Unit 1-Architecture of DBMS

 Architecture of DBMS:
Database architecture uses programming languages to design a

particular type of software for businesses or organizations.
Database architecture focuses on the design, development,
implementation and maintenance of computer programs that
store and organize information for businesses, agencies and
institutions. A database architect develops and implements
software to meet the needs of users.
The design of a DBMS depends on its architecture. It can be

centralized or decentralized or hierarchical. The architecture of a
DBMS can be seen as either single tier or multi-tier. The tiers are
classified as follows :
1. 1-tier architecture
4. n-tier architecture
1. 1-tier architecture:
One-tier architecture involves putting all of the required
components for a software application or technology on a single
server or platform.
Basically, a one-tier architecture keeps all of the elements of an
application, including the interface, Middleware and back-end
data, in one place. Developers see these types of systems as the
simplest and most direct way.
2. 2-tier architecture:
The two-tier is based on Client Server architecture. The two-tier
architecture is like client server application. The direct
communication takes place between client and server. There is
no intermediate between client and server.
2-tier DBMS architecture includes an Application layer between
the user and the DBMS, which is responsible to communicate
the user's request to the database management system and
then send the response from the DBMS to the user.
An application interface known as ODBC(Open Database
Connectivity) provides an API that allow client side program to
call the DBMS. Most DBMS vendors provide ODBC drivers for
their DBMS.
Such an architecture provides the DBMS extra security as it is
not exposed to the End User directly. Also, security can be
improved by adding security and authentication checks in the
Application layer too.
3. 3-tier DBMS Architecture

3-tier DBMS architecture is the most commonly used
architecture for web applications.
It is an extension of the 2-tier architecture. In the 2-tier
architecture, we have an application layer which can be
accessed programatically to perform various operations on the
DBMS. The application generally understands the Database
Access Language and processes end users requests to the
DBMS.
In 3-tier architecture, an additional Presentation or GUI Layer is
added, which provides a graphical user interface for the End
user to interact with the DBMS.
For the end user, the GUI layer is the Database System, and the
end user has no idea about the application layer and the DBMS
system.
If you have used MySQL, then you must have
seen PHPMyAdmin, it is the best example of a 3-tier DBMS
architecture.
 overview of hierarchical data model
A Database model defines the logical design and structure of

a database and defines how data will be stored, accessed and
updated in a database management system. While
the Relational Model is the most widely used database
model, there are other models too:
 Hierarchical Model
 Network Model
 Entity-relationship Model
 Relational Model
In hierarchical model, data is organized into a tree like

structure with each record is having one parent record and
many children. , with a single root, to which all the other data is
linked. The heirarchy starts from the Root data, and expands
like a tree, adding child nodes to the parent nodes.
In this model, a child node will only have a single parent node.
This model efficiently describes many real-world relationships
like index of a book, recipes etc.
In hierarchical model, data is organised into tree-like structure
with one one-to-many relationship between two different
types of data, for example, one department can have many
courses, many professors and of-course many students.
 The main drawback of this model is that, it can have only one to
many relationships between nodes.
 Note: Hierarchical models are rarely used now.
Network Model
This is an extension of the Hierarchical model. In this model data is
organised more like a graph, and are allowed to have more than one
parent node.
In this database model data is more related as more relationships are
established in this database model. Also, as the data is more related,
hence accessing the data is also easier and fast. This database model
was used to map many-to-many data relationships.
This was the most widely used database model, before Relational
Model was introduced.
Relational Model
In this model, data is organised in two-dimensional tables and the relationship is
maintained by storing a common field.
This model was introduced by E.F Codd in 1970, and since then it has been the most
widely used database model, infact, we can say the only database model used around
the world.
The basic structure of data in the relational model is tables. All the information related to
a particular type is stored in rows of that table.
Hence, tables are also known as relations in relational model.
In the coming tutorials we will learn how to design tables, normalize them to reduce data
redundancy and how to use Structured Query language to access data from tables.
 What is the Difference Between
Hierarchical Network and Relational
Database Model
Definition
A hierarchical model is a structure of data organized in a tree-like model using parent-child
relationships while network model is a database model that allows multiple records to be linked
to the same owner file. A relational model, on the other hand, is a database model to manage data
as tuples grouped into relations (tables).
Basis
Hierarchical model arranges data in a tree similar structure while network model organizes data
in a graph structure. In contrast, relational model arranges data in tables. Hence, this is the main
difference between hierarchical network and relational database model.
Relationship
Moreover, an important difference between hierarchical network and relational database model is
that while a hierarchical model represents “one to many” relationship, a network model
represents “many to many” relationship. Furthermore, relational model can represent both “one
to many” and “many to many” relationships.
Accessing data
Although it is difficult to access data in the hierarchical model, it is easier to access data in the
network model and the relational model.
Flexibility
Also, another difference between hierarchical network and relational database model is their
flexibility. The hierarchical model is less flexible, but the network model and relational model
are flexible.
Also seen link for comparison:
http://newtutorial2012.blogspot.com/2012/07/comparison-between-hierarchical-
model.html
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 Architecture of DBMS:

Database architecture uses programming languages to design a

The design of a DBMS depends on its architecture. It can be

3. 3-tier DBMS Architecture

A Database model defines the logical design and structure of

In hierarchical model, data is organized into a tree like

 Note: Hierarchical models are rarely used now.

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