GROUP 4- THE GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES Elements of Global Integration

Global integration opens up to the global economy

Different Media Forms Liberalization
Five Periods to Study Globalization and restrictions on the way its citizens conduct business
Media: activities; licenses and permissions for business.
1. Oral Communication Language-- cooperate ‘License Raj’.
and work with each other; 1st cave paintings, Liberalization - removal of these restrictions, allows
storytelling, songs, chants, drums, smoke more freedom in conducting business, making
signals. Language also allowed man to pass imports and exports easier, MNCs coming to India
warning signs & info.
2. Script Language-- essential but imperfect, Privatization
relies in memory, limited in capacity, wider in Privatization - allowing private players and
scope and lasts. Writing first: wood carve, clay, companies to conduct business, withdrawal of the
bronze, copper, stones. Egyptians used plant state’s interference in business.
Nile river “papyrus” writing. Main objectives: reduce the burden on tax-payers,
3. Printing Press-- available up to the simplest encourage private competition, facilitate capital
man; cheaper and easily circulated. It increases inflow. Some common modes: franchising, public-
high rate of literacy and economic, religious and private partnerships; few government companies
political ideas spread easily. Consequences: remaining, Government: Air India, ONGC, LIC and
A. Changes in the very nature of knowledge HAL& private companies and MNCs. As a result,
B. Encourage the challenge of political and economy become more diverse and growth-oriented.
religious
4. Electronic Media-- electromagnetic energy or Globalization
electricity. electronic media include: before 1991 had made it over-dependant on local
a. Telegraph- businesses exchange info of companies.
market prices, deliveries, delay. Globalization- means growing inter-dependence
b. Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell Modern means of communication and transportation
capture the globe. technology have made this possible.
c. Radio-wireless telegr, music, news on air Benefits: new markets like insurance, transportation,
d. Film- silent motion picture; mass medium banking
e. Television-most powerful, universal mass
f. Cellphone- most popular device Local Cultural Production
5. Digital media-- audio, video and photo Local Culture- everyday life, identifiable
content, technology & content, entertainment localities. It reflects ordinary people’s feelings of
Computer most popular, influential appropriateness, comfort, and correctness
attributes that define personal preferences and
The Role of Media on Global Integration and changing tastes.
Globalization Cultural production is intervention in the
Global integration (Cambridge) process by which process of producing meaning and interpretation
company combines different activities around the within different contexts. The emergence of cultural
world so that they operate using the same reflections shapes our personal, cultural and social
methods, involve processes of product identities through knowledge sharing, social
standardization, technology development, helps the change, public interventions; values and collective
development of each countries—globalization. The norms
development: social, economical, cultural, political.
Ex: payment crisis in 1991, As result, India adopted
radical measures to integrate its economy with that
of other nations “global integration of the Indian
business environment”
Local culture is everything that we create and share figures, statues made to embody these entities.
as part of our lives, connections to all aspects: carved of wood by priestly artisans, sacred rituals,
spirit of ancestors and deceased elders. ritual
art, music, theatre,
meal “atang”, or rice cake.
geography, history, sociology, economics, political
science, psychology, anthropology, folklore, Catholicism- anito prized by art collectors The
foreign languages, English as a second language, Museum of Cordilleran Sculpture, preserve folk art
media and technology, international education,
Dancing
reading, writing, speaking, listening,
natural history and environmental education, The history of Philippine folk dancing incorporates
Family and consumer education influences from immigrants and conquerors while at
the same time maintaining distinctly Filipino roots.
Local culture is everywhere- relations with local Philippine folk dancing is a true reflection of daily
environment, landscapes, music and artistic life in past centuries while enchanting modern
expressions, in our community’s history and audiences at the same time.
contemporary social issues, family’s stories. Before the recorded history of the Philippines,
Sinulog Festival in Cebu City before the Spanish conquistadors conquered and
Ati- Atihan in Kalibo, Aklan Christianized the populace, from the earliest
Dinagyang Festival in Iloilo City occupation of this volcanic archipelago, the people
Panagbenga Festival in Baguio City, danced. They danced to appease the gods, to curry
favor from powerful spirits, to celebrate a hunt or
Moriones Festival in Marinduque,
harvest, to mimic the exotic life forms around them.
Pahiyas Festival in Lucban Quezon They danced their stories and their shamanic
rituals, their rites of passage and their remembered
HISTORY OF LOCAL CULTURE PRODUCTION
legends and history.
