FMDS0818

FM Global
Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets 8-18

October 2015
Page 1 of 28
STORAGE OF HANGING GARMENTS
Table of Contents
Page
1.0 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 How to Use This Data Sheet ............................................................................................................. 3
1.2 Changes ............................................................................................................................................ 3
1.3 Superseded Information .................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 4
2.1 Construction and Location ................................................................................................................ 4
2.1.1 General .................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Exposed Structural Steel Protection ....................................................................................... 5
2.1.3 Ceiling Slope ........................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.4 Openings in Solid Floors or Mezzanines Between Hanging Garment storage Areas ............ 6
2.1.5 Open-Grated Mezzanines and/or Walkways ........................................................................... 6
2.1.6 Solid Mezzanines and/or Walkways ........................................................................................ 7
2.2 Occupancy ......................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 General .................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 Commodity Hazard .................................................................................................................. 8
2.2.3 Clearance Between Top of storage and Sprinkler Deflector ................................................... 9
2.2.4 Power Interlock for Rotating Carousel Type storage Systems ............................................... 9
2.2.5 Clearance Between the Floor and Hanging Garments ........................................................... 9
2.3 Protection ........................................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 General .................................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.2 Sprinkler System Types ........................................................................................................... 9
2.3.3 Ceiling-Level storage Sprinklers ............................................................................................ 10
2.3.4 In-Rack Sprinklers (IRAS) ..................................................................................................... 18
2.3.5 Shape Factor for Ceiling-Level Sprinkler Hydraulic Analysis ................................................ 22
2.3.6 Hose Demands, Hose Connections, and System Duration .................................................. 23
3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................... 23
3.1 Illustrative Losses ............................................................................................................................ 23
3.1.1 Clothing Distribution Warehouse ........................................................................................... 23
3.1.2 Retail Sales storage Area ..................................................................................................... 24
3.1.3 Work Uniform Laundry storage ............................................................................................. 24
3.1.4 Hanging Garments Stored 11 ft (3.4 m) High ....................................................................... 24
3.1.5 Automated Garment storage ................................................................................................. 24
4.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 25
4.1 FM Global ...................................................................................................................................... 25
4.2 Other ................................................................................................................................................ 25
APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS ..................................................................................................... 25
APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY ..................................................................................... 27
List of Figures
Fig. 1.
Flowchart for determining the protection options for hanging garment storage ................................ 5
Fig. 2.
Exception when sprinklers not necessary under open-rated walkway .............................................. 8
Fig. 3.
Ceiling-only protection, maximum 45 ft (13.5 m) ceiling and maximum 5 ft (1.5 m) storage height . 11
Fig. 4.
Ceiling-only protection, maximum 30 ft (9.0 m) ceiling, maximum 15 ft (4.5 m) storage,
maximum 2 garment wide rows, and minimum 3 ft (0.9 m) aisle (applies to Table 2) .................. 12
Fig. 5. Ceiling-only protection, maximum 30 ft (9.0 m) ceiling, maximum 15 ft (4.5 m) storage, and
minimum 6 in. (150 mm) flue space between garment rows (applies to Table 3) ......................... 13
©2015 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of Factory Mutual Insurance Company.
8-18 Storage of Hanging Garments
Page 2 FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Fig. 6. Ceiling-only protection, maximum 30 ft (9.0 m) ceiling, maximum 10 ft (3.0 m) storage, and
minimum 6 in. (150 mm) flue space between garment rows (applies to Table 3) ......................... 14
Fig. 7. Determining when in-rack sprinkler protection is needed ............................................................... 15
Fig. 8. Horizontal location of in-rack sprinklers for storage up to hanging garment rows wide ................. 19
Fig. 9. Horizontal location of in-rack sprinklers for storage over 2 hanging garment rows wide ............... 20
Fig. 10. Horizontal location of in-rack sprinklers for storage up to 2 hanging garment rows wide with
horizontal barriers .......................................................................................................................... 20
Fig. 11. Horizontal location of in-rack sprinklers for storage over 2 hanging garment rows wide with
horizontal barriers .......................................................................................................................... 21
List of Tables
Table 1. Determining Applicable Ceiling-Only Protection Table .................................................................... 11
Table 2. Ceiling-Level Protection Guidelines for Hanging Garment Storage: Maximum Two Garment
Rows Wide Separated by Minimum 3 ft (0.9 m) Wide Aisle .......................................................... 16
Table 3. Ceiling-Level Protection Guidelines for Hanging Garment Storage: Minimum 6 in. (150 mm)
Wide Flue Space Between Garment Rows .................................................................................... 17
Table 4. Allowable Vertical Increments Between In-Rack Sprinklers ........................................................... 21
Table 5. In-Rack Sprinkler Design ................................................................................................................ 22
Table 6. Hose Demand and Water Supply Duration Design Guidelines ...................................................... 23
©2015 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Storage of Hanging Garments 8-18
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Page 3
1.0 SCOPE
This data sheet provides fire protection recommendations for storage of hanging garments composed of
natural, synthetic, or blends of natural and synthetic materials, with or without polyethylene (plastic) covers,
on horizontal stationary pipe racks as well as revolving vertical storage modules (carousels).
Refer to Data Sheet 8-1, Commodity Classification, for the classification of boxed garments and Data Sheet
8-9, Storage of Class 1, 2, 3, 4 and Plastic Commodities, for the protection of boxed garments.
Refer to Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers, for installation guidelines for the
sprinklers listed in this data sheet, as well as their compatibility with the facility’s construction features.
The recommendations in this data sheet are intended for the design of new automatic sprinkler systems,
or existing systems that are to be modified. To evaluate existing automatic sprinkler systems, or to determine
whether new protection options based on recently FM Approved products and/or fire testing are a viable
option to help lower their risk of loss, clients of FM Global can contact their local servicing office.
The fire protection recommendations in this data sheet are based on the results of full-scale fire testing, loss
experience, and/or engineering judgment. Not every storage arrangement or protection option has been
tested, nor has every potential solution been identified.
Before selecting one of the protection options in this data sheet for either a new building or a building being
retrofitted with a protection system, consider the susceptibility of this type of occupancy to nonthermal
damage. Ceiling-only protection options are available for some hanging garment storage arrangements;
however, they generally require a large volume of sprinkler discharge and typically result in high nonthermal
damage during a fire. Consider lowering the potential for nonthermal damage by providing protection for
hanging garments whenever possible in the form of horizontal barriers in combination with quick-response
sprinklers under these barriers, in accordance with this data sheet.
Note that the metric (SI) equivalent values in this data sheet are not based on strict mathematical conversion,
but on design-desired values.
1.1 How to Use This Data Sheet

As with any data sheet, a complete understanding of the information in this document can only be achieved
by a thorough review of its contents. However, to assist with the proper use of this data sheet, a flowchart
has been created (see Figure 1). This flowchart represents the process for determining the proper design of
an automatic sprinkler system that is intended to protect hanging garment storage, whether in a horizontal
or vertical storage arrangement. Use this flowchart in combination with the text of this data sheet to determine
all possible protection options.
1.2 Changes
October 2015. This data sheet has been completely rewritten. The following major changes were made:
A. The terms “control mode density area (CMDA)” sprinkler, “control mode specific application (CMSA)”
sprinkler, “large-drop” sprinkler, and “suppression mode” sprinkler have been replaced by the term
“storage” sprinkler.
B. The ceiling-level designs in this data sheet are now all based on a minimum pressure at the most remote
sprinkler for an indicated number of operating sprinklers. As a result, Table 1 from the previous version
of this data sheet has been replaced.
C. Ceiling-level designs now incorporate quick-response sprinklers having K-factor values of 11.2 (160),
14.0 (200), 16.8 (240), 22.4 (320), and 25.2 (360). The units for these K-factors are gpm/psi0.5 ([L/min]/
bar0.5).
D. The installation of K5.6 (K80) and K8.0 (K115) sprinklers at ceiling-level is no longer recommended
for hanging garment storage areas.
E. The recommended nominal temperature rating of automatic sprinklers recommended for installation
at ceiling-level is 160°F (70°C).
F. The protection options in this data sheet no longer distinguish between hanging garments on horizontal
supports or on vertically moving carousel units, except as noted.

