)
• From Molecules to Organisms—
on a small shake table. Structures and Processes: MS-LS1-8
Base isolation is the most powerful tool of earthquake • Motion and Stability­­—Forces and
engineering. It is meant to enable a building to survive a Interactions: HS-PS2-1, MS-PS2-2
potentially devastating seismic impact through a proper initial • Energy: MS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-2,
design or subsequent modifications. Contrary to popular belief MS-PS3-5
base isolation does not make a building earthquake proof. • Waves and Their Applications in
The buildings are constructed by two- or three-person Technologies for Information Transfer:
MS-PS4-2
teams of students. Use the Build A Better Wall method, or • Earth and Human Activity: HS-
the Marshmallow method on the following pagees. After ESS3-1, MS-ESS3-2
construction, the buildings are tested with, and without a shake • Engineering Design: MS-ETS1-1,
table by subjecting them to earthquake shaking to see which HS-ETS1-1, HS-ETS1-3
designs and constructions are successful.
Comparison of the results of the building contest with
photographs of earthquake damage is used to reinforce the
concepts of building design and earthquake risk. (modified
from Braile link below*)

Base isolation, also known as seismic or base isolation Since 2000, members of the Earthquake Engineering Research Centre (EERC)
system, is a collection of structural elements which at Bristol University have been running an international competition to
should decouple a structure from the ground. If the design earthquake resistant model buildings. The competition was originally
ground below a building shifts abruptly to the left as developed to educate UK school students about the effects of earthquakes
shown in the experimental buildings here, the building on structures and to help them investigate and develop solutions to a simple
with base isolation on the right becomes an inertial design problem. Many different, and often innovative, structural solutions to
mass that stays in the same place during the jolt due to the problem have been developed by students over the last four years and in
structural elements that decouple it from the earth. 2004 base isolation systems were used to great effect

Animations
2. ANIMATIONS_Earthquake & Tsunami > Structural Design & EQ Damage

* Earthquake Shaking – Building Contest and Shake Table Testing Activity by Larry Braile:
http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/building/building.htm
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 Background on Base Isolation for Earthquake Resistance
Base Isolation for Earthquake Resistance
The simplest form of base isolation uses flexible pads between the base of
the building and the ground. When the ground shakes, inertia holds the
building nearly stationary while the ground below oscillates in large
vibrations. Thus, no force is transferred to the building due to the shaking of
the ground. The flexible pads are called base-isolators and structures using
these devices are called base-isolated buildings.

Traditional Earthquake Mitigation Techniques

The Base Isolation Technique

ADAPTATIONS AND EXTENSIONS from the BOSS Model (Activity)
1. Tell students that one way to protect a building from resonating with an earthquake is to isolate its
foundation, or base, from the ground with devices much like wheels. This technique is called base
isolation. Structural engineers are now developing the technology to place buildings on devices
that absorb energy, so that ground shaking is not directly transferred to the building. Invite students
to add standard small wheels from a hardware store to their models as an illustration of one of the
many base isolation technologies, or add wheels to your own BOSS model, then shake the table.
Better yet, place the model in a low box or tray and shake it. Then take out the model, fill the box
with marbles or BBs, and replace the model on this base. Now shake the box. Challenge students
to come up with other base isolation techniques.

2. If any of your students have studied harmonic motion in a physical science or physics class, challenge
them to explain how the BOSS model is an example of an inverted pendulum.

3. To help students connect the numbered rod assemblies to actual buildings, make paper sleeves and
decorate them to resemble buildings in your area. At some point in the lesson, slide the sleeves
over the rod assemblies to show how buildings can collide, or hammer against each other, during
an earthquake.

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Many base isolators look like large rubber pads, although there are other
types that are based on sliding of one part of the building relative to other.
Base isolation is particularly effective for retrofitting low to medium height
unreinforced masonry buildings, such as historic buildings. Portland’s historic
Pioneer Courthouse has been seismically retrofitted using base isolation.
Experiments and observations of base-isolated buildings in earthquakes
indicate that building acceleration can be reduced to as little as one-quarter
of the ground acceleration.

Lead-rubber bearings are frequently used for base isolation. A lead rubber
bearing is made from layers of rubber sandwiched together with layers of
steel. The bearing is very stiff and strong in the vertical direction, but
flexible in the horizontal direction.

Spherical sliding isolation uses bearing pads that have a curved surface
and low-friction materials similar to Teflon. During an earthquake the
building is free to slide both horizontally and vertically on the curved
surfaces and will return to its original position after the ground shaking stops.
The forces needed to move the building upwards limit the horizontal or
lateral forces that would otherwise cause building deformations.

