IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

Accurate calculation and measurement method for elongation of pre-

stressed strand of Bridges
To cite this article: Bing Cao et al 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 423 012093

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

This content was downloaded from IP address 182.253.250.47 on 18/08/2019 at 05:15

ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012093 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012093
1234567890‘’“”

Accurate calculation and measurement method for elongation

of pre-stressed strand of Bridges

Bing Cao1, Fei Ding1, Xiaolei Ma2, Jian Guo2, Jingnan Zhao2
(1China coal third construction (group) co. LTD., Sushou, Anhui 234000, China；
2
College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology,
Tianjin 300222,China)
[email protected]

Abstract: In the pre-stressed construction of bridge strands, tension stress is used as the control
and strand elongation is used as the calibration and the elongation of strands directly affects the
performance of the bridge structure. So, it must be very precise. In actual construction, due to
inadequate grasp of basic theory by technicians, improper measurement methods or inaccurate
selection of calculation formulas, neglecting the relationship between the actual elongation
value and the tool/job clip withdrawal amount, resulting in the deviation between the actual
measured value and the theoretical design value is beyond the standard, which is very
unfavorable to the quality of the engineering structure. This article starts with the basic science
theory, through numerical calculation and theoretical analysis, explains the work stress
compensation retracting amount of the Work anchor and tool anchor, and the compensation
stress calculation method due to the stress loss caused by the retraction. It shows the working
principle of the pre-stressed equipment, and proposes and validates accurate calculation and
measurement method of strand extension.

1. Introduction
The working principle of the pre-stressed concrete member is to rationally arrange the pr-estressed
tendons and tension the concrete structure, and to apply the pre-stressing force to the concrete in the
tension zone where the tensile strength is poor, so that the concrete in the tension zone is always under
pressure or relatively affected by the load. Small tensile stress, give full play to the characteristics of
high concrete compressive strength, so that the bearing capacity of concrete cross-section significantly
improved. At present, pre-stressed concrete is widely used in high-rise buildings, underground
buildings, Takamatsu structures, hydropower structures, offshore structures, airport runways, pressure
vessels in nuclear power plants, and large-tonnage ship terminals [1-2].It is more than 80 years old
since it was invented in the 1930s.The pre-stress can reduce or even counteract the concrete tensile
stress caused by external load, so as to delay the occurrence and expansion of concrete cracks, so that
the components can obtain higher crack resistance. Pre-stressed technology has the advantages of light
weight, simple structure, easy installation, saving materials, reliable safety, reducing the main tensile
stress and vertical shear force of concrete beams, and is widely used in the construction of highway
bridges in China [3].For example, pre-stressed construction techniques have been used in the
construction of reinforced concrete frame sections, tensioned steel bars, strands, and beam sections for
prefabrication and reinforcement [4].
When the pre-stressed tension is applied, tension stress is used as the control, and the actual
elongation of the pre-stressed strand is used as the check, which is called “double control”, and the
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012093 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012093
1234567890‘’“”

control of the elongation of the pre-stressed strand directly affects the application of the pre-stress and
the mechanical properties of the structure [5]. If the value of tensile force is too low, the
precompression stress on the concrete after various losses of the pre-stressed steel bar is too small, and
the crack resistance and stiffness of the pre-stressed concrete component cannot be effectively
improved. If the tensile force value is too high, the strands in the construction are overstretched. It is
possible that the stress of the individual steel bars during the super-tensioning process exceeds its
actual yield strength, resulting in greater plastic deformation or brittle fracture. At the same time, it
also has a great influence on the components. During the use of the super-stretched components, the
tensile force of the steel wire is greater than the design when the design load is reached, so the bearing
capacity is reduced for the components [6-7]. Therefore, the elongation of the pre-stressed strand must
be precise.
In this paper, the clip-type anchorage used in the construction of the elevated section of Hefei
Metro Line 3 is taken as an example. Combining with the precautions in actual operation, numerical
calculation and theoretical analysis of the theoretical elongation of the pre-stressed strand and the
accurate measurement at the site are done.

