United Nations Millennium Development including their evolution and

Goals and United Nations Sustainable contemporary variation

Development Goals  Linguistic Anthropology - study of
communication, mainly (but not
exclusively) among humans
 Archaeology - study of past human
cultures through their material
remains

 Applied Anthropology
 Anthropology put to use
 Application of anthropological
knowledge to help solve social
problems or to shape policy goals
Understanding the Concepts of  Applied anthropology is not a
Anthropology, Sociology and Political separate field of Anthropology.
Science However, application should be a
 Concepts of Anthropology valued part of every field of
 Concepts of Political Science Anthropology
 Concepts of Sociology

Anthropology Sociology
 The study of humanity, the study of  Concepts of Sociology
humankind  Sociology (Latin: socius,
 The study of humanity, including "companion"; -ology, "the study
our prehistoric origins and of", Greek λόγος, lógos,
contemporary human diversity "knowledge") is the study of human
 The study of humankind in all times societies. Combining the two words
and all places will mean the study of associates or
companions.
 Concepts of Anthropology  Sociology was coined by August
Goals of Anthropology Comte (1798-1857), who was
 Discover what makes people regarded as the “father of
different from one another in order Sociology.”
to understand and preserve diversity  A science which studies human
 Discover what all people have in civilization
common  A systematic study of groups and
 Look at one’s own culture more societies that people build and how
objectively, like an outsider; make these affect their behavior
the strange familiar and the familiar  It focuses on various social
strange connections, institutions,
 Produce new knowledge and new organizations, structures and
theories about humankind and processes
human behavior  It gathers social inputs which are
composed of frequent forms and
 Four Fields of Anthropology manners: attitude, viewpoints,
 Cultural Anthropology - study of consolidated values and norms of
living people and their cultures, social institutions which form part
including variation and change of social array
 Biological anthropology - study of *The scientific study of Sociology
humans as biological organisms, enables us to:
  Obtain possible theories and problems, political instability,
principles about society as well as unemployment and
various aspects of social life underemployment, child and
 Critically study the nature of women’s issue
humanity which also leads to
examining our roles within the Political science
society  Concepts of Political Science
 Appreciate that all things (in  Deals with the study of government
society) are interdependent with and political processes, institutions,
each other and behaviors
 Broaden our familiarity on  A study of the complex behavior of
sociological facts which are various political actors
acquired through empirical process  Systematic study of political and
 Expose our minds to the different government institutions and
perspectives on attaining the truth processes
 Administer justice
 Concepts of Sociology  Promote physical, economic, social,
 Social organization – includes the and cultural well-being of the
study of social institutions, social people
inequality, social mobility, religious  Preserve the internal and external
groups and bureaucracy autonomy of the state
 Social psychology – focuses on the  Administer foreign and diplomatic
study of human nature and its relations
emphasis on social processes as  Politics
they affect individual or responses - Originated from the Greek word,
 Applied Psychology – concerned Polis which means city or state
with the specific intent of yielding - The art and science of governing
practical applications for human city/state
behavior and organization. Also, - The social process or strategy in
aims to assist in resolving social any position of control which
problems people gain, use or lose power.
 Population Studies – this area  State is defined as a community of
includes size, growth, demographic persons more or less numerous,
characteristics, composition, permanently occupying a definite
migration, changes, and equality vis portion of territory , having a
a vis (in relation to )economic, government of their own to which
political, and social systems the great body of inhabitants render
 Human Ecology – pertains to the obedience, and enjoying freedom
study of the effects of various social from external control. Like any
organizations (religious, political other political institutions, it is a
and a like ) to the population’s creation of men for their common
behavior interest.
 Sociological Theory and Research –  Nation is defined as a large
focuses on the discovery of aggregate of people united by
theoretical tools, methods and common descent, history, culture,
techniques to scientifically explain or language, inhabiting a particular
a sociological issue country or territory.
 Social Change – studies the factor  Government is defined is the
that cause social organization and working agency of the state. It is
social disorganization like calamity, the political organization of the
drug abuse, drastic and gradual state. Government is defined as the
social change, health and welfare
 agency through which the force of 1. Istambay
the state is formulated. 2. Lagay
3. Political dynasty
4. Food taboos
UCSP: Some Key Observations 5. Same-sex partnership
 Conceptual tools 6. Use of a go-between/padrino
 Culture
 Society  Values as behavior motivators
 Politics  Values have major influence on a
person’s behavior and attitude,
 Concept they serve as guidelines on
 Are created and have been used to behavior.
have firm grip of phenomenon.  They are the criteria people use in
 Are initially invented as icons to assessing their daily lives,
capture (or represent) phenomena arranging their priorities, and
and in the process assist their choosing between alternative
users/inventors “to describe” facets courses of action.
of social experience in relation to  Values are a person’s or a
the phenomena concerned. collectivity’s principles or
 Allow the discovery of new standards of behavior and are
concepts, or relate concepts to each considered as judgment of what is
other, or even deconstruct old ones important in life.
and replace them with something  They are important and lasting
new. beliefs or ideals shared by the
 Can be conceived more as a members of a culture about what is
‘means’ rather as an ‘end’. good or bad and desirable or
*phenomenon- a rare or significant fact or undesirable.
event (m-w.com)
 Beliefs as behavior motivators
 Social Agents And Actors  BELIEF is something one accepts
 The way we are being steered to as true or real.
live our lives– presupposes  It takes the form of firmly held
omnipotent forces shaping the very opinion or conviction, or
fabric of our existence. regardless of the lack of verifiable
 Our categories/labels as evidence.
male/female, rich/poor, or  May be based on tradition, faith,
tall/short, and even the problematic experience, scientific research, or
effect of the color of our skin are some combination of these.
evidences of the operation of these
social forces.  Examples of social, cultural and
 Our society read our worth and political change
socially construct categories we Which of these scenarios are new,
possess. emerging and familiar?
 Selfieing
 Social Realities: Behavior and  Transnational families
phenomenon  Youth volunteerism
 Doing, behaving and making  Video gaming
things differently.
 Why do we do such a thing?
 What makes it normal and
acceptable and unacceptable to
some people in some places?
 Anthropological and Sociological values, religious belief and the
Perspectives on Culture and Society utilization of things.
 Concepts of Society and Culture Example: Pork is prohibited in the Muslim diet.
 Aspects of Culture
 Orientations in Viewing Other  Anthropological Functionalism –
Cultures cultural elements and practices are
interrelated and interdependent and
 Anthropology and Sociology persist because they have a
 Anthropology is defined as the purpose.
origin, development, and nature of Example: Filipinos’ actions are influenced by
human species (humankind, their religion.
humanity) while Sociology is
defined as the scientific study of  Sociological Perspective
social groups (companionship)  Sociological Functionalism –
views society as an organized
 Anthropological Perspectives network cooperating groups
 Unilineal Evolutionism – states operating orderly to generally
that new cultural forms emerge accepted norms.
from the past the pass through Example: To produce more productive
similar stages of development graduates in the community, the
Example: from Animism to Monotheism government must pour money into
i.e. Roman Catholic or Islam education.

