CS601-finalterm Subjective Solved With References by Moaaz PDF
CS601-finalterm Subjective Solved With References by Moaaz PDF
CS601-finalterm Subjective Solved With References by Moaaz PDF
What is the difference between angle of incident and angle of reflection? [2]
Answer: (Page 126)
The difference between them is that Angle of refraction passes from less dense to denser medium
whereas angle of incidence passes from more dense to less dense medium.
Q #41: Whether VRC error detection method is used for single bit error or burst error. (2)
Answer: (Page 173)
VRC can detect all single bit errors
Can also detect Burst errors as long as the total number of bits changed is ODD
Q # 45: Consider a major telecom company using RZ encoding for its signals
conversion. What will be the major problem faced by using such type of
encoding? (2)
Answer: (Page 75)
Any time, data contains long strings of 1’s or 0’s, Rx can loose its timing.
The only problem with RZ encoding is that it requires two signal changes to encode one
bit and therefore occupies more BANDWIDTH
Question#1
What are the Asynchronous protocols in data communication layer? ………….Marks (10)
Answer: (Page 206)
Asynchronous protocols Treat each character in a Bit stream independently. Employed mainly in
Modems.
Transmission does not require timing coordination; Timing is done by using extra bits
XMODEM
o The first field is a One Byte start of header (SOH) field
o The second field is a two-byte Header.
–The first header byte , the Sequence number carries the Frame number
–The second header byte is used to check the validity of the sequence number
YMODEM
YMODEM is similar to X-MODEM with only the following major differences:
o 1024-Byte data unit
o Two CANs to abort Transmission
o ITU-T CRC-16 for Error Checking
o Multiple files can be sent simultaneously
ZMODEM :
Newer Protocol
Combines features of XMODEM and YMODEM.
BLAST
o Blocked Asynchronous Transmission
o More powerful than XMODEM
o Full Duplex
o Sliding Window Flow Control
o Allows transfer of Data and Binary Files
KERMIT
o Designed at Columbia University
o Most Widely used Asynchronous Protocol
o File Transfer protocol is similar in operation to XMODEM, with sender waiting for an
NAK before it starts TX
o Kermit allows the transmission of control characters as Text
Question#2
What is Frequency division multiplexing ?.......Marks (5)
Answer: (Page 149)
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
o An analog technique that can be applied when BW of the link is greater than the combined
BW of the signals to be TX
o Signals generated by each sending device modulate difference carrier frequencies
o These modulated signals are then combined into a single Composite signal that
can be transported by the link
o Carrier frequencies are separated by enough BW to accommodate the modulated signal
o These BW ranges are the channels through which the various signals travel
Question#4
What is stop and wait ARQ in error control ?....Marks (3)
Answer: Page 197
Stop-and-Wait is an extended form of flow control to include retransmission of data in case of Lost or
Damaged frames.
There are four main features added in it.
1. Sending device keeps a copy of the last frame transmitted until it receives the ACK for that
frame.
2. Both data and ACK frames are numbered 0 and 1 alternately.
3. A data 0 frame is acknowledged by a ACK 1 frame indicating that the receiver has received data
0 and is now expecting data 1 .
4. For retransmission to work, 4 features are added to the basic flow control mechanism.
Question#5
What is Interleaving ?........Marks (3)
Answer: Page 153
Synchronous TDM is considered as a very fast rotating switch. When this switch opens in front of a
device, the device has the opportunity to send a specific amount of data on to the path.
The switch moves from device to device at a constant rate and in a fixed order. This process is called
INTERLEAVING. Interleaving can be done by BITS, BYTES or by any other DATA UNIT
Question#6
What is DSU in terms of digital services?.........Marks (3)
Answer: Page 163
DSU (Digital service unit) changes the rate of digital data created by the subscriber’s device to 56 Kbps
and encodes it in the format used by service provider. It used in dialing process and is more expensive
than MODEM. But it has better speed, better quality and less susceptibility to noise.
Question#7
Which architecture of Ethernet developed by ITU_T and
ANSI?........... Marks (2)
Answer: 236
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)architecture of Ethernet developed by ITU_T and ANSI.
Question#8
What is a spike in noise term?.........Marks (2)
Answer:143
Spike is a signal with high energy in a very short period of time
that comes from power lines, lightening etc,
Question#9
Answer: Page 172
What is even parity generator in VRC error detection mechanism?...........Marks (2)
Even parity generator counts the 1’s and appends the parity bit (1) to the end.
Question#10
Compare line discipline methods ENQ/ACK and Poll/ Select?
Answer: Page 188-189
=>ENQ/ACK coordinates which device may start a transmission and whether or not the intended
recipient is ready and enabled.
=> Using ENQ/ACK, a session can be initiated by either station on a link as long as both are of equal
rank.
=> In both half-duplex and full-duplex transmission, the initiating device establishes the session.
=> In half duplex, the initiator then sends its data while the responder waits. The responder may take
over the link when the initiator is finished or has requested a response.
=> In full duplex, both devices can transmit simultaneously once the session has been established.
POLL/SELECT:
=> The poll/select method of line discipline works with topologies where one device is designated as a
primary station and the other devices are secondary stations.
=> Multipoint systems must coordinate several nodes, not just two.
