STUDY OF FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

IN

Styrax Pharma Pvt. Ltd.

A Project report submitted in

Partial fulfillment of the requirements for
The award of the certificate of the

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

Submitted By

PERURI SATISH KUMAR

ARABOLU RAJU
KIRAN KUMAR DOMAROTHU

(2018- 2019)

IIFSE (Institute of industrial fire and safety engineering)

Affiliated by State Board of Technical Education & Training

Thotapalem, Near RTC complex, Vizianagaram, 535002, 08922-232456

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Date:

TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that below mentioned students from (IIFSE )

Institute of Industrial Fire and Safety Engineering, in
Affiliation with State Board of Technical Education and
Training ,Vijayawada, A.P Pursuing his Industrial Safety has
under gone one month fifteen days Internship Project from June
1st 2019 to July 15th 2019 in CPE INDIA PVT LTD Company on,
Entitle STUDY OF FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM in the Industry.
1. PERURI SATISH KUMAR
2. ARABOLU RAJU.
3. KIRAN KUMARDOMAROTHU
During his stay we found his performance is good and
satisfactory.
We wish you all the very best in your future Endeavor.
For,

Factory Seal & Authorized signatory

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CERTIFICATE

We certify that the project work entitled STUDY OF FIRE

FIGHTING submitted by PERURI SATISH KUMAR,
ARABOLU RAJU & KIRAN KUMAR DOMAROTHU for
partial fulfillment of Industrial Safety to the State Board of
Technical Education and Training affiliation with Institute of
Industrial Fire and Safety Engineering (IIFSE) Vizinagaram,
during the year of 2018 - 2019.

Place:
Date:

Head of the Dept.

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DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the present project work described in

this project STUDY OF FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM has been
carried out by me under the guidance of Styrax Pharma Pvt.
Ltd. The work is Original and has not been submitted
previously, in part or full to any other university for any Degree
of fellowship.

Place:
Date:

Names Signature

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Contents
ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction
1.1. What is FIRE?
1.2. Classes of FIRE?
1.3. Stages of FIRE and behaviour?
2. Fire protection & prevention
2.1. Fire Alarm
2.2. MCP
2.3. Fire Panel
3. Methods of extinguishing fire
3.1. Starvation
3.2. Smothering
3.3. Cooling
4. Fire extinguishing system
4.1. Fire Extinguishers
4.2. Fire Sprinkler System
4.3. Fire Hydrant System
4.4. Gas Flooding System

5. Emergency Response Teams, Roles & Responsibilities

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5.1. Early Warning Team

5.2. Fire Fighting Team
5.3. Cordon Off Team
5.4. First Aid Team
5.5. Assembly Area Team
5.6. Evaluation Team

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCE MATERIAL

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CHAPTER – I
ABSTRACT

Abstract
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Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process

of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Slower oxidative
processes like rusting or digestion are not included by this definition.

An accident, also known as an unintentional act, is an undesirable, incidental,

and an unplanned event that could have been prevented had circumstances leading up to
the accident been recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence. Most scientists
who study unintentional injury avoid using the term "accident" and focus on factors that
increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity. Of all the
accidents FIRE ACCIDENT is the most terrible accident because the lives it claims
and the destruction it brings is more than any other accidents.

My document focuses on protection from fire, prevention of fire and

extinguishing of fire.

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CHAPTER – II

INTRODUCTION

Introduction
1.1 What is FIRE?

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Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process

of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Slower oxidative
processes like rusting or digestion are not included by this definition.
Fire Triangle:
The Fire Triangle or Combustion Triangle is a simple model for understanding the
necessary ingredients for most fires.

The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and
an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen). A fire naturally occurs when the elements are
present and combined in the right mixture, meaning that fire is actually an event rather
than a thing. A fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the
elements in the fire triangle. For example, covering a fire with a fire blanket removes
the oxygen part of the triangle and can extinguish a fire. In large fires where firefighters
are called in, decreasing the amount of oxygen is not usually an option because there is
no effective way to make that happen in an extended area.