2. Accurate calculation of theoretical elongation of strands

2.1. The calculation of elongation

When calculating the elongation of strands, the straight-line segment and the curved segment shall be
dismantled, and the elongation of each segment shall be calculated in sections, and then cumulatively
added. The calculation formula is as follows [8].

2.1.1. The theoretical elongation can be calculated according to eq. (1):

PP L
ΔL = (1)
AP E P
where:
Pp —— average tension of pre-stressed tendons (N);
L —— length of pre-stressed tendons (mm);
Ap —— total cross-sectional area of pre-stressed tendons (mm2);
Ep —— elastic modulus of pre-stressed tendons 1.95 × 105 (N/mm2).
It can be known from eq. (1) that when the length, total sectional area and elastic modulus of
pre-stressed tendons are determined, the theoretical elongation value directly determines the average
tensile force.

2.1.2. Average tension PP (N) can be calculated according to eq. (2) [8]:
P(1 − e − (kx+ μθ ) )
PP = (2)
kx + μθ
where:
P ——tensile force of tensioned end of pre-stressed tendons (N);
x —— channel length (m);
θ——curve channel tangent angle (rad); angle θ=α×л/180;
k ——hole friction coefficient k (determination of the friction test);
Μ——coefficient of friction between the strand and the wall of the cell (determined by the friction
test);
e —— e= 2.718.
Because the pre-stressed tendons are mostly arranged in a curved line, the calculation of Pp is
usually performed in sections. For θ in equation (2), it can be seen from its symbolic interpretation that
the sum of the included angles of the tangents of the curve hole section should be equal to the
corresponding central angle of the curve. According to the geometric relationship: θ=L/R(rad), The

2
ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012093 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012093
1234567890‘’“”

middle L is the length (m) from the tensioned end to the calculated cross-sectional curve, and R is the
radius of curvature (m) of the curve in the segment.

2.1.3. Tension of tension can be calculated according to eq. (3):

Pi = Pi −1 × e − (kx + μθ ) (3)
where:
Pi —— Tension at the end of paragraph i (N);
Pi-1 ——Tension at the end of paragraph i-1 (N).
In the calculation, it is gradually calculated from the outside to the inside from the tensioning end
under the anchor. If the two ends are symmetrically stretched, then from the one end to the midpoint of
the strand, multiply the length of the segment and multiply it by 2; if it is unsymmetrical, pull the end
from the tension end to the end of the anchor. Segment calculations are then accumulated [9].

2.2. Calculation Example

The longitudinal pre-stressed B1 cable of the 30m simple beam of the station between the Dazhong
road and Xiangcheng Road on Line 3 of Hefei Subway uses the 1860-9Φs15.2 strand and the tensile
stress is 1302Mpa. As shown in Figure 1, the AB segment, CD segment, and EF segment are straight
segments, while the BC segment and DE segment are curved segments. Because it is the asymmetrical
structure of the left side anchoring the right side tension, it can only be calculated from the A side to
the F side segment by segment.

Fig 1. Schematic diagram of the 30m support beam at the intersection of the Dazhong Road Station
and Xiangcheng Road Station on Line 3 of Hefei Subway

2.2.1. According to the equation (1-3), the calculation of elongation at AB section of simply
supported beam is as follows:
PAB = 1302 MPa × 9mm 2 ×140 = 164020 N
[
P p = P AB × 1 − e − ( kx + μθ )
]/ (kx + μθ )
( )
= 1640520 N × 1 − e − (0.0025×0.7042 + 0.25×0 ) / (0.0025 × 0.7042 + 0.25 × 0 )
= 163939076 .7793 N
PL
Δ L AB = P = 163939076. 7793 N × 0.7042mm/1 40mm 2 × 9 × 195 N/mm 2 = 4.6978 mm
AP E P
According to equation (1) (2), when the tensile stress of the simple section AB is 1302 MPa, the
tensile force of the tensioned end of the pre-stressed tendon is 164020N, and the average tensile force
of the pre-stressed tendon is 163939076.7793N and the elongation of strands is 4.968 mm.