G. New protection options have been added to allow for storage heights in excess of 15 ft (4.5 m) and
above the top of horizontal barriers without the need for a solid mezzanine.
H. New recommendations have been added to enable storage heights up to 20 ft (6.0 m) to be protected
by in-rack sprinklers.
I. For some protection options, garment widths can now be more than 48 in. (1.2 m), and aisles can now
be less than 3 ft (0.9 m) wide.
J. New protection options have been added that address excessive clearance between the top of hanging
garment storage and the ceiling above it.
K. New guidelines have been added that address ceiling slope.
L. The installation recommendations for automatic sprinklers are now provided in Data Sheet 2-0,
Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers.
M. Protection recommendations for the presence of open-grated mezzanines and walkways have been
added.
N. A new flowchart (Figure 1) has been added to assist readers in using this data sheet.
O. New figures have been added to visually demonstrate recommended in-rack sprinkler layouts.
P. Appendix A, Glossary of Terms, has been added to this data sheet.
1.3 Superseded Information

This data sheet incorporates and supersedes the following engineering bulletins:
• 01-11, Victaulic Company Model V4603, K25.2 (K360), Upright Sprinkler
• 02-09, Storage Type Sprinklers
• 02-01, Tyco Fire Products (Central, GEM and Star) Model EC-25 Control-Mode Extended-Coverage
Sprinklers (SIN TY9128)
2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS
2.1 Construction and Location
2.1.1 General
2.1.1.1 Construct storage facilities containing hanging garments in accordance with the relevant data sheets.
See the 1-series data sheets for recommendations relevant to the construction features of most storage
facilities. Pay particular attention to any walls and/or ceilings that will consist of plastic materials. See the
recommendations in Data Sheet 1-57, Plastics in Construction, when such materials are present within the
hanging garment storage area.
2.1.1.2 Adhere to the recommendations in the relevant data sheet to ensure the construction features of
the facility are compatible with the storage sprinkler being used.
2.1.1.3 Properly anchor all hanging garment support structures to prevent them from toppling. Take into
consideration the effects of support structure loads, the additional load created by the collection or absorption
of fire protection water by the hanging garments, the weight of water-filled, in-rack sprinkler piping (if
provided), and any seismic conditions (see Data Sheet 1-2, Earthquakes).
2.1.1.4 Design rack-supported structures taking into consideration the effects of weather (wind, snow, rain,
hail, etc.), rack loads, seismic conditions (see Data Sheet 1-2, Earthquakes), and the additional load created
by the collection or absorption of fire protection water by the hanging garments, the weight of water-filled
sprinkler piping (from ceiling or in-rack sprinklers), and any other loads to which the rack or structure may
be exposed.
2.1.1.5 See Section 2.2.1 of Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers, for
recommendations related to the presence of items such as heat and/or smoke vents, draft curtains, etc.

Determine the maximum Review the guidelines in Review the guidelines in

storage and ceiling heights Section 2.3.3.1 through Sections 2.3.4.1 through
of this storage area. 2.3.3.6 pertaining to 2.3.4.2 pertaining to in-rack
ceiling-level sprinklers. sprinklers.
Determine the following:

Garment storage
arrangement Yes Determine the horizontal
Does Figure 7 indicate
Flue space width in-rack sprinkler options
that in-rack sprinklers
between garment rows outlined in Section 2.3.4.3.1.
are needed?
Aisle width between
garment storage rows
No
Review the guidelines in Determine the ceiling-only Determine the vertical in-rack
Section 2.1 pertaining to the protection options available sprinkler options outlined in
facility’s construction features. from the applicable protection Section 2.3.4.3.2.
table.
Review the guidelines in Determine the Shape Factor

Determine the in-rack
Section 2.2 pertaining to the valve for the ceiling-level
sprinkler design outlined in
facility’s occupancy features. sprinkler system design from
Section 2.3.4.4.
Section 2.3.5.
Determine the recommended

Review the guidelines in Determine the ceiling design
hose stream allowance and
Section 2.3.1 pertaining to the with in-rack sprinklers present
system duration from Section
automatic sprinkler system. as outlined in Section 2.3.4.5.
2.3.6.
Note that Section 2.3.2

indicates that only a wet or
similar sprinkler system can
be used to protect the storage
of hanging garments.
Fig. 1. Flowchart for determining the protection options for hanging garment storage
2.1.2 Exposed Structural Steel Protection

Adhering to the design guidelines in this data sheet eliminates the need for additional protection of any
exposed building structural steel due to fire exposure.

2.1.3 Ceiling Slope
2.1.3.1 Ceiling Slope up to 10°

The ceiling-level protection recommendations in Section 2.3.3 are applicable for a maximum ceiling slope
of 10°.
2.1.3.2 Ceiling Slope Over 10° and up to 20°

When the ceiling over a hanging garment storage area will have a slope of more than 10° and but not more
than 20°, implement one of the following protection options:
A. Install a horizontal noncombustible false ceiling directly over and at least 15 ft (4.5 m) beyond the storage
area. Design the false ceiling in accordance with Data Sheet 1-12, Ceilings and Concealed Spaces.
Provide sprinklers under the false ceiling and design them in accordance with this data sheet based on
the height above the floor over which the false ceiling has been installed.
B. Limit the storage height to a maximum of 5 ft (1.5 m).
C. Install in-rack sprinkler protection in accordance with Section 2.3.4, but limit the storage above the
top level of in-rack sprinklers to a single tier of garments.
2.1.3.3 Ceiling Slope Over 20° (or Excessive Clearance per Section 2.3.4.5)
When the ceiling over a hanging garment storage area will have a slope of more than 20°, implement one
of the following protection options:
A. Install a horizontal noncombustible false ceiling directly over and at least 15 ft (4.5 m) beyond the storage
area. Design the false ceiling in accordance with Data Sheet 1-12, Ceilings and Concealed Spaces.
Provide sprinklers under the false ceiling and design them in accordance with this data sheet based on
the height above the floor over which the false ceiling has been installed.
B. Install in-rack sprinkler protection in accordance with Section 2.3.4, but maintain all hanging garment
storage below the top level of in-rack sprinklers. Design the ceiling sprinklers for this affected area using
Table 3 based on a storage height of 5 ft (1.5 m) and a ceiling height of 25 ft (7.5 m).
2.1.4 Openings in Solid Floors or Mezzanines Between Hanging Garment storage Areas
Avoid openings in solid floors or mezzanines between hanging garment storage areas whenever possible.
When openings in solid floors cannot be avoided, protect against vertical fire spread from one hanging
garment storage level to another by implementing both of the following recommendations:
A. Install a minimum 2 ft (0.6 m) deep draft curtain around the perimeter of the opening, and
B. Prevent storage below the vertical opening.
2.1.5 Open-Grated Mezzanines and/or Walkways
2.1.5.1 General
Avoid the installation of open-grated mezzanines and walkways in hanging garment storage areas. As an
alternative, make mezzanines or walkways solid and provide sprinkler protection underneath them in
accordance with Data Sheet 2-0. Base the design for the sprinklers installed under solid mezzanines in
accordance with Section 2.1.6.1, or solid walkways in accordance with Section 2.1.6.2.
If open-grated mezzanines or walkways cannot be avoided, follow the recommendations in Section 2.1.5.2
for open-grated mezzanines and Section 2.1.5.3 for open-grated walkways.
2.1.5.2 Open-Grated Mezzanines

2.1.5.2.1 Install sprinklers directly under open-grated mezzanines when hanging garment storage is
maintained under the mezzanine. Design and install the sprinklers under the mezzanine per the
recommendations in Section 2.3.4 for in-rack sprinklers.
2.1.5.2.2 Sprinklers can be omitted from under open-grated mezzanines when all of the following conditions
are met:

A. There is no storage above the open-grated mezzanine, and

B. The open-grated mezzanine is at least 70% open, and
C. The ceiling sprinkler system can protect the hanging garment storage located below the open-grated
mezzanine in the absence of the open grating
2.1.5.3 Open-Grated Walkways

A. Install 160°F (70°C) nominally rated quick-response sprinklers under an open-grated walkway on a
maximum linear spacing of 8 ft (2.4 m) and on a maximum area spacing of 64 ft2 (6 m2) if the walkway is
wider than 10 ft (3.0 m). Base the design flow of the sprinklers under the open-grated walkway as follows:
1. If the vertical distance between walkways, or walkways and floor, is equal to or less than 10 ft (3.0
m): 30 gpm (115 L/min).
2. If the vertical distance between walkways, or walkways and floor, is greater than 10 ft (3.0 m): 60 gpm
(230 L/min).
Base the number of sprinklers in the design on 3 sprinklers if only one level is provided, or 6 sprinklers (3
on the top two levels) if more than one level is provided.
The design for the sprinklers located under the open-grated walkway does not have to be hydraulically
balanced with the ceiling-level system nor an adjacent in-rack sprinkler system, if provided.
B. Exception: Sprinklers are not necessary under an open-grated walkway when all of the following conditions
are met (see Figure 2):
1. The open-grated walkway is a maximum 8 ft (2.4 m) wide, and
2. In-rack sprinkler protection is provided within the hanging garment storage array at the same level as
the open-grated walkway, and
3. In-rack sprinklers closest to the open-grated walkway are no more than 18 in. (450 mm) horizontally
from the face of the storage array.
2.1.6 Solid Mezzanines and/or Walkways
2.1.6.1 Solid Mezzanines

2.1.6.1.1 Provide sprinkler protection under a solid mezzanine having hanging garment storage below it in
accordance with Section 2.3. Base the design of the sprinklers on the following:
A. When a minimum 3 ft (0.9 m) clearance is provided between the top of storage and the sprinkler
deflector, follow the recommendations for a ceiling sprinkler system in Section 2.3.3.
B. When a minimum 3 ft (0.9 m) clearance is not provided between the top of storage and the sprinkler
deflector, follow the recommendations for an in-rack sprinkler system in Section 2.3.4.
2.1.6.1.2 Sprinklers installed in accordance with Section 2.1.6.1.1 do not need to be hydraulically balanced
with any sprinkler system located above the solid mezzanine if the edges of the solid mezzanine are
equipped with a minimum 2 ft (0.6 m) deep draft curtain.
2.1.6.1.3 If the edges of the solid mezzanine are not equipped with a minimum 2 ft (0.6 m) deep draft curtain,
ensure sprinklers are hydraulically balanced with any sprinkler system located above the solid mezzanine.
2.1.6.2 Solid Walkways

2.1.6.2.1 Provide sprinkler protection under a solid walkway located adjacent to hanging garment storage
using the recommendations in Section 2.3.4 for in-rack sprinklers located under a horizontal barrier.
2.1.6.2.2 Base the design flow of the sprinklers under the solid walkway as follows:
A. If the vertical distance between walkways, or walkways and floor, is equal to or less than 10 ft (3.0
m), use 30 gpm (115 L/min).
B. if the vertical distance between walkways, or walkways and floor, is more than than 10 ft (3.0 m), use
60 gpm (230 L/min).

