PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(A CHRISTIAN MINORITY INSTITUTION)

JAISAKTHI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
ACCREDITED BY NATIONAL BOARD OF ACCREDITATION (NBA)
Bangalore Trunk Road, Varadharajapuram, Nasarathpettai,

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Poonamallee, Chennai – 600 123.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

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ENGINEERING

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EC6513 – MICROPROCESSOR & MICROCONTROLLER

LABORATORY

III ECE- V SEMESTER

(2017-2018 ODD SEMESTER)
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 DEPARTMENT OF ECE

VISION

To emerge as a centre of excellence in providing quality education and produce

technically competent Electronics and Communication Engineers to meet the needs of industry
and Society.

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MISSION

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M1: To provide best facilities, infrastructure and environment to its students, researchers and
faculty members to meet the Challenges of Electronics and Communication Engineering

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field.

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M2: To provide quality education through effective teaching – learning process for their future
career, via placement and higher education.

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M3: To expose strong insight in the core domains with industry interaction.

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M4: Prepare graduates adaptable to the changing requirements of the society through life long
learning.
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PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
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1. To prepare graduates to analyze, design and implement electronic circuits and systems using
the knowledge acquired from basic science and mathematics.
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2. To train students with good scientific and engineering breadth so as to comprehend, analyze,
design and create novel products and solutions for real life problems.
3. To introduce the research world to the graduates so that they feel motivated for higher studies
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and innovation not only in their own domain but multidisciplinary domain.
4. Prepare graduates to exhibit professionalism, ethical attitude, communication skills, teamwork
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and leadership qualities in their profession and adapt to current trends by engaging in lifelong
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learning.
5. To practice professionally in a collaborative, team oriented manner that embraces the
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multicultural environment of today’s business world.

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PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

1. Engineering Knowledge: Able to apply the knowledge of Mathematics, Science, Engineering

fundamentals and an Engineering specialization to the solution of complex Engineering
problems.
2. Problem Analysis: Able to identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex Engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
Mathematics, Natural sciences, and Engineering sciences.
3. Design / Development of solutions: Able to design solution for complex Engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate considerations for the public health and safety and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Able to use Research - based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Able to create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and

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modern Engineering IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex Engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.

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6. The Engineer and society: Able to apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to

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access societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional Engineering practice.

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7. Environment and sustainability: Able to understand the impact of the professional
Engineering solutions in societal and environmental context, and demonstrate the knowledge

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of, and need for sustainable development.

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8. Ethics: Able to apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
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and norms of the Engineering practice.
9. Individual and Team work: Able to function effectively as an individual, and as a member
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or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Able to communicate effectively on complex Engineering activities with
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the Engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
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receive clear instructions.

11. Project Management and Finance: Able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
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the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
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12. Life – long learning: Able to recognize the needs for, and have the preparation and ability to
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engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest contest of technological change.
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PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

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1. Graduates should demonstrate an understanding of the basic concepts in the primary area of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, including: analysis of circuits containing both
active and passive components, electronic systems, control systems, electromagnetic
systems, digital systems, computer applications and communications.
2. Graduates should demonstrate the ability to utilize the mathematics and the fundamental
knowledge of Electronics and Communication Engineering to design complex systems which
may contain both software and hardware components to meet the desired needs.
3. The graduates should be capable of excelling in Electronics and Communication Engineering
industry/Academic/Software companies through professional careers.
 ANNA UNIVERSITY SYALLABUS

EC 6513 MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER LTPC

LABORATORY 0032

OBJECTIVES
The student should be made to:
• Introduce ALP concepts and features
• Write ALP for arithmetic and logical operations in 8086 and 8051

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• Differentiate Serial and Parallel Interface
• Interface different I/Os with Microprocessors

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• Be familiar with MASM

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

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8086 Programs using kits and MASM
1. Basic arithmetic and Logical operations

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2. Move a data block without overlap
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3. Code conversion, decimal arithmetic and Matrix operations.
4. Floating point operations, string manipulations, sorting and searching
5. Password checking, Print RAM size and system date
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6. Counters and Time Delay

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Peripherals and Interfacing Experiments

7. Traffic light control
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8. Stepper motor control

9. Digital clock
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10. Key board and Display

11. Printer status
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12. Serial interface and Parallel interface

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13. A/D and D/A interface and Waveform Generation

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8051 Experiments using kits and MASM

14. Basic arithmetic and Logical operations
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15. Square and Cube program, Find 2‟s complement of a number

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16. Unpacked BCD to ASCII

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
LAB EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS:
HARDWARE:
8086 development kits - 30 no's
Interfacing Units - Each 10 no's
Microcontroller - 30 no’s

SOFTWARE:
Intel Desktop Systems with MASM - 30 no's
8086 Assembler
8051 Cross Assembler
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OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
• Write ALP Programmes for fixed and Floating Point and Arithmetic
• Interface different I/Os with processor
• Generate waveforms using Microprocessors
• Execute Programs in 8051
• Explain the difference between simulator and Emulator

SYLLABI OF VARIOUS PREMIER INSTITUTIONS

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IIT KHARAGPUR

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CS43204 MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONROLLER LAB:
• Assembly and machine language programming

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• signal generators
• Interfacing basic I/O devices like keypad

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• LED display
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• Usage of timers and USART peripherals
• Multiport device access
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• Stepper motor movement control

• DC motor speed control
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• Bootstrap programming and interfacing various peripherals for embedded applications

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• Building a complete micro-controller based system

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NIT TRICHY
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MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER LAB:

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INTEL 8086 (16 BIT MICROPROCESSOR)

• Addressing modes of 8086
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• Block move and simple arithmetic operations

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• Choosing smallest/largest from array of binary numbers

• Sorting of an array of binary numbers
• Code converters
• Addition of an array of BCD numbers stored in packed form
• Multiplying two 3*3 matrices and generation of prime numbers
• Identification and displaying the activated key using DOS & BIOS function calls

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INTEL 8051(16 BIT MICROCONTROLLER)
• Detection of key closure(connected to port line) by polling technique
• Delay generation using (i) Nested loop and (ii) Timers
• Counting of external event occurrence through port line
• LCD interfacing
• Generation of different waveforms using DAC (0808)

BRIDGING THE CURRICULUM GAP

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The course outcomes CO1 to CO5 satisfies Anna University syllabus. In order to

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develop the programming skill of the students as per the industry expectations, experiments such

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as Interfacing seven segment display, LCD and DC motor with 8051 are done using
embedded C programming language. These experiments are included in the content beyond

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syllabus. Students will be able to do projects and develop applications in real time environment.

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rin - COURSE INSTRUCTORS
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 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

CYCLE I

1. BASIC ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL OPERATIONS

a. 16-bit data addition and subtraction
b.Multi-byte addition and subtraction
c. BCD addition and subtraction
d.16-bit multiplication and division

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e. Logical operations

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2. MOVE A DATA BLOCK WITHOUT OVERLAP

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3. CODE CONVERSION AND DECIMAL ARITHMETIC
a. BCD to hexadecimal conversion

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b.Hexadecimal to BCD

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c. Hexadecimal to ASCII
d.ASCII to Hexadecimal rin
4. MATRIX OPERATION
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5. STRING MANIPULATION
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a. Copy a string
b.Reverse a string
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6. SORTING
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a. Ascending and Descending order

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7. SEARCHING
a. Search for a given data
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8. PASSWORD CHECKING PROGRAM

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9. COUNTERS AND TIME DELAY

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CYCLE II

1. Interfacing Traffic Light Controller with 8086

2. Interfacing Stepper Motor with 8086
3. Digital Clock in real time
4. Interfacing 8279 Keyboard / Display Controller with 8086
5. Interfacing ADC with 8086
6. Interfacing DAC with 8086
7. Parallel Communication Interface
8. Serial Communication Interface

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 CYCLE III

1. BASIC ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL OPERATIONS

a. 8-bit addition and subtraction
b.8-bit multiplication and division
c.Logical operations

2. SQUARE AND CUBE OF AN 8 BIT NUMBER

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3. ONE’S AND TWO’S COMPLEMENT OF AN 8 BIT NUMBER

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4. CODE CONVERSION
a. Unpacked BCD to ASCII

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CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS
1. Interfacing seven segment display with 8051

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2. Interfacing LCD with 8051 rin
3. Interfacing DC Motor with 8051
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 8086 MICROPROCESSOR

PIN DIAGRAM

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 ARCHITECTURAL DIAGRAM OF 8086

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Review Questions:

1. What are the flags in 8086?

2. What are the various interrupts in 8086?
3. What is meant by Maskable interrupts?
4. What is Non-Maskable interrupts?
5. Which interrupts are generally used for critical events?
6. Give examples for Maskable interrupts?

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7. Give example for Non-Maskable interrupts?

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8. What is the Maximum clock frequency in 8086?
9. What are the various segment register in 8086?

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10. Which Stack is used in 8086?

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11. What are the address lines for the software interrupts?

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12. What is a SIM and RIM instruction? rin
13. Which is the tool used to connect the user and the computer?
14. What is the position of the Stack Pointer after the PUSH instruction?
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15. What is the position of the Stack Pointer after the POP instruction?
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16. Logic calculations are done in which type of registers?

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17. What are the different functional units in 8086?

18. Give examples for Microcontroller?
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19. What is meant by cross-compiler?

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20. What are the address lines for the hardware interrupts?
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21. Which Segment is used to store interrupt and subroutine return address
registers?
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22. Which Flags can be set or reset by the programmer and also used to
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control the operation of the processor?

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23. What does EU do?

24. Which microprocessor accepts the program written for 8086 without any
changes?
25. What is the difference between 8086 and 8088?

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 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER 8051

 A smaller computer
 On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
 Example: Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051

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PIN DIAGRAM OF 8051

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COMPARISON BETWEEN MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER

Microprocessor Microcontroller

• CPU is stand-alone, RAM, • CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer

ROM, I/O, timer are separate are all on a single chip.
• Designer can decide on the • Fix amount of on-chip ROM,
amount of ROM, RAM and RAM and
I/O ports. I/O ports.

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• Expansive • For applications in which cost,
• Versatility power and space are critical

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• General-purpose • Single-purpose

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Review Questions:

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1. What is a state in 8031/8051 microcontroller?
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2. How many machine cycles are needed to execute an instruction in
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8031/8051 controller?
3. How to estimate the time taken to execute an instruction in 8031/8051
in

controller?
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4. What is the size of 8031/8051 instructions?

5. List the various machine cycles of 8031/8051 controller.
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6. How the 8051 microcontroller differentiates external program memory

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access and data memory access?

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7. What are the addressing modes available in 8051 Controller?

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8. Explain the register indirect addressing in 8051.

9. Explain the relative addressing in 8051.
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10. How the 8051 instructions can be classified?

