LESSON PLAN 1

Lesson Topic: Mandate of FPID

Mission, Function & Capabilities of FPID (xx mins)

TP-1 Mission - To provide technical laboratory support to the Philippine National
Police offices, other investigative agencies of the government and private entities
through fingerprint processing and examination.
TP-2 Functions:
a. The primary function of the Fingerprint Identification Division is the collection
and examination of fingerprint evidence of criminal in nature. Compilation of laboratory
reports, preparation of reports & materials for court duties ,and presentation of expert
testimony in court trial
b. The secondary function is the maintenance of fingerprint files (criminal and non-
criminal) submitted for AFIS database from the different police stations and other
government agencies nationwide.
TP-3 Capabilities:
a. Provides speedy identification of the perpetrators of the crime through
b. information dissemination of “AFIS Hit” & “correlated case results” to police
investigators, thereby helps for the early solution of crimes and administration of justice.
c. Examines and compares questioned finger, palm and foot prints with the
standard prints to determine the identity or non-identity.
d. Undertakes chemical and/or physical development of latent print evidence
gathered at the crime scene.
e. Conducts fingerprinting of suspects & wanted criminals, and postmortem
fingerprinting of cadaver beyond recognition or under early stage of decomposition,
maceration and desiccation for purposes of identification and record files.
f. Provides technical training of its personnel with regards to dactyloscopy so as
to improve their knowledge and techniques of collection and examination.
g. Conducts lecture on the science of fingerprint to PNP Training School and other
government and private agencies, upon request.
h. Provides fingerprint expert testimony in civil and military courts for the purpose
of interpreting dactyloscopic reports based on the examination performed.

Lesson Topic: Introduction of Fingerprint

TP-1 Principles of Fingerprint
1. PERMANENCY -That fingerprint do not change in its ridge characteristics
through out of life time of an individual and they persist after DEATH until the skin
is decomposed.
2. INDIVIDUALITY -That the complex of the ridge details in a single fingerprint or
even part is not duplicated in any other finger.
3. INFALLIBILITY - That fingerprint is incapable of error, “Cannot commit
mistakes”
TP-2 Importance of Fingerprint
1. Prevent impersonation.
2. Speedy identification of wrongdoer.
3. Serve to give evidence.
4. Helps to identify victim of disasters, calamities, floods etc.
5. Identifies bodies, mutilated beyond recognition.
6. Aids the judiciary in penal treatment.
7. Prevent criminal substitution of newly born.
8. Help in the Identification of falsified document
TP-3 Definition of Fingerprint
As an IMPRESSION:
It is the reproduction on some smooth surface of pattern or design
formed by the ridges on the inside of the end joint of the fingers through the
medium of ink or any coloring substance capable of producing visibility.
As a SCIENCE:
It is the identification of person by means of the ridges of the fingers to
include the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
TP-4 3 GENERAL GROUPS OF FINGERPRINT PATTERN:
1) Arch 2) Loop 3) Whorl
TP-5 8 SUB-GROUPS: 8 types of fingerprint pattern
1. Plain Arch -The type in which the ridges enter on one side of the impression
terminates or tend to terminates on the other side with a rise of wave at the
center.
2. Tented Arch -The type in which most of the ridges enter on one side of the
impression terminate or tend to terminate on the other side as in the plane arch
type how ever at the center do not.
3. Radial Loop -The type in which the ridges enter on either side of the
impression recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line drawn from delta to the
core, terminate or tend to terminate on the same side of the impression from
whence such ridge or ridges entered. The ridges flow in the direction of the
radius bone, towards the thumb finger.
4. Ulnar Loop -The type in which the ridges enter on either side of the impression
recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line drawn from delta to the core, terminate
or tend to terminate on the same side of the impression from whence such ridge
or ridges entered. The ridges flow in the direction of the ulna bone, towards the
little finger.
5. Plain Whorl -The type with two deltas and at least one ridge making a
complete circuit, which may be spiral, oval, circular or any variant of a circle. An
imaginary line drawn between two deltas must touch or cross at least one of the
recurving ridge within the inner pattern area.
6. Central Pocket Loop Whorl -The type with two deltas and at least one ridge
making a complete circuit, which may be spiral, oval, circular or any variant of a
 circle. An imaginary line drawn between two deltas must not touch or cross any
of the recurving ridge within the inner pattern area.
7. Double Loop Whorl -The type consists of two separate loop formations, with
two separate and distinct sets of shoulder with two deltas.
8. Accidental Loop Whorl -The type consisting of a combination of two different
types of pattern, with the exception of the plane arch type, with two or more
deltas: or a pattern which possesses some of the requirements for two or more
different types; or a pattern which conforms to none of the definition.