Open-grated
walkway
Max. 18 in. (450

mm) from face
Max. 8 ft (2.4 m)
aisle
Elevation View
Fig. 2. Exception when sprinklers not necessary under open-rated walkway
Base the number of sprinklers in the design on the most remote three sprinklers on the most remote level.
2.1.6.2.3 Sprinklers installed in accordance with Sections 2.1.6.2.1 and 2.1.6.2.2 do not need to be
hydraulically balanced with any sprinkler system located above the solid walkway nor an adjacent in-rack
sprinkler system, if provided.
2.2 Occupancy
2.2.1 General
Storage arrangements vary among locations and usually consist of either ″horizontal″ or ″vertical″ hanging
garment arrangements. Except for in Sections 2.2.4 and 2.3.4.1.7, the protection options in this data sheet
do not distinguish between the two hanging garment storage arrangements and are applicable to both.
2.2.2 Commodity Hazard

2.2.2.1 The design recommendations in this data sheet address garments composed of natural, synthetic,
or blends of natural and synthetic materials, with or without polyethylene (plastic) covers. For garments that
are not stored in a hanging arrangement, see Data Sheet 8-1, Commodity Classification, and then Data Sheet
8-9, Storage of Class 1, 2, 3, 4 and Plastic Commodities.

2.2.2.2 When hanging garments are mixed in with other commodities within a rack arrangement (e.g., bottom
two tiers of a storage rack are filled with hanging garments but the rest of the upper tiers are filled with
cartoned commodities), provide in-rack sprinkler protection over the hanging garment storage in accordance
with Section 2.3.4.
2.2.3 Clearance Between Top of storage and Sprinkler Deflector

2.2.3.1 Maintain a minimum 3 ft (0.9 m) clearance between the top of the hanging garment storage and the
ceiling-level sprinkler deflectors. If a this is not possible, design and install the ceiling-level sprinklers as
in-rack sprinklers in accordance with Section 2.3.4.
2.2.3.2 Except as noted in Section 2.3.4.3.1 for Figure 11, maintain a minimum 6 in. (150 mm) clearance
between the top of the hanging garment storage and the in-rack sprinkler deflectors, when provided. For
in-rack sprinkler installations in accordance with Section 2.3.4.3.1, maintain a minimum 18 in. (450 mm)
clearance between the top of the hanging garment storage and the in-rack sprinkler deflectors.
2.2.4 Power Interlock for Rotating Carousel Type storage Systems

2.2.4.1 Interlock the power for vertical rotating carousel-type module motors to stop at the point of normal
retrieval upon the operation of a sprinkler waterflow alarm.
2.2.4.2 Interlock the power for horizontal rotating carousel-type module motors to automatically stop upon
the operation of a very early warning fire detection system.
2.2.5 Clearance Between the Floor and Hanging Garments

To help avoid potential water damage to hanging garments remote from a fire area, maintain a minimum
clearance of 4 in. (100 mm) between the bottom of the hanging garments and the floor.
2.3 Protection
2.3.1 General
2.3.1.1 When choosing fire protection for a hanging garment storage facility, consider all the protection options
the water supply can support. This approach will help maximize operational flexibility when considering
potential future changes.
2.3.1.2 Regardless of the sprinkler system protection option chosen, it is imperative to coordinate a facility’s
construction, occupancy, and protection details in the planning stages so they are all compatible. It is critical
that no objects between the top of storage and the ceiling-level sprinklers interfere with the sprinkler’s proper
discharge pattern. See Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers, for recommendations
related to obstruction of storage sprinklers.
2.3.1.3 In addition to the recommendations in this data sheet, follow the sprinkler installation
recommendations for storage sprinklers in Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers,
except as modified by this data sheet.
2.3.2 Sprinkler System Types

2.3.2.1 Install a wet-pipe sprinkler system (ceiling and/or in-rack) for the protection of hanging garment
storage. If the ambient temperature of the area being protected will not support a wet-pipe system, install
either an antifreeze solution sprinkler system (as permitted in Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for
Automatic Sprinklers) or a single-interlocked, single-path-flow (i.e., not looped or gridded) pre-action sprinkler
system that can be treated as a wet-pipe system for design purposes (see Data Sheet 2-0, Installation
Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers).
2.3.2.2 See Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers, for additional recommendations
related to the installation of all sprinkler system types.
2.3.2.3 See Data Sheet 5-48, Automatic Fire Detection, for recommendations related to the installation of
detection devices when single-interlocked pre-action sprinkler systems are installed.

2.3.3 Ceiling-Level storage Sprinklers
2.3.3.1 General
2.3.3.1.1 FM Approved sprinklers for storage occupancy hazards and other similar high heat-release fires
are listed in the Approval Guide, an online resource of FM Approvals, under the heading “Storage Sprinklers
(Ceiling-Level)” or “Storage Sprinklers (In-Racks).” Use only FM Approved ceiling-level storage sprinklers
for the protection of hanging garments as described in this section.
2.3.3.1.2 Follow the recommendations in Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers,
for the installation of ceiling-level storage sprinklers.
2.3.3.2 K-Factors, Nominal Temperature Rating, RTI Rating, and the Orientation of Ceiling-Level storage
Sprinklers
2.3.3.2.1 See Tables 1 and 2 for the recommended K-factors, nominal temperature ratings, response time
index (RTI) ratings, and orientations of ceiling-level storage sprinklers protecting hanging garment storage.
2.3.3.2.2 Tables 1 and 2 recommend the use of 160°F (70°C) nominal temperature-rated, ceiling-level
sprinklers in wet-pipe, antifreeze solution, or equivalent systems. Use 212°F (100°C) nominal temperature
rated ceiling-level sprinklers when the ambient temperature will exceed 100°F (38°C). When 212°F (100°C)
rated sprinklers are recommended due to ambient temperature conditions, treat their presence the same
as 160°F (70°C) rated sprinklers for design purposes.
2.3.3.3 Spacing of Ceiling-Level storage Sprinklers

Install ceiling-level storage sprinklers on linear and area spacings in accordance with Table 17 and Section
2.2.3.2 of Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers.
2.3.3.4 Minimum Recommended Pressures for Ceiling-Level storage Sprinklers

The sprinkler system designs in this data sheet for ceiling-level sprinklers are based on an indicated minimum
operating pressure for a given sprinkler K-factor as shown in Tables 1 and 2. As a result, base the minimum
recommended ceiling-level sprinkler pressure on the value indicated in the applicable protection table for
the storage height (see Appendix A for the definition of storage height) and ceiling height involved.
2.3.3.5 Extension of Hydraulic Design

Extend the hydraulic design for hanging garment storage occupancies at least 15 ft (4.5 m) beyond all edges
of the storage, or to a wall, whenever there is mixed-use occupancy. Whenever two adjacent storage
occupancies are protected differently, extend the design for the higher hazard a minimum of 15 ft (4.5 m)
into the lower hazard area.
2.3.3.6 Ceiling-Only Protection Options

Ceiling-only sprinkler options are available when any open-grated flooring within the storage array is in
accordance with Section 2.1.5.2.2, and any of the conditions in Table 1 are met.

Table 1. Determining Applicable Ceiling-Only Protection Table

Max. Ceiling
Max. Storage Height, Applicable
Height, ft (m) ft (m) Any Specific Conditions Applicable Figure Protection Table
5 (1.5) 45 (13.5) None 3 2 or 3
15 (4.5) 30 (9.0) Garment storage is max. 2 4 2
garment rows wide and
separated by min. 3 ft (0.9 m)
wide aisle
15 (4.5) 30 (9.0) Flue spaces between hanging 5 or 6 3
garment rows are min. 6 in. (150
mm) wide
If none of the conditions in Table 1 are met, or if open-grated flooring is not in accordance with Section
2.1.5.2.2, then in-rack sprinkler protection will be needed.
These guidelines are summarized in the flowchart found in Figure 7.
Ceiling - up to 45 ft (13.5 m) maximum
Ceiling sprinklers
Vertical rack support Hanging garment

hanger
Horizontal pipe
rack support
Hanging Max. 4 ft 8 in. (1.4 m)

garment bottom of garment to top
of garment height
Elevation View
Fig. 3. Ceiling-only protection, maximum 45 ft (13.5 m) ceiling and maximum 5 ft (1.5 m) storage height
2.3.3.6.1 When Ceiling-Only Sprinkler Protection Options are Available

When the flowchart in Figure 7 indicates a ceiling-only protection option is available, see Section 2.3.3.7 to
determine the acceptable ceiling-level designs based on the storage height, ceiling height, and storage
arrangement of the hanging garment storage area.
2.3.3.6.2 When In-Rack Sprinkler Protection is Needed
When the flowchart in Figure 7 indicates in-rack sprinkler protection is needed, see Section 2.3.4.3 to
determine the acceptable in-rack sprinkler arrangements, in-rack sprinkler designs, and the ceiling-level
sprinkler designs that are recommended.