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11. List the instructions of 8051 that affect all the flags of 8051.
12. List the instructions of 8051 that affect overflow flag in 8051.
13. List the instructions of 8051 that affect only carry flag.
14. List the instructions of 8051 that always clear carry flag.
15. What are the operations performed by Boolean variable instructions of
8051?

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 Pa
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WITH 8086

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PROGRAMMING
 16-BIT DATA ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

PROGRAM:

ADDITION
MOV SI, 1100H
MOV AX, [SI]
MOV BX, [SI+2]
MOV CL, 00H

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ADD AX, BX
MOV [SI+4], AX

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JNC 0113
INC CL

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MOV [SI+6], CL
INT A5

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PROGRAM: rin
SUBTRACTION
MOV SI, 1100H
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MOV AX, [SI]

MOV BX, [SI+2]
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MOV CL, 00H

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SUB AX, BX
MOV [SI+4], AX
JNC 0113
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INC CL
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MOV [SI+6], CL
INT A5
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 16-BIT DATA ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

AIM:
To add and subtract two 16-bit numbers stored at consecutive memory
locations.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:
1. Load the first data in AX register.

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2. Load the second data in BX register.
3. Clear CL register.
4. Add/subtract the two data and get the sum in AX register.

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5. Store the sum in memory.

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6. Check for carry, if carry flag is set then go to next step, otherwise go to
step-8.

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7. Increment CL register.
8. Store the carry in memory.

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9. Stop. rin
OBSERVATION:
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ADDITION: WITH CARRY ADDITION: WITHOUT CARRY:

Input Data: Output Data: Input Data: Output Data:
in

1100 – 7C 1104 – 21 1100 – CA 1104 – ED

1101 – 87 1105 – 42 1101 – 05 1105 – A6
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1102 – A5 1106 – 01 1102 – 23 1106 – 00

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1103 – BA 1103 – A1
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SUBTRACTION: WITH BORROW SUBTRACTION: WITHOUT BORROW

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Input Data: Output Data: Input Data: Output Data:

1100 – A1 1104 – FE 1100 – BC 1104 – F1
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1101 – 63 1105 – 2D 1101 – 57 1105 – E1

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1102 – A3 1106 – 00 1102 – CB 1106 – 01

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1103 – 35 1103 – 65

RESULT:

Thus the two 16-bit numbers are added, subtracted and results are
stored at memory locations.

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 MULTI-BYTE ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

PROGRAM:

MOV SI, 1100

MOV DI, 1201
MOV BP, 1301
MOV CL, [SI]
INC SI
MOV BX, 00H

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MOV DL, 00H
CLC
MOV AL, [SI+BX]

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ADC/SBB AL, [DI+BX]

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MOV [BP], AL
INC BX

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INC BP
LOOP 0112

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JNC 0121 rin
INC DL
MOV [BP], DL
INT A5
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ADDITION:
Input Data: Output Data:
ng

1100 – 06
1101 – 07 1201 – 04 1301 – 0B
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1102 – 03 1202 – 07 1302 – 0A

1103 – 01 1203 – 02 1303 – 03
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1104 – 03 1204 – 04 1304 – 07

1105 – 02 1205 – 04 1305 – 06
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1106 – 04 1206 – 02 1306 – 06

1307 – 00
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 MULTI-BYTE ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

AIM:
To add and subtract two multi-byte data.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:

1. Load the starting address of 1st data in SI register.

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2. Load the starting address of 2nd data in DI register.
3. Load the starting address of result in BP register.
4. Load the byte count in CL register.

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5. Let BX register be byte pointer, initialize byte pointer as zero.

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6. Clear DL register to account for final carry.
7. Clear carry flag.

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8. Load a byte of 1st data in AL register.
9. Add /subtract the corresponding byte of 2nd data in memory to AL

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register along with previous carry. rin
10. Store the sum in memory.
11. Increment the byte pointer (BX) and result pointer (BP).
12. Decrement the byte count (CL).
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13. If byte count (CL) is zero go to next step, otherwise go to step-8.

14. Check for carry. If carry flag is set then go to next step, otherwise store
in

the data.
15. Increment the DL register.
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16. Store final carry in memory.

17. Stop
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OBSERVATION:
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SUBTRACTION:
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Input Data: Output Data:

1100 – 06
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1101 – 08 1201 – 02 1301 - 06

1102 – 07 1202 – 03 1302 - 04
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1103 – 0A 1203 – 02 1303 - 08

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1104 – 0E 1204 – 0A 1304 - 04

1105 – 02 1205 – 01 1305 – 01
1106 – 0F 1206 – 02 1306 - 0D
1307 - 00

RESULT:

Thus the Multi-byte addition and Multi-byte subtraction are performed.

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 BCD ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

PROGRAM:

MOV SI, 1100

MOV CL, 00
MOV AX, [SI]
MOV BX, [SI+2]
ADD/SUB AL, BL
DAA/DAS

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MOV DL, AL
MOV AL, AH
ADC/SBB AL, BH

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DAA/DAS

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MOV DH, AL
JNC 011A

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INC CL
MOV [SI+4], DX

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MOV [SI+6], CL rin
INT A5
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SUBTRACTION:
Input Data: Output Data:
in

1100 – 07 1104 – 03
1101 – 08 1105 – 05
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1102 – 04 1106 – 00
1103 – 03
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 BCD ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

AIM:
To add and subtract two numbers of BCD data.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:

1. Load the address of data in SI register.

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2. Clear CL register to account for carry.
3. Load the first data in AX register and second data in BX register.
4. Perform binary addition/subtraction of low byte of data to get the

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sum/difference in AL register.

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5. Adjust the sum/ difference of low bytes to BCD.
6. Save the sum/ difference of low bytes in DL register.

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7. Get the high byte of first data in AL register.
8. Add/sub the high byte of second data and previous carry to AL register.

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Now the sum of high bytes will be in AL register.
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9. Adjust the sum/ difference of high bytes to BCD.
10. Save the sum/ difference of high bytes in DH register.
11. Check for carry. If carry flag is set then go to next step, otherwise go to
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next condition.
12. Increment CL register.
in

13. Save the sum /difference (DX register) in memory.

14. Save the carry (CL register) in memory.
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15. Stop.
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OBSERVATION:
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ADDITION:
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Input Data: Output Data:

1100 – 67 1104 – 22
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1101 – 74 1105 – 18
1102 – 55 1106 – 01
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1103 – 43
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RESULT:

Thus the addition and subtraction of two BCD numbers was performed.

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 16-BIT MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION

PROGRAM:

MOV SI, 1100H

MOV AX, [SI]
MOV BX, [SI+2]
MUL/DIV BX
MOV [SI+4], AX
MOV [SI+6], DX

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INT A5

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 16-BIT MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION

AIM:
To multiply/divide two 16-bit data.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:
1. Load the address of data in SI register.
2. Get the first data in AX register.

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3. Get the second data in BX register.
4. Multiply/divide the content of AX and BX. The product will be in AX and
DX.

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5. Save the result (AX and DX) in memory. For division the quotient is stored

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in AX and the remainder in DX.
6. Stop.

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OBSERVATION:

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MULTIPLICATION:
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Input Data: Output Data:
1100 – 3A 1104 – 6E PRODUCT
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1101 – 58 1105 – ED
1102 – 63 1106 – 5E OVERFLOW
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1103 – 15 1107 - 07
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DIVISION:
Input Data: Output Data:
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1100 – CB DIVIDEND 1104 – 02 QUOTIENT

1101 – C2 1105 – 00
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1102 – 21 DIVISOR 1106 – 81 REMINDER

1103 – 63 1107 - 07
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Input Data: Output Data:

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1100 – 24 DIVIDEND 1104 – 00 QUOTIENT

1101 – 48 1105 – 00
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1102 – 87 DIVISOR 1106 – 24 REMINDER

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1103 – 78 1107 – 48

RESULT:

Thus the multiplication and division of two 16-bit numbers was

performed.

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 LOGICAL OPERATIONS

PROGRAM:

OR/XOR/AND
MOV SI, 2000
MOV AX, [SI]
MOV BX, [SI+2]
OR/XOR/AND AX, BX
MOV [SI+4], AX

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INT A5

NOT

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MOV SI, 2000H

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MOV AX, [SI]
NOT AX

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MOV [SI+4], AX
INT A5

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OBSERVATION:
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OR: XOR:
Input Data: Output Data: Input Data: Output Data:
in

2000 – 01 2004 – 11 2000 – 00 2004 – 01

2001 – 11 2005 – 11 2001 – 11 2005 – 01
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2002 – 10 2002 – 01
2003 – 00 2003 – 10
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AND: NAND:
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Input Data: Output Data: Input Data: Output Data:

2000 – 00 2004 – 10 2000 – 01 2004 – FF
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2001 – 11 2005 – 00 2001 – 10 2005 - EF

2002 – 01 2002 – 00
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2003 – 10 2003 – 11
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 LOGICAL OPERATIONS

AIM:
To perform logical operations (OR/XOR/AND) on 16-bit data using 8086
microprocessor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:

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1. Set the Source Index address as 2000.
2. Load the data in address of SI to AX.
3. Load the Second data in address of [SI+02] to BX.

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4. Perform OR/XOR/AND operation on AX and BX.

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5. Perform NOT Operation on AX Register.
6. Move the Content of AX to [SI+04] address.

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7. Stop.

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OBSERVATION: rin
NOR: XNOR:
Input Data: Output Data: Input Data: Output Data:
ee

2000 - 01 2004 - EE 2000 - 11 2004 - EF

2001 - 10 2005 - EE 2001 - 00 2005 - FF
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2002 - 11 2002 - 01
2003 - 01 2003 - 10
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NOT:
Input Data: Output Data:
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2000 - 11 2004 - EE
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2001 - 10 2005 - EF
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RESULT:

Thus the logical operation on 16 bit data was performed.

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 MOVING A BLOCK OF DATA

PROGRAM:

LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS

ASSUME
SET CODE SEGMENT AND DATA SEGMENT AS
CS:CODE,DS:CO
CODE
DE

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CODE SEGMENT START CODE SEGMENT
SET THE STARTING ADDRESS OF THE
ORG 1000H

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PROGRAM

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MOV SI, 1400H SET SOURCE INDEX ADDRESS AS 1400
MOVE THE COUNT VALUE FROM SI ADDRESS

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MOV CL, [SI]
TO CL

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MOV SI, 1500H SET SOURCE INDEX ADDRESS AS 1500
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MOV DI, 1600H SET DESTINATION INDEX ADDRESS AS 1600
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L1: MOV AX, [SI] MOVE THE DATA FROM SI ADDRESS TO AX

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MOV [DI], AX MOVE THE DATA FROM AX TO DI ADDRESS

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ADD SI, 02H ADD 02H WITH ADDRESS IN SI

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ADD DI, 02H ADD 02H WITH ADDRESS IN DI

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DEC CL DECREMENT CL
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JNZ L1 CHECK CL=0 IF NO JUMP TO L1

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MOV AH,4CH
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EXIT TO DOS
INT 21H
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CODE ENDS CODESEGMENT END

END END OF THE PROGRAM

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 MOVING A BLOCK OF DATA

AIM:
To move a block of data from Address Location 1500 to Address Location
1600 using 8086 MASM Software.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:

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1. Load the address of data in SI register.
2. Get the count value from SI address to CL.

