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A Brief Overview of 5G Research Activities

Conference Paper · November 2014

DOI: 10.4108/icst.5gu.2014.258061

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 A Brief Overview of 5G Research Activities
Pekka Pirinen
Centre for Wireless Communications
P.O. Box 4500, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
Email: [email protected]

Abstract—This paper summarizes the main initiatives toward II. E UROPEAN 5G P ROJECTS
5G wireless communication networks. Emphasis is paid on the
program and project activities as well as on the recent literature.
This section overviews mainly European Union 7th Frame-
A closer look to a wide range of European Union 5G related work Programme (FP7) Future Networks Cluster Radio Access
projects is conducted. Literature review is restricted to recent and Spectrum projects [30] managing a large part of European
thematic IEEE Communications Magazine 5G issues and relevant 5G research activities. New research programs and actions are
white papers from different sources. The aim is to shed some coordinated by Horizon 2020 [31] and 5G Infrastructure Public
light on what 5G is about: what are the building blocks of core
5G system concept, what are the main challenges and how to
Private Partnership (5GPPP) [32].
tackle them. The studied references indicate that in addition to Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the
capacity boosting technologies 5G needs to offer, e.g., low latency, Twenty-twenty Information Society (METIS) is the largest
ultra-reliable communications, and massive connectivity. Thus, FP7 5G project (29 partners) [33], [14] whose objective is
the most demanding part in 5G development will be the design to create foundation for 5G systems and act as a consensus
of flexible enough system concept platform that allows successful
integration and management of various distinct technologies builder toward standardization. METIS has identified some test
optimized for diverse use cases. cases and scenarios to illustrate and address the key challenges
5G will face. The scenarios are listed as:
I. I NTRODUCTION 1) ‘Amazingly fast’,
2) ‘Great service in a crowd’,
Increasing Internet data traffic has driven the capacity de- 3) ‘Best experience follows you’,
mands for currently deployed 3G and 4G wireless technolo- 4) ‘Super real-time and reliable connections’, and
gies. Now, intensive research toward 5th generation wireless 5) ‘Ubiquitous things communicating’.
communication networks is progressing in many fronts. 5G The first one focuses on providing very high data rates with
technology is expected to be in use around 2020. This paper very low latency (instantaneous connectivity). The second
scratches the surface on various 5G activities by reviewing a scenario should ensure reasonable user experiences in densely
wide range of European research projects, recent literature and populated areas like shopping malls, stadiums and rock con-
5G white papers from key players in the wireless technology. certs. The third scenario has emphasis on user mobility, e.g.,
The intention is to help understanding what 5G is about and vehicular communication, again with high service experience.
how different 5G initiatives aim at getting there. The fourth scenario accounts for new use cases/applications
There is no unique definition (yet) for 5G [1], [2]. However, that have stringent requirements for reliability and latency.
a general consensus is building around the idea that 5G is The last scenario deals with the efficient management of a
merely integration of several techniques, scenarios and use very large number devices (e.g., machines, sensors).
cases rather than the invention of a new single radio access METIS has also identified so-called horizontal topics (HTs)
technology. As technical requirements over currently existing to be integrated with technology components to form the
technologies (4G) [3] lists the following: overall system concept. These are:
• 1000 times higher mobile data volume per area, 1) direct device-to-device (D2D) communication,
• 10 to 100 times higher typical user data rate, 2) massive machine communication (MMC),
• 10 to 100 times higher number of connected devices, 3) moving networks (MNs),
• 10 times longer battery life for low power devices, 4) ultra-dense networks (UDNs), and
• 5 times reduced end-to-end latency. 5) ultra-reliable communication (URC).
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section Finally, there is an architectural framework to combine various
II picks up the brief essentials of various ongoing 5G re- centralized and decentralized approaches into a consistent
lated European projects. Section III reviews IEEE Wireless concept.
Communications Magazine thematic issue on 5G wireless According to [34] METIS has selected technology compo-
communication systems: prospects and challenges, Part 1 in nents “Direct network controlled device to device communica-
February 2014 [4]–[13] and Part 2 in May 2014 [14]–[22] and tion with interference cancellation” and “FBMC/OQAM new
finally selected 5G white papers [23]–[29]. Then, Section IV waveform” for test-beds as they are expected to have high
draws concluding remarks followed by the biography. technology impact and relevance for the 5G system concept.