TP-6 WHY FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION?

Fingerprints offer an infallible means of personal identification. That is the
essential explanation for their having supplanted other methods of establishing
the identities of criminals reluctant to admit previous arrests.

Other personal characteristics change - fingerprints do not. In earlier

civilizations, branding and even maiming were used to mark the criminal for what
he was. The thief was deprived of the hand which committed the thievery. The
Romans employed the tattoo needle to identify and prevent desertion of
mercenary soldiers.
More recently, law enforcement officers with extraordinary visual memories,
so- called "camera eyes," identified old offenders by sight. Photography lessened
the burden on memory but was not the answer to the criminal identification
problem. Personal appearances change.

TP-7 SCIENCE OF FINGERPRINTS

FINGERPRINT is one of the most positive means of personal identification.
It has been found out that the intricate pattern on the fingers are permanent,
individual and never undergo a natural change, except in the size of the pattern
during the life time of individual.
Friction skin patterns/designs/ formations appear on the finger tips, palms
of the hands and soles of the feet five (5) months before birth this remained
unchanged during the life of individual until decomposition sets in after DEAH.
FINGERPRINTS offer an INFALLIBLE (unerring) means of personal
identification. This is an essential explanation for their having supplanted other
methods of establishing identity of criminals reluctant to admit previous arrests.
Other personal characteristics change but fingerprints do not.

Lesson Topic: Letter of Instructions (LOIs) and Command Memorandum Circular

(CMC) set forth the guidelines and procedures in the submission
of standards fingerprints and latent prints to PNPCL for AFIS
inquiry, verification, registration and the utilization of AFIS hit
results.
TP-1
 Letter of Instructions 03/09 dated June 16, 2009, sets forth the procedures in the
submission of ten-prints taken from arrested suspected criminals during “booking” and
latent prints collected by police investigators from the crime scene to the PNP Crime
Laboratory for AFIS registration, inquiry and reference.
Letter of Instructions 04/09, dated November 25, 2009, prescribes the guidelines and
investigation procedures in the utilization of AFIS “HIT” results to speed up the
identification of criminal offenders for the early solution of crimes and administration of
justice.
Letter of Instructions 02/10, dated October 14, 2010, sets forth the enhanced
procedure to ensure that the fingerprints of all arrested suspected criminals are properly
taken during the “booking” and that the latent prints collected by the police investigators
from the crime scene are submitted to the PNP Crime Laboratory for AFIS registration,
inquiry and reference.
Letter of Instructions 02/11, dated March 23, 2011, sets forth the procedure to be
followed in all police stations nationwide to ensure 100% collection of ten-prints of all
booked suspects at the police stations nationwide and its registration to the AFIS, CL,
setting the accountability of the COPs/ Station Commanders, Investigators and
fingerprint technicians and monitoring its compliance.
Letter of Instructions 01-2012, dated March 22, 2012, sets forth the enhanced
procedure to ensure that the latent prints are expeditiously collected from simple or
minor property crime scenes and subsequently transmitted to the AFIS by designated
investigators/Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) Teams to provide investigative
leads to patrol units/field investigation units of the five (5) Districts of the National
Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO). Further, this will properly identify the crime
scenes which designated investigators and SOCO teams must process. (Simple or
minor property crime, 200,000.00 pesos and below for investigators. Sensational,
heinous and high profile cases such as murder, bank robberies, rapes, involved VIP,
government employees and foreign nationals for SOCO team)
Command Memorandum Circular No. 2013-06, dated January 11, 2013, provides
the guidelines and procedures to be undertaken by the concerned D-Staff, Offices and
Units to enhance the capability of the PNP-CL personnel as trainers of fingerprint
examiners assigned in the NHQ/Regional/Provincial/District Crime Laboratory Offices,
develop a core of trainers, and to train field investigators on the proper taking of ten-
prints and collection of latent prints.