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3. Load the address of data in SI register.
4. Load the address of data in DI register.

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5. Move data from SI address to AX.
6. Move data from AX to SI address.

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7. Add 02 with address in SI and DI.
8. Decrement Count Value.

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9. Stop the program. rin
OBSERVATION:
ee

ADDITION:
Input Data: Output Data:
in

1400 – 05 (COUNT)
1500 – 06 1600 - 01
ng

1501 – 07 1601 - 09
1502 – 08 1602 - 08
E

1503 – 09 1603 - 07
1504 - 01 1604 - 06
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus the moving block of data from 1500 to 1600 using 8086 MASM
software was performed.
23
 BCD TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION

PROGRAM:

MOV BX, 1100H

MOV AL, [BX]
MOV DL, AL
AND DL, 07H
AND AL, 70H
MOV CL, 04H

ge
ROR AL, CL
MOV DH, 0AH
MUL DH

le
ADD AL, DL

ol
MOV [BX+1], AL
INT A5

C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

24
 CODE CONVERSIONS

BCD TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION

AIM:
To convert a given BCD data into Hexadecimal data.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:

ge
1. Load the address of BCD data in BX register.

le
2. Get the BCD data in AL register.
3. Copy the BCD data in DL register.

ol
4. Logically AND DL with 07H to mask upper nibble and get units digit in
DL.

C
5. Logically AND AL with 70H to mask lower nibble.
6. Move the count value for rotation in CL register.

g
7. Rotate the content of AL to move the upper nibble to lower nibble
rin
position.
8. Move 0AH to DH register.
9. Multiply AL with DH register. The product will be in AL register.
ee

10. Add the unit digit in DL register to product in AL register.

11. Save the binary data (AL) in memory.
in

12. Stop.
E ng

OBSERVATION:
ar

Input Data : Output Data:

1101 – 18 1101 – 0A
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus the BCD to Hexadecimal conversion was performed.

25
 HEXADECIMAL TO BCD CONVERSION

PROGRAM:

MOV BX, 1100H

MOV AL, [BX]
MOV DX, 0000H
HUND: CMP AL, 64H
JC TEN
SUB AL, 64H

ge
INC DL
JMP HUND
TEN: CMP AL, 0AH

le
JC UNIT

ol
SUB AL, 0AH
INC DH

C
JMP TEN
UNIT: MOV CL, 04

g
ROL DH, CL rin
ADD AL, DH
MOV [BX+1], AL
MOV [BX+2], DL
ee

INT A5
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

26
 HEXADECIMAL TO BCD CONVERSION

AIM:
To convert an 8-bit hexadecimal data into BCD.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:

1. Load the address of data in BX register.

ge
2. Get the binary data in AL register.
3. Clear DX register for storing hundreds and tens.
4. Compare AL with 64H (10010).

le
5. Checks carry flag. If carry flag is set then go to step-9, otherwise go to

ol
next step.
6. Subtract 64H (10010) from AL register.

C
7. Increments hundreds register (DL).
8. Go to step-4.

g
9. Compare AL with 0AH (1010). rin
10. Checks carry flag. If carry flag is set then go to step-14, otherwise go to
next step.
11. Subtract 0AH (1010) from AL register.
ee

12. Increments tens register (DH).

13. Go to step-9.
in

14. Move the count value 04H for rotation in CL register.

15. Rotate the content of DH four times.
ng

16. Add DH to AL to combine tens and units as 2-digit BCD.

17. Save AL and DL in memory.
E

18. Stop.
ar

OBSERVATION:
al

Input Data: Output Data:

m

1100 – 39 1101 - 09
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus the hexadecimal to BCD conversion was performed.

27
 HEXADECIMAL TO ASCII CONVERSION

PROGRAM:

MOV SI, 2000H

MOV DI, 3000H
MOV AL, [SI]
SUB AL, 30H
CMP AL, 09H
JE L1

ge
JC L1
SUB AL, 07H
L1: MOV [DI], AL

le
ol
C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

28
 HEXADECIMAL TO ASCII CONVERSION

AIM:
To convert the given Hexadecimal data into ASCII.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:

1. Set SI as pointer for binary array.

ge
2. Set DI as pointer for ASCII array.
3. Load the binary into AL
4. Subtract 30H from AL register

le
5. Compare 09H to AL register if equal go L1

ol
6. In that load the AL register into DI
7. checks carry, if carry flag is set got to L1

C
8. Subtract 07H to AL register

g
OBSERVATION:
rin
Input Data: Output Data:
ee

1100 – 41 1400 – 0A
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus the hexadecimal to ASCII conversion was performed.

29
 ASCII TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION

PROGRAM:

MOV SI, 2000H

MOV DI, 3000H
MOV AL, [SI]
CMP AL, 09H
JE L1
JC L1

ge
ADD AL, 07H
L1: ADD AL, 30H
MOV [DI], AL

le
ol
C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

30
 ASCII TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION

AIM:
To convert an ASCII number into hexadecimal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:

1. Set SI as pointer for ASCII array.

ge
2. Set DI as pointer for binary array.
3. Get a byte of ASCII array in AL registers.
4. Compare AL with 09H.

le
5. If it is equal go to step L1, otherwise go to step 4.

ol
6. Check carry flag, if carry flag is set, go to step L1
7. Add 07H from AL register.

C
8. Add 07H from AL register.
9. Load the binary array in AL to DI

g
OBSERVATION:
rin
Input Data: Output Data:
ee

1100 – 0A 1400 – 41
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus the ASCII to hexadecimal conversion was performed.

31
 ADDITION/SUBTRACTION OF TWO nxn MATRICES

PROGRAM:

LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS

ASSUME SET CODE SEGMENT AND DATA SEGMENT
CS:CODE,DS:CODE AS CODE
CODE SEGMENT START CODE SEGMENT

ge
SET THE STARTING ADDRESS OF THE
ORG 1000H
PROGRAM

le
MOV SI,2000H SET SOURCE INDEX ADDRESS AS 2000

ol
SET DESTINATION INDEX ADDRESS AS
MOV DI,3000H
3000

C
MOV CL,04H SET THE COUNT VALUE 04H IN CL

g
L1: MOV AL,[SI] MOVE THE DATA FROM SI ADDRESS TO AL
rin
MOVE THE DATA FROM DI ADDRESS TO
MOV BL,[DI]
BL
ee

ADD/SUB AL,BL ADD/SUBTRACT THE DATA BL FROM AL

in

MOVE THE DATA FROM AL TO DI

MOV [DI],AL
ADDRESS
ng

INC DI INCREMENT DI
E

INC SI INCREMENT SI
ar

DEC CL DECREMENT CL
al

JNZ L1 CHECK CL=0 IF NO JUMP TO L1

m

MOV AH,4CH
ni

EXIT TO DOS
INT 21H
Pa

CODE ENDS CODE SEGMENT END

END END OF THE PROGRAM

32
 ADDITION/SUBTRACTION OF TWO nxn MATRICES

AIM:
To subtract two nxn matrices using 8086 MASM Software.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:

1. Set the Count Value as 04.

ge
2. Set SI register as Pointer for array for 1st Matrix.
3. Set DI register as Pointer for array for 2nd Matrix.
4. Move Contents of SI register to AL.

le
5. Move contents of DI register to BL.

ol
6. Add/Subtract the contents of AL and BL.
7. Move the result from AL register to Memory.

C
8. Increment SI and DI register.
9. Decrement Count Value.

g
10. If Count Value becomes zero, stop the program.
rin
OBSERVATION:
ee

ADDITION:
in

Input data: Output data:

2000 – 01 3000 – 04 3000 – 05
ng

2001 – 05 3001 – 02 3001 – 07

2002 – 03 3002 – 07 3002 – 0A
E

2003 – 04 3003 - 02 3003 – 06

ar

SUBTRACTION:
al

Input data: Output data:

2000 – 08 3000 – 04 3000 – 04
m

2001 – 07 3001 – 03 3001 – 04

2002 – 04 3002 – 02 3002 – 02
ni

2003 – 03 3003 – 01 3003 – 02

Pa

RESULT:

Thus the addition and subtraction of two nxn matrices using 8086
MASM software was performed.

33
 COPY A STRING

PROGRAM:

MOV SI, 2000H

MOV DI, 2100H
MOV CX, 04H
CLD
NEXT: MOVSB
LOOP NEXT

ge
INT A5

le
ol
C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

34
 COPY A STRING

AIM:
To copy a string of data using 8086.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:

1. Set SI as pointer for input array of data’s.

ge
2. Set DI as pointer for output array of data’s.
3. Set CX as counter.
4. Clear direction flag (DF) for auto increment of pointers.

le
5. Move the string of data’s up to the counter value.

ol
OBSERVATION:

C
Input Data: Output Data:

g
2000 – 07 2100 – 07
rin
2001 – 03 2101 – 03
2002 – 02 2102 – 02
2003 – 01 2103 – 01
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus the copy a string of data was performed.

35
 REVERSE A STRING

PROGRAM:

MOV SI, 2000H

MOV DI, 3000H
MOV CX, 0008H
ADD SI, 07
L1: MOV AL, [SI]
MOV [DI], AL

ge
DEC SI
INC DI

le
DEC CX
JNZ L1

ol
INT A5

C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

36
 REVERSE A STRING

AIM:
To reverse the input string using 8086 Microprocessor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:

1. Set SI as pointer for input array of data’s.

ge
2. Set DI as pointer for output array of data’s.
3. Set CX as Counter
4. Add counter of SI with 07

le
5. Move contents of SI address to AL and from AL TO DL address.

ol
6. Decrement SI and DI to reverse.
7. Decrement CX and report loop if DL to 0

C
8. Stop the Program.

g
OBSERVATION:
rin
Input data: Output data:
ee

2000 – 08 3000 – 01
2001 – 07 3001 – 02
in

2002 – 06 3002 – 03
2003 – 05 3003 – 04
ng

2004 – 04 3004 – 05
2005 – 03 3005 – 06
E

2006 – 02 3006 – 07
2007 – 01 3007 - 08
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus the string was reversed using 8086 Microprocessor.