 5th Generation Non-Orthogonal Waveforms for Asyn- is jointly designed and optimized.
chronous Signalling (5GNOW) project [35], [8] proposes Distributed computing, storage, and resource allocation
a scalable and efficient air interface that gives up on strict over cooperative femtocells (TROPIC) project [43] seeks
orthogonality and synchronism principles followed in former answers to the following questions: What kind of commu-
generation networks. Universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC), nication/computation technologies are needed to converge
filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) and generalized frequency- pervasive femto-network infrastructure and cloud computing?
division multiplexing (GFDM) are few examples of promising How much gain in spectral/energy/service efficiency can be
waveforms that can outperform orthogonal frequency division achieved via the proposed femto-cloud methods?
multiplexing (OFDM) in 5G context. In addition to multicar- Wireless technologies for isolated rural communities in
rier waveform design itself, 5GNOW addresses such aspects developing countries based on cellular 3G femtocell de-
as a unified frame structure, filtering, sparse signal processing, ployments (TUCAN3G) project [44] takes advantage of new
robustness, and very low latency transmissions. wireless access (3G→4G femtocells) and heterogeneous back-
Enhanced Multicarrier Technology for Professional Ad- hauling technologies (long distance WiFi, WiMAX, VSAT) in
hoc and Cell-Based Communications (EMPhAtiC) project outdoor scenarios to establish economically sustainable and
[36] developes highly flexible and efficient filter-bank pro- technologically feasible solution for rural environments.
cessing structure and channel estimation, equalization and Beyond 2020 Heterogeneous Wireless Networks with
synchronization functionalities needed therein. Furthermore, Millimeter-Wave Small Cell Access and Backhauling
feasibility of filterbank based multicarrier schemes in some (MiWaveS) [45] is an industry-driven large-scale integrat-
specific environments (relays, multihop, cooperative), where ing project. It investigates and demonstrates key enabling
synchronization is hard to maintain, will be evaluated. technologies and functionalities supporting the integration of
Energy Efficient E-band Transceiver for Backhaul of the millimeter-wave small-cells in future heterogeneous networks.
Future Networks (E3NETWORK) project’s [37] transceiver The project’s interest is particularly at the level of networking
design aims at high spectral and energy efficiency by using functions and algorithms, and integrated radio and antenna
modern digital multi-level modulations and highly integrated technologies.
circuits (advanced SiGe BiCMOS technology) in the RF Advanced Dynamic spectrum 5G mobile networks Employ-
analogue front-end. ing Lisensed shared access (ADEL) project [46] has focus
PHYsical LAyer Wireless Security (PHYLAWS) project on investigating the following research problems within the
[38] aims to enhance radio interface privacy in wireless lisensed shared access (LSA) paradigm: 1) the dynamic and
networks via physical layer security and secrecy coding ap- optimized allocation of spectral and power resources at time
proaches. Trustworthy radio waveforms and access protocols scales from seconds to even milliseconds, 2) quality of service
are designed and tested in realistic experimental WiFi setups guarantees to the users of all participating spectrum-sharing
and LTE simulation cases. networks, and 3) overall energy expenditure minimization of
Full-Duplex Radios for Local Access (DUPLO) project LSA networks.
[39] builds upon radio transceiver technology where the same Spectrum OverLay through aggregation of heterogeneous
carrier frequency can be used simultaneously for transmission DispERsed bands (SOLDER) project’s [47] main goal is
and reception. This new transmission paradigm can signifi- to efficiently aggregate of non-continuous dispersed spectrum
cantly boost link capacity and provide new means for flexible bands licensed to heterogeneous networks (HetNets) and het-
spectrum use and networking. erogeneous Radio Access Technologies (h-RATs) and thereby
Connectivity management for eneRgy Optimised Wire- come up with a new spectrum overlay technology.
less Dense networks (CROWD) project [40] aims at very Cognitive Radio Standardization initiative (CRS-i) coordi-
dense heterogeneous access networks integrated with wire- nation action [48] coordinates and supports current and future
less/wired backhaul capabilities. The goals are to provide FP7 projects. Their cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum
density-proportional capacity where needed, optimize MAC access results are exploited via concentrated approach and
mechanisms for such environments, enable traffic-proportional prepared toward standardization.
energy consumption, and ensure user quality of experience via COgnitive RAdio for SATellite Communications
smart connectivity management designs. (CoRaSat) project [49] studies dynamic spectrum sharing
Dense Cooperative Wireless Cloud Network (DIWINE) by investigating, developing, and demonstrating relevant
project [41] utilizes the paradigm of ‘virtual relay based self- cognitive radio techniques to satellite networks. The intention
contained wireless cloud’, which has a simple and unambigu- is to demonstrate that benefits and new business opportunities
ous interface to terminals, in solving the problem of wireless of flexible spectrum usage will outweigh their potential
communications in densely interfering ad hoc networks. drawbacks.
