5G radio access networks: the way forward

Boost your network’s performance

C-RAN New 5G technical requirements
CPE Macro CPRI and eCPRI
Centralized radio access networks (C-RAN) started with 4G and is expected to become prevalent in 5G. The migration
towards C-RAN aims to take full advantage of the fiber-optic infrastructure and the CPRI protocol. This type of centralized
architecture brings many advantages to mobile network operators, including:
Reliability/reactive Mobile broadband Massive IoT cell sites Link validation - RRH/RU Testing
- CAPEX and OPEX savings through simplified antenna sites URLLC eMBB mMTC Objectives (deployment and troubleshooting)
- flexible operations - Validate CPRI transport link
- network scalability <1 ms 1.4x 20 Gbit/s 100 Mbit/s 1000x 100x WiFi
- Validate RRH operation
- future-proof networks in preparation for 5G Ultra-low latency Mobility Download Throughput Connection density Network energy AP
- Identify source of RF interference
[500 km/h] [106 devices/km2] efficiency
The requirements of 4G LTE and 5G will have an impact on the fronthaul and backhaul—and will require improved Throughput, capacity, coverage - Complete FTTA infrastructure validation
coordination of radio resources. In anticipation of the massive 5G deployment slated for 2020, there is growing pressure IoT - Validate antenna and coax cable system using VSWR and RSSI levels
on mobile operators to adopt a centralized-RAN architecture, which will evolve to a virtualized RAN architecture - Validate RF transmission using over-the-air spectrum analyzer
(or Cloud-RAN) in order to reap all the benefits of new 5G concepts.
This can be achieved through: Ultra HD Distributed Benefits
New spectrum bands & Centralization and RAN Network slicing Ultra-low latency < 1 ms antenna Eliminate unnecessary tower climbs by testing RRH health from the bottom of the tower via BBU
emulation
new radio antennas functional split (E2E virtualization) 99.9999% reliability
systems
RF spectrum analysis over CPRI
Fixed (DAS) Objectives (deployment and troubleshooting)

CPRI wireless - Access RF signals at the BBU location either at the bottom of the tower or at the C-RAN hub via
Requiring highly reliable RAN (5G-NR) based on Cloud-RAN Access unit the CPRI link
access CPE Uplink
- Analyze the standard RF metrics such as DTF, VSWR and RF power
- Validate CPRI RF spectrum by accessing the digital uplink , where the CPRI protocol carries the
The Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) is the mainstream communication protocol in current RF signal in a digital format (IQ data)
fronthaul networks that transports the digital RF signal on the optical link between the BBU and the Downlink
- Identify and troubleshoot RF signal quality in cell sites
RRH. The BBUs main function is to convert the IP/Ethernet data coming from the mobile backhaul
into digitalized radio frequency signals (I-Q data). Today, CPRI rates are designed to support up to IP/MPLS
Benefits
24.3 Gbit/s of RF data capacity. CPRI operates at data rates from 614 Mbit/s at the low end to more network
5G-NR new functional split options
than 10 Gbit/s at the high end but only up to 600 Mbit/s are available for customers. The delta - Fast diagnosis of issues such as external RF interference, internal and external PIM
between the link rate and the customer speed is due to heavy processing in the CPRI protocol (i.e.,
the conversion from digital to analog RF).
In-building - Quickly eliminate RF interference sources
- Simplify and speed up cell site deployment

The main features of CPRI include a User Plane that transports the IQ data, a Control & Management Plane that provides LTE/C-RAN
DAS - Reduce maintenance and troubleshooting expenses by eliminating unnecessary truck rolls and
tower climbs
control signaling to and from the RRH, and a Synchronization Plane that transfers synchronization and timing information - Optimize network reliability and service quality at fiber-based cell sites
between nodes. Radio CPRI
RRH BBU
RF Digital RF L1 - L2 - L3
eC
PR
I
Fiber
5G-NR Fiber inspection
Ethernet Objectives (deployment and troubleshooting)

Ethernet
RRH RF aul
Inspect and clean:

802.1CM c kh - Active equipment (BBU and RRH)

RU
eCPRI
DU CU Ba - CPRI panel
- Junction box

Source: Netmanias 5G - Test jumper

RF - L1 low L1 high - L2 low L2 high - L3 BBU - Cable connectors
function - MUX/DEMUX
CPRI line
bit rate option
CPRI bit rate
Line
coding
Protocol version
(scrambling) layers
Optical
Benefits
1 614.4 Mbit/s distribution - Assess connector quality which is an essential step during fiber commissioning and installation
2 1228.8 Mbit/s
Version 1: No scrambling network P RI - Ensure a problem-free network by avoiding issues that stem from dirty or bad connectors
3 2457.6 Mbit/s
ulC - Maintain connector certification records which can be important for future reference
eNB/gNB functional split tha
4 3072.0 Mbit/s 8b/10b n Fiber characterization (OTDR)
5 4915.2 Mbit/s Version 1: No scrambling 1 2 3 Fro
Version 2: Scrambling 1 CPRI Objectives (deployment and troubleshooting)
6 6144.0 Mbit/s
Centralized
Packet data
7 9830.4 Mbit/s Scrambling recommended PDCP PDCP PDCP PDCP PDCP convergence Validate:
2 New split option 7 (eCPRI)
protocol - Total fiber length
7A 8110.08 Mbit/s RLC RLC RLC RLC
3 New split option 2 radio access - Total link loss (attenuation)
BBU