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Rural dances include such favorites as the high-
Architecture
stepping Tinikling, which mimics a bird, and the
Tajar (2015) pre-colonial architecture rock shelters Gaway-Gaway, which features the movements of
and caves in Palawan. Early Filipinos are nomadic children pulling the stalks of the gaway roots during
hunting or fishing, tent-like shelters, tree houses. a bountiful harvest. The pagan tribes, the
As farming, houses before the Spanish colonization Higaonon, Subanon, Bagogo, and others who have
were rectangular built on stilts, lifted inhabited the Philippines for thousands of years,
preserved their customs and symbolic dances.
pre-Hispanic houses- Ifugao, bahay kubo (nipa Partly through isolation, they kept their culture free
hut)- lowlands and Maranao’s- torogan house. from the influence of the waves of immigrants who
mosques in Mindanao 14th and 15th Islamic religio settled the archipelago over the centuries. Today,
Spanish conquerors- Antillean style, European, tribal dances like Dugso (a dance of gratitude for a
tropical climate; Visayan islands of Panay, Cebu good harvest or a male heir, danced with ankle
and Bohol, Ilocos Regions, Southern Luzon, bells), Sohten(an all-male war dance) and Lawin-
Laguna and Batangas. Most of the colonial Lawin(another male dance which mimics a
churches are Spanish or Mexican baroque. Moorish swooping, soaring eagle) are carefully documented
& Islamic style in relief carvings of church facades. and kept alive in performance by Filipino folk dance
troupes and cultural institutions, such as the
San Augustine Church Parangal Dance Company. (Crawford, 2015)
Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex
Main Building – University of Santo Tomas Itik Itik; Tinikling; Sayaw sa Bangko Cariñosa;
Philippine International Convention Center Binasauan; Pandanggo sa Ilao, Maglalatik Kuratsa
Tanghalang Mariang Makiling – National Arts
Center
Antism or Anito
Heimsath (2018) Fil mythology, spirits, domestic
deities inhabited the landscape. Anito -diversity of
ancient faiths throughout the many islands, folk art
Music information about our pre-colonial times set against
According to Valerio (2016) a bulk of material about early Filipinos as recorded
Philippines Music is performance arts composed in by Spanish, Chinese, Arabic and other chroniclers
various genre and styles. The music of the of the past.
Philippines is a mixture of indigenous, other Asian, Pre-colonial inhabitants of our islands
European, Latin American, and American showcase a rich past through their folk speeches,
influences. Philippine gong music can be divided folk songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals
into two types: the flat gong commonly known and mimetic dances that affirm our ties with our
as gangsa and played by indigenous groups in the Southeast Asian neighbors.
Cordillera region of Northern Philippines and the The folk song, a form of folk lyric which
bossed gongs played among the Islam and animist expresses the hopes and aspirations, the people's
groups in the Southern Philippines. lifestyles as well as their loves. These are often
Kulintang refers to a racked gong chime repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naive as in
instrument played in the southern islands of the the children's songs or Ida-
Philippines, along with its varied accompanying ida (Maguindanao), tulang pambata (Tagalog)
ensembles. Different groups have different ways of or cansiones para abbing (Ibanag). Other folk
playing the kulintang. Two major groups seem to songs are the drinking songs sung during carousals
stand-out in kulintang music. These are the like the tagay (Cebuano and Waray); dirges and
Maguindanaon and the Maranaw. The kulintang lamentations extolling the deeds of the dead like
instrument itself could be traced to either the the kanogon (Cebuano) or the Annako(Bontoc).
introduction of gongs to Southeast Asia from China The folk narratives, i.e. epics and folk tales
from before the 10th century CE, or more likely, to are varied, exotic and magical. They explain how
the introduction of bossed gong chimes from Java the world was created, how certain animals
in the 15th century. Nevertheless the kulintang possess certain characteristics, why some places
ensemble is the most advanced form of music from have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora or
before the late 16th century and the legacy of fauna and, in the case of legends, an explanation of
hispanization in the Philippine archipelago. the origins of things. Fables are about animals and
The Harana and Kundiman are lyrical songs these teach moral lessons. Our country's epics are
popular in the Philippine Islands dating back to the considered ethno-epics because unlike, say,
Spanish period. Harana are traditional courtship Germany's Niebelunginlied, our epics are not
songs in the Mexican-Spanish tradition based on national for they are "histories" of varied groups
the habanera rhythm while the Kundiman, which that consider themselves "nations."(Valdeavilla,
has pre-colonial origins from the Tagalog region, 2018)
uses triple meter rhythm. Kundiman is also
characterized by a minor key at the beginning and Cuisine
shifts to a major key in the second half. Its lyrics During the pre-Hispanic era in the
depict a romantic theme, usually portraying love, Philippines, the preferred Austronesian methods for
passion, or sadness. food preparation were boiling, steaming and
roasting. The ingredients for common dishes were
Literature obtained from locally raised livestock.