2.2.2. The elongation of BC segment:

PBC = 164020 N × e − (kx + μθ ) = 1637634.4053N
[ ]
PP = PBC × 1 − e −(kx+ μθ ) / (kx + μθ )
= 1637634.40 53 N × [ (1 - e - (0.0025×2.126 + 0.25×0.2094 )/ (0.0025 × 2.126 + 0.25 × 0.2094 )]
= 1591311.96 80 N
PL
Δ LBC = P = 1591311.96 80 N × 2.126mm/14 0mm 2 × 9 × 195 N/mm 2 = 13 .7693 mm
AP E P

3
ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012093 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012093
1234567890‘’“”

According to equation (1) (2) (3), it can be known that the tensile force of the tensioned end of the
pre-stressed tendon of the simply supported beam BC is 1637634.4053 N, the average tensile force of
the pre-stressed tendon is 1591311.9680 N, and the elongation is 13.7693 mm.

2.2.3. The elongation of CD segment:

PCD = 1637634 .4053 N × e − (kx + μθ ) = 1545871.40 07 N
[ ]
PP = PCD × 1 − e −(kx+ μθ ) / (kx + μθ )
= 1545871.40 07 N × [ (1 - e - (0.0025 ×17.382 + 0.25 ×0 ) / ( 0.0025 × 17.382 + 0.25 × 0 )]
= 1512764.76 1 N
PL
Δ LCD = P = 1512764.76 1 N × 17.382mm/1 40mm 2 × 9 × 195 N/mm 2 = 107 .02 mm
AP E P
According to equation (1) (2) (3), it can be known that the tensile force of the tensioned end of the
pre-stressed tendon of the simply supported beam CD is 1545871.4007 N, the average tensile force of
the pre-stressed tendon is 1512764.761 N, and the elongation is 107.02 mm.

2.2.4. The same calculation method as above, the elongation of the other two sections can be
calculated.
ΔLDE = 5.2143mm, ΔLEF = 9.9mm
The total theoretical elongation of the longitudinal pre-stressed B1 cable of the 30m simple beam
of the intersection between the DAzhong station and Xiangcheng station on Line 3 of Hefei Subway
can be calculated by summing up the elongation of each segment.

3. Accurate Measurement Method of Strand elongation

3.1. The concept and principle of several elongations and retractions

Before explaining the measurement of elongation, it is necessary to explain the concept and principle
of several elongations and retractions, and to express the characteristics of the internal structure of
pre-stresses for illustration.

Fig 2. Pre-stressed internal structural features

3.1.1. Work length elongation

In the construction of strand tensioning, the post-clip type piercing type jack is often used. The
working length of the strand in the jack is generally about 70cm. The working length refers to the
distance from the center of the tool anchor to the center of the working anchor plate, the length of the
work is the sum of the length of the jack and the thickness of the anchor.

3.1.2. Working anchorage strand retraction

The construction of strand tensioning is mainly using YCW hydraulic jacks. The contact point between

4
ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012093 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012093
1234567890‘’“”

the jack and the working anchor is provided with a limiting plate that restricts the displacement of the
working anchor clip during the tensioning process. When the strand is pulled, the working anchor clips
move backwards following the strand tension and reach the bottom of the groove of the limiting plate,
unrestraining the strand. When the strand is stretched to the design tensile force, the strand elastically
shrinks when the jack is returned to the oil, and the working anchor clips follow the strand to displace
in the anchor ring hole, which will cause the strand tension to be reduced. Reduction and
compensation methods will be described later. After the tension is removed, remove the jack and
measure the exposed length C2 of the work anchor clip at the working anchor. Normally, at least three
points are taken to obtain the average value. The depth of the groove of the jack limit plate is known as
C1, then the work anchor retraction ca be calculated according to C=C1-C2 [10-11].
Work anchor retraction not only affects the amount of elongation, but also affects the tensile stress.
Generally, this value is selected by an empirical value after the process test and involved in the
calculation of the actual measured elongation.