Interworking and JOINt Design of an Open Access and Self-Management for Unified Heterogeneous Radio Ac-
Backhaul Network Architecture for Small Cells based on cess Networks (SEMAFOUR) project’s [50] objectives are
Cloud Networks (iJOIN) project [42] will utilize centralized to develop multiple radio access technology (multi-RAT) and
open IT platform based radio access network (RAN) concept multi-layer self-organizing networks (SON) functions (incor-
that has a cloud infrastructure. Access and backhaul structure porating closed control loop for the configuration, optimiza-
tion and failure recovery) and to design an integrated SON (AeNodeB), 2) portable land mobile LTE-A base stations
management system. (TeNodeB), and 3) advanced multimode LTE-A professional
Massive MIMO for Efficient Transmission (MAMMOET) terminals.
project [51] aims to bring massive MIMO from highly promis- Low EMF Exposure Future Networks (LEXNET) project
ing theoretical concept to practically implementable level by [60], [61] has a very concrete target to develop effective
using innovative low-cost yet efficient and flexible hardware. mechanisms to reduce at least 50% of the public electromag-
High capacity network Architecture with Remote radio netic field (EMF) exposure without jeopardizing the quality of
heads & Parasitic antenna arrays (HARP) project [52] plans service.
to realize distributed multi-antenna wireless access by combin-
ing radio remote heads (RRHs) technology with electronically III. L ITERATURE R EVIEW ON 5G
steerable passive array radiators (ESPARs) technology. This A vast body of publications is relevant for 5G and more arti-
would spread radio-over-fibre connections geographically over cles come out every month. Therefore, the literature selected in
wide area distributed access via radio-over-fibre and provide this section is restricted to very recent popular magazine level
with a single active RF chain multi-antenna-like functionality. articles and selected white papers. More specifically, IEEE
Mobile Cloud Networking (MCN) project [53] creates Communications Magazine has issued a two-part feature topic
cloud-based elastic mobile networks on-demand. Specific in- on 5G in February and May 2014, respectively, and the papers
terest is on evolved packet systems and their lifecycle man- therein are briefly summarized here.
agement.
Evolving mobile internet with innovative terminal-to- A. Overview of IEEE Communications Magazine Feb. 2014
terminal offloading technologies (MOTO) project [54] in- 5G Section
tends to tackle 5G challenges by exploiting diverse set of Paper [4] challenges us to rethink relationship between
offloading schemes, e.g., cellular to Wi-Fi, and by oppor- energy and spectral efficiency (EE vs. SE). Co-design of these
tunistically utilizing D2D connections. Network controlled IP should be important part of 5G research. The ideal future
traffic offloading is also incorporated. system should have EE improvement for each SE point, larger
European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) win-win and smaller EE-SE trade-off region and smaller slope
action on Cooperative Radio Communications for Green in EE-SE trade-off region. No more cells is another statement
Smart Environments (COST IC1004) [55], as the name that suggests 5G to shift from cell-centric thinking towards soft
suggests, has the scientific scope on energy efficient radio user and C-RAN centric designs. The third point is to rethink
communication systems and networks and smart environments. signaling and control mechanisms for diverse traffic types. As
Network of Excellence in Wireless Communications the fourth aspect [4] introduces the concept of invisible base
(NEWCOM#) project [56] concentrates on long-term and stations. It covers the deployment of massive MIMO in the
interdisciplinary research. Examples of the research targets are form of irregular antenna arrays where antenna elements can
exploring the ultimate limits of communication networks, en- be embedded into the environment (thus making base stations
ergy and spectral efficient communications and networking as virtually invisible). Finally, full duplex radio is proposed as
well as opportunistic and cooperative communications. More- one useful technology component for 5G.