Ceiling - up to 30 ft (9.0 m) maximum above floor, mezzanine, or top level of in-rack sprinklers
Ceiling sprinklers
Max. 2 garments
wide
Minimum 3 ft
Hanging (0.9 m) aisle
garment between
garment storage
Vertical rack
support Maximum 15 ft
Horizontal pipe (4.5 m) between
rack support bottom of
garment to top
of garment
height
Hanging
garment hanger
Floor, solid or grated mezzanine, Min. 4 in. (100 mm) between floor
or top level of in-rack sprinklers and hanging garments
Elevation View
Fig. 4. Ceiling-only protection, maximum 30 ft (9.0 m) ceiling, maximum 15 ft (4.5 m) storage, maximum 2 garment wide
rows, and minimum 3 ft (0.9 m) aisle (applies to Table 2)
2.3.3.7 Ceiling-Level Sprinkler System Design Criteria

2.3.3.7.1 The ceiling-level protection options in this data sheet are provided in Tables 1 and 2. See the
flowchart in Figure 7 to determine if a ceiling-only protection option is a possibility.
The design recommendations for ceiling-level storage sprinklers are based on five main attributes assigned
to a sprinkler. They are:
• K-factor (orifice size); the units for K-factor values given in Tables 1 and 2 are gpm/psi0.5 ([L/min]/bar0.5)
• Orientation (pendent or upright)
• Response time index rating (quick-response or standard-response)
• Nominal temperature rating
• Sprinkler spacing (standard or extended-coverage)
If Figure 7 indicates the ceiling protection must be supplemented with in-rack sprinklers, the storage and
ceiling heights (see Appendix A for the definition of storage height) to be used for the ceiling design are
indicated in Section 2.3.4.3, depending on the type of in-rack sprinkler arrangement chosen.
If Figure 7 indicates a ceiling-only protection option is available, the protection design options for the sprinkler
system can be determined using the applicable protection table in combination with the five sprinkler
attributes, once the storage height, ceiling height, and storage arrangement for the hanging garment storage
area are known.

Ceiling sprinklers
Pendent, standard-coverage, quick-response

Min. 6 in. (150 mm) flue
K14.0 (K200) or larger storage sprinklers
space width between all
garment rows
Hanging
garment
Vertical rack
support Maximum 15 ft
Horizontal pipe (4.5 m) between
rack support bottom of
garment to top
of garment
height
Hanging
garment hanger
Floor, solid or grated mezzanine, Min. 4 in. (100 mm) between floor
or top level of in-rack sprinklers and hanging garments
Elevation View
Fig. 5. Ceiling-only protection, maximum 30 ft (9.0 m) ceiling, maximum 15 ft (4.5 m) storage, and minimum 6 in. (150
mm) flue space between garment rows (applies to Table 3)
Once the protection options are obtained from the applicable protection table, see Section 2.3.5 to determine
the shape factor value for the ceiling-level sprinkler system design, and Section 2.3.6 to determine the
recommended hose stream allowance and system duration.
2.3.3.7.2 Do not interpolate or adjust the values listed in Tables 1 or 2.
2.3.3.7.3 The ceiling height and storage height values listed in Tables 1 and 2 represent a range of values
up to and including the indicated number. For a given storage height and ceiling height, use the number in the
applicable table that is either equal to or higher in value (e.g., if the storage height is 13 ft [3.9 m], then use
the row indicated for 15 ft [4.5 m]).
2.3.3.7.4 Although Tables 1 and 2 use the number of sprinklers as a design format, ensure the size of the
design area (i.e., number of sprinklers times sprinkler area spacing) is not less than 768 ft2 (71 m2). If the size
of the design area would be less than 768 ft2 (71 m2) based on the number of sprinklers indicated in the
protection table, increase the number of sprinklers in the design to make the design area a minimum of 768
ft2 (71 m2).

Ceiling sprinklers
Min. 6 in. (150 mm) flue

space width between all
garment rows
Hanging
garment
Maximum 10 ft
Vertical rack (3.0 m) between
support bottom of
Horizontal pipe garment to top
rack support Hanging of garment
garment height
hanger
Floor, solid or grated mezzanine, Min. 4 in. (100 mm) between

or top level of in-rack sprinklers floor and hanging garments
Elevation View
Fig. 6. Ceiling-only protection, maximum 30 ft (9.0 m) ceiling, maximum 10 ft (3.0 m) storage, and minimum 6 in. (150 mm) flue
space between garment rows (applies to Table 3)

Fig. 7. Determining when in-rack sprinkler protection is needed

Table 2. Ceiling-Level Protection Guidelines for Hanging Garment Storage: Maximum Two Garment Rows Wide Separated by Minimum 3 ft (0.9 m) Wide Aisle
Page 16
8-18
Protection Options for Hanging Garment Storage on a Wet or Equivalent Sprinkler System; No. of AS @ psi (bar)*
Max. Max. Ceiling Pendent, Nominal 160°F (70°C) Rated Upright, Nominal 160°F (70°C) Rated
Storage Height, ft Quick Response Standard Response Quick Response Standard Response
Height, ft (m) K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K22.4 K25.2 K25.2EC K11.2 K14.0 K19.6 K25.2 K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K25.2EC K11.2 K16.8 K25.2
(m) (K160) (K200) (K240) (K320) (K360) (K360EC) (K160) (K200) (K280)** (K360) (K160) (K200) (K240) (K360EC) (K160) (K240) (K360)
5 (1.5) 15 (4.5) 15 @ 7 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 25 12 @ 20 7 @ 15 15 @ 7 15 @ 7 15 @ 16 15 @ 7 15 @ 7 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 7 @ 15 15 @ 7 15 @ 7 15 @ 7
(0.5) (3.5) (2.4) (1.7) (1.4) (1.0) (0.5) (0.5) (1.1) (0.5) (0.5) (3.5) (2.4) (1.0) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5)
20 (6.0) 15 @ 25 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 25 12 @ 20 7 @ 19 15 @ 25 15 @ 16 15 @ 16 15 @ 7 15 @ 25 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 7 @ 19 15 @ 25 15 @ 11 15 @ 7
(1.7) (3.5) (2.4) (1.7) (1.4) (1.3) (1.7) (1.1) (1.1) (0.5) (1.7) (3.5) (2.4) (1.3) (1.7) (0.8) (0.5)
30 (9.0) 20 @ 25 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 25 12 @ 20 10 @ 19 20 @ 25 20 @ 16 20 @ 16 20 @ 7 20 @ 25 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 10 @ 19 20 @ 25 20 @ 11 20 @ 7
(1.7) (3.5) (2.4) (1.7) (1.4) (1.3) (1.7) (1.1) (1.1) (0.5) (1.7) (3.5) (2.4) (1.3) (1.7) (0.8) (0.5)
40 (12.0) 12 @ 75 12 @ 52 12 @ 29 12 @ 23
(5.2) (3.6) (2.0) (1.6)
45 (13.5) 12 @ 50 12 @ 50
(3.5) (3.5)
10 (3.0) 15 (4.5) 15 @ 25 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 25 12 @ 20 7 @ 19 15 @ 25 15 @ 16 15 @ 16 15 @ 7 15 @ 25 15 @ 16 15 @ 11 7 @ 19 15 @ 25 15 @ 11 15 @ 7
(1.7) (3.5) (2.4) (1.7) (1.4) (1.3) (1.7) (1.1) (1.1) (0.5) (1.7) (1.1) (0.8) (1.3) (1.7) (0.8) (0.5)
20 (6.0) 20 @ 25 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 25 12 @ 20 10 @ 19 20 @ 25 20 @ 16 20 @ 16 20 @ 7 20 @ 25 20 @ 16 20 @ 11 10 @ 19 20 @ 25 20 @ 11 20 @ 7
Storage of Hanging Garments

(1.7) (3.5) (2.4) (1.7) (1.4) (1.3) (1.7) (1.1) (1.1) (0.5) (1.7) (1.1) (0.8) (1.3) (1.7) (0.8) (0.5)
25 (7.5) 20 @ 50 12 @ 75 12 @ 52 12 @ 29 12 @ 23 10 @ 38 20 @ 50 20 @ 32 20 @ 16 20 @ 10 20 @ 50 20 @ 32 20 @ 22 10 @ 38 20 @ 50 20 @ 22 20 @ 10
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