Lesson Topic: GUIDELINES IN TAKING STANDARD FINGERPRINT

TP-1 FINGERPRINTING -is the process of recording fingerprint through the use of
fingerprint ink or capturing finger-print images using electronic device.

TP-2 EQUIPMENT NEEDED IN TAKING FINGERPRINT IMPRESSIONS:

1. Fingerprint roller (6"long, 2" inches diameter)
2. Fingerprint ink
 3. Card holder
4. Glass slab or inking plate (1/2 cm x 6 x 14")
5. Cleaning materials (alcohol, petroleum, cloth, cream, oil etc,)

TP-3 TYPES OF FINGERPRINT IMPRESSIONS:

1. Rolled Impression -requires that the thumb be rolled towards and other
fingers away from the center of the subject’s body.
2. Plain Impression -requires that the fingers be taken or printed
simultaneously, then the thumb without rolling.
TP-3 Investigator’s Guide in Taking Standard Fingerprints
Use only fingerprint card from PNPCL accredited supplier.
Reason for rejection---submission of non-prescribed fingerprint card. e.g.
Bond paper, oslo paper etc..
Use only fingerprint ink.
Reason for rejection---use of stamp pad ink.
Filling-out the PNPCL fingerprint card.
Reason for rejection---incomplete entries.

TP-4 THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION MUST BE PROPERLY FILLED-OUT AND

COMPLETED;
ENTRIES MUST BE TYPE WRITTEN OR PRINTED, USE BLACK OR BLUE
INK ONLY.
NOTE. In case the subject is illiterate, the Investigator On-Case or any of the subject’s
relative should fill-out the information as required in the fingerprint card.
1. Last Name, First Name, Middle Name:
- All boxes (last name, first name and middle name) must be completely filled-out
except for Chinese, Japanese and other nationalities who have no middle name.
- Qualifier should be placed at the right side of the first name.
2. Nickname,
- Other name/s of the subject.
3. Date of Birth
- Must be in the order and character stated hereunder.
Example: MM DD YYYY
01 31 1992
- If the date of birth of the subject is not known to him/her or could not recall it, the
Investigator On-Case may refer to the subject’s nearest kin, if could not, the investigator
should estimate the age of the subject, e.g. Between 18 to 25 years old, which should
be noted in the box provided for the date of birth.