37
 ASCENDING AND DESCENDING ORDER

PROGRAM:

START: MOV SI, 1100H

MOV CL, [SI]
DEC CL
REPEAT: MOV SI, 1100H
MOV CH, [SI]
DEC CH

ge
INC SI
REPCOM: MOV AL, [SI]
INC SI

le
CMP AL, [SI]

ol
JC/JNC AHEAD
XCHG AL, [SI]

C
XCHG AL, [SI – 1]
AHEAD: DEC CH

g
JNZ REPCOM rin
DEC CL
JNZ REPEAT
INT A5
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

38
 ARRANGE AN ARRAY OF DATA IN ASCENDING AND
DESCENDING ORDER

AIM:
To sort the given number in the ascending and descending order using
8086 microprocessor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:

ge
1. Set SI register as pointer for array.
2. Set CL register as count for N – 1 repetition.

le
3. Initialize array pointer.

ol
4. Set CH as count for N – 1 Comparisons.
5. Increment the array pointer.

C
6. Compare the next element of the array with AL.
7. Check the carry flag. If carry flag is set then go to step-12, otherwise go to

g
next step. rin
8. Exchange the content of memory pointed by SI and the content of
previous memory location
(For this, exchange AL and memory pointed by SI, and then exchange AL
ee

and memory pointed by SI – 1).

9. Decrement the count for comparisons (CH register).
in

10. Check zero flag. If zero flag is reset then go to step-6, otherwise
go to next step.
ng

11. Decrement the count for repetitions (CL register).

12. Check zero flag. If zero flag is reset then go to step-3, otherwise
E

go to next step.
13. Stop.
ar

OBSERVATION:
al

ASCENDING ORDER DESCENDING ORDER

m

Input data: Output data: Input data: Output data:

1100 – 04 (COUNT) 1100 – 04 (COUNT)
ni

1101 – 19 1101 – 19 1101 – 03 1101 – 65

Pa

1102 – 43 1102 – 30 1102 – 30 1102 – 40

1103 – 30 1103 – 43 1103 – 65 1103 – 30
1104 – 65 1104 – 65 1104 – 40 1104 – 03

RESULT:

Thus the ascending and descending order program is executed and thus
the numbers are arranged in ascending order.

39
 SEARCH FOR A GIVEN DATA

PROGRAM:

START: MOV SI, 1100H

MOV DI, 1200H
MOV DL, [DI]
MOV BL, 01H
MOV AL, [SI]
AGAIN: CMP AL, DL

ge
JZ AVAIL
INC SI
INC BL

le
MOV AL, [SI]

ol
CMP AL, 20H
JNZ AGAIN

C
MOV CX, 0000H
MOV [DI+1], CX

g
MOV [DI+3], CX rin
JMP OVER
AVAIL: MOV BH, 0FFH
MOV [DI+1], BH
ee

MOV [DI+2], BL
MOV [DI+3], SI
in

OVER: INT A5
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

40
 SEARCH FOR A GIVEN DATA

AIM:
To search a given data in an array. Also determine the position and
address of the data in the array.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:

ge
1. Set SI register as pointer for the array.
2. Set DI register as pointer for given data and result.
3. Get the data to search in DL register.

le
4. Let BL register keep track of position. Initialize the position count as one.

ol
5. Get an element of array in AL.
6. Compare an element of array (AL) with given data (DL).

C
7. Check for Zero flag. If zero flag is set then go to step-14, otherwise go to
next step.

g
8. Increment the array pointer (SI) and position count (BL).
rin
9. Get next element of array in AL register.
10. Compare AL with end marker (20H).
11. Check zero flag. If zero flag is not set, then go to step-6,
ee

12. Otherwise go to next step.

13. Clear CX register and store CX register in four
in

14. Consecutive locations in memory after the given data.

15. Jump to end (Step-17).
ng

16. Move FFH to BH register and store it in memory.

17. Store the position count (BL) in memory.
E

18. Store the address (SI) in memory.

19. Stop.
ar
al

OBSERVATION:
m

Input Data: Output Data:

1100 – 01 1200 – A0 [Data to Search] 1201 – FF [Data Availability]
ni

1101 – 22 1202 – 03 [Position]

Pa

1102 – A0 1203 – 02 [LSB of Address]

1103 – 45 1204 – 11 [MSB of Address]
1104 – 3A
1105 – 20 [End of Array]

RESULT:

Thus searching a given data in an array was performed.

41
 PASSWORD CHECKING PROGRAM

PROGRAM:

ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:CODE

DATA SEGMENT
STRING DB “PANIMALAR”
BUFFER DB 0FH DUP (?)
MESSAGE DB 0AH, 0DH, “SORRY!”, 0AH, 0DH, “$”
DATA ENDS

ge
CODE SEGMENT
ORG 1000H
START: MOV AX, DATA

le
MOV DS, AX

ol
WAIT: MOV CX, 09H
MOV DI, OFFSET BUFFER

C
NXTCHAR: MOV AH, 08H
INT 21H

g
CMP AL, 0DH rin
JE STOP
MOV [DI], AL
INC DI
ee

DEC CX
JNZ NXTCHAR
in

STOP: MOV CX, 09H

MOV SI, OFFSET STRING
ng

MOV DI, OFFSET BUFFER

MOV AX, SEG BUFFER
E

MOV ES, AX
REP CMPSB
ar

JNZ SORRY
MOV AH, 4CH
al

INT 21H
SORRY: MOV DX, OFFSET MESSAGE
m

MOV AH, 09H

INT 21H
ni

JMP WAIT
Pa

CODE ENDS
END START

42
 PASSWORD CHECKING PROGRAM

AIM:
To read password and validate the user.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:

1. Start the Program.

ge
2. Initialize data Segment.
3. Display Message.
4. Clear Count and number of match.

le
5. Check if count=9 if not continue.

ol
6. Road and save Character.
7. Restore Character set pointer to password.

C
8. Compare read character with password.
9. Increment match count if match occurs.

g
10. Increment pointer and counter. rin
11. If match count=9 display Message.
12. If match count<>9 display Message SORRY.
13. Stop the program.
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus the password checking program was implemented and verified

successfully.

43
 TIME DELAY

PROGRAM:

MOV DX, 0000

INT AC
LOOP1: INT AB
MOV AL, 04
INT AE
MOV AL, DL

ge
ADD AL, 01
DAA
MOV DL, AL

le
MOV AL, DH

ol
ADC AL, 00
DAA

C
MOV DH, AL
MOV CX, 4000 (DELAY COUNT)

g
INT AA rin
MOV AH, 0B
INT A1
CMP AL, 00
ee

JZ LOOP1
MOV AH, 08
in

INT A1
CMP AL, 46 (FASCII)
ng

JZ LOOP2
CMP AL, 1B
E

JNZ LOOP1
INT A3
ar

LOOP2: MOV AH, 08

INT A1
al

CMP AL, 53 (SASCII)

JZ LOOP1
m

JMP LOOP2
INT A5
ni
Pa

NOTE:
F  TO PAUSE
S TO CONTINUE
ESC COMMAND MODE
CX4000 (MEDIUM SPEED COUNT)
CX1000 (FAST COUNT)

44
 CREATING A TIME DELAY

AIM:
To create a time delay using 8086 microprocessor by the user.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor Kit.

ALGORITHM:

1. Start the Program

ge
2. Set the DX register as 0000.
3. Interrupt Control to AB and AC.
4. Move the Contents of AL as 04.

le
5. Interrupt to AE.

ol
6. Move the Contents of DL to AL.
7. Add the AL register with 01 data.

C
8. Adjust the decimal after addition.
9. Move AL register to DL register and similarly DH register to AL.

g
10. Add with Carry AL and 00. rin
11. Move the Contents AL register to DH.
12. Move the data 4000 to CX register.
13. Jump to loop1 if zero flag is set.
ee

14. Move the content of data 08 to AH register.

15. Compare AL and Word byte and jump to loop2.
in

16. Compare AL and 53 and if equal jump to loop1.

17. Jump to loop2.
ng

18. Stop the Program.

OUTPUT:
E

F – TO PAUSE
ar

S – TO START
ESC – COMMAND MODE
al

CX – 4000 [MEDIUM SPEED]

CX – 1000 [FAST]
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus the time delay was created using 8086 microprocessor.

45
 Pa
ni
m
al
ar
Eng
in

46
ee 8086
rin
g
C
PROGRAMS ol
le
INTERFACING

ge
 TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH 8086 INTERFACING

AIM:
To interface traffic light with 8086 microprocessor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. 8086 MP KIT
2. KEYBOARD
4. TRAFFIC LIGHT INTERFACE KIT
5. INTERFACE CABLE

ge
ALGORITHMS:

le
ol
CONDITION 1:
SOUTH TO NORTH

C
SOUTH TO NORTH - VEHICLE CAN MOVE FROM

g
 SOUTH TO NORTH STRAIGHT, SOUTH TO EAST RIGHT,
rin
SOUTH TO WEST LEFT, EAST TO SOUTH LEFT,
 NORTH & WEST - RED
ee

 ALL PEDESTRIAN OFF

in

CONDITION 2:
ng

ALL PEDESTRIAN ON
 NORTH, SOUTH, EAST&WEST – RED
E

ALL PEDSTRIAN ON
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

47
PROGRAM:

1000:0100 MOV AL, 80

1000:0102 MOV DX, 8006
1000:0105 OUT DX, AX
START: 1000:0106 MOV AL, 61
1000:0108 MOV DX,8000
1000:010B OUT DX,AL
1000:010C MOV AL,68
1000:010E MOV DX,8002

ge
1000:0111 OUT DX,AL
1000:0112 MOV AL,86
1000:0114 MOV DX,8004

le
1000:0117 OUT DX,AL
1000:0118 MOV AL,60

ol
1000:011A MOV DX,8000

C
1000:011D OUT DX,AL
1000:011E MOV AL,48

g
1000:0120 MOV DX,8002
1000:0123 OUT DX,AL rin
1000:0124 MOV AL,64
1000:0126 MOV DX,8000
ee
1000:0129 OUT DX,AL
1000:012A MOV AL,58
1000:012C MOV DX,8002
in

1000:012F OUT DX,AL

ng

1000:0130 CALL 025A

1000:0133 MOV AL,60
1000:0135 MOV DX,8000
E

1000:0138 OUT DX,AL

1000:0139 MOV AL,48
ar

1000:013B MOV DX,8002

1000:013E OUT DX,AL
al

1000:013F MOV AL,62

m

1000:0141 MOV DX,8000

1000:0144 OUT DX,AL
ni

1000:0145 CALL 0253

1000:0148 MOV AL,60
Pa

1000:014A MOV DX,8000

1000:014D OUT DX,AL
1000:014E MOV AL,61
1000:0150 MOV DX,8000
1000:0153 OUT DX,AL
1000:0154 MOV AL,68
1000:0156 MOV DX,8002
1000:0159 OUT DX,AL
1000:015A CALL 0253
1000:015D MOV AL,41
1000:015F M OV DX,8000
1000:0162 OU T DX,AL
1000:0163 MO V AL,06
48
1000:0165 MO V DX,8004
1000:0168 OUT DX,AL
1000:0169 MOV AL,49
1000:016B MOV DX,8000
1000:016E OUT DX,AL
1000:016F MOV AL,26
1000:0171 MOV DX,8004
1000:0174 OUT DX,AL
1000:0175 CALL 025A
1000:0178 MOV AL,41

ge
1000:017A MOV DX,8000
1000:017D OUT DX,AL
1000:017E MOV AL,06

le
1000:0180 MOV DX,8004
1000:0183 OUT DX,AL

ol
1000:0184 MOV AL,51

C
1000:0186 MOV DX,8000
1000:0189 OUT DX,AL

g
1000:018A MOV AL,46
1000:018C MOV DX,8004 rin
1000:018F OUT DX,AL
1000:0190 CALL 0253
ee
1000:0193 MOV AL,41
1000:0195 MOV DX,8000
1000:0198 OUT DX,AL
in

