Pinhole Camera

S.no.
Content to be discussed
1 Heading 'Mirrors and Reflection of Light'
2 A very narrow path of light represented by a line with an arrowhead
representing the direction in which it is travelling is called ray of a light.
A beam is light is broader and consists of several rays of light.
There are three types of beams convergent beam, divergent beam and parallel
beam. [explain]
Do you know how can we produce beam of light in laboratory?

It is produced with the help of a light box which consists of a bulb kept
inside a cardboard box with the hole in it for light to come out.
3 Pinhole Camera
Most of us like capturing images. Do you know how it is possible? Yes, with
the help of a camera. Let us study about a very basic camera – pin hole
camera.
Construction:
A pin hole camera is easy to make at homes everyday. It is made of a tin or
cardboard box with one side open and all the other sides closed. The open
side of the box is usually covered with a tracing paper which acts as the
screen where you can obtain your image. On the opposite side of the screen,
a hole is made in the centre of the cardboard and is covered with a black
paper. A a very pointed object or a sharp pin is then used to make a hole in
the paper. This will allow light to enter in the box.
4 Principle of working:
When an object is exposed to sunlight or a similar light, the light is reflected

in all directions. Now when a box with pinhole is put in the light, only light
beams in appropriate directions are allowed to pass through it and others get
blocked by the box. When sensitive paper ( tracing paper) is placed on the
other side of the box, light from the pinhole enters and forms an image on it.
Also, the image obtained will be always inverted.
5 But why there is a difference between a shadow and an image?

A shadow is formed when light from a source is obstructed by an opaque
object. So, it is the area where no light falls, and hence, it is black.
An image on the other hand is formed due to reflection of light from a
polished or shiny surface. In this cae, light from the object actually fall on
our eyes, making all the details of the object visible to us.
6 An image which can be obtained on screen is called a real image. In our
previous discussion regarding image formed by plane mirror, we found out
that the image formed by it, cannot be obtained on screen.
An image which cannot be obtained on screen is called a virtual image.
But it is not always necessary that a concave mirror will always form a small
and real image. If the object is moved too closer to the mirror, the image
formed is larger than the object and also virtual in nature.
7 Now lets get back to the image formation in a mirror that we studied in our
previous class. But what is exactly a mirror?
Any polished or shiny surface can act as a mirror like a shining steel plate or
surface of water even.
Now what happens when light fall on a mirror? A mirror changes the
direction of any light ray falling on it. Lets find it out by performing an
activity.
8 Stand in a dark room with one other person for your help. Let the other
person hold a plane mirror. Now switch on a torch and shines the mirror with
its light. Now what do we observe? It can be seen that the mirror changes
the direction of light falling on it. You can also involved a third person and
focus the reflected patch of light on him with some adjustment
9 The activity proves that mirror changes the direction of light falling on it. The change in
direction of light on faaling upon a polished or shiny surface is known as reflection of
light.
Why light reflects from only shiny surfaces?

Ans: When lights rays hits an obstacle, they are either transmitted through, absorbed by it
or reflected by it. It entirely depends on the properties of materials. Shiny surfaces reflect
light while trasnparent tarsnmit them and opaque absorb and reflect both
10 Let us now study about images formed in a plane mirror.
If we place a lighted candle in front of the mirror and try to see its flame, it will appear as
if a similar candle is placed behind the mirror.
The candle that appears behind the mirror is called as the image of the candle formed by
the mirror.
The candle itself is known as the object.
The image formed is of the same size as the object and the distance of the image from the
mirror is same as the distance of the object from the mirror.
11 We always see the word 'AMBULANCE' on the ambulance car like this.
Why did that happen?
Yes that happen due to lateral inversion
The laterally inverted letters of the word , will appear normal in the rear view mirror as
the person moving ahead can see AMBULANCE written on the bus and can give it way
to move ahead. It is like turning a person from its back to its front. Lateral inversion
works the same way.
12 Now lets us recall on more interesting fact about image formation by a mirror. Do you
recall that in an image formed by a plane mirror has some difference from the object even
if it of the same size and appear at the same distance?
In the image formed by a plane mirror, left appears right and right appears left. What does
we call this?
Yes, it is known as lateral inversion.
What is the reason of lateral inversion?
The light rays are returned at the same angle that they hit the mirror. The light rays from
your right arm hits and returns from the right side of the mirror as you face it. But for the
image as it is faced opposite to us, your right becomes its left.
13 What does an image formed by a plane mirror looks like?
• The image formed by a plane mirror is always upright, for example, the flame on
the top of the candle in the object appears similarly in the image. This type of
image is known as erect.
• The image is of the same size as the object.
• Image formed by a plane mirror cannot be obtained on screen. This type of image
is known as virtual image.
But what about the distance of image from the mirror?
14 Ans.
(i) from the mirror – at 50 cm

(ii) from his head - at 50 cm
15 As we know that in case of plane mirror the image is formed behind the mirror and the
distance of image from the mirror is same as the distance of the object from the mirror.
As, it is given here that the distance of the man is 2 m from the mirror. This means his
image is 2 m behind the mirror.
Thus, the distance of the man and his image is

2m+2m=4m
In order to have the distance equal to 2 m from the image, the man must stand at a
distance of 1 m from the mirror.
Mark the distance of the man from the mirror.
Thus for this he should move 1 m towards the

mirror.
16 Ans: The letters which are vertically symmetrical or whose left and right side look same
do not appear laterally inverted in aplane mirror.
These are: A, H, I, M, O, T, U, V, W, X
17
18

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S.no.

Do you know how can we produce beam of light in laboratory?

When an object is exposed to sunlight or a similar light, the light is reflected

5 But why there is a difference between a shadow and an image?

Why light reflects from only shiny surfaces?

(i) from the mirror – at 50 cm

Thus, the distance of the man and his image is

Mark the distance of the man from the mirror.

Thus for this he should move 1 m towards the

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