Working Principle

To get a basic idea of how base isolation works, first examine the diagrams
above that illustrate traditional earthquake mitigation methods. When an
earthquake vibrates a building with a fixed foundation, the ground vibration
is transmitted to the building. The buildings displacement in the direction
opposite the ground motion is actually due to inertia. In addition to
displacing in a direction opposite to ground motion, the un-isolated building
is deformed. If the deformation exceeds the constraints of the building
design, the structure of the building will fail. This failure often occurs in the
ground floor because most of the building’s mass is above that level. Also
many buildings have “soft” ground floors with many windows or unreinforced
spaces for parking or lobbies.

Energy Dissipation Devices for Earthquake Resistance

Another approach for controlling seismic damage in buildings is to install
Seismic Dampers in place of some structural elements, such as diagonal
braces. These dampers act like the hydraulic shock absorbers in cars that
absorb sudden jerks. When seismic energy is transmitted through them,
dampers absorb part of the energy, thus damping the vibration of the
building. By equipping a building with devices that have high damping
capacity, the seismic energy entering the building is greatly decreased. This
system has also been used in historic buildings such as City Hall in San
Francisco.

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 Commonly used types of seismic dampers include:

Viscous Dampers (energy is

absorbed by silicone-based fluid
passing between piston cylinder
arrangement)

Friction Dampers (energy is

absorbed by surfaces with friction
between them rubbing against each
other

Yielding Dampers (energy is

absorbed by metallic components that
yield)

Viscoelastic dampers (energy is

absorbed by utilizing the controlled
shearing of solids)

Modified from article by Javed Kachchhi available online at:

www.architectjaved.com/.../base_isolation_techniques_for_earthquake_resistance.html

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 Activity 1: Shake table exercise!*
Watch “Base Isolation and ShakeTable.mov “ video of activity in the folder Base Isolation.

Introduction Materials
One of the main causes of damage in an • 40 coffee stirrers or cocktail straws
earthquake is the collapse of buildings not strong • 40 mini marshmallows
enough to withstand the shaking. Engineers and • a 30 cm ruler
architects try to design buildings rigid enough to • 2 shallow cardboard boxes (the trays
withstand the shock, but flexible enough to give a used for cases of soda cans work well)
little under the stress. This exercise will test your • a pair of scissors
design skills and understanding of how different • 10-20 marbles
structures will perform in an earthquake. • 4 short rubber bands
Good Luck! • stapler

Preparation
1. Before building your models, you must first
build a shake tray. Place one cardboard box on
a table and, with the scissors, cut the bottom out
of the second box so that it fits inside the first
box with a 2-cm clearance around each side.
Place the marbles in the first box and rest the
cut piece of cardboard on top of them. Use the
stapler to attach one rubber band to each inside
corners of the first box and then to the corners
of the cardboard insert. The rubber bands should Questions
be taut, but not overstretched. To start the tray
1. What structural shapes seem to survive quakes best?
shaking, pull the insert toward one side of the
Can you think of any existing buildings that use
box and let it go.
this type of design?
2. Using the marshmallows and straws (or stirrers)
as building elements, assemble a structure that
2. What type of earthquake motion was your shake
measures at least 50 cm high.
tray simulating? Are there other motions in a
3. Place the structure on the middle of the shake
quake? How might you duplicate them?
tray and see how it stands up to your quake. Try
building several different designs to see if one
3. Do you think that it is possible to build an
particular shape stands up better than the rest.
earthquake-proof structure? Why or why not?
4. Hold a design competition with your friends. See
who can build an earthquake-proof structure
4. How does the amount of shaking time affect
using the least amount of material.
building damage?
5. Try varying the amount of time and the strength
of the shaking by how hard you pull on the insert
5. How does the strength of the shaking affect building
and how tight you stretch the rubber bands.
damage?

*This activity is from Justin Sharpe, Beal High School, Ilford, Essex.

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 Activity 2: Base isolation with student worksheet*

Objectives: Observe how base isolation protects Materials:

buildings during an earthquake.
(see following pages)
Shake table
Grade Level: Middle School Base isolation attachment
Masses on rods
Time: 30 Minutes- 1 Hour

Problem: How can we keep a building from Vocabulary:

shaking on our shake table? Inertia, inertial force, base isolation, friction

Introduction:
Why do you need to wear a seat belt? If you are
in a car going 70 mph and slam on the brakes, you
will continue to go at 70 mph (and through the
windshield!) unless something like a seat belt stops
you.
Newton’s first law states that a body in motion will
stay in motion and a body at rest will stay at rest
unless acted on by an outside force. This is called
inertia. It is the tendency of something to stay the
way it is.
The law of inertia is important when talking acting on the building, it won’t move. Base isolation
about buildings in an earthquake. A building can is separating the building from the ground so that the
be thought of as a large mass, and according to the earthquake can’t affect it.
law of inertia, it wants to stay at rest and remain If you lay a toy car or a skate on a cardboard sheet
motionless unless acted on by an outside force. In and yank the cardboard back and forth like the
an earthquake, the bottom parts of the building move horizontal motions of an earthquake, what happens?
and the upper parts of the building don’t because of The car will not slide as much as the cardboard, but it
inertia. This is called inertial force. This puts a lot will still move slightly back and forth. Those wheels
of stress on the parts that make up the building. It on the car and skate “isolated” the top part from the
is this inertial force that engineers have to try and earthquake!
minimize when designing buildings. But how do we do that with a big building? In reality,
One of the ways that earthquake engineers protect engineers don’t use big wheels. Instead, they use a
a building is to use the inertia of the building to their special material between the columns of the building
advantage. If they can keep the body from moving, and its foundation. This supports the building so that it
then the top floor won’t move either! So, if an can stand, but it lets the “ground” move from side-to-
engineer can find a way to keep the earthquake from side underneath it.

* Worksheets by: Leslie Bucar, 7-12 Science Teacher, Fond du Lac Ojibwe School, B.S. Biology,
B.A.S. Teaching Biology, B.A.S. equiv Teaching Chemistry
Dan Johnson, 7-12 Math Teacher, Fond du Lac Ojibwe School, B.A.S. Teaching Math
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 Rubber Pads used in base isolation.

Movement of Building with Base Isolation

vs. No Base Isolation
In the pictures above, the building on the left (fixed Friction also absorbs some of the earthquake energy
base) has no base isolation. If you were sitting on the that would otherwise go into shaking the building
top floor of that building, look how much you’d move and reduces the quake’s impact on the structure.
in an earthquake! The building on the right, however, (Remember that energy never disappears completely
has base isolation. When an earthquake comes, the but only changes from one form to another and
base isolation bearings move, and not the building, so that energy absorbed by friction gets changed into
the people on the top floor don’t move. harmless heat.)
Once we isolate the structure of the building from Another bonus to adding fillers to our rubber pads is
the earth, we must make sure that the building does that they offer the advantage of preventing, through
not move around too much, and that it goes back to its friction, the frequent and annoying small oscillations
original position. Engineers use rubber pads to base (back-and-forth movements) that even a light wind or
isolate buildings, and they add into the rubber pads a car driving by would have on a building or a bridge
special fillers that increase the pads’ friction. This built on entirely rubber pads.
helps lessen the back and forth motion of the building.

Movement of Building with Fixed-base Isolation and with Base Isolation

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 Name __________________ Per ____

Base Isolation for Earthquake Safety

Hypothesis:
Write your hypothesis using the problem here.

Procedure:
Even though real buildings use rubber pads as base isolators, we can experimentally look at base isolation by
using a set of rollers. In this lab, horizontal rollers will be used as a base isolator and the masses on rods will be
used as a building.

1. Attach the horizontal rollers to the shake table using the two screws.
2. Test that the rollers are attached to the shake table by trying to shake it with your hands.
3. Make sure that the safety stops are attached and in position so that the masses on rods will not come off
the table.
4. Place the masses on rods plate on the horizontal rollers.
5. Start the shake table and allow it to calibrate using the procedure outlined in the shake table operations
manual.
6. Navigate to earthquake mode and select an earthquake to run.
7. When the experiment is over, press the 0 key to exit the main menu.
8. Remove the masses on rods from the rollers and remove the rollers.

Collecting and Analyzing Data:

1. What happened to the masses on rods when the base isolator is in place?

2. Why do we need a space between the edges of the base isolator and the sides of the shake table?

Conclusion:

1 Why is it important to allow the ground to move underneath the building?

2. What would happen if the base of the building moves too much?

3. Would base isolators be able to protect a building if the ground moves up and down? Why?

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Teacher Lesson Guide and Base Isolation
Collecting and Analyzing Data Key:

1. What happened to the masses on rods when the base isolator is in place?
The masses on rods didn’t move

2. Why do we need a space between the edges of the base isolator and the sides of the masses on rods
table?
If the masses on rods table touches the shake table, it is no longer “isolated” by the base and is
therefore subjected to all of the forces of the earthquake.

Conclusion Key:
1. Why is it important to allow the ground to move underneath the building?
By allowing the ground to move underneath the building, the building remains relatively motionless
which means that the structural components are not stressed as much as if it were moving with the
ground.

2. What would happen if the base of the building moves too much?
If the building’s base moves too much it can run into other structures on the ground, such as retaining
walls, entry steps, or even a perimeter moat. This can cause damage to the building and other
structures which is called pounding.

3. Would base isolators be able to protect a building if the ground moves up and down?
No, base isolators are only able to protect a building if the ground is moving horizontally (side to side)

Bibliography:
Chopra, A. 2001. Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Application to Earthquake
Engineering. 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Levy, M. and Salvadori, M. 1995. Why the Earth Quakes. W.W. Norton and Company,
New York.

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