3.1.3. Tool anchor strand retraction

Tool anchor clips will be hammered by the operator before tension, when the tension is stretched to
10% (tension stress under the anchor), clips will slide inwards due to strand stress. When it is stretched
to 20%, the clip will continue to slide inward, so that the 10%-20% elongation obtained by measuring
the extension of the jack cylinder is 1-2mm longer than the actual elongation of the strand. If the
elongation of 10%-20% σk is taken as the elongation of 0%- 10% σk , if the elongation of 10% to
20% is taken as the elongation of 0% to 10%, the elongation of the strand will have an error of 2 to 3
mm in the tension control section of 0%-20% σk . From 20% σk to 100% σk , the clip of the strand
has a slip of 2-3mm, and the elongation of the single-ended strand has an error of 3 to 4mm according
to the minimum sliding amount. There is a total of about 6 to 8 mm of error when both sides are
simultaneously pulled (the magnitude of the error depends on the degree of tightening of the tool
anchor clip).
Measurement of the anchor retraction of tool anchor: When the tensile force of the jack reaches the
initial tensile force of the strand (10% to 15% of the control stress), the loose pre-stressed strand has
been pulled tight. At this time, the jack should be fully fixed, the length B1 is accurately measured
from the exposed end of the jack tool anchor plate to the exposed end of the strand. When the jack
tensile force reaches the design tension of the strand pretensioning tension, measure the length B2
from the exposed end face of the anchor anchor cup of the jack tool to the exposed strand end of the
strand, and retract the tool anchor B=B1- B2 [10]. Usually at least three measurement values are
averaged.

3.2. Precise measurement of elongation

3.2.1. Direct method

The method of directly measuring the elongation of strands is referred to as "direct method" (Figure 3),
that is, marks are made on the strand on the outside of the tool anchor and used as a benchmark for
measurement. One advantage of using this method is that the length of the graded strands is measured
using several strokes. The cumulative result is the measured elongation between the initial and final
stresses values. The disadvantage is that it is inconvenient to measure, and when the strand is
subjected to force, the tip has a divergence phenomenon, which affects the elongation of the strand.

5
ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012093 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012093
1234567890‘’“”

Fig 3. Direct measurement of strand elongation

Using "direct method" to measure the elongation of strands:
LR = [(L100% − L10% ) + (L20% − L10% )] − ΔLD − ΔLA (4)
where:
L ——the actual elongation of the strand;
L20%—— the sum of the strokes of the jack pistons at both ends of the beam when the tensile stress
is 20% σ 0 ;
L100%——the sum of the strokes of the jack pistons at both ends of the beam when the tensile stress
is 100% σ 0 ( the initial tensile stress).

3.2.2. Travel method

The measuring method for the elongation of the jack piston is abbreviated as “travel method”, as
shown in Fig 4 . When the strand begins to stretch to the initial stress (usually 10% of the tensile
control stress), the elongation Δ L1 of the jack piston is measured, and when the strand stretched to the
controlled tensile stress, the elongation Δ L 2 is measured again. The elongation is ΔL2 − ΔL1 , when
control stress is 10% to 100%.
The elongation of the piston is not the elongation of the strand. Even if the compression of the
anchors is ignored, the clip on the tool anchor still moves inward with respect to the anchor plate along
with the strand when the tension is increased from 10% to 100%.

Fig 4. Travel method measures the elongation of the jack piston

Assume that there is no relative slippage between the strand and the clip. When the strand exerts
initial stress, the anchor plate has a positive pressure N and friction resistance F with the clip,
where F = μΝ (μ is the friction coefficient), this is an equilibrium condition. Then the calculation
formula of tension T is T = Ν sin α + F cos α = Ν (sin α + μ cos α ) . When both the angle α and the
friction coefficient μ are constant, increasing the pulling force T, N must increase. Therefore, the
strand must move with the clip along the T direction to achieve a new balance. So, measuring the
piston stroke should be corrected.
When measuring the elongation of strands using the "travel method":
[( ) ( )]
LR = L100% − L + L20% − L10% − ΔLD − ΔLA (5)
where:
ΔLR ——the actual elongation of strands;

6
ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012093 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012093
1234567890‘’“”

L20% ——the sum of the piston strokes at the both ends of the beam when the tensile stress is 20%;
L100% ——the sum of the piston strokes at both ends of the beam when the tensile stress is 100%;
L10% —— the sum of the jack piston stroke at both ends of the beam when tensile stress is 10%
(that is, the initial tensile stress, the recommended specification is 10% -25%);
ΔLD ——unimpeded elongation of strands in the jacks at both ends of the beam (take theoretical
calculation value);
ΔLA ——the amount of anchorage compression and strand retraction at both ends of the beam (take
the actual value of the process test).