4. Sex,
- Should be indicated by either “F” (female) or “M” (male).
5. Address,
- Should indicate the Region, Province, City or Municipality and Barangay.
6. Citizenship,
- Filipino, Chinese, Taiwanese, Japanese, etc.
7. Occupation,
 - Businessman, Company employee, etc.
8. Place of Birth,
- Should be indicate the Region, Province and City or Municipality of the Police
Station.
9. Built,
- Should be indicated by either “L” (large), “M”(medium) or “S”(small).
10. Blood Type,
- Should either be “A”, “B”, “AB” or “O”.
11. Region, Province, City
- Should indicate the Region, Province and City or Municipality
of the Police Station
12. APPREHENSION DATA:
- Should indicate the Case No. and the Arrest No.
13. District, Barangay/ Zone, Police Station No.
- Should indicate the, Region. District, Barangay, Zone and Police Station No. of
the arresting office.
14. Charge or Offense
- Should indicate whether Theft, Robbery, Rape and /or Murder etc., must be in
full word/s, no
abbreviation.
15. Photo
- Should be with 2''x2" or 2"x11/2” size picture.
16. Business Address/ Company/ School
- Should indicate the Region, Province, City or Municipality and Barangay.
17. Place of Arrest,
- Should indicate the specific place where the person was arrested to include the
Region, Province,
City or Municipality and Barangay.
18. Signature of Person Fingerprinted,
- Handwritten signature should appear in black or blue ink.
19. Date of Arrest,
- Must be in the order and character stated hereunder
Example; MM DD YYYY
01 31 2012
20. Name & Signature of Official Taking Fingerprint,
- Must appear the handwritten signature over the printed name with rank in
black or blue ink.
21. Arresting Officer/s
- The complete name of the arresting officer with the rank should appear.
22. Court/Final Disposition,
- Should indicate the status of the case, e.g. filed in court, RTC Br 12, QC; on
bail; convicted, etc
23. Identifying Marks,
- Scars, marks(tattoo) and amputation if any.
TP-3 FINGER AND PALM IMPRESSIONS:
1) Fingerprint should be properly rolled and in the proper sequence.
2) Fingerprint should be at the center of each designated rolled and plain print boxes
not touching or
going beyond the individual box boundary lines.
3) Each rolled fingerprint must be clear and can be classified/ identified.
4) Each rolled fingerprint must clearly show the pattern area, the core (the center) down
to the delta/s,
except the arches.
5) Box or boxes with split thumbprint, webbed fingerprint and/or extra fingerprint should
be cited or
noted in the remarks provided at the other side of the fingerprint card.
6) Box or boxes with no rolled fingerprint must appear a notation as “amputated”, “with
fresh wound”
and/or “with bandage”.
7) Box with notation “left four fingers taken simultaneously” should be with the left Four
fingerprints
clearly showing their correct individual height differences. (This formation aids the
examiner in
checking the proper sequence of the left hand rolled fingerprints).
8) Boxes with notation “right four fingers taken simultaneously” should be with the right
four
fingerprints clearly showing their correct individual height differences. (This formation
aids the
examiner in checking the proper sequence of the right hand rolled fingerprints).
9) Boxes with notation “left thumb” and “right thumb” should show the left thumb finger
and right
thumb finger plain impressions, respectively.
10) Left and right palm prints should be impressed in a position following the arrow sign
up (fingers
pointing at the heading part of the card during recording) on the space provided for
the two palms on
the other side of the card.
TP-4 IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN TAKING STANDARD PRINTS
1) Cleanliness of equipment (ink slab, ink roller, card holder).
2) The right kind and correct amount of ink.
3) Proper distribution of ink on the glass slab or inking plate.
4) The distance of the subject from the inking plate or the fingerprint card.
5) The advice of the operator to the subject is to relax and never to aid in the operation.
6) The pressure exerted must be slight and even, and the rolling should be continuous
movement
including the lifting.
7) The nail of the fingers should be at right angle to the glass slab or to the card before
starting the
rolling. Always roll the finger until the other side of the nail is reached.
8) The inking and printing must always reach below the first joint of the finger.
9) The thumb should be rolled towards the subject’s body while all other fingers away
from the subject’s
body.
10) While rolling the fingers, the subject’s hand should be held/controlled properly to
prevent twisting
and slipping of the fingers.
11) Add small amount of ink if necessary and distribute properly the ink using the roller
by rolling over
the ink on the inking plate.
12) Place the subject’s palm on the inking plate then press, use the ink roller to
completely cover the
entire palm with the ink. Do the same with the other palm.
13) To record the palms, at the other side of the card carefully position the palm
following the arrow
sign up (fingers pointing at the heading part of the card) as provided in the space for
the palms, then
press the palm unto the card using firm, even pressure with the fingers slightly
spread. Again do the
same with the other palm.
14) Record the side of the palm by positioning the palm 45 degrees slanting towards
the subject’s body,
then press
15. Proper alignment.
TP-5 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING TAKING OF STANDARD
FINGERPRINT

1. When the subject is illiterate:

SOLUTION: The Investigator On-Case or any of the subject’s nearest kin should fill-out
the information as required in the fingerprint card and place a notation that the subject is
illiterate on the box provided for the signature of the person fingerprinted or on the
Remarks.