over, NEWCOM# encourages cooperation between academy Similarly to the previous article, Boccardi et al. in [5],
and industry and educates new researchers, e.g., by organizing list five disruptive viewpoints toward 5G. Conventional base
seasonal schools. station based cellular structures (up/downlink, control/data
SOftware-Defined Access using Low-Energy Subsystems channels) are expected to give way to more agile device-centric
(SODALES) project [57] aims to develop a novel wireless architectures where diverse nature of traffic and network
access interconnection service that has a low-cost 10 Gbps nodes can be handled better. Additional broad bandwidths
fixed access target and offers transparent transport services are available in millimeter waves and should be taken into
for fixed and mobile subscribers. The convergent network use. Massive MIMO has potential for 5G as it is scalable
architecture includes advanced control and management plane technology at node level and enables new deployments and
with open-access and multi-operator functionalities. architectures. Devices are getting more intelligent and that
Links-on-the-fly Technology for Robust, Efficient and should be reflected both at node and higher architectural level.
Smart Communication in Unpredictable Environments As an example, D2D connectivity and mobile device caching
(RESCUE) project [58] sees future heterogeneous and dense have implications on 5G system design. An integral part of 5G
networks to form an appropriate basis for lossy communication should also be natural support for machine-to-machine (M2M)
links based network concept. Public safety and vehicle-to- communication where the number of connected devices can
vehicle applications are in the forefront in RESCUE. be extremely large and high reliability and low latency are
Aerial Base Stations with Opportunistic Links for Un- required.
expected & Temporary Events (ABSOLUTE) project [59] Network densification is the main focus area of [6]. The two
focuses on future public safety communication systems. The dimensions in this trend are over space and over frequency.
proposed heterogeneous network architecture is based on the Spatial domain is mostly covered by dense deployment of
following elements: 1) low altitude aerial LTE-A base stations small cells whereas frequency domain densification comprises
of aggregating larger chunks of radio spectrum from diverse The next article [15] proposes a change in evolution paths
bands into effective use. In parallel, high-capacity low-latency toward 5G. The past generations have been dominated by
backhaul need to be developed to guarantee enhanced user macrocell development but coordinated macro/local coexis-
experience. tence would be more fruitful direction in the future.
Reference [7] makes the following key observations: 1) Improvements in the spectral efficiency and coverage of the
macrocellular capacity increase is likely to reach its limits, 2) cell edge users are the main targets in [16]. As a tool to achieve
measures for mobile performance require updating, and 3) the the goal is a smart combination of small cell deployment, joint
variety of both the radio access technologies and the devices is transmission coordinated multipoint (JT CoMP), and massive
increasing. 5G era needs co-optimization of networks, devices, MIMO techniques with affordable complexity.
and applications to achieve required improvements in service Advanced interference management is seen in [17] as an im-
performance and efficiency. portant initial technology driver toward 5G. This paper inves-
5GNOW project’s vision on 5G waveform design is re- tigates interference joint detection/decoding in user equipment
flected in [8]. The idea is to loosen the synchronism and and joint scheduling as network-side interference management
orthogonality requirement by design and allow a controllable scheme.
amount of waveform crosstalk. The resulting multi-carrier Paper [18] promotes cell densification via hyper-dense small
waveforms have some competitive edge over well-established cell deployment. The scenarios are divided into residential, en-
OFDM technology. terprise, and hotspot deployments that have their own service
Lower end of the frequency spectrum has already been re- requirements. Synchronization, graph-based carrier selection
served to a large extent for various legacy systems. Therefore, and intercell power control are also important aspects in
broad contiguous bandwidths are only available at high center cooperative distributed small cell optimization.
frequencies, e.g., millimeter waves. Reference [9] delves into Cloud technologies are rapidly emerging in modern Internet
millimeter-wave beamforming and its feasibility as a candidate usage and inevitably will have a role in 5G radio access
technology for 5G. In addition to the theoretical prospects, networks as well. Reference [19] presents a radio access
prototyping status is reviewed so that practical aspects of network (RAN) as a service (RANaaS) concept as a flexible
millimeter-wave communications become addressed as well. centralized processing platform for 5G.