FIRE TETRAHEDRON:
The fire tetrahedron represents the addition of a component in the chemical chain
reaction, to the three already present in the fire triangle. Once a fire has started, the
resulting exothermic chain reaction sustains the fire and allows it to continue until or
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unless at least one of the elements of the fire is blocked. Foam can be used to deny the
fire the oxygen it needs. Water can be used to lower the temperature of the fuel below
the ignition point or to remove or disperse the fuel. Halon can be used to remove free
radicals and create a barrier of inert gas in a direct attack on the chemical reaction
responsible for the fire.

Combustion is the chemical reaction that feeds a fire more heat and allows it to
continue. When the fire involves burning metals like lithium, magnesium, titanium, etc.
(known as a class-D fire), it becomes even more important to consider the energy
release. The metals react faster with water than with oxygen and thereby more energy is
released. Putting water on such a fire results in the fire getting hotter or even exploding.
Carbon dioxide extinguishers are ineffective against certain metals such as
titanium. Therefore, inert agents (e.g. dry sand) must be used to break the chain reaction
of metallic combustion.
In the same way, as soon as one of the four elements of the tetrahedron is removed,
combustion stops.

1.2 Classes of FIRE:

Every material doesn’t get burnt in the same way. This is why materials are grouped
into the classification of fuel. This determines how to extinguish the fire with the help
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of different suitable extinguishing media like water, foam, carbon dioxide (CO 2),dry
chemical powder, sand, etc., As per the type of fuel, the fire is divided into four classes
Class A- Common Combustibles
Class B- Flammable Liquids
Class C- Flammable gases & Live Electrical Equipment
Class D- Combustible Metals
a) Class A- Common Combustibles:

Class A fire involves solid materials like wood, cloth, paper, rubber, plastics, etc,
reactive X metals was not included in this class.

We can extinguish this class of fire by putting water with the help of water CO 2
extinguisher, hose reel hose and hydrant system.
Water is the best extinguishing media for solid fire. Water can be more effective to
extinguish any big fire if it is thrown by with high pressure. Water extinguishes fire with
cooling method. ABC powder/sand can be used to control class A fire if electrical
current is available in solid fire, we cannot use water in that case.

b) Class B- Flammable Liquids :

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Class B fire is a liquid fire which involves flammable liquids and gases like
gasoline, propane, oil based paints, grease, tar and solvents.

This class of fire can be extinguished by smothering method. We can use CO 2, powder
or can cover to extinguish small fire but foam is the best media to extinguish the fire
which makes a thick layer over the oil like blanket to cut off oxygen supply, even in the
case of big fire
Water should not be used in this class as water is heavier than the oils. Water will settle
down and oil will come out which may spread more fire outside the container rather
than extinguishing.

Class C- Flammable Gases & Live Electrical Equipment:

Class c fires are the fires that are due to live electrical equipments. Electric fire happens
due to short circuit, overheating, overloading. CO 2 extinguisher is a class C extinguisher
and best media to extinguish the electric fire. So electric fire comes under class C fire
but earlier was in class E which has been removed. Water should not be used in class C
fire if electric supply is there.

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If power supply is not available in circuit it can be treated as class A fire and trained fire
fighter can only handle such fire with water. In case of electric fire we can control easily
with the help of CO2, ABC powder or dry sand.
Class D- Combustible Metals:
Class D is the metal fire, metal fire which are highly flammable and very reactive in
behaviour like sodium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, titanium, etc
Only Dry Chemical Powder specific for class D is suitable for this class. Dry chemical
powder extinguishes fire through smothering method by coating the metal with this
powder.

1.3. Stages of FIRE and

behaviour
Fire generally
has four stages
 Incipient or beginning stage
 Free burning stag
 Flash over Stage
 Smouldering stage
Flash over and back draft is the behaviour of the fire

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a) Incipient or Beginning Stage:

This is the incipient stage when material starts to burn after reaching temperature
at its ignition point. At this stage, we can control and restrict fire easily by using
any of the extinguishing method.

b) Free Burning Stage:

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This is the critical stage in which the material starts to burn freely and
temperature involves other material in fire very rapidly.