2. When the subject’s birth date is not known or could not be recalled:
SOLUTION: The Investigator On-Case may refer to the subject’s nearest kin, if not,
the investigator should estimate the age of the subject, e.g. between 18 to 25 years
old, which should be noted in the box provided for the date of birth.

3. When the subject refuses to give information and/or to sign:

SOLUTION: After taking the standard prints of the subject, the Investigator
On-Case may fill-out the card utilizing those compiled information about the
subject and shall place a notation that the subject refuses to give information and/or to
sign.

4. When the subject’s fingers have fresh cut wounds or bandage which will prevent
the recording:
SOLUTION: Note in the corresponding space on the card eg., Fresh cut, bandaged
finger etc, and when wound has healed, re-take another set of standard fingerprint.

5. When the hands are perspiring excessively:

SOLUTION: Wipe the finger with cloth immediately before inking. If the perspiration
cannot be controlled, wipe the fingers with alcohol.

6. When the fingers are very dry like the fingers of brick layers and
carpenters:
SOLUTION: Rub the finger with oil, cream or lotion.

7. When the fingers are very fine like the ridges of the fingers of the children :
SOLUTION: Use a very little amount of ink or spread a very thin coating of ink on the
glass slab.

8. When one or more of the fingers are lacking or missing:

SOLUTION: Record the present fingers and place a notation on the corresponding
space on the card e.g. Missing at birth, and amputated at the first joint.

9. When the fingers are bent, broken or crippled:

SOLUTION: The tools (e.g. special ink roller or spatula and a curved strip holder) that
are used for obtaining prints from deceased individuals can be used to record the
friction ridge details.

10. When the subject has more than ten fingers that appear anywhere or between
any of the fingers:
SOLUTION: Record the thumbs and the next four fingers, then for the extra finger/s,
record only the fully developed on extra fingerprint card with a notation as to where it
appears.

11. In case of a split thumb, a thumb having two nails or when the subject has two or
more fingers, webbed or grown together, making it impossible to roll such fingers in its
side.
SOLUTION: Print the usual manner just like any normal thumb and make a notation at
the back of the card on the box for the identifying marks or space for the Remarks.

12. The print is not properly rolled (there is slip or slide), very long or very short, has too
much ink or short of ink, or a plane instead of a rolled.
SOLUTION: Cover the wrong print using the correction paper, but first have the correct
print impressed on the correction paper. Use correction paper up to 2x only.
IMPROPERLY FILLED-OUT TEN-PRINT CARD WILL BE REJECTED

Lesson Topic: LATENT PRINTS

TP-1 When ever we touched an object we left behind our fingerprints on it.
 Finger, palm and foot prints usually found at the crime scene are known as
chance impressions or latent prints.

TP-2 DEFINITION OF LATENT PRINTS:

are those markings usually rather indistinct, left on any object by oily matters,
colored substances or perspiration exuded from the finger tips, palms of the hand or
soles of the feet that may have touched the item.

TP-3 WHAT CAUSES THE MARKINGS?

1.Ridges on the Friction Ridge Skin
2. Sweat or perspiration.
COMPOSITION OF THE SWEAT
98.5% to 99.5% is water
0.5% to 1.5% solid matter = 1/3 salt, 2/3
urea, volatile fatty acids, albumin acids, etc.
THE COMPOSITION OF SWEAT IS NOT CONSTANT, IT IS INFLUENCED BY:
a) Climate.
b) Nutrition or food that the subject eat.
c) Impurities on the skin surface.
d) Physical condition of the subject.
3. Colored Substances.

TP-4 TYPES OF LATENT PRINT

Invisible latent prints are latent prints whose markings are caused by the sweat that
left on the surface whenever our fingers touched on the object.
Visible latent prints are latent prints whose markings are caused by colored
substances such as paint, blood, grease, oil, dust etc. that left on the surface whenever
our fingers smeared with substances and touched on the object. Also known as patent
prints.
Semi-visible latent prints are latent prints impressed on soft object like wax or candle
whenever our fingers touched on these objects. These latent prints are also known as
plastic or mold prints , they have three dimensions (3D) the length, width and depth.