8 10137.6 Mbit/s MAC MAC MAC MAC High

9 12165.12 Mbit/s
64b/66b Version 2: Scrambling network (C-RAN) - ORL: the ratio of the forward optical power to the reflected optical power
- Splice loss: loss of optical power at a (fusion) splice point
PHY PHY High RLC Radio link control
- Connector loss: the loss of light at a mated pair of connectors
10 24330.24 Mbit/s Low
MAC MAC Media access control - Connector reflection: the percentage of power reflected back from a mated pair of connectors
Low
PHY PHY PHY PHY Physical layer Benefits
RRH

RF RF RF RF RF Radio frequency - Ensure proper transmission by controlling the power loss in the network against the link loss
budget specifications from the network design requirements
eCPRI services - Complete fiber characterization to identify issues on the fronthaul fiber

eCPRI User
data
Real-time
control
Other
eCPRI
services
C&M Synchronization Connection
OAM Function split impact Dispersion testing
Objectives (deployment and troubleshooting)
As the industry migrates to LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G, eCPRI protocol layer
e.g.
PTP SyncE Connection CPRI Split PHY MAC-PHY Split MAC PDCP-RLC
SNMP - Ensure that the fiber chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) are
requirements including latency, power loss and CPRI bit error below the link dispersion thresholds
Data rate 2500 Mbit/s 1075 Mbit/s 152 Mbit/s 151 Mbit/s 151 Mbit/s
rate will become concerns, given the need for faster fronthaul
and backhaul speeds. Fronthaul networks will be required to UDP
UDP, TCP
SCTP, etc.
UDP Small cells - Choose the proper dispersion compensation modules for 10G signals

support speeds of up to 25 Gbit/s, 50 Gbit/s, even 100 Gbit/s Latency < 0.25 ms 0.25–2 ms 2 ms 6 ms 30 ms Benefits
with the higher traffic loads and more demanding services. IP
ICMP - Ensure that there will be transmission on the link
New specifications such as Enhanced CPRI (eCPRI) are being IPsec Impact on CoMP gain 0% –5% –15% –25% –55%
released to support new 5G services and massive MIMO - Avoid optical pulse overlap and errors in transmission
deployments. This new fronthaul packet-based protocol Technology WDM-PON WDM-PON EAD, FTTP? EAD, FTTP, Gfast? EAD, FTTP, Gfast
is dedicated to transporting radio data over Ethernet or IP
Ethernet MAC VLAN (priority tag) MACsec
Optical spectrum analyzer
Fiber
Ethernet
OAM
networks between the DU and the RU in 5G networks. Ethernet PHY Source: British Telecom Objectives (deployment and troubleshooting)
- Validate signal wavelength
- Validate signal power
- Check that signal power is higher than the receiver sensitivity

Benefits

EXFO’s fronthaul and backhaul network test solutions - Ensure that there will be transmission on the link
- Eliminate BER on the link