In this stage we have a very less time to control and restrict the area of fire. The oxygen
content in the air falls below 21% and the breathing becomes difficult. Respiratory
equipment such as Self Contained Breathing Apparatus should be used for artificial
breathing
The temperature of the flame will be measuring around 650 0C/12000F to 8700C/16000F
The carbon monoxide levels are also very which makes it very harmful and dangerous
for human lives.

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c) Flash over Stage

This is the blazing stage in which all material burns at the high temperature which can
burn anything. Flames come out like flash and it’s very difficult to control and
extinguish the fire even by fire brigade some time. It claims maximum loss of property
and human life.
d) Smouldering stage

This is the last stage of fire when all material has been burnt out and only smoke,
residue and unburnt material is left. This is also very dangerous stage and may claim
many lives, because lot of toxic gases and smoke releases in this stage.

BACK DRAFT
Back draft is the behaviour of fire. Back draft happens while fire occurs in a room with
closed windows and doors. Fire gets extinguished after the depletion of the oxygen less

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than 16% in the room due to lack of ventilation but all unburnt particles gather in a
thick layer at the roof in the form of black smoke
Fire in the room with door & windows closed
↓
Increase room ventilation
↓
Ignition in the room
↓
Back Draft
When door or window is opened, oxygen comes inside which ignites the unburnt
particles rapidly as there are very highly inflammable elements resulting in the flash
back with pressure is called Back draft.

Precautions to check Back Draft:

 If smoke is coming from any closed room then first of all check the door or
window by touching with back side of the hand to feel whether it is hot or not
 If found hot, then break the glass of window with any object from a safe distance
to provide ventilation and sit down or open the door with long stick if it opens
inward
 If window is not there then open the door little outward to provide ventilation.
You need to sit down, bend your knees and hide behind the door.
 Do not open the door completely until flash over comes out.
 Do not stand in front of the door while opening.
 After flash over had happened once, use fire fighting PPE and equipment to
control fire.
 Fire fighter must enter inside the room with wearing SCBA set for fire fighting
or rescue purpose. SCBA helps to avoid the inhalation of toxic/poisonous gases.

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CHAPTER – III

FIRE PROTECTION AND

PREVENTION

Fire protection means protect the preemies, property and life of occupants from
fire through various techniques. Protection can never be 100% effective but it is

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necessary to plan and design to mitigate damages when fire

occurs. There are different types of protection systems.

Fire detection system detects fire, smoke or gas quite

efficiently with the help of detectors which is integrated
with the alarm and fire panel. This system can alert people
automatically and indicates location to control the situation. Fire detection
system can be integrated with many devices having different functions for
handling an emergency situation of fire which gets activated together for fast
response. Different devices integrated with fire protection system are as follows:

 Detectors
 Sprinkler
 Fire alarm
 Manual Call Point (MCP)
 Fire Panel
 Suppression system

Detectors:

Detectors are installed to detect the fire or smoke and give indication on fire panel that
helps to locate the affected area. When indication comes at fire panel then alarm of that
area gets activated to alert before situation turns critical. Blinking LED of detector
means it is working. If LED gets continuously, means it has been activated. Testing of
detector should be done on regular basis by detector testing instrument to check whether
the detector is integrated with fire alarm panel or not. Every detector should be tested
once quarterly. There are different types of detectors which are installed as per the type
of area.

Following are the different types of detectors:

Smoke Detectors:

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Smoke detectors are installed to detect the smoke and activate the
alarm. Sometime it may give false indication by dust or technical
fault also. If smoke detector is activated then rectify it by blowing
air in the detector. There are two types of smoke detectors

a) Optical/Photoelectric
b) Ionizing detector, Ionizing smoke detectors are generally installed for clean and
closed areas as they gets activated easily.

Heat detectors:

Heat detectors are installed to detect the heat of area if it is more than a specific
temperature which may cause fire. There are two types of heat detectors

a) Fixed temperature and

b) Rate of rise temperature

Fixed type is activated when temperature is more than fixed

temperature of 570C and rate of rise type is activated when the
temperature is raised at fast rate.