=> The primary device controls the link and the secondary device follow sits instruction
It is up to the primary to determine which device is allowed to use the channel data given time
Why addressing is required in Poll / Select method and not required in ENQ/ACK method?3
Answer: (Page 190)
Addressing is required in Poll / Select method as it is a not point-to-point configuration, For the primary
device in a multipoint topology to be able to identify and communicate with a specific secondary
device, there must be some addressing, while ENQ/ACK method is a point-to-point method and for
point-to-point configuration, there is no need for addressing.
What are the two major classes of synchronous protocols at data link layer?2
Answer: (Page 206)
Character – Oriented Protocols
Bit – Oriented Protocols
Whether Hamming code is the technique used for error detection or error correction?2
Answer: (Page 181)
Hamming code is the technique used for error correction
Which one has more overhead, a repeater or a bridge? Explain your answer. [3]
Answer:
A bridge has more overhead than a repeater. A bridge processes the packet at two layers; a repeater
processes a frame at only one layer. A bridge needs to search a table and find the forwarding port as
well as to regenerate the signal; a repeater only regenerates the signal. In other words, a bridge is also a
repeater (and more); a repeater is not a bridge
Define high frequency [HF] and super high frequency [SHF], which devices uses these
frequencies [3]
Answer: Page 135 and 136
High frequency.
HF uses ionospheric propagation. These frequencies move into the ionosphere where the density
difference reflects them back on earth.
It is used for Citizen’s Band Radio, International Broadcasting, Military Communication, Telephone,
Telegraph and Fax
Question#2
What is R G rating of coaxial cable?
Answer:- (Page 126)
Different coaxial cable designs are categorized by their Radio government (
RG ) ratings
Each cable defined by RG rating is adapted for a specialized function:
RG-8
Used in Thick Ethernet
RG-9
Used in Thick Ethernet
RG-11
Used in Thick Ethernet
RG-58
Used in Thin Ethernet
RG-59
Used for TV
Question#3
What are the advantages of thin Ethernet?
Answer: (Page 228)
The advantages of thin Ethernet are:
1. reduced cost
2. ease of installation
Because the cable is lighter weight and more flexible than that used in Thick net
Question#4
What is the difference between a unicast, multicast, and broadcast address? [3]
Answer: Click here for detail
Broadcast: transmitting a packet that will be received by every device on the network
Unicast: the sending of information packets to a single destination
Multicast: delivery of information to a group of destinations.
Question#5
T lines are designed for Digital data how they can be used for Analog Transmission?
Answer: (Page 166)
o DS-1 requires 8 Kbps of overhead
o To understand this overhead, let’s examine format of a 24-voice channel frame
o Frame used on T-1 line is usually 193 bits divided into 24 slots of 8 bits each + 1 bit for
synchronization (24*8+1=193)
o 24 segments are interleaved in one frame
o If a T-1 carries 8000 frames, the data rate is 1.544 Mbps (193 * 8000=1.544 Mbps) which is capacity
of the line
Question#6
What are the three types of Guided Media?
Answer: (Page 120)
1. Coaxial cable
2. Twisted-pair cable
3. Fiber optic cable.
Question#7
Why do we need Inverse Multiplexing? [5]
Answer: (Page 159)
An organization wants to send data, voice and video each of which requires a different data rate
To send voice it needs 64Kbps,
To send data, it needs 128 Kbps link
To send video it may need 1.544 Mbps link
It can lease a 1.544 Mbps line from a common carrier and only use it fully for sometime
Or it can lease several separate channels of lower data rates
Voice can be sent over any of these channels
Data & Video can be broken into smaller portions using Inverse Multiplexing and TX
Question#8
Describe method of checksum briefly?
Answer: (Page 180)
o The sender subdivides data units into equal segments of ‘n’ bits(16 bits)
o These segments are added together using one’s complement
o The total (sum) is then complemented and appended to the end of the original data unit as redundancy bits
called CHECKSUM
o The extended data unit is transmitted across the network
o The receiver subdivides data unit as above and adds all segments together and complement the result
o If the intended data unit is intact, total value found by adding the data segments and the checksum field
should be zero o If the result is not zero, the packet contains an error & the receiver rejects it
Question#9
Explain Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing in detail? Also discuss its advantages over
synchronous TDM?
Answer:
Asynchronous time-division multiplexing (ATDM) is a method of sending information that resembles
normal TDM, except that time slots are allocated as needed dynamically rather than pre-assigned to
specific transmitters. ATDM is more intelligent and has better bandwidth efficiency than TDM.
asynchronous time-division multiplexing comprising receive circuits (CRl/i) supplying cells received
via input links, transmit circuits (CTl/j) transmitting retransmitted cells on output links, a buffer
memory (MT) storing the received cells and delivering the cells to be retransmitted and a buffer
memory addressing device (SMT) including a write address source (SAE) and a read address source
(fsl/j).
POLL/SELECT:
=> The poll/select method of line discipline works with topologies where one device is designated as a
primary station and the other devices are secondary stations.
=> Multipoint systems must coordinate several nodes, not just two.
=> The primary device controls the link and the secondary device follow sits instruction
It is up to the primary to determine which device is allowed to use the channel data given time
Unidirectional Traffic
A break in a ring I.e. a disabled station can disable the entire network
Can be solved by using:
Dual Ring or
A switch capable of closing off the Break