1000:0199 MOV AL,06

ng

1000:019B MOV DX,8004

1000:019E OUT DX,AL
1000:019F MOV AL,61
E

1000:01A1 MOV DX,8000

1000:01A4 OUT DX,AL
ar

1000:01A5 MOV AL,86

1000:01A7 MOV DX,8004
al

1000:01AA OUT DX,AL

1000:01AB CALL 0253
m

1000:01AE MOV AL,60

ni

1000:01B0 MOV DX,8002

1000:01B3 OUT DX,AL
Pa

1000:01B4 MOV AL,82

1000:01B6 MOV DX,8004
1000:01B9 OUT DX,AL
1000:01BA MOV AL,62
1000:01BC MOV DX,8002
1000:01BF OUT DX,AL

49
FLOW CHART:

INTERFACING OF TRAFFIC LIGHT WITH 8086 CALL DELAY

Start Start

Initialize BX and Move the data Push CX & Get Data

0002H to CX Register 0005H in CX
i

ge
Move the data from BX address to AL Get Data FFFFH in
Register Send Data in AL to Out Port

le
ol
Decrement Data in
Increment BX & Move the data from DX Register

C
BX address to AL Register Send Data
in AL to out Port A, B & C

g
rin Check No
Call Delay Subroutine ZF= 1

Yes
ee

Increment the SI Decrement Data

in CX Register
in

Decrement the CX value

ng

Check No
E

Yes ZF= 1
No Check
ar

ZF= 1
Yes
al

Return to
Main Program
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus Traffic Light was interfaced with 8086.

50
 INTERFACING STEPPER MOTOR WITH 8086

AIM:
Thus the assembly language program to find the 1’s and 2’s complement
of an 8-bit number using 8051 instruction set was written and executed
successfully.

THEORY:
A motor in which the rotor is able to assume only discrete stationary

ge
angular position is a stepper motor. The rotary motion occurs in a step-wise

le
manner from one equilibrium position to the next. Stepper Motors are used

ol
very wisely in position control systems like printers, disk drives, process

C
control machine tools, etc.
The basic two-phase stepper motor consists of two pairs of stator poles.

g
Each of the four poles has its own winding. The excitation of any one winding
rin
generates a North Pole. A South Pole gets induced at the diametrically opposite
ee

side. The rotor magnetic system has two end faces. It is a permanent magnet
with one face as South Pole and the other as North Pole.
in

The Stepper Motor windings A1, A2, B1, B2 are cyclically excited with a
ng

DC current to run the motor in clockwise direction. By reversing the phase

sequence as A1, B2, A2, B1, anticlockwise stepping can be obtained.
E
ar

2-PHASE SWITCHING SCHEME:

In this scheme, any two adjacent stator windings are energized. The
al

switching scheme is shown in the table given below. This scheme produces
m

more torque.
ni

ANTICLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE
Pa

STEP A1 A2 B1 B2 DATA STEP A1 A2 B1 B2 DATA

1 1 0 0 1 9h 1 1 0 1 0 Ah
2 0 1 0 1 5h 2 0 1 1 0 6h
3 0 1 1 0 6h 3 0 1 0 1 5h
4 1 0 1 0 Ah 4 1 0 0 1 9h

51
ADDRESS DECODING LOGIC:

The 74138 chip is used for generating the address decoding logic to
generate the device select pulses; CS1 & CS2 for selecting the IC 74175.The
74175 latches the data bus to the stepper motor driving circuitry.
Stepper Motor requires logic signals of relatively high power. Therefore,
the interface circuitry that generates the driving pulses uses silicon Darlington
pair transistors. The inputs for the interface circuit are TTL pulses generated

ge
under software control using the Microcontroller Kit. The TTL levels of pulse

le
sequence from the data bus are translated to high voltage output pulses using
a buffer 7407 with open collector.

ol
C
PROCEDURE:
Enter the above program starting from location 1000 and execute the

g
same. The stepper motor rotates. Varying the count at DX register pair can
rin
vary the speed. Entering the data in the look-up TABLE in the reverse order
ee

can vary direction of rotation.

in

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. 8086 MP kit
ng

2. Keyboard
4. Stepper motor interface kit
E

5. Interface cable
ar

ALGORITHM:
al

For running stepper motor in clockwise and anticlockwise directions.

m

1. Get the first data from the lookup table

ni

2. Initialize counter and move data into accumulator

3. Drive the stepper motor circuitry and introduce delay
Pa

4. Decrement the counter

5. If it is not zero repeat from step 3
6. Repeat the above procedure for both backward and forward
directions.
7. Stop the program

52
PROGRAM:

MOV CX, 8000

MOV AL, 80
MOV DX, 8006
OUT DX, AL
MOV AL, 00
MOV DX, 8000
OUT DX, AL
AGAIN: MOV AL, 06H/03H

ge
OUT DX, AL
INT AAH
MOV AL, 0CH

le
OUT DX, AL
INT AAH

ol
MOV AL, 09H/0CH

C
OUT DX, AL
INT AAH

g
MOV AL, 03H
OUT DX, AL rin
INT AAH
JMP AGAIN
ee
INT A5
in

CLOCKWISE DIRECTION
06 0C 09 03
ng

ANTICLOCKWISE DIRECTION
E

03 09 0C 06
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus a stepper motor was interfaced with 8086 and run in forward and
reverse directions at various speeds.
53
 DIGITAL CLOCK IN REAL TIME

AIM:
To write an 8086 ALP to display a digital clock in real time.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8086 Microprocessor kit

ALGORITHM:

1. Start the program.

ge
2. Load the contents of AX to EX Segment.
3. Create delay by moving contents to consecutive memory locations.

le
4. Send through output port address 8c07 and 8c03.
5. Jump to display the clock.

ol
6. Set the program.

C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

54
 DIGITAL CLOCK IN REAL TIME

PROGRAM:

MOV AX,0000
NOP
MOV ES,AX
INT AC
MOV AL,00
MOV [1000], AL

ge
MOV [1001], AL
MOV [1002], AL
MOV [1003], AL

le
MOV [1004], AL

ol
PUSH CS
POP CX

C
MOV SI, ISR
MOV AL, 02

g
INT BE
MOV AL,7E
rin
MOV DX,8C07
OUT DX, AL
ee
MOV AL, 24
MOV DX, 8C03
in

OUT DX, AL
MOV AL, F4
ng

MOV DX, 8C03

OUT DX, AL
JMP DSPLY
E

LOOP1 (0136) : MOV AL, [1003]

ar

CMP AL, 00
JZ LOOP1
al

MOV AL, [1002]

m

ADD AL, 01
DAA
ni

CMP AL, 60
JZ NXT1
Pa

MOV [1002], AL
MOV AL, 00
MOV [1003], AL
JMP DSPLY

NXT1 (0151) : MOV AL, 00

MOV [1002], AL
MOV AL, [1001]
ADD AL, 01
DAA
CMP AL, 60
JZ NXT2

55
 MOV [1001], AL
MOV AL, 00
MOV [1003], AL
JMP DSPLY

NXT2 (016A): MOV AL, 00

MOV [1001], AL
MOV AL, [1000]
ADD AL, 01
DAA

ge
CMP AL, 13
JZ END
MOV [1000], AL

le
MOV AL, 00
MOV [1003], AL

ol
C
DSPLY (0181): MOV DL, 20
MOV AH, 02

g
INT A2
MOV AL, 02 rin
MOV DL, [1000]
INT AE
ee
MOV DL, 20
MOV AH, 02
INT A2
in

MOV AL,02
ng

MOV DL, [1001]

INT AE
MOV DL, 20
E

MOV AH, 02
INT A2
ar

MOV AL,02
MOV DL, [1002]
al

INT AE
INT AB
m

MOV AH, 0B
ni

INT AB
MOV AH, 0B
Pa

INT A1
CMP AL,00
JNZ END
MOV BX, LOOP1
JMP BX

END (01BA): MOV AL, 76

MOV DX, 8C07
OUT DX, AL
INT A4
NOP

56
ISR (01C3): PUSH AX
MOV AL, [1004]
INC AL
CMP AL, 28
JNZ SKIP1
MOV AL, 00
MOV [1004], AL
MOV AL, 01
MOV [1003], AL
JMP SKIP3

ge
SKIP1 (01D9): MOV [1004], AL
SKIP3 (01DC): POP AX

le
RET

ol
MOV AX, 0000

C
NOP
MOV ES, AX

g
INT AC
MOV AL, 00 rin
MOV ]1000], AL
MOV [1001], AL
ee
MOV [1002], AL
MOV [1003], AL
MOV [1004], AL
in

PUSH CS
ng

POP CX
MOV SI, ISR
MOV AL, 02
E

INT BE
MOV AL, 7E
ar

MOV DX, 8C07

OUT DX, AL
al

MOV AL, 24
MOV DX, 8C03
m

OUT DX, AL
ni

MOV AL, F4
MOV DX, 8C03
Pa

OUT DX, AL
JMP DSPLY

LOOP1 (0136) : MOV AL,[1003]

CMP AL, 00
JZ LOOP1
MOV AL, [1002]
ADD AL, 01
DAA
CMP AL, 60
JZ NXT1
MOV [1002], AL
MOV AL, 00
57
 MOV [1003], AL
JMP DSPLY

NXT1 (0151): MOV AL, 00

MOV [1002], AL
MOV AL, [1001]
ADD AL, 01
DAA
CMP AL, 60
JZ NXT2

ge
MOV [1001], AL
MOV AL, 00
MOV [1003], AL

le
JMP DSPLY

ol
NXT2 (016A): MOV AL, 00

C
MOV [1001], AL
MOV AL, [1000]

g
ADD AL, 01
DAA rin
CMP AL, 13
JZ END
ee
MOV [1000], AL
MOV AL, 00
MOV [1003], AL
in
ng

DSPLY (0181): MOV DL, 20

MOV AH, 02
INT A2
E

MOV AL,02
MOV DL, [1000]
ar

INT AE
MOV DL, 20
al

MOV AH, 02
INT A2
m

MOV AL, 02
ni

MOV DL, [1001]

INT AE
Pa

MOV DL, 20
MOV AH, 02
INT A2
MOV AL, 02
MOV DL, [1002]
INT AE
INT AB
MOV AH, 0B
INT A1
CMP AL,00
JNZ END
MOV BX, LOOP1
JMP BX
58
END (01BA): MOV AL, 76
MOV DX, 8C07
OUT DX, AL
INT A4
NOP

ISR (01C3): PUSH AX

MOV AL, [1004]
INC AL

ge
CMP AL, 28
JNZ SKIP1
MOV AL, 00

le
MOV [1004], AL
MOV AL, 01

ol
MOV [1003], AL

C
JMP SKIP3

g
SKIP1 (01D9): MOV [1004], AL
SKIP3 (01DC): POP AX rin
RET
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus the assembly language program to display a digital clock in real

time was written and executed successfully.