Gas detectors:

Gas detectors are installed to detect the leakage of flammable or toxic gases to avoid
any kind of disasters. There are different gas detectors like chlorine, hydrogen,
ammonia etc.

Flame detectors:

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A flame detector responds either to radiant energy which may or

may not be visible to the human eye. Each type of fuel after
burning produces a flame with specific radiation characteristics. A
flame detection system must be chosen for the type of fire that is
probable. Flame detectors are of two types

a) Ultraviolent flame detectors

b) Infrared flame detectors

Fire Alarm:

Fire alarm system which activates for warning and alert

occupants about any emergency by activation of fire
detection systems like smoke detectors, sprinkler, MCP, etc.
Fire alarm is the sound system that is connected to the detection system and fire
panel to tell the location.

MCP and Talk Back:

MCP is Manual Call Point which activates manually to

alert the occupants for an emergency. There may be different options like break
glass, pull down MCP or press button to activate which is integrated with fire panel.
It gives the indication on fire panel also to indicate the location.

Fire Panel:

Fire panel is the control panel of all the detection system installed in control room to
find the location of the affected area from where fire indication is coming. When
any detection system is activated, the location gets indicated on the fire panel.
Indication needs to acknowledge first on fire panel to identify the location. Search
the fault of that area and reset the fault by pressing reset button on the fire panel if it
is a false indication.

There are two types of fire panels:

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a) Conventional Fire Panel:

This panel is divided into zones. There is one sub panel in each zone that helps
to tell the reason of fire indication. When any detection system is activated,
indication comes on sub (zone) panel then comes on main panel to activation of
other related detection systems like exhaust fan. The indication can reset from
sub panel. There are different cards of different detection systems. This panel
gives very less false indications and it is easy to rectify the faults but difficult to
find the exact location.

b) Addressable Fire Panel:

This panel is not divided into zones as it tells the exact address code of the
detection system location. We can locate that instrument directly through proper
address code in the chart. This panel is very sensitive, so it gives lots of false
indications and very tough to rectify the troubles in the panel. It is installed in
very clean and closed area.

Fire Prevention:

 Proper fire and safety training with fire mock drills should be conducted
regularly for providing awareness among the people so that they can
confine the fire easily at first stage.
 Workers at workplace must know fire fighting, evacuation and rescue
procedures in case of emergency for fast response.
 Fire alarm system detectors & sprinkler shall be established everywhere
to promptly help everyone who could be endangered by fire.
 All fire fighting equipments/instruments should always be tested and
maintained
 Internal and external audits of fire, electrical, HSE, housekeeping and
occupied spaces should be done in time to check the maintenance and
proper functionality of the system.
 Good communication should be established by installing alarm, P.A
system and display internal & external emergency numbers.
 Compartmentalization should be fire proof and proper so that fire does
not spread from one area to another area.
 Use ISI marked equipments.
 Have all electrical work done by trained electrician.
 Change entire defective electric wire instead of replacing with joint.

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 Test ELCB, MCB once in a month to make sure they are working
adequately.
 Use MCB and ELCB to reduce the risk of fire.
 Turn off electrical equipments after the usage.
 Use less hazardous/inflammable material instead of more hazardous
material.
 Combustible material should be stored properly away from heating
lights, electrical installation and consumable fuel should be stored
separately under fire protection system.

CHAPTER – IV
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METHODS
OF

EXTINGUISHING
FIRE

To stop combustion, one of the three elements (fuel, heat, oxygen) of the fire triangle
has to be removed.

There are three methods of fire extinction.

