Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
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Content
• What is Modulation
• Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• Demodulation of AM signals
• Calculation and Examples
• Summary
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What is Modulation
• Modulation
– In the modulation process, some characteristic
of a high-frequency carrier signal (bandpass), is
changed according to the instantaneous
amplitude of the information (baseband) signal.
• Why Modulation
– Suitable for signal transmission (distance…etc)
– Multiple signals transmitted on the same channel
– Capacitive or inductive devices require high
frequency AC input (carrier) to operate.
– Stability and noise rejection
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About Modulation
• Application Examples
– broadcasting of both audio
and video signals.
– Mobile radio communications,
such as cell phone.
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AM Modulation/Demodulation
Source Sink
Channel
Modulator Demodulator
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* AM Signal Math Expression*
• Mathematical expression for AM: time domain
S AM (t ) (1 k cos mt ) cos ct
• expanding this produces:
S AM (t ) cos ct k cos mt cos ct
using : cos A cos B 1
2 cos( A B) cos( A B)
S AM (t ) cos ct k2 cos(c m )t k2 cos(c m )t
• In the frequency domain this gives:
Carrier, A=1.
Amplitude k/2
k/2
frequency
k2/4 k2/4
2 2
k k
A2
• Total power for AM: 4 4
k2
1
2
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Amplitude Modulation
• The AM signal is generated using a
multiplier.
• All info is carried in the amplitude of
the carrier, AM carrier signal has
time-varying envelope.
• In frequency domain the AM
waveform are the lower-side
frequency/band (fc - fm), the carrier
frequency fc, the upper-side
frequency/band (fc + fm).
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AM Modulation – Example
• The information signal is usually not a single
frequency but a range of frequencies (band). For
example, frequencies from 20Hz to 15KHz. If we
use a carrier of 1.4MHz, what will be the AM
spectrum?
• In frequency domain the AM waveform are the
lower-side frequency/band (fc - fm), the carrier
frequency fc, the upper-side frequency/band (fc +
fm). Bandwidth: 2x(25K-20)Hz.
1.4 MHz
frequency
1,385,000Hz to fc 1,400,020Hz to
1,399,980Hz 1,415,000Hz
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Modulation Index of AM Signal
For a sinusoidal message signal m(t ) Am cos(2f mt )
Carrier Signal: cos(2 f ct ) DC: AC
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Modulation Index of AM Signal
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Modulation Depth
2Amax = maximum peak-to-peak of waveform
2Amin = minimum peak-to-peak of waveform
Am
This may be shown to equal k as follows:
AC
2 Amax =2 AC + 2 Am 2Amin =2 AC 2 Am
Ac
2Amin 2Amax
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Example
• Determine the maximum sideband power if the
carrier output is 1 kW and calculate the total
maximum transmitted power.
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Demodulation of AM Signals
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Envelope/Diode AM Detector
K>1
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Synchronous or Coherent
Demodulation
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Synchronous or Coherent
Demodulation
If we assume zero path delay between the modulator and
demodulator, then the ideal LO signal is cos(ct).
VDC m t VDC m t
Vx = + + cos 2ωct + cos 2ωct
2 2 2 2
Note – the AM input has been 'split into two' – ‘red part' has
moved or shifted up to higher frequency: m t cos 2ωct +VDC cos 2ωct
2
VDC m t
and blue part shifted down to baseband: 2 2
CSULB May 22, 2006 23
Coherent Detection
b) cos2t
from cos2A=1/2[1+cos2A]
we get: cos2t=1/2[1+cos2t] 1/2 1/2
k2 k2 k2
PT = Pc + Pc + Pc where Pc 10 Watts
4 4 4
4 10 40
Pc = = 444.44 Watts
0.3
2
k2
Hence, total power PT = 444.44 + 10 + 10 = 464.44 Watts.
Next Class….
• DSB, SSB, VSB……
• FM, PM