Full duplex (FD) technology is one potential building block Public-private spectrum sharing is seen in [20] to be a
to be considered for 5G. Paper [10] concentrates on this realistic way of providing high quality of experience (QoE)
technology and especially in self-interference mitigation that required by 5G.
must be effective in FD systems to make them practical. Various D2D communication categories and their specific
Reference [11] differentiates outdoor and indoor scenar- challenges are discussed in [21]. Communication modes are
ios in 5G cellular architecture design to avoid high wall- divided into operator and device controlled schemes. In ad-
penetration losses. Distributed antenna system (DAS) and dition to technical operation the pricing of D2D services is
massive MIMO technologies help in this. Indoor coverage evaluated.
can be provided via such short-range wireless technologies The final article in this series [22] is about designing a
as WiFi, femtocells, visible light communication (VLC), and framework for cooperative green heterogeneous networks to
mm-waves whereas outdoor users are served by heterogeneous find balance between spectral and energy efficiency and quality
architecture including large MIMO networks, mobile femto- of service.
cells and cognitive radio networks.
Caching popular content in intermediate servers decreases C. 5G White Papers
redundant traffic in core network and thus alleviates network 4G Americas has very recently published a 44 page sum-
congestion problems. Current and foreseeable caching tech- mary of global 5G initiatives [23] that overviews regional 5G
niques for 5G are discussed in [12]. activities in Europe, Asia and America. In addition to research
Fettweis and Alamouti [13] acknowledge that cellular tele- projects, 5G related actions in standardization bodies (e.g.,
phony first had huge impact on voice services and later on 3GPP, ITU, IEEE), associations (e.g., TIA), alliances (e.g.,
data delivery. However, regarding Internet there is still much NGMN and WWRF) and industry are listed.
to be exploited by 5G technologies. As a result a user-centric Nokia Solutions and Networks white paper [24] shares the
future tactile Internet will utilize technological advancements view that 5G is unlikely to be just a single new radio access
in content delivery, control (response times) and monitoring technology (RAT) but more like a combination of existing air
(endurance). interface technologies both in licensed and unlicensed bands
with some novel technologies optimized for specific use cases
B. Overview of IEEE Communications Magazine May 2014 and scenarios (e.g., ultra-dense deployments). Furthermore,
5G Section more spectrum and small cell base stations are needed (net-
The second thematic 5G issue is opened by the METIS work densification) and network performance needs enhance-
project vision about methodology, requirements and scenarios ments (e.g., virtual zero latency) to make 5G reality.
for future wireless access networks [14]. METIS scenarios and Huawei has defined so-called “5G HyperService Cube”
horizontal drivers were already described in Section II. [25] to show 3D-illustration of how different types of ser-
 on 5G technology. Although the 5G concept is still evolving
the review reveals emerging common features. Performance
enhancements are mainly expected from a combination of
network densification (e.g., small cells, D2D), increased spec-
trum (enhanced carrier aggregation, spectrum sharing, beyond
6 GHz frequencies), and enhanced wireless communication
technologies (e.g., massive MIMO, new waveforms, virtual
zero latency RATs). Machine-type of communications will
have increasing proportion of the network connections and
traffic. Combination of moving networks and ultra reliable
communications truly calls for novel solutions due to strict
technical requirements in challenging propagation conditions.
Fig. 1. Development of service types over wireless mobile generations. Network virtualization, especially in the form of Cloud RAN
development will also have a significant role in 5G. Use cases,
scenarios and spectrum allocations altogether have so high
vices fit inside it. Dimensions in the cube are 1) throughput variability that utmost agility, scalability and reconfigurability
(kbps/km2), 2) delay (ms), and 3) number of links (per km2 ). is necessary in the integration of the overall 5G system
As an example multi-user ultra high definition telepresence concept.
and smart sensors lie in the opposite corners of the cube
as the former requires extremely high throughput and low ACKNOWLEDGMENT
number of connections and low latency whereas the latter The author would like to thank the Finnish Funding Agency
service can tolerate large delay with low throughput but for Technology and Innovation (Tekes), Nokia, Huawei,
requires a large amount of links. Main design objectives for Broadcom and Elektrobit for 5Gto10G project funding en-
5G are: 1) realization of massive capacity and connectivity, abling this work. Special thanks go to Eric Galloix, Kari
2) support to very diverse set of services, applications, users Pajukoski, Tao Cai and anonymous reviewers for constructive
and requirements, and 3) efficient and flexible utilization of comments.
all available non-contiguous spectrum resources.
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