Fire extinction methods:

1) Starvation
2) Smothering
3) Cooling

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1) Starvation method:
Removal of combustible material (fuel) from the fire to extinguish fire is called
starvation method. If it is a solid fire, remove the unburnt material placed near
the fire to stop further spread of fire.
Control small fire before it gets converted into critical fire. If it is an oil or gas
fire, then control it by closing the valve to stop the supply of fuel and remove the
fuel containers which are placed near fire.
2) Smothering:
When supply of oxygen to the fire system automatically or manually reduces to
the level less than 16% to extinguish the fire is called smothering or blanketing
method.
Oxygen can be reduced with covering the fire or with stopping the supply of
oxygen by stopping AC or AHU if fire takes place in a closed room. This method
is more effective on the liquid fire as it gives blanketing effect by making a layer
of foam on the oil.
Foam can be sprayed on the oil by extinguisher of by foam making branches and
hydrant with the help of AFFF concentrate to stop the supply of oxygen on the
liquid fire in a big container.
3) Cooling:
When heat is removed from the fire by reducing the required temperature with
the help of any cooling agent is called cooling method.
It can be done by using water, waterCO 2, extinguisher, water hydrant and CO 2
extinguisher etc.

CHAPTER – V
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FIRE EXTINGUISHING

SYSTEM

Fire extinguishing systems are a common expression for systems using different
medias to suppress- or extinguish fires in buildings. The medias can be water,
foam, gas or chemicals.
Fire extinguishing systems are used to extinguish or suppress fires in all sorts of
buildings. Medias to extinguish fires are various, but they all fight one or more of the 3
criteria’s necessary to have fire; Oxygen, fuel and heat.
Fire extinguishing systems are:
 Fire Extinguishers: Portable equipment in cylindrical form containing
extinguishing media under pressure to extinguish the fire.
 Sprinkler systems: Pipes with sprinklers providing water-droplets with system
water flow Q < 10,000 l/min and Water pressure H < 12 bar

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 Fire hydrants: Provided in most urban areas with municipal water service to
enable firefighters to tap into the water supply to assist in extinguishing a fire.
 Gas systems: Systems using inert gasses like Halon, Argon, carbon-dioxide etc.
 Chemicals: Dry systems using sodium - , potassium bicarbonate, ammonium
phosphate etc. and wet systems using various proprietary chemical
compositions.
The building owner will decide the standard to be used in collaboration with his
insurance company and local authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) and the consulting
engineer will select the system-type accordingly, depending on building type
(production, storage, office- or resident buildings etc.) hazard class, the potential
physical damages the extinguishing media may cause.

5.1 Fire Extinguishers:

Fire extinguisher is the portable equipment in cylindrical form containing extinguishing
media under pressure to extinguish the fire effectively. We can carry extinguisher from
one place to another place very easily to extinguish the fire.
Parts of an Extinguisher:
There are different patterns of same type of extinguishers like:
 Lever- to squeeze, to rotate the valve, to punch the cock.
 Weight- it can differ from the type of extinguishers used.
 Discharge Nozzle- every type of extinguisher has different nozzles like water
type has nozzle, CO2 has horn, foam has nozzle with discharge tube.
 Pressure- it can be pressurized by stored pressure or different size of co 2
catridge.
Classification of Extinguishers:
There are different types of fire extinguishers for different classes of fire.
There are the following types of extinguishers:
1) Water CO2 Extinguisher:
Water fire extinguishers are the original fire extinguisher and still one of the most used.
standard water fire extinguishers only work on fires involving flammable solids, but can
be a good choice for some premises, such as warehouses and storage facilities.

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Also known as:

• ‘Class A’ fire extinguishers

Water fire extinguisher uses:

• Fires involving flammable solids, such as paper, wood, and textiles (‘class A’ fires)
Do not use water fire extinguishers for:

• Electrical fires – this would be highly dangerous and could result in electrocution
• Fires involving flammable liquids, such as petrol and paint (‘class B’ fires)
• Fires involving flammable gases, such as methane and butane (‘class C’ fires)
• Cooking fires involving oil and grease, such as chip pan fires (‘class F’ fires)

How to identify a water fire extinguisher:

WHITE colored label stating “Water”

Should be identified by an extinguisher ID sign fixed nearby – ‘Water Extinguisher’

2) Chemical/Mechanical Foam:
Foam fire extinguishers are one of the most common types of fire extinguisher, and
are generally used for fires involving flammable solids and liquids. They are also
known as AFFF foam fire extinguishers or Spray foam fire extinguishers
Identifying a foam fire extinguisher
• CREAM colored label stating ‘Foam’
• should be identified by an extinguisher ID sign fixed nearby – ‘Foam Extinguisher

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How foam fire extinguishers work:

Foam fire extinguishers work in 2 ways.