Philippine literature is the literature These ranged from kalabaw, baka,
associated with the Philippines and includes the manok and baboy to various kinds of fish
legends of prehistory, and the colonial legacy of the and seafood. In 3200 BCE, Austronesians from the
Philippines. Pre-Hispanic Philippine literature were southern China and Taiwan settled in the region
actually epics passed on from generation to that is now called the Philippines. They brought
generation originally through oral tradition with them knowledge of rice cultivation and other
Owing to the works of our own farming practices which increased the number and
archaeologists, ethnologists and anthropologists, variety of edible dish ingredients available for
we are able to know more and better judge cooking.
 Direct trade and cultural exchange known as chorizo). Morcon is likely to refer to a
with Hokkien China in the Philippines in the Song beef roulade dish not the bulbous specialty
dynasty (960-1279 AD) with porcelain, ceramics, Spanish sausage.
and silk being traded for spices Philippine cuisine continues to evolve as
and trepang in Luzon. This early cultural contact new techniques, styles of cooking, and ingredients
with China introduced a number of staple food into find their way into the country. Traditional dishes
Philippine cuisine, most notably toyo, tokwa, both simple and elaborate, indigenous and foreign-
toge and patis as well as the method of stir influenced, are seen as are more current popular
frying and making savory soup bases. Many of international viands and fast food fare.
these food items and dishes retained their original
Hokkien names, such as pancit Global Cultural Production
and lumpia The Chinese food introduced during this The Global Cultural Production is the ideas,
period were food of the workers and traders, which meanings, and values around the world in such a
became a staple of the noodle shops and can be way as to extend and intensify social relations. This
seen in dishes like arroz cald, marked by the common consumption of cultures
sinangag and chopsuey. that have been diffused by the internet, popular
Trade with the various neighboring culture media, and international travel. This has
kingdoms of Java brought with it foods and cooking added to processes of commodity exchange and
methods which are still commonly used in the colonization which have a longer history of carrying
Philippines today, such as Bagoong Patis, Puso, cultural meaning around the globe.
Rendang, Kare-kare and the infusion of coconut The circulation of cultures enables
milk in condiments, such as laing and Ginataang individuals to extend social relations that cross
Manok. Through the trade with the Malay- national and regional borders. The creation and
Indonesian kingdoms, cuisine from as far away expansion of such social relation is not merely
as India and Arabia enriched the palettes of the observed on a material level. The global cultural
local Austronesians (particularly in the areas of production involves the formation of shared norms
Southern Luzon, Mindanao, Sulu, Palawan, and knowledge with which people associate their
the Visayas and Bicol, where trade was strongest). individual and collective cultural identities. It brings
These foods include various dishes eaten in areas increasing interconnectedness among different
of the southern part of the archipelago today, such populations and cultures. The diffusion of ideas and
as puto derived from Indian cultures amongst all of the civilizations of the world.
cuisine puttu, kurmah, satti and biryani. Trend that will eventually make all of human
Spanish colonizers and friars in the 16th experience and customs the same since all cultures
century brought with them produce from are coming together into one. It occurs in everyday
the Americas like chili life, through wireless communication, electronic
peppers, tomatoes, corn, potatoes, and the method commerce, popular culture, and international trade.
of sautéing with garlic and onions. Chili leaves are This attempt to promote a Western lifestyle
frequently used as a cooking green. Spanish dishes and possibly Americanize the world. The
were eventually incorporated into Philippine cuisine Contributing Factors of Global Cultural Production
with the more complex dishes usually being is the new technology and forms of communication
prepared for special occasions. Some dishes such around the world help to integrate different cultures
as arroz a la valenciana remain largely the same in into each other. The transportation technologies
the Philippine context. Some have been adapted or and services along with mass migration and
have come to take on a slightly or significantly individual travel contribute to this form of
different meaning. Arroz a la cubana served in the globalization allowing for cross-cultural exchanges.