TP-5 Things to be considered in searching latent print.

Precaution is important, do not remove the object from the original position or
touch by your bare fingers anything that requires fingerprint examination.

Search of latent prints should be conducted in a systematic way and intelligent

manner.

Amount and quality of powder to be used. The purpose is to developed latent

prints that can be classified, analyzed and identified.
 Documentation Objects/tools/weapon/s should be photographed prior for
developing of latent print including those with visible latent prints and must be provided
with Sketch to illustrate relationships between articles of evidence not easily depicted by
photography. Developed and lifted latent prints must be mounted on a Fingerprint Crime
Scene Search Data Form provided with sketch and acknowledgement signatures of two
witnesses plus the signature of the Fingerprint Technician to validate the lifted print/s.
Documentation is used to provide an accurate representation of the scene.

Lesson Topic: METHODS OF DEVELOPING LATENT PRINTS:

1) PHYSICAL or MECHANICAL METHOD:
a) BRUSHING METHOD (BLACK /ALUMINUM/MAGNETIC POWDER)
Smooth surfaced object: Glass, Metal, Plastic, Painted wood.
b) ROLLING METHOD (LYCOPODIUM/BLACK/ALUMINUM)
Smooth surfaced object: Paper, Leather
2) CHEMICAL METHOD:
a) FUMING METHOD (CYANO ACRYLATE SOLN)
Plastics (wrapper, bag, box, bottle, case, etc.)
Leathers (wallet, bag, etc.)
Metal (firearms, knife, pipe, cutter, tin can, etc.)
Wood ( plain wood)
b) BRUSHING METHOD (NINHYDRIN SOLN)
Papers (bond paper, envelope, yellow pad paper, etc.), Folder, Carton box,
Cardboard (illustration board, etc.), Wood (plain wood, etc.)
c) SOAKING METHOD (VICTORIA PURE BLUE)
Packaging tape,Paper tape, Cello tape, Masking tape, Electrical tape, Leaves, fruit
peeling, etc.
d) SPRAYING METHOD (EMULGEN BLACK)
Plastic bags/wrapping materials, Adhesive tapes, Tin can, Glass, etc.

Lesson Topic: Locally Available Products Use as Alternative for Fingerprint

Materials
HOW TO IMPROVISE FINGERPRINT BRUSH THROUGH THE USE OF CHICKEN
FEATHERS AND BAMBOO STICK
1. Select or choose at least 10-15 pcs of soft chicken feathers.
2. Fix the feathers with the string on the end portion of the stick

Wood Charcoal or Coconut Shell Charcoal alternative for fingerprint powder:

Procedures: 1. Crush into small pieces, then grind using the mortar and pestle until
become powder. Use the strainer/filter to separate very find powder.
 2. Apply the Wood Charcoal powder to the surface of an object with
suspected latent prints until develops.
3. Use ordinary lifting tape alternative for fingerprint (Gelatin & Vinylon)
lifting tape.
4. Lift the developed fingerprints using ordinary scotch packaging tape.
5. Use the Fingerprint Crime scene Search Data as a backing sheet.

Lesson Topic: Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)

What is AFIS ? used for inquiry, verification and registration of fingerprints. Database
of ten-prints and latent prints. Indispensable tool in fingerprint Identification.

AFIS - is the process of automatically matching one or many unknown fingerprints

against the database of known and unknown prints. AFIS is primarily used by law
enforcement agencies for criminal identification initiatives, the most important of which
include identifying a person suspected of committing a crime or linking a suspect to
other unsolved crimes.
AFIS Functions
Ten-print to Ten-print Inquiry (TI)
Ten-print to Latent Print Inquiry (TLI)
Latent print Inquiry (LI)
Latent print to Latent print Inquiry (LLI)
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