(3.5) (5.2) (3.6) (2.0) (1.6) (2.6) (3.5) (2.2) (1.1) (0.7) (3.5) (2.2) (1.5) (2.6) (3.5) (1.5) (0.7)
30 (9.0) 25 @ 50 12 @ 75 12 @ 52 12 @ 29 12 @ 23 12 @ 38 25 @ 50 25 @ 32 25 @ 16 25 @ 10 25 @ 50 25 @ 32 25 @ 22 12 @ 38 25 @ 50 25 @ 22 25 @ 10
(3.5) (5.2) (3.6) (2.0) (1.6) (2.6) (3.5) (2.2) (1.1) (0.7) (3.5) (2.2) (1.5) (2.6) (3.5) (1.5) (0.7)
15 (4.5) 20 (6.0) 15 @ 50 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 25 12 @ 20 7 @ 38 15 @ 50 15 @ 32 15 @ 16 15 @ 10 15 @ 50 15 @ 32 15 @ 22 7 @ 38 15 @ 50 15 @ 22 15 @ 10
(3.5) (3.5) (2.4) (1.7) (1.4) (2.6) (3.5) (2.2) (1.1) (0.7) (3.5) (2.2) (1.5) (2.6) (3.5) (1.5) (0.7)
25 (7.5) 20 @ 50 12 @ 75 12 @ 52 12 @ 29 12 @ 23 10 @ 38 20 @ 50 20 @ 32 20 @ 16 20 @ 10 20 @ 50 20 @ 32 20 @ 22 10 @ 38 20 @ 50 20 @ 22 20 @ 10
(3.5) (5.2) (3.6) (2.0) (1.6) (2.6) (3.5) (2.2) (1.1) (0.7) (3.5) (2.2) (1.5) (2.6) (3.5) (1.5) (0.7)
30 (9.0) 30 @ 50 12 @ 75 12 @ 52 12 @ 29 12 @ 23 15 @ 38 30 @ 50 30 @ 32 30 @ 16 30 @ 10 30 @ 50 30 @ 32 30 @ 22 15 @ 38 30 @ 50 30 @ 22 30 @ 10
(3.5) (5.2) (3.6) (2.0) (1.6) (2.6) (3.5) (2.2) (1.1) (0.7) (3.5) (2.2) (1.5) (2.6) (3.5) (1.5) (0.7)
* See the flowchart in Figure 6 to determine if in-rack sprinklers are needed
** The current minimum allowable design pressure is 16 psi (1.1 bar)
Table 3. Ceiling-Level Protection Guidelines for Hanging Garment Storage: Minimum 6 in. (150 mm) Wide Flue Space Between Garment Rows
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

Storage of Hanging Garments
Protection Options for Hanging Garment Storage on a Wet or Equivalent Sprinkler System; No. of AS @ psi (bar)*
Max. Max. Ceiling Pendent, Nominal 160°F (70°C) Rated Upright, Nominal 160°F (70°C) Rated
Storage Height, ft Quick Response Standard Response Quick Response Standard Response
Height, ft (m) K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K22.4 K25.2 K25.2EC K11.2 K14.0 K19.6 K25.2 K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K25.2EC K11.2 K16.8 K25.2
(m) (K160) (K200) (K240) (K320) (K360) (K360EC) (K160) (K200) (K280)** (K360) (K160) (K200) (K240) (K360EC) (K160) (K240) (K360)
5 (1.5) 15 (4.5) 15 @ 7 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 25 12 @ 20 7 @ 15 15 @ 7 15 @ 7 15 @ 16 15 @ 7 15 @ 7 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 7 @ 15 15 @ 7 15 @ 7 15 @ 7
(0.5) (3.5) (2.4) (1.7) (1.4) (1.0) (0.5) (0.5) (1.1) (0.5) (0.5) (3.5) (2.4) (1.0) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5)
20 (6.0) 15 @ 25 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 25 12 @ 20 7 @ 19 15 @ 25 15 @ 16 15 @ 16 15 @ 7 15 @ 25 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 7 @ 19 15 @ 25 15 @ 11 15 @ 7
(1.7) (3.5) (2.4) (1.7) (1.4) (1.3) (1.7) (1.1) (1.1) (0.5) (1.7) (3.5) (2.4) (1.3) (1.7) (0.8) (0.5)
30 (9.0) 20 @ 25 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 25 12 @ 20 10 @ 19 20 @ 25 20 @ 16 20 @ 16 20 @ 7 20 @ 25 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 10 @ 19 20 @ 25 20 @ 11 20 @ 7
(1.7) (3.5) (2.4) (1.7) (1.4) (1.3) (1.7) (1.1) (1.1) (0.5) (1.7) (3.5) (2.4) (1.3) (1.7) (0.8) (0.5)
40 (12.0) 12 @ 75 12 @ 52 12 @ 29 12 @ 23
(5.2) (3.6) (2.0) (1.6)
45 (13.5) 12 @ 50 12 @ 50
(3.5) (3.5)
10 (3.0) 15 (4.5) 15 @ 25 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 25 12 @ 20 7 @ 19 15 @ 25 15 @ 16 15 @ 16 15 @ 7 15 @ 25 15 @ 16 15 @ 11 7 @ 19 15 @ 25 15 @ 11 15 @ 7
(1.7) (3.5) (2.4) (1.7) (1.4) (1.3) (1.7) (1.1) (1.1) (0.5) (1.7) (1.1) (0.8) (1.3) (1.7) (0.8) (0.5)
20 (6.0) 20 @ 25 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 25 12 @ 20 10 @ 19 20 @ 25 20 @ 16 20 @ 16 20 @ 7 20 @ 25 20 @ 16 20 @ 11 10 @ 19 20 @ 25 20 @ 11 20 @ 7
(1.7) (3.5) (2.4) (1.7) (1.4) (1.3) (1.7) (1.1) (1.1) (0.5) (1.7) (1.1) (0.8) (1.3) (1.7) (0.8) (0.5)
25 (7.5) 20 @ 50 12 @ 75 12 @ 52 12 @ 29 12 @ 23 10 @ 38 20 @ 50 20 @ 32 20 @ 16 20 @ 10 20 @ 50 20 @ 32 20 @ 22 10 @ 38 20 @ 50 20 @ 22 20 @ 10
(3.5) (5.2) (3.6) (2.0) (1.6) (2.6) (3.5) (2.2) (1.1) (0.7) (3.5) (2.2) (1.5) (2.6) (3.5) (1.5) (0.7)
30 (9.0) 25 @ 50 12 @ 75 12 @ 52 12 @ 29 12 @ 23 12 @ 38 25 @ 50 25 @ 32 25 @ 16 25 @ 10 25 @ 50 25 @ 32 25 @ 22 12 @ 38 25 @ 50 25 @ 22 25 @ 10
(3.5) (5.2) (3.6) (2.0) (1.6) (2.6) (3.5) (2.2) (1.1) (0.7) (3.5) (2.2) (1.5) (2.6) (3.5) (1.5) (0.7)
15 (4.5) 20 (6.0) 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 25 12 @ 20
(3.5) (2.4) (1.7) (1.4)
25 (7.5) 12 @ 75 12 @ 52 12 @ 29 12 @ 23
(5.2) (3.6) (2.0) (1.6)
30 (9.0) 12 @ 75 12 @ 52 12 @ 29 12 @ 23
(5.2) (3.6) (2.0) (1.6)
* See the flowchart in Figure 6 to determine if in-rack sprinklers are needed
** The current minimum allowable design pressure is 16 psi (1.1 bar)
Page 17
8-18
2.3.4 In-Rack Sprinklers (IRAS)
2.3.4.1 General
Protection options for hanging garment storage arrangements are based on ceiling-only sprinkler systems,
or a combination of ceiling-level and in-rack sprinkler systems. The need for in-rack sprinkler protection is
dependent on several parameters including storage height (see Appendix A for the definition of storage
height), ceiling height, aisle width, the width of the flue spaces between garments, the number of hanging
garment rows between aisles and the available water supply.
When in-rack sprinklers are needed per Figure 7, they can be used in combination with any of the ceiling
sprinklers listed in the applicable protection tables in Section 2.3.4.3.
2.3.4.1.1 When in-rack sprinklers are needed as a supplement to ceiling-level sprinklers, use FM Approved
in-rack sprinklers listed in the Approval Guide, an online resource of FM Approvals, under the heading of
“Storage Sprinklers (In-Racks).”
2.3.4.1.2 If in-rack sprinklers are recommended per Figure 7 for the hanging garment storage arrangement,
see Section 2.3.4.3 for the acceptable in-rack sprinkler arrangements, Section 2.3.4.4 for their recommended
designs, and Section 2.3.4.5 for the corresponding ceiling design with the in-rack sprinkler arrangement
present.
2.3.4.1.3 Provide a minimum clear space of 6 in. (150 mm) between the top of the hanging garment storage
and the in-rack sprinkler deflector.
2.3.4.1.4 Arrange sprinkler piping and in-rack sprinklers to avoid interruption to hanging garment handling
and mechanical damage, but ensure proper distribution from the in-rack sprinkler can be achieved. Prior to
installing in-rack sprinklers, check the proposed in-rack sprinkler locations to ensure these conditions will
be met.
2.3.4.1.5 Unless indicated otherwise, ensure the minimum design pressure of the in-rack sprinklers is 7 psi
(0.5 bar).
2.3.4.1.6 Unless indicated otherwise in other sections of this data sheet, balance the in-rack sprinkler system
water demand with the ceiling-level sprinkler water demand at the point where the two systems are
connected.
2.3.4.1.7 When in-rack sprinklers are provided to protect vertical carousel-type storage systems, locate the
in-rack sprinklers vertically so that when the conveyor is stopped at the point of normal retrieval, the in-rack
sprinkler deflectors are in line with the clear space between tiers.
2.3.4.2 K-Factors, Nominal Temperature Rating, and RTI Rating of In-Rack storage Sprinklers
2.3.4.2.1 Use nominally rated 160°F (70°C) FM Approved storage in-rack sprinklers for all in-rack sprinkler
installations.
2.3.4.2.2 Use in-rack sprinklers listed as quick-response when installing K14.0 (K200) or smaller sprinklers.
Unless indicated otherwise, in-rack sprinklers larger than K14.0 (K200) can be either quick-response or
standard-response.
2.3.4.2.3 Use a minimum K8.0 (K115) sprinkler for in-rack sprinkler design flows greater than 30 gpm (115
L/min).
2.3.4.2.4 Use a minimum quick-response K14.0 (K200) pendent sprinkler for in-rack sprinkler design flows
of more than 60 gpm (230 L/min).
2.3.4.3 In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangements

If in-rack sprinklers are recommended per Figure 7, use the following procedure to determine the
recommended protection for both the ceiling and in-rack sprinkler systems:
1. Determine the available horizontal in-rack sprinkler arrangements per Section 2.3.4.3.1.
2. Determine the available vertical increments between in-rack sprinkler levels per Section 2.3.4.3.2.
3. Determine the in-rack sprinkler system design guidelines per Section 2.3.4.4.

4. Determine the ceiling-level sprinkler system design guidelines when supplemented with in-rack
sprinklers per Section 2.3.4.5.
5. Determine the shape factor value for the ceiling-level sprinkler system design per Section 2.3.5.
6. Determine the hose demand and duration for the combined ceiling-level and in-rack sprinkler system
per Section 2.3.6.
2.3.4.3.1 Horizontal In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangements
When in-rack sprinkler protection is recommended per Figure 7, install in-rack sprinklers as follows:
A. Maximum 4 ft (1.2 m) horizontal linear spacing for storage that is up to two hanging garment rows
wide as shown in Figure 8.
B. Maximum 4 ft (1.2 m) horizontal linear spacing and maximum 16 ft2 (1.5 m2) area spacing for storage
that is more than two hanging garment rows wide as shown in Figure 9.
C. Maximum 8 ft (2.4 m) horizontal linear and maximum 64 ft2 (6.0 m2) area spacing when both of the
following are true:
1. A horizontal barrier is provided over the hanging garment storage array as shown in Figure 10 for
storage up to two hanging garment rows wide or Figure 11 for storage wider than two hanging garment
rows, and
2. A minimum clearance of 18 in. (450 mm) is provided between the top of storage and the in-rack
sprinkler deflector.
Construct the horizontal barrier of either minimum 22 ga (0.75 mm) sheet metal (preferred) or minimum 3/8
in. (10 mm) plywood, and vertically position it a maximum 12 in. (300 mm) above the sprinkler.
Install in-rack sprinklers so they are no more than 18 in. (450 mm) horizontally from the edge of the storage
array when the storage array is more than two hanging garment rows wide as shown in Figures 9 and 11.
Max. 2 garments
wide
Hanging Horizontal pipe

garment rack support
hanger
Storage
above
in-rack
sprinklers
Vertical rack Max. 4 ft (1.2 m) on Upright or pendent

support line spacing in-rack sprinklers
Hanging Minimum 3 ft
garment (0.9 m) aisle
width between
garment storage
Elevation View
Fig. 8. Horizontal location of in-rack sprinklers for storage up to hanging garment rows wide
2.3.4.3.2 Vertical In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangements

See Table 4 to determine the allowable vertical increment between in-rack sprinklers. If the storage array
does not meet the conditions in Table 4, install in-rack sprinklers at every hanging garment storage tier level.

Horizontal pipe Vertical rack support

rack support Hanging
garment
hanger
Storage above
in-rack
sprinklers
Max. 4 ft (1.2 m)
on line spacing
Max. 4 ft (1.2 m) Max. 18 in.

spacing between (450 mm) from
Min. 3 in. (75 mm)
sprinklers aisle face
flue space width
between all
garment rows
Elevation View
Fig. 9. Horizontal location of in-rack sprinklers for storage over 2 hanging garment rows wide
Max. 2 garments
wide
Hanging Horizontal pipe

garment rack support
hanger
Storage
Horizontal barrier above
in-rack
sprinklers
Vertical rack Max. 8 ft (2.4 m) on Upright or pendent

support line spacing in-rack sprinklers
Hanging Minimum 3 ft
garment (0.9 m) aisle
width between
garment storage
Elevation View
Fig. 10. Horizontal location of in-rack sprinklers for storage up to 2 hanging garment rows wide with horizontal barriers

Horizontal pipe Vertical rack support

rack support Hanging
garment
hanger
Storage above
in-rack
sprinklers
Horizontal
barrier
Max. 8 ft (2.4 m) Min. 18 in. (450 mm)

on line spacing between sprinkler and
top of storage
Max. 8 ft (2.4 m) Max. 18 in.
spacing between (450 mm) from
Min. 3 in. (75 mm)
sprinklers aisle face
flue space width
between all
garment rows
Elevation View
Fig. 11. Horizontal location of in-rack sprinklers for storage over 2 hanging garment rows wide with horizontal barriers
Table 4. Allowable Vertical Increments Between In-Rack Sprinklers

Hanging Garment storage In-Rack Sprinkler Vertical
Arrangement In-Rack Sprinklers Increment, ft (m) Applicable Figure
Hanging garment rows Any 10, (3.0) 9 or 11
separated by min. 3 in. (75
mm) wide flue spaces
Up to two hanging garment Any 15, (4.5) 8 or 10
rows separated on each
side by a min. 3 ft (0.9 m)
wide aisle
Hanging garment rows Quick-response, min. K14.0 20, (6.0) 9 or 11
separated by min. 3 in. (75 (K200) pendent sprinklers
mm) wide flue spaces
2.3.4.4 In-Rack Sprinkler Design

Design the in-rack system based on the values indicated in Table 5.

Table 5. In-Rack Sprinkler Design

Max. Storage Hanging Garment Horizontal IRAS Design, No. of IRAS
Height Protected Row Width, No. of Barriers No. of IRAS Levels Needed IRAS Design
by IRAS, ft (m) Garments Provided? 1 Level More than 1 Level Flow, gpm (L/min)
5 (1.5) Up to 2 N 4 8 (4 on top 2 30 (115)
levels)
Y 3 6 (3 on top 2 30 (115)
levels)
More than 2 N 6 10 (5 on top 2 30 (115)
levels)
Y 4 8 (4 on top 2 30 (115)
levels)
10 (3.0) Up to 2 N 8 14 (7 on top 2 30 (115)
levels)
Y 5 8 (4 on top 2 30 (115)
levels)
More than 2 N 8 14 (7 on top 2 30 (115)
levels)
Y 6 12 (6 on top 2 30 (115)
levels)
15 (4.5) Up to 2 N 8 14 (7 on top 2 60 (230)
levels)
Y 6 12 (6 on top 2 60 (230)
levels)
More than 2 N 8 14 (7 on top 2 60 (230)
levels)
Y 7 14 (7 on top 2 60 (230)
levels)
20 (6.0) Up to 2 N 8 14 (7 on top 2 120 (455)
levels)
Y 6 12 (6 on top 2 120 (455)
levels)
More than 2 N 8 14 (7 on top 2 120 (455)
levels)
Y 7 14 (7 on top 2 120 (455)
levels)
2.3.4.5 Ceiling Design in Combination with In-Rack Sprinklers

2.3.4.5.1 When in-rack sprinklers are installed in accordance with Sections 2.3.4.3.1 and 2.3.4.3.2, determine
the ceiling design from Tables 2 or 3 as follows:
A. Use Table 2 when the storage array consists of up to two hanging garment rows separated on each
side by a minimum 3 ft (0.9 m) wide aisle.
B. Use Table 3 for all other storage arrays.
2.3.4.5.2 Base the storage height and ceiling height for these tables in the presence of in-rack sprinklers
as follows:
A. Storage height: Use a storage height equal to the vertical distance between the top in-rack sprinkler
level and the top of storage located above the in-rack sprinklers.
B. Ceiling height: Use a ceiling height equal to the vertical distance between the top in-rack sprinkler level
and the ceiling. If this ceiling height value exceeds 30 ft (9.0 m), use one of the options in Section 2.1.3.3
to address the excessive clearance between the top of storage and the ceiling.
2.3.5 Shape Factor for Ceiling-Level Sprinkler Hydraulic Analysis

Base the shape factor for the hydraulic analysis of the ceiling-level sprinkler system as follows.
2.3.5.1 Use a Shape Factor of 1.2 for any of the following conditions:
A. The storage is protected by a ceiling-only sprinkler system and the ceiling slope does not exceed 5°.