Philippines usually includes ground beef picadillo. The infrastructures and institutionalization
Philippine longganisa despite its name is more akin embedded change.
to chorizo than
Spanish longaniza (in Visayan regions, it is still
Conclusion movement, and Jehovah’s witnesses are the
Considering the advantages and religion that still spreading their beliefs across the
disadvantages of globalization, our group can world.
conclude that globalization may be inevitable, its
consequences are devastating. There is the need ROLE, IDENTITY, AND CONFLICT
for an appropriate response in a view to In terms of economics, as the economy of
understanding the dynamics that will hopefully help the major countries of the world has grown, the
main religions of each of those countries have also
to evolve measures that will reduce the devastating
grown financially, providing more financial
effects of globalization. However, perspectives on
resources for religions to spread their beliefs. For
globalization differ sharply.
example, although it may seem as an old tactic,
A consideration in the role of media is missionary work—especially in light of globalization
highly important for the whole concept of where religious representatives convert the natives.
globalization, but in theoretical debates these fields Religions are fulfilling their general purpose of
are largely ignored. The blindingly obvious point spreading their beliefs to people all over the world.
that there is no globalization without media has not Finally, religion has tremendously benefited
been articulated or analysed clearly enough. With from technological advancements. For example,
the role of media, global integration today is greater websites provide information and explanations
than it has ever been and is likely to deepen going about different religions to any person regardless of
forward. his or her geographical location, as well as provide
the opportunity to contact others worldwide and
hold debates which allow religious ideas to spread.
GROUP 5- THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION Furthermore, television allows for religious
THE RELIGION channels that provide visual religious teachings and
Religion is a system of belief. It came from practices. Hence, by making the leap onto the
the Latin word religare which means to bind information superhighway, which brings religious
together. Globalization challenged the role of teachings into every home and monitor in a global
religion to the people and to the society. The setting, religions have come together into one
combination of globalization with politics and setting.
economics that creates a doubt to individuals, this Although globalization is enabling the
is where religion arises and gives meaning to the spread of inherently bad information, it is also
world that is quickly changing. enabling the spread of the inherent good. This
connectedness is also allowing the spread of
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND religious thought as well as outreach around the
In the history of the Philippines, Ferdinand world.
Magellan encountered the Philippines because of Religion becomes a matter of an individual
the search for the source of spice. In Magellan’s choice in which many of religions are competing for
arrival in Cebu represent the first attempt of Spain attention.
to convert the Filipinos to Roman Catholicism. But Globalization on religions has a special
before the Spaniards came into the Philippines the effect. The majority do not even see it but it is
Hindu civilization spread their religion in Asia called reflected in the changes in our religion. The role of
Theraveda Buddhist. globalization on religions is that because of
The Spaniards is failed to convert the globalization the religions expand their jurisdiction.
Muslims sultanates. But followers of chief Humabon As long as new religions are being discovered, they
is allowed to baptized Christian in a mass baptism are increasing. Due to the changes in the status of
because one of the Magellan’s men cure the son of society new religion arises because of the curiosity
Chief Humabon that is severely ill. That is the first of the people and for identity, globalization gives
touch of the Christianity in the Philippines and standards do determine a specific religion.
through globalization Christianity spread in the Globalization helps us to classify different religion
Philippines. and what are their differences. It is somehow hard
Roman Catholic, protestant, eastern on how we classify a religion but because of the
orthodox, seventh day Adventist, pentacostal given set of standards provided satin of
globalization makes it easier. Conflict also arises on rooted in particular places because of diasporas
religions because of globalization. Because of the and transnational ties. Globalization further
expansion of our knowledge because of provides fertile ground for a variety of
globalization it is inadvisable to argue religious noninstitutionalized religious manifestations and for
issues. Like the question "who is the true God?". In the development of religion as a political and
this view there are so many answers because of cultural resource.
the many religions that have different beliefs. The terms deterritorialization and
Because we believe in diversity and base on how reterritorialization are used to characterize a
we defend it there is a conflict. In summary, constant process of transformation, according to
globalization has good and bad effect on our Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari.
religions but it is up to us how we can handle this Deterritorialization is the process in which to undo
challenge in our faith. what has already been done. To take control away
from places that have already been established.
TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORLD OF RELIGION Where “articulations are disarticulated”, an example
Technology, understood as practical presented by Slack and Wise. Then
implementation of intelligence, is a matter of know- reterritorialization usually follows. And this is the
how expressing values. Thus technology must process to re-do what has been undone to what
somehow relate to religion, positively, negatively, or has already been done. Except this time, the act of
neutrally, since religion is also supremely a matter re-doing is to incorporate new power.
of values and ideas. Values come first for both, An example of deterritorialization and
though ideas—strongly valued ones—will always reterritorialization is Hitler’s propaganda campaign
be importantly present in both domains as long as that lead to WWI. He deterritorialized by banning
Homo sapiens is a thinking species. and burning books that contradicted his values, and
Religions are differentiated by a conflicting reterritorialized by replacing them with his own.
plethora of symbols and beliefs, but are alike
functionally in expressing worship. Worship is here
understood as directed to what is taken to be of first CHALLENGES: GLOBALIZATION AND
importance (last to be sacrificed) and of widest RELIGION
relevance (impossible to be marginalized). Globalization and Religion persistently
Thus religion, in principle, is our most engage in a flexible relationship in which the past
intense and comprehensive way of valuing. This is depends on the future in order to develop and have
a highly abstract characterization of religion. Actual success while at the same time challenging its
people, on this understanding, are more or less (globalization’s) hybridizing effects or the
concretely religious; some, who are casual about something that is formed because of combining two
their values and see nothing as of comprehensive or more culture, beliefs, information and etc. across
importance, may hardly be religious at all. Religious the world.
institutions, made up of actual people, are also Globalization– due to the beginning and
more or less religious, since admixtures of betterment of communication and transportation
economics, politics, cultural tradition, and the like, technology and the roles played by the media it
may be expected in every major human context. made the world smaller wherein the geographical
Globalization refers to the historical process boundaries and differences of different countries
by which all the world's people increasingly come to have become invisible making the distance and
live in a single social unit. It implicates religion and time not to be hindrances for contact.
religions in several ways. From religious or Religion is directly being affected/influenced
theological perspectives, globalization calls forth by these changes and their rapid development
religious response and interpretation. Yet religion effects brought about by globalization. However,
and religions have also played important roles in religions still have their places origin where they
bringing about and characterizing globalization. first exist. Through globalization, the practice and
Among the consequences of this implication for norms of one’s religion influences others through
religion have been that globalization encourages globalization. Having geographical boundaries and
religious pluralism. Religions identify themselves in frontiers blurred and dissolved, religions find it easy
relation to one another, and they become less to spread and reach every part of the world.
 nature of religions and the purpose to be embraced
Relationship of Globalization and Religion: and practiced by people all over the world prompts
1.) Globalization helped Religions of different it to spread throughout all the world’s geographical
forms to cross geographical boundaries and be spaces. In order to emerge and spread, therefore,
present everywhere. religions make good use of the technologies of
Since globalization aims at the hybridization globalization. Having geographical boundaries and
of the world cultures around the pattern of the frontiers blurred and dissolved, religions find it easy
Western culture; and since it entails liberalism, to spread and reach every part of the world.
consumerism, rationalism, etc. values and norms,
religion (particularly Islam) constitutes a challenge
to it. This is because Islam’s norms and values are
incompatible with the accepted norms and values
of globalization. Religions have spread and
scattered on a global scale. Information on the
internet about the different religion is accessible to
all with those who have internet connection.
Making us able to communicate with each
other worldwide and makes forums and debates
that allow religious ideas to be absorbed by the
viewers or readers.

2.) Globalization transforms the generic

‘religion’ into a world-system of competing and
conflictingreligions.
This process of institutional specialization
has transformed local, diverse and fragmented
cultural practices into recognizable systems of
religion. Globalization has therefore had the
paradoxical effect of making religions (via their
religious leaders and clites) more self-conscious of
themselves as being ‘world religions. Such conflicts
among the world.

WHAT MUST BE DONE?

Religion and globalization persistently
engage in a flexible relationship in which the former
relies on the latter in order to thrive and flourish
while at the same time challenging its
(globalization’s) hybridizing effects. Globalization–
due to the advent of communication and
transportation technology and the roles played by
the media–has contributed to the deterritorialization
and the blurring of geographical spaces and
boundaries. This has resulted apparently in making
the world a small village where people, cultures,
and identities come in daily face-to-face contact
with each other. Undoubtedly, religion is not
immune from these changes and their burgeoning
effects brought about by globalization. However,
religions still have their respective homes in specific
territorial spaces where they originally appeared
and where their respective shrines exist. The inner