3.2.3. Deviation rate of elongation of strand

When the pre-stress is pulled by the stress control method, it should be checked with the elongation
value. The difference between the actual elongation and the theoretical elongation should be controlled
( )
within ±6%, that is ΔLR − ΔLT / ΔLT ≤ 6% [12].

3.3. Calculation of elongation when tensions are divided

In actual operation, it often happens that the maximum stroke of the jack cylinder does not reach the
elongation of the strand, so that the maximum tension is not completed. In this case, the distance of
each jack piston stroke should be recorded. The elongation of each tension is first calculated, and then
which is added. However, when calculating the tensile elongation of each time, it includes an
elongation of the working length of the strand in the tensioning jack corresponding to the tensile force
of the tensioning stage. Therefore, the elongation of the working length in the tension jack at all levels
should be subtracted from the measured elongation obtained by adding the tension elongation for each
time.

4. Calculation of compensation stress of anchor compression and strand retraction

4.1. Introduction to working principles of clip-on anchors

Anchorage has self-anchorage performance. First of all, the part system of the jack is equipped with a
limiting plate, there is a gap between the limiting plate and the anchoring ring, which is generally
about 6mm [13]. Therefore, during the tensioning process, the clip can only recede 6 mm, it will be
blocked by the limit plate. When the tension is pulled to the specified stress, the electric oil pump is
returned to zero after the load is held for 2 minutes. When the anchoring operation is performed, due
to the loss of tensile force, the originally stretched strand immediately retracts and drives the clip and
drags the clip into the anchor hole. Because of the conical fit of the clip and the anchor ring, the strand
is retracted and tightened by the clip pulled into the anchor until it can no longer be retracted. At this
time, it has been anchored.

4.2. Calculation of controlling tension of retraction of compensation work anchor

According to the analysis of the retracting process of the anchor clips, the working anchors have an
influence on tensile elongation and tensile force.

4.2.1. The influence value for the tensile force can be calculated according to eq. (6):
ΔP = P × ΔLA / ΔLT (6)
where:
ΔLT ——theoretical elongation;
P——control tension for design;
ΔLA ——retraction of anchor strand at both ends of beam.

7
ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012093 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012093
1234567890‘’“”

4.2.2. The value of work anchor retraction

The value of ΔLT should be considered in two stages. In the pre-stressed construction of strand,
tension testing must be carried out to ensure quality. Tensile process tests usually take one component
or 2 to 3 tensions [10]. Large-area construction is carried out after completion of tensile test. In the
tensile process test stage, due to the performance of the batch anchorage do not understand, the
retraction of anchor strand at both ends of beam can only be estimated according to eq. (7):
ΔLA = C 1 × 0.65 × a × 2 (7)
where:
C1——limit plate groove depth, generally take 6mm;
a—— coefficient related to strand diameter, φ j = 15.24mm taking 1.0; φ j = 12.7 mm taking
1.2.
After the tension test is completed, the tension compensation is calculated according to eq. (8)
σ C = σ con + ΔLA × E P / L (8)
where:
L——the theoretical length of strand.

4.2.3. Compensation for super tension control procedures

When the two ends are pulled, one end should be anchored first, and then the other end should be
anchored after compensating the tensile force. Because when the A-end is anchored, due to the
retraction of the work anchor clips, the hydraulic pressure at the B-end is reduced and the tensile force
is reduced, which does not meet the requirements of design. Therefore, it should be anchored after the
B-side added tension [10]. In the same way, when the B-side compensatory tensile anchorage is
applied, the tensile force loss will still occur due to the retraction of the working anchor clip. To ensure
that the design control tensile force meets the requirements, the modified design control tensile force
(that is the design control tensile force plus the supplemental tensile force) PK should be calculated
according to the equation (8), which can not be confused with the super tension, this value belongs to
the compensation for the loss of pre-stress generated by the work anchor when the pre-stressed is
pulled.