Ethernet
Fixed wireless access and backhaul testing
Backhaul/packet-based fronthaul
WiFi testing
Objectives (deployment and troubleshooting)
- Test and validate transmission performance of backhaul links to ensure that BER, throughput,
FIP-400B Series iOLM FTB-1 Pro dual carrier platform OpticalRF Tektronix RSA306B FTB-5235 FTB-5700 SkyRAN EX1 latency, jitter and frame loss rates are met
Fiber inspection probe
Intelligent optical link mapper/OTDR Ultra-portable multiservice test solution RF spectrum analyzer over CPRI Over-the-air spectrum analyzer Optical spectrum analyzer Dispersion tester Fronthaul remote access and Gigabit and WiFi test solution - Troubleshoot issues by segmenting the investigation and identifying the root cause from the
These intelligent fiber inspection probes (USB or backhaul perspective
This innovative OTDR-based application uses The FTB-1 Pro handheld test platform delivers OpticalRF provides the industry’s most powerful This portable, USB-powered device delivers real-time The FTB-5235 entry-level optical spectrum analyzer The powerful FTB-5700 is the industry’s only monitoring solution EX1 is the industry’s first pocket-sized, app-enabled
wireless) perform automated pass/fail connector - Full line rate gigabit capability for wired electrical RJ45 interface, optical SFP and WiFi, providing
endface analysis against standards (IEC, IPC or multipulse acquisitions and advanced algorithms unmatched operational efficiency and is truly the real-time high-resolution RF spectrum analysis over spectrum analysis, streaming capture and deep is an easy-to-use instrument perfectly tailored for single-ended dispersion tester that accurately This future-proof, scalable solution provides real- gigabit & WiFi test solution designed to qualify latency and download and upload measurements
custom). They offer a fast and easy one-step to deliver information on every element in the link only all-in-one intelligent test solution that combines CPRI. Integrated into EXFO’s intelligent fronthaul signal analysis capabilities for signals from 9 kHz C-RAN analysis, thanks to its support of DWDM measures chromatic dispersion and polarization time, on-demand testing and 24/7 monitoring of broadband connections delivered to both residential
by providing a one-touch, automatic analysis and connector endface inspection, fiber characterization portable test solution, the FTB-1 Pro, as well as its to 6.2 GHz. Combined with OpticalRF, it performs and CWDM technology. This compact, easy-to- mode dispersion (PMD) from a single measurement and business Ethernet customers. The EX1 validates - Validate residential network performance from the wired to the wireless connection
process to detect, center, focus, capture, analyze the radio frequency (RF) spectrum and optical fiber
clear link view display. iOLM minimizes training and testing, CPRI link validation up to option 8, 10/25G remote testing and monitoring solution, SkyRAN, over-the-air RF interference hunting to validate use optical spectrum analyzer addresses various location. It significantly reduces OPEX when networks. It features OpticalRF—the industry’s best the delivery of full line rate Gigabit Ethernet speeds
and save results automatically, while removing
avoids misconfiguration via automatic parameter eCPRI, BBU emulation, RF spectrum analysis over OpticalRF quickly and easily identifies external RF carrier frequency, track down interference sources applications with a single product, and provides compared with other products that require the use using Speedtest® by Ookla™ to provide latency and Benefits
any risk of false positives or misinterpretation of real-time, high-resolution RF interference analysis
results. The wireless solution uses a smart device, settings and clear go/no-go results, turning complex CPRI, over-the-air interference hunting and up to 10G interference and internal and external PIM issues, and maintain high-quality service levels. With BBU accurate channel power and channel wavelength of devices at two locations. solution over CPRI as well as the patented OTDR/ download and upload measurements, as well as - Fast and efficient deployment of the backhaul network with easy validation of optical power
eliminating the need to carry a platform to the OTDR information into simple and accurate analysis Ethernet and SONET service validation. This solution providing cell techs with the speed, granularity and emulation, it monitors and measures RF signal measurements. iOLM and Link-Aware technology. complete WiFi testing with channel stats analysis. budgets and KPIs at the installation phase
top of the tower, and the LED indicator quickly via Link-Aware™ technology. It also provides the integrates all the testing functionalities required clarity to get the job done right, the first time. quality and verifies BBU signal performance to - Lower OPEX by dispatching the right teams to quickly resolve network issues in the backhaul
communicates results for screenless, single- ability to test two fibers simultaneously with the to effectively activate, validate, troubleshoot and validate the complete fronthaul infrastructure. and fronthaul (in most cases, the technical skills of both backhaul and fronthaul teams include
handed operation. All models are compatible with a loopback testing method. maintain fixed and mobile wireless networks. different technologies)
multifiber inspection tip designed for easy access to - Guarantee speeds delivered match subscriber SLAs
recessed connectors in dense panels. - Improve subscriber quality of experience and reduce churn
 5G radio
access network:
the way forward

SAP1074087 20180286 18/11 © 2018 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in Canada

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Acronyms
4G/5G 4th/5th generation mobile network eMBB enhanced mobile broadband OBSAI open base station architecture initiative
BER bit error rate eNodeB evolved node B OSA optical spectrum analyzer
BBU baseband unit FTTA fiber-to-the-antenna OTA over-the-air
CPRI common public radio interface FTTP fiber to the premises PDCP packet data convergence protocol
C&M control and management HDLC high-level data link control PON passive optical network
C-RAN centralized radio access network LTE 3GPP long-term evolution (4G) RAN radio access network
CU central unit LTE-A LTE-advanced RF radio frequency
CWDM coarse wavelength division multiplexing MAC media access control RLC radio link control
DAS distributed antenna system MIMO multiple input multiple output RRH remote radio head
DU distribution unit mMTC massive machine type communication RU remote unit
DWDM dense wavelength division multiplexing NFV network function virtualization URLLC ultra-reliable low latency communication

EAD Ethernet access device NR new radio WDM wavelength-division multiplexing

eCPRI Enhanced Common Public Radio Interface OADM optical add-drop multiplexer