Firstly, they are mainly water-based and so have the same cooling effect as water
extinguishers, putting the fire out by lowering the temperature.
Secondly, they contain ‘Aqueous Film Forming Foam’ (this is why they are also known
as AFFF foam extinguishers).
AFFF works by smothering the fire and sealing in the flammable vapors. This prevents
the fire re-igniting. It also allows foam fire extinguishers to put out flammable liquid
fires, by creating a barrier between the liquid’s surface and the flames.

3) Dry powder fire extinguisher:

There are 2 types of dry powder fire extinguishers – standard and specialist. Standard
dry powder fire extinguishers are very versatile and can put out virtually every kind of
fire, however they aren’t recommended for use in enclosed spaces.

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Also known as:

• ABC fire extinguishers

• Multi-purpose fire extinguishers
• Dry chemical fire extinguishers

Standard dry powder extinguishers

• Fires involving flammable solids, such as paper, wood, and textiles (‘class A’ fires)
• Fires involving flammable liquids, such as petrol, diesel, and paint (‘class B’ fires)
• Fires involving flammable gases, such as butane and methane (‘class C’ fires)
• Electrical fires involving electrical equipment up to 1000v
Specialist dry powder extinguishers
• Fires involving the flammable metal, lithium (L2 powder extinguishers only)
• Fires involving all other flammable metals (M28 powder extinguishers only)
Do not use dry powder fire extinguishers for:

• Fires involving cooking oil, such as chip pan fires (‘class F’ fires)
• Fires involving electrical equipment over 1000v
• Fires in enclosed spaces
• Fires involving flammable metals UNLESS it is a specialist dry powder extinguisher
How to identify a dry powder fire extinguisher:

• BLUE coloured label stating ‘Powder’

• Should be identified by an extinguisher ID sign fixed nearby – ‘Powder Extinguisher’

CO2 fire extinguishers

CO2 fire extinguishers are the extinguisher of choice for electrical fires, although they
also work on flammable liquid (class B) fires. CO2 extinguishers are primarily used for
electrical fires and often paired with foam extinguishers.

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How to identify a CO2 fire extinguisher:

• BLACK coloured label stating ‘CO2’

• The nozzle ends in a distinctive black ‘horn’
• Should be identified by an extinguisher ID sign fixed nearby
– ‘CO2 Extinguisher’

METHOD OF USING A FIRE EXTINGUISHER

It's easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you can remember the
acronym PASS, which stands for Pull, Aim, Squeeze, and Sweep. Most portable fire
extinguishers work according to these directions.

Pull the pin.

Some models require you to remove a locking pin on the handle or
lever. Some models may have other lever-releasing mechanisms, such
as a button.

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Aim low
Aim low and direct the hose nozzle or cone at the base of the fire. If
you aim at the flames, which most inexperienced users are tempted to
do, the extinguishing agent will flow right through the flames, and be
ineffective. You want the extinguishing agent to hit the base of the
fire. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions on the safe distance from
which to fight the fire. Most portable fire extinguishers must be used
from a distance of 1.8 to 3 meters (6 to 10 feet) to be effective.

Squeeze the lever

Squeeze the lever above the handle to discharge the extinguishing
agent. Releasing the lever will stop the discharge. Some models may
have a button instead of a lever

Sweep the nozzle

Sweep the nozzle or hose from side to side at the base of the fire.
Moving carefully toward the fire, keep the extinguisher aimed at the
base of the fire and sweep back and forth until the flames appear to
be out. Never turn your back on a fire; watch the fire area in case the
fire re-ignites, and repeat use of the extinguisher if necessary.