4.2.4. Precautions for on-site operation

In the actual operation of the project, the stroke volume of the jack is generally recorded at 10% σ con
(initial tensile stress), 20% σ con , 100% σ con , 103 σ con % (compensate for the super-tension). At the
same time, the retract stroke volume of the jack is recorded.
Specific description: ① The retract stroke volume of the jack is the sum of ΔLA and ΔLT ;②
When using a compensatory over-expansion, the work anchor retraction is offset. When using the
100% σ con stroke amount calculation, the work length elongation should be subtracted. When using
the 103% stroke amount calculation, the work length elongation and work anchorage retraction should
be subtracted. Therefore, it is usually calculated with a stroke amount of 103% σ con in actual project.

5. Conclusion
Pre-stressed tension is the key process to ensure the structural quality of bridge strand pre-stressed
construction engineering. This paper takes the clip-type anchorage used in the elevated section bridge
construction on Line 3 of HeFei Subway as an example, and combines with the practical precautions,
the theoretical elongation of the pre-stressed strand and accurate measurement of the scene were done
a numerical calculation and theoretical analysis from the three aspects of the theoretical elongation of
the strand, the elongation of the strand, and the calculation of the compensation stress of the anchor
compression and strand retraction.

8
ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012093 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012093
1234567890‘’“”

Combining with the actual engineering construction conditions, the theoretically calculated
numerical value of this paper is highly compatible with the actual construction measurement.
Therefore, the theoretical calculation method proposed in this paper is feasible, and it can be used for
the preliminary theoretical analysis and simulation of actual construction.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by China coal third construction
(group) co. LTD.. The authors also would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support
provided by Tianjin Municipal Education Commission, China under the Grant2017KJ020.

References:
[1] Quo qiang. Analysis of Pre-stressed Concrete Components [J]. Architectural Engineering
Technology and Besign, 2017, (5):891.
[2] Xu Jianhong. Analysis of the basic principle of pre-stressed concrete structure [J]. Sci-Tech
Information Development & Economy, 2003(10):194-195+198.
[3] Chen Yunwei. Application and Development of Pre-stressed Concrete Technology in China [J].
Architectural Design Management, 2011, (7):71-72, 80.
[4] Lu Tingchao. Application of Pre-stressing Technology in Highway Bridge Construction [J].
Science & Technology Innovation and Application, 2012(01):132.
[5] Xiao Yong. The "Double Control" Technology of Pre-stressed Construction and Its Application [J].
Engineering & Construction, 2010, (4):548-550.
[6] Li Huimin. The influence of excessively high or low tensile stress on the structural properties of
concrete precast elements. Concrete, 1999, (6); 49-50.
[7] ZHANG Yuxu. Analysis of Influencing Factors on Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Pre-stressed
Concrete Members [J]. Shanxi Architecture, 2012, 38(05):49-51.
[8] Liu Xing, Yin Lili. Discussion on Calculation of Tensile Longitudinal Value of Post-tensioned
Pre-stressed Strand [J]. Building Materials & Decoration, 2013, (15):289-290.
[9] He Leining. Calculation of Theoretical Elongation of Symmetric and Asymmetric Steel Strands in
Pre-stressed Curves [J]. Shandong Industry Science and Technology, 2015(14):203-204.
[10] Wang Jinghua. Discussion on the measuring method of tensile strength of pre-stressed steel
strands [J]. Journal of Railway Engineering Society, 2008, (5):46-48, 58.
[11] Jing Ming. Precise calculation of elongation of pre-stressed tendons and measurement [J].
Sichuan Architecture, 2013, (3): 172-173,175.
[12] Technical Specifications for Construction of Highway Bridges and Culverts. JTG/T F50-2011
[13] Li Sheling. Application of Accurate Measurement and Calculation of Steel Strand Extension in
Steel Strand Tension [J].The Study of Urban Construction Theory, 2011, (4).