59
 INTERFACING 8279 KEYBOARD AND DISPLAY CONTROLLER
WITH 8086

AIM:
To interface 8279 Programmable Keyboard Display Controller to 8086
Microprocessor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. 8086 Microprocessor tool kit.
2. 8279 Interface board.

ge
3. VXT parallel bus.

ALGORITHM:

le
ol
1. Start the program.
2. Initialize the counter.

C
3. Set 8279 for 8 digit character display right entry.
4. Set 8279 for clearing the display.

g
5. Write the command to display. rin
6. Load the accumulator with character and display it.
7. Introduce the delay.
8. Repeat the above steps.
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

60
 8279 : KEYBOARD AND DISPLAY AND INTERFACING

PROGRAM:

START: MOV AL, 18

MOV DX, 01E2
OUT DX, AL
MOV AL, DF
OUT DX, AL
MOV AL, 8F

ge
OUT DX, AL
MOV CL, 10

le
CALL DISPLAY
JMP START

ol
DISPLAY: MOV BX, 1100
NEXT: MOV AL, [BX]

C
MOV DX, 01E0
OUT DX, AL

g
INC BX rin
DEC CL
JNZ NEXT
INT A5
ee
in

Connections:
ng

1. Connect EN/U8 tag to ground tag to enable U8 decoder.

th
2. Connect EN/DSP tag to 8 output tag of the U8 decoder.
E
ar

INPUT
1100= C0H 1108= 80 H
al

1101= F9H 1109= 90 H

m

1102= A4H 110A= 88 H

1103= B0 H 110B= 83 H
ni

1104= 99 H 110C= C6 H
Pa

1105= 92 H 110D= A1 H
1106= 82 H 110E= 86 H
1107= F8 H 110F= 8E H

61
 DISPLAY SEGMENTS HEX VALUE
DISPLAY
dp g f e d c b a (input)

0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 C0

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 F9

2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 A4

3 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 B0

ge
4 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 99

le
5 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 92

ol
6 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 82

C
7 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 D8

g
8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80

9 1 0 0 1
rin
0 0 0 0 90
ee

SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY

in

a
ng

— COMMON ANODE CONFIGURATION

E

f | |b
ar

Segment glow = 0
—
al

Segment not glow = 1

g
m

e | | c
ni

—
Pa

. dp
d

62
OUTPUT:

Step Data bus Display

Start 10 -
1 DF -
2 90 BLANK
3 C0 BLANK

ge
4 F9 0
5 A4 1

le
6 B0 2

ol
7 99 3

C
8 92 4

g
9 82 5 rin
10 F8 6
ee
11 80 7
12 90 8
in

13 88 9
ng

14 83 A
15 C6 B
E

16 A1 C
ar

17 86 D
al

18 8E E
m

19 10 F
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus 8279 controller was interfaced with 8086 and program for rolling
display was executed successfully.

63
 INTERFACING ADC WITH 8086

AIM:
To interface ADC with 8086.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. 8086 Microprocessor tool kit.
2. VBMB-003 Interface board.
3. VXT parallel bus.
4. Multimeter.

ge
ALGORITHM:
Select the channel and latch the address.

le
Send the start conversion pulse.

ol
Read EOC signal.
If EOC=1 continue, else go to before step.

C
Read the digital output.
Store it in a Memory location.

g
rin
Calculation procedure:
ee

DIGITAL OUTPUT = ANALOG INPUT X 255

-----------------------------
in

5
ng

Sl.No Analog Voltage( V ) Digital output ( HEX )

E
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

64
PROGRAM:

MOV DX, 8807

MOV AL, 81
OUT DX, AL
MOV DX, 8803
MOV AL, 01
OUT DX, AL
MOV DX, 8807

ge
MOV AL, 09
OUT DX, AL

le
MOV AL, 08
OUT DX, AL

ol
MOV AL, 83

C
OUT DX, AL
INT AC

g
MOV DX, 8807 rin
MOV AL, 0D
OUT DX, AL
ee
MOV AL, OC
OUT DX, AL
in

MOV DX, 8805

LOOP1 : IN AL, DX
ng

AND AL, 02
JNZ LOOP1
E

LOOP2: IN AL, DX
AND AL, 02
ar

JZ LOOP2
MOV AL, 0B
al

MOV DX, 8807

m

OUT DX, AL
MOV DX, 8803
ni

IN AL, DX
Pa

MOV [1100], AL
INT A5

RESULT:

Thus the ADC was interfaced with 8086 and Analog to Digital conversion
was achieved.
65
 INTERFACING DAC WITH 8086

AIM:
To generate a saw tooth wave, triangular and square-wave at the output
of DAC.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. 8086 Microprocessor tool kit.

2. VBMB-002 Interface board.

ge
3. VXT parallel bus.
4. Power supply.
5. CRO.

le
ol
ALGORITHM:

C
Saw tooth wave
1. Start the Program

g
2. Make the accumulator ‘00’. rin
3. Display accumulator content at port.
4. Increment accumulator by 1.
5. If it is not equal to ‘0’ go to L1.
ee

6. Jump to start unconditionally for continuous waveform.

in

Triangular wave
1. Start the Program
ng

2. Make the accumulator ‘00’.

3. Move the contents of AL register.
E

4. Display contents of accumulator content at port.

5. Increment accumulator by 1.
ar

6. If AL≠0, jump to loop1.

7. Set accumulator as FF=maximum.
al

8. Display accumulator content as port.

9. Decrement accumulator by 1.
m

10. Jump to start unconditionally for continuous waveform.

ni

Square wave
Pa

1. Start the program.

2. Move 0 to accumulator.
3. Display 0 at port.
4. Call the delay subroutine.
5. Move FF into accumulator.
6. Display at port.
7. Call the delay subroutine.
8. Jump to Start.
9. Move 05 to register BL to give delay.
10. Move FF to register CL and decrement CL.
11. Return to Main program.

66
PROGRAM:

To create a saw tooth waveform at DAC1 in Micro-86 LCD kit

START: MOV AL, 80

MOV DX, 8807
OUT DX, AL
MOV DX, 8801
MOV AL, 00
L1: OUT DX, AL

ge
INC AL
JNZ L1

le
JMP START

ol
RET

C
To create a triangular waveform at DAC1 in Micro-86 LCD kit

g
START: MOV AL, 80
rin
MOV DX, 8807
OUT DX, AL
ee

MOV DX, 8801

in

MOV AL, 00
L1: OUT DX, AL
ng

INC AL
JNZ L1
E

MOV AL, FF
L2: OUT DX, AL
ar

DEC AL
JNZ L2
al

JMP START
m

RET
ni

To create a square waveform at DAC1 in Micro-86 LCD kit

Pa

START: MOV AL, 80

MOV DX, 8807
OUT DX, AL
MOV DX, 8801
MOV AL, FF
OUT DX, AL
CALL DELAY
MOV DX, 8801
MOV AL, 00
OUT DX, AL
CALL DELAY
67
 JMP START
DELAY: MOV BL, 05
L1: MOV CL, FF
L2: DEC CL
JNZ L2
DEC BL
JNZ L1
RET

ge
le
ol
C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus VBMB-002 was interfaced with 8086 and various waveforms are
generated at the output of DAC.
68
 PARALLEL COMMUNICATION INTERFACE

AIM:
To establish parallel communication between two MP kits using 8255.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. 8086 Microprocessor tool kit.
2. VXT parallel bus.
3. 8255 Interface board

ge
ALGORITHM:

1. Initialize accumulator to hold Control word.

le
2. Store control word in control word register.

ol
3. Read data port A.
4. Store data from port A in memory.

C
5. Place contents in port B.
6. Stop the program.

g
PROGRAM:
rin
MOV AL, 90
ee

MOV DX, 01E6

OUT DX, AL
in

MOV DX, 01E0

ng

IN AL, DX
MOV DX, 01E2
E

OUT DX, AL
MOV [1100], AL
ar

INT A5
al

OBSERVATION:
m

INPUT AT PORT A:
ni

PA7 PA6 PA5 PA4 PA3 PA2 PA1 PA0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 =0FH
Pa

OUTPUT AT PORT B:
PB7 PB6 PB5 PB4 PB3 PB2 PB1 PB0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 =0FH

1100=0FH

RESULT:

Thus the 8255 has been interfaced to 8086 microprocessor and parallel
communication is established.
69
 SERIAL COMMUNICATION INTERFACE

AIM:
To establish serial communication between two MP kits using 8251.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. 8086 Microprocessor tool kit.
2. RS 232C cable.
3. 8251 Interface board

ge
ALGORITHM:

le
1. Initialize 8086 and 8251 to check the Transmission and Reception of a

ol
Character.
2. Initialize 8086 to give an output.

C
3. The command word and mode word is written to the 8251 for subsequent
operations.

g
4. The status word is read from the 8251 on completion of a serial I/O
rin
operation, or when the host CPU is checking the status of the device before
starting the next operation.
5. Stop the program.
ee

PROGRAM:
in

MOV SI, 1100

ng

MOV DI, 1200

MOV AL, 00
E

MOV DX, 01E2

ar

OUT DX, AL
INT AC
al

OUT DX, AL
INT AC
m

OUT DX, AL
ni

INT AC
MOV AL, 40
Pa

OUT DX, AL
INT AC
MOV AL, 4D
OUT DX, AL
INT AC
MOV AL, 27
OUT DX, AL
LOOP1 : IN AL, DX
AND AL, 01

70
 JZ LOOP1
MOV AL, [SI]
MOV DX, 01E0
OUT DX, AL
MOV DX, 01E2
IN AL, DX
AND AL, 02
CMP AL, 02
JNZ LOOP2

ge
MOV DX, 01E0
OUT DX, AL

le
LOOP 2: MOV DX, 01E2
IN AL, DX

ol
AND AL, 02

C
CMP AL, 02
JNZ LOOP2

g
MOV DX, 01E0 rin
IN AL, DX
MOV [DI], AL
ee
INT A5

OBSERVATION:
in

INPUT:
ng

1100 AA
E

OUTPUT:
ar

Step Data bus RxD TxD comments

Start 00 1 1 DUMMY CODE
al

1 00 1 1 DUMMY CODE
m

2 00 1 1 DUMMY CODE
ni

3 40 1 1 RESET code for 8251

Pa

MODE WORD, 8 BIT NO, NO OF STOP BITS=1,

4 4D 1 1
BAUD RATE FACTOR=1.
COMMAND WORD, RTS OUTPUT=0, ENABLE
5 27 1 1
RECEIVER, TRANSMITTER.
6 85 1 1 READS STATUS OF BIT “TxRDY”
7 AA 1 1 I/P DATA ON THE DATA BUS OF 8251
DATA IS READY IN TRANSMITTER BUFFER
8 81 1 1
TO BE TRANSMITTED
CHECKING THE STATUS OF TxD PIN FOR “ONE”
9 81 0 0
BEFORE SENDING THE START BIT.