 Cultural Diffusionism – asserts  Sociological Conflict Perspective

that culture originates from one – sees the social environment is a
more culture centers which are continuous struggle which is in
results of borrowed elements to the contrast with functionalism
new culture. Example: Rich vs. Poor
Example: from Animism to Monotheism
i.e. Roman Catholic or Islam  Evolutionism – explains how
human groups came to exist, grow,
 Historical Particularism- and develop.
believes that each group of people Example: Before, people use telephone to
has its own unique culture which is communicate with one another, now
influenced by its history, with the advancement of technology,
geography, and environment. many of us use cell phones as a
Example: Filipino people are influenced by means of communication.
superstitious beliefs, which
originate from their ancestors.  Symbolic Interactionism – deals
with patterns of behavior in large
 Anthropological Structuralism - units of society such as
conveys that cultural phenomena organization, communities, etc
and practices have a relationship to Example: Why does an individual in the
one another by which human community avoid eye contact when
organize and structure their talking to a stranger?
experiences.
Example: Father and Son  Context Analysis
Husband and Wife Anthropological Sociological
Perspectives Perspectives
 Cultural Materialism – on the Unilineal
other hand, considers the idea that Evolutionism Evolutionism
Cultural Conflict
culture is influenced by
Diffusionism
technology, resources, economic
 Historical  What are the aspects of Culture?
Particularism Aspect here is defined as a particular part or
Cultural Symbolic feature of culture which has the following
Materialism Interactionism characteristics:
Anthropological  dynamic, flexible, & adaptive,
Structuralism Functionalism  shared & contested through time,
Anthropological  learned through socialization or
Functionalism Society and Culture enculturation
 patterned social interactions, and
 Society and Culture  integrated and at times unstable.
 SOCIETY is derived from the
Latin word “societas” or  Aspects of Culture
“socious” which means  Artifacts - Objects made by
companion or associate. human beings either hand-made or
 Thus, SOCIETY refers to all mass-produced
people, collectively regarded as  Arts and Recreation - Arts,
constituting a community of Music, Drama and Literatures,
related, interdependent individuals Games and Sports, and Use of
living in a particular place, Leisure Time
following a certain mode of life  Clothes - The people usually wear
 It refers to a population of people in the community
that is organized in a cooperative  Customs and Traditions - The
manner. things we do. Passed through
 It is a population that occupies the centuries, generation and time by
same territory. our common ancestors
 Food - The staple food that the
 CULTURE is a complex whole people in the community often eat.
which encompasses beliefs,  Government - The one that
practices, values, attitudes, laws, implement rules, keep peace and
norms, artifacts, symbols, order, and address conflicts in the
knowledge, and everything that a community
person learns and shares as a  Knowledge - The psychological
member of society result of perception, learning, and
 The individual’s taste, inclination, reasoning
and interest in the “fine arts”  Language - The mental faculty or
 Being civilized power of vocal communication
 A complex whole  Religion - A strong belief in a
supernatural power that control
 Perspectives on Society human destiny
 Anthropological Perspective  Shelter - A structure that provides
- A group of people sharing a privacy and protection from danger
common culture  Tools - Objects used to improve
 Sociological Perspective the performance of a task
- An association organized by  Values - The morals that we live
men by.
 Anthropological Perspective
- A unique character of every
human society
 Sociological Perspective
- The imprint made by group of
people
 Yes, they are smarter than us.
No, we are smarter than them.
We cannot compare our level of thinking to
theirs.

 Superiority and Inferiority

 Ethnocentrism - is the tendency
to judge other cultures by one’s
own standards. Refers to the
tendency to view one's own
culture as the norm. There is a
tendency to assume one's culture
is superior to others.
 Xenocentrism – the extreme
likeness for things which are
foreign. It is the belief that what
is foreign is best in terms of one’s
lifestyle, products or ideas.
 Cultural relativism - is the
recognition that one culture
cannot be arbitrarily judged by the
standards of another. Every
culture must be "judged" by its
own cultural in criteria because
standard of right and wrong and
good and bad are relative to the
cultural context within which they
appear.

 Conclusion
 Cultural Relativism
- A cultural relativist would say that
Japanese think they are the smartest
people because that’s their standpoint.
 Ethnocentrism and Xenocentrism
- Filipinos are outstanding workers all
around the world.
- Philippines is only a Third World
country.

Cultural Relativism Superior

Ethnocentrism Inferior
Xenocentrism Context