B. The maximum storage height is 5 ft (1.5 m) and the ceiling slope does not exceed 10°.
C. The storage is protected by a combined ceiling and in-rack sprinkler system, there is no more than 5
ft (1.5 m) of storage above the top level of in-rack sprinklers, and the ceiling slope does not exceed 10°.
2.3.5.2 Use a Shape Factor of 1.4 for conditions not addressed in Section 2.3.5.1.
2.3.6 Hose Demands, Hose Connections, and System Duration

2.3.6.1 See Table 6 to determine the recommended hose demand for system design purposes that account
for potential manual intervention. Allow at least 100 gpm (380 L/min) for inside hose stream usage when
provided per 2.3.6.3, and add the hose demand to the overall sprinkler demand at the point of connection.
2.3.6.2 Ensure the water supplies are capable of providing the combined sprinkler system (ceiling and, if
provided, in-rack) and hose demands at adequate pressure for the duration indicated in Table 6.
2.3.6.3 Provide permanent small hose lines (11⁄2 in. [40 mm]) not exceeding 100 ft (30 m) in length and capable
of reaching all storage areas to aid in potential initial-stage firefighting as well as for after-extinguishment
mop-up operations. Supply small hose lines from any of the following:
A. A separate piping system for small hose stations
B. Valved hose connections on sprinkler risers where such connections are made upstream from all
sprinkler control valves
C. Adjacent sprinkler systems
D. Ceiling sprinklers in the protected area when separately controlled in-rack sprinklers are provided
Locate hose stations on the ends of storage arrays rather than in aisles.
Table 6. Hose Demand and Water Supply Duration Design Guidelines

No. of Sprinklers in Ceiling Hose Demand, Duration,
Ceiling-Level Sprinkler Type Design gpm (L/min) min
Standard-Coverage 12 or less 250 (950) 60
13 to 19 500 (1,900) 90
20 or more 500 (1,900) 120
Extended-Coverage 6 or less 250 (950) 60
7 to 9 500 (1,900) 90
10 or more 500 (1,900) 120
3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS

The fire protection recommendations in this data sheet are based on the results of full-scale fire testing, loss
experience, and/or engineering judgment. Not every storage arrangement or protection option has been
tested, nor has every potential solution been identified.
3.1 Illustrative Losses
3.1.1 Clothing Distribution Warehouse

A fire occurred in a fully sprinklered 203,000 ft2 (18,800 m2) one-story warehouse with a 88,000 ft2 (8,200
m2) mezzanine approximately 11 ft (3.4 m) above the floor. Storage of the more than 600,000 garments in the
building was on double-row pipe racks to 10 ft (3.0 m) with 45 in. (1.1 m) aisles, above and below the
mezzanine. Clearance between storage and the roof, above the mezzanine, was approximately 5 ft (1.5 m).
Clearance between storage and the underside of the mezzanine was approximately 7 in. (175 mm). The
roof of the warehouse was supported by steel columns passing through the mezzanine to the foundation.
A penetration opening in the mezzanine at the fire area measured 14 x 10 in. (355 x 254 mm) where an 8
in. (200 mm) I-beam passed through it. Sprinkler protection above the mezzanine provided 0.32 gpm ft2 (13
mm/min) over 4,000 ft2 (370 m2) after a deduction of 250 gpm (950 L/min). A closed-sprinkler water curtain
was provided in the middle of, and above, the mezzanine approximately 30 in. (760 mm) below the ceiling.

The sprinklers were provided with 8 in. (200 mm) diameter “heat collectors.” Sprinkler protection below the
mezzanine provided 0.32 gpm/ft2 (13 mm/min) over 3,000 ft2 (280 m2) after deducting 250 gpm (950 L/min)
for hose demand.
The fire started in the floor-level storage directly below the closed-sprinkler water curtain and the 14 x 10
in. (355 x 254 mm) opening. Even with the relatively small opening, the fire was able to spread above the
mezzanine through the opening.
Due to a relatively strong water supply and low clearance between the top of storage and the sprinklers,
only four sprinklers below the mezzanine and two sprinklers at the roof level operated and controlled the fire.
However, due to the opening in the mezzanine, the fire was able to spread above the mezzanine and increase
the amount of damage.
The sprinklers located near the fire and equipped with “heat collectors” did not operate. A fire service pumper
supplemented the water supply via the pumper connection. A 11⁄2 in. (40 mm) hose from a warehouse hose
station was used to cool smoldering piles of garments. Fire destroyed 3,584 garments. Smoke and water
damaged another 83,522 garments (51,627 smoke, 31,985 smoke and water).
3.1.2 Retail Sales storage Area

An overhead incandescent light bulb came in contact with improperly stored garments and started a fire in
the stockroom of a department store.
Six sprinklers controlled the fire in approximately 800 ft2 (72 m2) of garments hanging from pipe racks,
electrical conduit, and sprinkler piping and low-piled garments in boxes. Smoke damaged many garments
not scorched or consumed by fire. Water damaged items in the layaway room, including a television and a
stereo.
3.1.3 Work Uniform Laundry storage

An apparent incendiary fire in the 3,500 ft2 (325 m2) stock room containing approximately 42,700 clean work
uniform pants and shirts was controlled by six operating sprinklers.
The garments were stored on double-row pipe racks with 3 ft (0.9 m) aisles, four tiers to 16 ft (4.9 m) high
in the 18 ft (5.5 m) high metal deck roof building. A grated steel walkway was located between the second and
third tiers of storage.
Sprinkler protection was designed to provide a density of 0.30 gpm/ft2 (12 mm/min) over a 3,000 ft2 (280
m2) demand area.
Approximately 2,200 shirts and 1,000 pants were burned. The balance of 22,000 shirts and 17,500 pants
were wetted by sprinkler water. The wet garments had black, oily water stains and were discarded without
salvage.
3.1.4 Hanging Garments Stored 11 ft (3.4 m) High

Various garments made of wool and nylon bonded to polyurethane foam were hung two-tiers high in
double-row racks throughout a 39 ft (11.9 m) high noncombustible warehouse. All garments had polyethylene
dust covers. Water supplies consisted of the public water supply with booster pump and fire pump and suction
tank. Thirteen 286°F (140°C) nominally rated sprinklers on 100 ft2 (9.0 m2) spacing operated, and employees
used three small hoses to control the fire until the fire service arrived. Garments outside the immediate fire
area received extensive smoke damage.
3.1.5 Automated Garment storage

A fire caused by apparent incendiarism in 34 ft (10.4 m) high automated vertical storage modules in a 39 ft
(11.9 m) high building was controlled by two in-rack sprinklers and the timely use of two, 11⁄2 in. (40 mm)
hoses by facility personnel.
Two types of vertical storage modules were located next to each other with a 5 ft (1.5 m) wide, 7 ft (2.1 m)
high aisle-way for loading and picking.
Automatic sprinklers at the ceiling were designed to provide a 0.35 gpm/ft2 (14 mm/min) density over the
most remote 2,000 ft2 (186 m2) demand area. Three levels of in-rack sprinklers at the 7 ft (2.1 m), at the 13