71
 THE DATA IS SERIALLYBEING TRANSMITTED
10 81 0 0
AND RECEIVED THROUGH SERIAL PORT, START BIT=0
11 81 0 0 D0=0
12 81 1 1 D1=1
13 81 0 0 D2=0
14 81 1 1 D3=1
15 81 0 0 D4=0

ge
16 81 1 1 D5=1
17 81 0 0 D6=0

le
18 81 1 1 D7=1

ol
STOP BIT=1 DATA IS AVAILABLE ON 8251 WHICH
19 87 1 1

C
IS TO BE READ
20 AA 1 1 DATA IS BEING READ FROM RECIEVER BUFFER

g
STEP 21… control will automatically go to command mode and check the data in mem location 1
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus the 8251 has been interfaced to 8086 microprocessor and the
serial communication between two microprocessor kits has been studied.

72
 Pa
ni
m
al
ar
Eng
in

73
ee
rin
g
C
WITH 8051
ol
le
ge
PROGRAMMING
 8 – BIT ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

PROGRAM:

ADDITION/SUBTRACTION
MOV DPTR, #6200
MOV R2, #00
MOVX A, @DPTR
MOV R1, A
INC DPTR

ge
MOVX A, @DPTR
ADD A, R1/SUBB A, R1
JNC

le
INC DPTR

ol
MOVX @DPTR, A
MOV A, R2

C
INC DPTR
MOVX @DPTR, A

g
RET
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

74
 8 – BIT ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

AIM:
To write an assembly language program to add and subtract the two 8-
bit numbers using microcontroller instruction set.

APPARATUE REQUIRED: 8051 Microprocessor kit

ALGORITHM:

ge
1. Load Accumulator A with any desired 8 bit data.
2. Load the register R1 with the second 8 bit data.
3. Add and subtract two 8 bit numbers.

le
4. Store the result.

ol
5. Stop the Program.

C
OBSERVATION:

g
ADDITION: WITHOUT CARRY ADDITION: WITH CARRY
rin
Input Data: Output Data: Input Data: Output Data:
6200 – 25 6202 – 4B 6200 – EE 6202 – B9
6200 – 26 6203 – 00 6201 – CB 6203 – 01
ee
in

SUB: WITHOUT BORROW SUB: WITHOUT BORROW

Input Data: Output Data: Input Data: Output Data:
ng

6200 – 65 6202 – 4D 6200 – 01 6202 – 02

6201 – 18 6203 – 00 6201 – FF 6203 – FF
E
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus, the assembly language program to add and sub the two 8-bit
numbers using 8051 instruction set was written and executed successfully.

75
 8 – BIT MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION

PROGRAM:

MOV DPTR, #6100

MOVX A, @DPTR
MOV F0, A
INC DPTR
MOVX A, @DPTR
MUL AB/DIV AB

ge
INC DPTR
MOVX @DPTR, A
MOV A, F0

le
INC DPTR

ol
MOVX @DPTR, A
RET

C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

76
 8 – BIT MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION

AIM:
To write an assembly language program to multiply and divide the two 8-
bit numbers using microcontroller instruction set.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8051 Microprocessor kit

ALGORITHM:

ge
1. Clear C-register for carry.
2. Move the first data to Accumulator.
3. Move the second data to B-register.

le
4. Multiply the second data with Accumulator.

ol
5. The higher order of the result is in B-register.
6. The lower order of the result is in Accumulator for division quotient is

C
stored in A and remainder in B register.
7. Store the sum in memory pointed by DPTR.

g
OBSERVATION:
rin
MULTIPLICATION:
ee

Input Data: Output Data:

6100 – 06 6202 – 12
in

6101 – 03
ng

DIVISION:
Input Data: Output Data:
E

6100 – 02 6102 – 04
6101 – 08
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus, the assembly language program to multiply and divide the two 8-
bit numbers using 8051 instruction set was written and executed.

77
 LOGICAL OPERATIONS

PROGRAM:

AND/EX-OR/OR
MOV DPTR, #6100
MOVX A, @DPTR
MOV R1, A
INC DPTR
MOVX A, @DPTR

ge
ANL A, R1/XRL A, R1/ORL A, R1
INC DPTR
MOVX @DPTR, A

le
RET

ol
NOT

C
MOV DPTR, #6100
MOVX A, @DPTR

g
CPL A
INC DPTR
rin
MOVX @DPTR, A
RET
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

78
 LOGICAL OPERATIONS

AIM:
To write an assembly language program to perform logical operations on
8-bit data using 8051 microcontroller.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8051 µc kit, keyboard board, power supply

ALGORITHM:

ge
1. Load 8 bit data in accumulator
2. Load R1 register with second 8 bit data.
3. Perform AND/OR/XOR operation on two data’s.

le
4. Complement the Result.

ol
5. Store the result in memory locations.
6. Stop the program.

C
OBSERVATION:

g
AND
rin
Input Data: Output Data:
6100 – BC 6102 – AC
ee

6101 - AE 6103 – 00
in

OR
Input Data: Output Data:
ng

6100 – BC 6102 – BE
6101 - AE 6103 – 00
E

EX - OR
ar

Input Data: Output Data:

6100 – 08 6102 – 07
al

6101 – 0F
m

NOT
Input Data: Output Data:
ni

6100 – 08 6102 – F7
Pa

RESULT:

Thus, the assembly language program was performed for logical

operations on 8-bit data.

79
 SQUARE OF AN 8 BIT NUMBER

PROGRAM:

SQUARE OF AN 8-BIT NUMBER:

MOV DPTR, #6100
MOVX A, @DPTR
MOV F0, A
MUL AB

ge
INC DPTR
MOVX @DPTR, A
INC DPTR

le
MOV A, F0

ol
MOVX @DPTR,A
RET

C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

80
 SQUARE OF AN 8 BIT NUMBER

AIM:
To write an assembly language program to find square and cube of an 8
bit number using 8051 microcontroller.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8051 µc kit, keyboard board, power supply

ALGORITHM:

ge
1. Load accumulator A with 8 bit data.
2. Move the 8 bit data to B register.

le
3. Multiply A and B to obtain square of a number.

ol
4. Move the result to B register.
5. Move to the memory locations.

C
6. Stop the program.

g
OBSERVATION:
rin
Input Data: Output Data:
ee

6100 - 02 6101 – 04 (SQUARE)

in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus the square of an 8-bit number was performed using 8051

microcontroller.

81
 CUBE OF AN 8 BIT NUMBER

PROGRAM:

CUBE OF AN 8-BIT NUMBER:

MOV DPTR, #6100
MOVX A, @DPTR
MOV R0, A
MOV F0, A

ge
MUL AB
PUSH F0
MOV F0, A

le
MOV A, R0

ol
MUL AB
INC DPTR

C
MOVX @DPTR, A
MOV A, F0

g
MOV R1, A rin
POP F0
MOV A, R0
MUL AB
ee

ADD A, R1
INC DPTR
in

MOVX @DPTR, A
MOV A, F0
ng

ADDC A, #00
INC DPTR
E

MOVX @DPTR, A
RET
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

82
 CUBE OF AN 8 BIT NUMBER

AIM:
To write an assembly language program to find cube of an 8 bit number
using 8051 microcontroller.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8051 µc kit, keyboard board, power supply

ALGORITHM:

ge
1. Load accumulator A with 8 bit data.
2. Move the 8 bit data to B register.
3. Multiply A and B to obtain Cube of a Number.

le
4. Move to the memory locations.

ol
5. Stop the program.

C
OBSERVATION:

g
Input Data: Output Data:
rin
6100 - 02 6102 – 08 (CUBE)
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus the cube of an 8-bit number was performed using 8051

microcontroller

83
 ONE’S AND TWO’S COMPLEMENT

PROGRAM:

MOV DPTR, #6100

MOVX A, @DPTR
CPL A
INC DPTR
MOVX @DPTR, A
INC A

ge
INC DPTR
MOVX @DPTR, A
RET

le
ol
C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

84
 ONE’S AND TWO’S COMPLEMENT

AIM:
To write an assembly language program to find the 1’s and 2’s
complement of an 8-bit number using microcontroller instruction set.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8051 µc kit, keyboard board, power supply

ALGORITHM:

ge
1. Move the data to Accumulator.
2. Complement the accumulator.
3. Move the one’s complement output to the memory 6500H.

le
4. Add 01H with accumulator.

ol
5. Move the two’s complement output to the memory 6501H.

C
OBSERVATION:

g
Input Data Output Data:
rin
6000 - 03 6100 – FC (1’s Complement)
6102 – FD (2’s Complement)
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus the assembly language program to find the 1’s and 2’s complement
of an 8-bit number using 8051 instruction set was written and executed
successfully.

85
 CODE CONVERSION

UNPACKED BCD TO ASCII

PROGRAM:

MOV DPTR, #6100

MOVX A, @DPTR
MOV F0, A
ANL A, #0F

ge
ADD A, #30
INC DPTR

le
MOVX @DPTR, A
MOV A, F0

ol
ANL A, #F0
SWAP A

C
ADD A, #30
INC DPTR

g
MOVX @DPTR, A rin
RET
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

86
 UNPACKED BCD TO ASCII

AIM:
To write an assembly language program to convert unpacked BCD to
ASCII of an 8-bit number using 8051 microcontroller.

ALGORITHM:

1. Load a 8 bit data into accumulator.

2. Move contents of A to R1 and Clear A register.

ge
3. Add contents of A AND R1.
4. Increment DPTR register.
5. Add A and R1 contents.

le
6. Jump to loop if carry flag is set.

ol
7. Add A contents and 07.
8. Increment DPTR register.

C
9. Stop the Program.

g
OBSERVATION:
rin
Input Data: Output Data:
6100 – 46 6102 – 36
ee

6101 – 34
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT:

Thus the assembly language program to convert unpacked BCD to ASCII

of an 8-bit number using 8051 microcontroller was written and executed
successfully.

87
 CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS
OBJECTIVE

To develop the programming skill of the students by exposing them to

embedded C language.

INTERFACING SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY WITH 8051

AIM:
To interface seven segment display with 8051 to display hexadecimal

ge
values from 0 to 9 for common anode configuration.

le
APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8051 development kit, ISP programmer, Keil

ol
µVision3 compiler, ribbon cables, 5V power supply.

C
INTERFACING DIAGRAM:

g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

PROGRAM:

#include<reg51.h> // include the header file

void delay_1s() // Function for creating delay in milliseconds.
{
int d;
for(d=0;d<=20;d++)
{
TMOD=0x01;
TL0=0xFD;
TH0=0x04B;
TR0=1; // start timer.
88
while(TF0==0); // run until TF turns to 1
TR0=0; // stop timer
TF0=0; // reset the flag
}
}

void main()
{
unsigned char
no_code[]={0x3F,0x06,0x5B,0x4F,0x66,0x6D,0x7D,0x07,0x7F,0x67}; //Array
for hex values (0-9) for common anode 7 segment

ge
int k;
while(1) // repeat the loop infinitely

le
{
for(k=0;k<10;k++)

ol
{

C
P2=no_code[k];
delay_1s();

g
}
}
rin
}
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT

Thus the interfacing seven segment display with 8051 to display hex
values was performed.
89
 INTERFACING LCD WITH 8051

AIM:
To interface LCD with 8051 to display characters using embedded C
programming.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8051 development kit, ISP programmer, Keil

µVision3 compiler, ribbon cables, 5V power supply.

INTERFACING DIAGRAM:

ge
le
ol
C
g
rin
ee
in
ng

PROGRAM:

include<reg51.h> //include the header file

E

#define LCD_PORT P2
ar

sbit rs=P3^5; //defining name for the pin

sbit en=P3^7;
al

sbit D7=P2^7;
sbit rw=P3^6;
m

void busy();
ni

void CMD_WRT(unsigned char); // function definitions

void LCD_WRT(unsigned char *);
Pa

void DATA_WRT(unsigned char);

void DELAY();
void main()
{
unsigned char CMD[]={0x38,0x01,0x0f,0x06,0x80},
TEMP1,i; //array declaration
for(i=0;i<5;i++) //creating a loop
{
TEMP1=CMD[i];
CMD_WRT(TEMP1); // writing command to LCD
}
DELAY();
90
 CMD_WRT(0X01);
CMD_WRT(0X80);
LCD_WRT("16X2 LCD DISPLAY");
DELAY();
DELAY();
while(1); } // indefinite loop
void DELAY() // calling delay function
{
unsigned int X=6000000;
while(X--); }
void busy() //checking the status of LCD

ge
{
D7=1;

le
rs=0;
rw=1;

ol
while(D7!=0)

C
{
en=0;

g
en=1;
}
rin
}
void CMD_WRT(unsigned char val)// passing command to LCD
ee

{
busy();
in

LCD_PORT=val;
rs=0;
ng

rw=0;
en=1;
en=0;
E

}
void LCD_WRT(unsigned char *string) //writing string to LCD
ar

{
al

while(*string)
DATA_WRT(*string++);
m

}
void DATA_WRT(unsigned char ch) // writing data
ni

{
busy();
Pa

LCD_PORT = ch;
rs=1;
rw=0;
en=1;
en=0;}

RESULT

Thus the interfacing LCD with 8051 to display characters was

performed.

91
 INTERFACING DC MOTOR WITH 8051

AIM:
To interface DC motor with 8051 and make it rotate in clockwise and
anticlockwise direction using embedded C programming.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8051 development kit, ISP programmer, Keil

µVision3 compiler, ribbon cables, 5V power supply.

INTERFACING DIAGRAM:

ge
le
ol
C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar

PROGRAM:
al

#include<reg51.h> //include header file

m

sbit switch1=P2^0; //initialize switch1 to P2.0

sbit switch2=P2^1; //initialize switch2 to P2.1
ni

sbit clk=P3^0;
sbit anticlk=P3^1;
Pa

void main()
{

switch1=switch2=1; //making P2.0 and P2.1 as inputs

switch1=switch2=0;
clk=anticlk=0;
while(1) // repeat the loop infinitely
{
if((switch1))
clk=1;
else if((switch2))
92
 anticlk=1;
else
P3=0x00;

}
}

ge
le
ol
C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

RESULT

Thus the interfacing the DC motor with 8051 to make it rotate in

clockwise and anticlockwise direction was performed.

93
PROGRAM OUTCOMES:

At the end of the course, the students will be able to

• Write embedded C program for 8051 microcontroller
• Build a complete microcontroller based system
• Debug programming errors
• Develop microcontroller automotive applications

ALGORITHM FOR EXECUTING PROGRAMS IN CONTENT BEYOND

ge
SYLLABUS
1. Design the circuit
2. Simulate the circuit using Proteus software

le
3. Compile the embedded C code using Keil software

ol
4. Create the hex file
5. Download the hex file into the chip using PROGisp

C
6. View the desired output in the kit

g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

94
 8086 VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Give examples for 8 / 16 / 32 bit Microprocessor?

8-bit Processor - 8085 / Z80 /6800; 16-bit Processor - 8086 / 68000 /
Z8000; 32-bit Processor - 80386 / 80486.

2. What is 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor?

The processor made of PMOS/ NMOS / HMOS / HCMOS technology is called

ge
1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor, and it is made up of 4 / 8 / 16 /
32 bits.

le
3. What is the difference between microprocessor and microcontroller?

ol
In Microprocessor more op-codes, few bit handling instructions. But in
Microcontroller: fewer op-codes, more bit handling Instructions, and also it is

C
defined as a device that includes micro processor, memory, & input / output

g
signal lines on a single chip. rin
4. What is meant by LATCH?
Latch is a D- type flip-flop used as a temporary storage device controlled by a
ee

timing signal, which can store 0 or 1. The primary function of a Latch is data
storage. It is used in output devices such as LED, to hold the data for display.
in
ng

5. What is the difference between primary & secondary storage device?

In primary storage device the storage capacity is limited. It has a volatile
E

memory. In secondary storage device the storage capacity is larger. It is a

nonvolatile memory. Primary devices are: RAM / ROM. Secondary devices are:
ar

Floppy disc / Hard disk.

al

6. Difference between static and dynamic RAM?

m

Static RAM: No refreshing, 6 to 8 MOS transistors are required to form one

memory cell, Information stored as voltage level in a flip flop. Dynamic RAM:
ni

Refreshed periodically, 3 to 4 transistors are required to form one memory cell,

Pa

Information is stored as a charge in the gate to substrate capacitance.

7. What is interrupt?
Interrupt is a signal send by external device to the processor so as to request
the processor to perform a particular work.

8. What is cache memory?

Cache memory is a small high-speed memory. It is used for temporary storage
of data & information between the main memory and the CPU (center
processing unit). The cache memory is only in RAM.

95
9. What is called .Scratch pad of computer?
Cache Memory is scratch pad of computer.

10. Differentiate between RAM and ROM?

RAM: Read / Write memory, High Speed, Volatile Memory. ROM: Read only
memory, Low Speed, Non-Volatile Memory.

11. What is a compiler?

ge
Compiler is used to translate the high-level language program into machine
code at a time. It doesn’t require special instruction to store in a memory, it

le
stores automatically. The Execution time is less compared to Interpreter.

ol
12. Which processor structure is pipelined?

C
All x86 processors have pipelined structure.

g
13. What is flag? rin
Flag is a flip-flop used to store the information about the status of processor
and the status of the instruction executed most recently
ee

14. What is stack?

in

Stack is a portion of RAM used for saving the content of Program Counter and
general purpose registers.
E ng

15. Can ROM be used as stack?

ROM cannot be used as stack because it is not possible to write to ROM.
ar
al

16. What is NV-RAM?

Nonvolatile Read Write Memory also called Flash memory. It is also know as
m

shadow RAM
ni

17. What are the flags in 8086?

Pa

In 8086 carry flag, Parity flag, Auxiliary carry flag, Zero flag, Overflow flag,
Trace flag, Interrupt flag, Direction flag, and Sign flag.

18. What are the various interrupts in 8086?

Maskable interrupts Non-Maskable interrupts.

19. What is meant by Maskable interrupts?

An interrupt that can be turned off by the programmer is known as Maskable
interrupt.

96
20. What is Non-Maskable interrupts?
An interrupt which can be never be turned off (i.e., disabled) is known as Non-
Maskable interrupt.

21. Which interrupts are generally used for critical events?

Non-Maskable interrupts are used in critical events. Such as Power failure,
Emergency shut off etc.

ge
22. What are the various segments registers in 8086?
Code, Data, Stack, Extra Segment registers in 8086.

le
23. What is the position of the Stack Pointer after the PUSH instruction?

ol
The address line is 02 less than the earlier value.

C
24. What is the position of the Stack Pointer after the POP instruction?

g
The address line is 02 greater than the earlier value.
rin
25. Logic calculations are done in which type of registers?
ee

Accumulator is the register in which Arithmetic and Logic calculations are

done.
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

97
 CONTROL & COMMAND WORDS

PROGRAMMABLE SERIAL COMMUNICATION (8251)

ge
le
ol
C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

98
 PROGRAMMABLE SERIAL COMMUNICATION (8251)

ge
le
ol
C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

99
PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL PARALLEL COMMUNICATION
INTERFACE (8255)

I/O MODE CONTROL WORD

ge
le
ol
C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

100
 PROGRAMMABLE INTERVAL TIMER (8253)

ge
le
ol
C
g
rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

101
 PROGRAMMABLE KEYBOARD & DISPLAY INTERFACE (8279)

1. KEYBOARD/DISPLAY MODE SET

0 0 0 D D K K K

ge
DD – DISPLAY MODE

le
KKK - KEYBOARD MODE

ol
C
kkk Function

g
000
rin
Encoded keyboard with 2-key lockout
001 Decoded keyboard with 2-key lockout
ee

010 Encoded keyboard with N-key rollover

in

011 Decoded keyboard with N-key rollover

ng

100 Encoded sensor matrix

101 Decoded sensor matrix
E

110 Strobed keyboard, encoded display scan

ar

111 Strobed keyboard, decoded display scan

al

DD Function
m

00 8-digit display with left entry

ni

01 16-digit display with left entry

Pa

10 8-digit display with right entry

11 16-digit display with right entry

102
 PROCEDURE FOR 8086 PROGRAMS USING MASM

1. Go to the start option, select RUN type CMD give enter

2. Type D: enter, type CD space your folder name give enter
3. Type EDIT give enter( using EDIT file type the 8086 programs)
4. After typing the program ALT F, Save as, Type file name.ASM,give
enter, press ALT FX to exit from EDIT screen
5. Type MASM file name and press the enter key 4 times

ge
6. Type LINK file name and press the enter key 4 times
7. Type DEBUG give enter, type n space bar file name.exe give enter,

le
8. Type L give enter, Type E 2000 give enter

ol
9. Type the input data’s by pressing the space bar key give enter
10. Type g=1000 give enter

C
11. Type E 2004 give enter

g
12. Type Q give enter rin
ee
in
E ng
ar
al
m
ni
Pa

103