ft (3.9 m), and at the 27 ft (8.2 m) level were designed to provide a minimum operating pressure of 30 psi
(2.1 bar) per sprinkler with the most remote 14 sprinklers operating (seven sprinklers on each of two levels).
Ceiling sprinklers were 286°F (140°C) nominally rated K8.0 (K115), whereas sprinklers within the storage
racks were K5.6 (K80) nominally rated for 165°F (70°C).
Approximately 16,000 garments were damaged by fire, water, and smoke (number of fire damaged garments
or total number of garments in the building is unknown).
4.0 REFERENCES
4.1 FM Global
Data Sheet 1-2, Earthquakes
Data Sheet 1-10, Interaction of Sprinklers, Smoke and Heat Vents, and Draft Curtains
Data Sheet 1-12, Ceilings and Concealed Spaces
Data Sheet 1-57, Plastics in Construction
Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers
Data Sheet 2-8, Earthquake Protection for Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
Data Sheet 5-48, Automatic Fire Detection
Data Sheet 8-1, Commodity Classification
Data Sheet 8-9, Storage of Class 1, 2, 3, 4 and Plastic Commodities
Engineering Bulletin 01-11, Victaulic Company Model V4603, K25.2 (K360), Upright Sprinkler
Engineering Bulletin 02-01, Tyco Fire Products (Central, GEM and Star) Model EC-25 Control-Mode
Extended-Coverage Sprinklers (SIN TY9128)
Engineering Bulletin 02-09, Storage Type Sprinklers
4.2 Other
Man-Made Fiber Producers Association, Inc. Man-Made Fiber Fact Book, 1974
APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Aisle: A clear space maintained between hanging garment storage greater than 2 ft (0.6 m) wide. See Section
2.3 for aisle width requirements for various ceiling or combined ceiling and in-rack sprinkler designs.
Approval Guide: An online resource of FM Approvals that provides a guide to equipment, materials, and
services that have been FM Approved for property conservation.
Clearance: The clear space maintained between the top of storage and the deflector of the sprinkler (ceiling
or in-rack) located above it.
Duration or system duration: Water supply system duration is a defined time period between when a fire
initially activates a sprinkler system and when the fire is extinguished. Fire extinguishment usually is
accomplished by the manual firefighting efforts of public fire service personnel, facility fire service personnel,
or facility emergency response team personnel applying hose streams directly onto the surfaces of the
burning commodity. Duration takes into consideration the commodity hazard’s expected fire size in the
presence of the system’s specific sprinklers, as well as manual fire extinguishment by either one or two applied
hose streams.
Excessive clearance: A condition that exists when the vertical distance between the top level of in-rack
sprinklers and the ceiling above exceeds the maximum ceiling height indicated in the applicable protection
table.
Fabric (cloth, textile): A product formed by weaving, knitting or pressing together natural and/or synthetic
fibers
Fiber (filament): A threadlike, natural or synthetic substance suitable for weaving. Fibers may be subdivided
into two groups: natural and synthetic.
FM Approved: Products and services that have satisfied the criteria for FM Approval. Refer to the Approval
Guide for a complete listing of products and services that are FM Approved.

Flue spaces: The spaces between rows of storage. Flue spaces that are less than 3 in. (75 mm) wide are
not considered flue spaces for fire protection purposes. In addition, any space between rows of storage that
exceeds 24 in. (600 mm) horizontally is considered an aisle for fire protection design purposes.
Garments (apparel): Items of clothing.
Horizontal barrier: A solid barrier installed on a horizontal plane beneath which in-rack sprinklers are installed.
A horizontal barrier is typically constructed of minimum 22 ga (0.75 mm) sheet metal; however, minimum
3/8 in. (10 mm) plywood can also be used. As a minimum a horizontal barrier extends over the entire hanging
garment storage array covering up any flue spaces that may exist below the horizontal barrier. The purpose
of the horizontal barrier is to impede vertical fire spread by blocking off flue spaces, while also helping to
achieve prompt in-rack sprinkler operation by banking heat over to the nearest in-rack sprinkler that has been
installed under the barrier.
Horizontal hanging garment storage: A storage arrangement involving hanging garments in which the garment
is typically maintained on either stationary pipe racks or on horizontal moving conveyor systems.
In-rack sprinklers: These sprinklers are typically K5.6 (K80), K8.0 (K115) or K11.2 (K160) sprinklers equipped
with an attached water shield over the top of the thermal sensing element. The water shield prevents wetting
of the thermal sensing element by water from sprinklers at a higher elevation in the rack or at ceiling level.
Note that the water shield is not a heat collector and has virtually no effect on how fast the in-rack sprinkler
will operate.
K-factor: Also known as the discharge coefficient, it is a numerical value representing the orifice size of the
sprinkler in combination with the expected flow through the sprinkler orifice at a given pressure value. It is
calculated using the following equation:
K = Q / √P
Where:
Q is the flow through the sprinkler orifice in gpm (L/min).
P is the pressure at the sprinkler orifice in psi (bar).
The units for K are gpm/psi0.5 ([L/min]/bar0.5).
Monofilament: A continuous strand of synthetic material
Natural fiber: Fibers that occur in nature (i.e. derived from plants and animals). Common examples of natural
fibers include Cotton, cashmere, flax, hemp, mohair, silk and wool.
Nominal temperature rating: An indicated temperature rating that represents a given range applicable for
the conditions the sprinkler is to be used for. This data sheet recommends sprinklers having a nominal
temperature rating of 160°F (70°C), or 212°F (100°C) when the ambient temperatures are too high for a 160°F
(70°C) rated sprinkler. The following indicates the ranges these nominal temperature ratings represent:
Nominal Temperature Rating, °F (°C) Actual Temperature Range,°F (°C)

160 (70) 155 (68) - 165 (74)
212 (100) 200 (93) - 220 (104)

Occupancy-specific data sheet: An FM Global property loss prevention data sheet that addresses a specific
occupancy hazard. Individual data sheets belong to a numbered ″series″ representing the following subjects:
Series Number Data Sheet Subject

1 Construction
2 Sprinklers
3 Water supply
4 Extinguishing equipment
5 Electrical
6 Boilers and industrial heating equipment
7 Hazards
8 storage
9 Miscellaneous
10 Human factor
11 Systems instrumentation and control
12 Pressure vessels
13 Mechanical
15 Welding
17 Boiler and machinery miscellaneous
Polyester: A manufactured synthetic fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long chain synthetic
polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester of a substituted aromatic carboxylic acid including,
but not restricted to, substituted therephthalate units, p(-R-O-C-C6H4-C-O-) and parasubstituted
hydroxybenzoate units, p(-R-O-C6H4-C-O-) (from Man-Made Fiber Fact Book, 1974).
Staple: A fiber of finite length.
Synthetic (9man-made9) fiber: Fibers that do not occur in nature. Synthetic fibers may be subdivided into
categories: cellulosic and non-cellulosic. Common cellulosic synthetic fibers include acetate and rayon.
Common non-cellulosic fibers include acrylic, nylon and polyester.
Storage height: A vertical segment of storage that is defined by a lower and upper boundary. The lower
boundary is established by the bottom of a hanging garment located either above a floor or a level of in-rack
sprinklers. The upper boundary of this vertical segment is established by the top of a hanging garment located
either below a ceiling or a level of in-rack sprinklers.
Tier: A vertical segment of storage defined by an open space between one row of hanging garment storage
and the underside of the storage above.
Tow: A group of continuous, parallel strands of synthetic material.
Vertical hanging garment storage: A storage arrangement involving hanging garments in which the garment
is typically handled via rotating carousels in a vertical plane.
Yarn: An orderly arrangement of fibers held in position by lateral twisting.
APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY

January 2000. This revision of the document has been reorganized to provide a consistent format.
May 1992. Notable changes included in this revision are:
a) The addition of recommendations for the protection of revolving vertical storage.
b) The use of nominally rated 160°, 212° or 280°F (70°, 100° or 140°C) sprinklers at ceiling level without
adjustment of design area.
c) The addition of guidelines related to heat-and-smoke venting.
d) The addition of the protection option indicated for hanging garment storage up to 5 ft (1.5 m) as outlined
in Table 1.
e) The addition of protection options using large-drop sprinklers.

f) The reduced design area in Table 1 for clearances of 3 ft (1 m) to 10 ft (3 m) between sprinklers and
storage.

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Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets 8-18

STORAGE OF HANGING GARMENTS

1.0 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................... 3

©2015 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

1.1 How to Use This Data Sheet

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1.3 Superseded Information

2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS

2.1 Construction and Location

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Determine the maximum Review the guidelines in Review the guidelines in

Determine the following:

Review the guidelines in Determine the Shape Factor

Determine the recommended

Note that Section 2.3.2

2.1.2 Exposed Structural Steel Protection

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2.1.3 Ceiling Slope

2.1.3.1 Ceiling Slope up to 10°

2.1.3.2 Ceiling Slope Over 10° and up to 20°

2.1.5 Open-Grated Mezzanines and/or Walkways

2.1.5.2 Open-Grated Mezzanines

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A. There is no storage above the open-grated mezzanine, and

2.1.5.3 Open-Grated Walkways

2.1.6 Solid Mezzanines and/or Walkways

2.1.6.1 Solid Mezzanines

2.1.6.2 Solid Walkways

©2015 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Max. 18 in. (450

Fig. 2. Exception when sprinklers not necessary under open-rated walkway

2.2.2 Commodity Hazard

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2.2.3 Clearance Between Top of storage and Sprinkler Deflector

2.2.4 Power Interlock for Rotating Carousel Type storage Systems

2.2.5 Clearance Between the Floor and Hanging Garments

2.3.2 Sprinkler System Types

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2.3.3 Ceiling-Level storage Sprinklers

2.3.3.3 Spacing of Ceiling-Level storage Sprinklers

2.3.3.4 Minimum Recommended Pressures for Ceiling-Level storage Sprinklers

2.3.3.5 Extension of Hydraulic Design

2.3.3.6 Ceiling-Only Protection Options

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Table 1. Determining Applicable Ceiling-Only Protection Table

Ceiling - up to 45 ft (13.5 m) maximum

Vertical rack support Hanging garment

Hanging Max. 4 ft 8 in. (1.4 m)

2.3.3.6.1 When Ceiling-Only Sprinkler Protection Options are Available

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2.3.3.7 Ceiling-Level Sprinkler System Design Criteria

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Pendent, standard-coverage, quick-response

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Min. 6 in. (150 mm) flue

Floor, solid or grated mezzanine, Min. 4 in. (100 mm) between

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