5.2 Fire Sprinkler System:

A sprinkler system is a network of pipes running through the ceiling of a building

holding water under pressure. Each sprinkler is nothing but a faucet (or "tap," as they
call it in some countries)—a hole in the pipe through which water can escape into the
building below. In a normal faucet, you turn a screw to open up a valve that allows
water to escape. In a sprinkler, the hand-operated faucet is replaced by a heat-sensitive
plug designed to open automatically when fire breaks out. In some sprinklers, the plug
is made of an alloy called Wood's metal, a mixture of bismuth, lead, tin, and cadmium
that melts at a relatively low temperature. In other sprinklers, the plug is a
small glass bulb full of a glycerin-based liquid designed to expand and shatter when it
gets hot. The basic idea is the same in both cases: the plug is meant to break and open

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the sprinkler as soon as a fire breaks out. The artwork below shows how the glass-bulb
version works.

The Wood's metal version works in a slightly different way. The array of sprinklers is
fed by water pipes in the ceiling (1). Each sprinkler has two spring-like metal arms (2)
held together by a slug of the Wood's metal (3). When the Wood's metal is intact, the
spring arms are locked together and clamp the water pipe closed so no water can escape.
Directly beneath each sprinkler, you'll notice there's a flower-shaped piece of metal
called a deflector (4), but it doesn't do anything useful at this stage.

If a fire breaks out

beneath a sprinkler (5),

hot gases swirl upward
toward the ceiling (6).
When the temperature
reaches about 70°C
(160°F), the Wood's
metal melts, allowing
the two metal arms to
spring open (7). Water can now escape from the pipe just as it does from an open faucet.
It pours down from the pipe in the ceiling, hits the flower-shaped deflector head directly
beneath, and falls to the ground in a gentle spray (8)—hopefully extinguishing the fire.
If the fire is small, only the sprinkler directly above it will trigger and other nearby
sprinklers will remain switched off to limit water damage (9). However, if the fire
spreads, nearby sprinklers will soon be triggered as well until either the fire goes out or
the firefighters show up to help out.

Types of fire sprinklers

The setup described above is what's called a wet-pipe system, which means all the
pipes above our warehouse or store ceiling hold cold, pressurized water, ready to release

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it the moment the Wood's metal melts. They respond very quickly and effectively,
dousing flames and helping to reduce the effects of smoke and toxic gases billowing out
from a fire. Not all sprinklers work like this, however. In another design, called a dry-
pipe system, the ceiling pipes contain compressed air (or nitrogen gas) instead of water.
When the Wood's metal melts, the air leaks out of the pipes, causing a sudden drop in
pressure. That opens a valve further down the system that allows water to flow into the
same network of pipes from the main, which then flows out of the open sprinkler heads
in the usual way. Systems like this are great in cold (typically unoccupied and unheated)
buildings where water shut inside pipes might freeze and burst, causing a devastating
flood. The drawback is that it takes more time for a dry-pipe system to activate—
literally every second counts when you're fighting a fire—which is why sprinklers like
this are used only where really necessary. While a dry-pipe system can be installed in a
very cold building, the valve that opens through air pressure to release the water must
be protected from freezing by a heater of some kind.

Automatic sprinklers might all look the same, at a glance, but they come in many
different varieties, designed to respond at different temperatures and speeds and work in
all kinds of different buildings and environments. They can be mounted traditionally, on
a ceiling pointing down; in a loft-space pointing up; or on a side wall pointing inward.
Some have special coatings (such as Teflon or polyester) to protect them in corrosive or
other challenging settings. They're also available in a range of colors, designs, and
finishes so they don't look too obtrusive. Residential sprinklers, for example, often have
a neat "flush" design or cover cap so they're partly or completely recessed into a ceiling
or wall.

Apart from the automatic sprinklers themselves, there's the network of pipes in the
ceiling, inspection or test valves (so the system can be checked out periodically), a drain
connection (for emptying the pipes for routine maintenance), and a fire department
connection (also called an FDC or Siamese connection)—a standardized connector to
which the fire department can attach hoses and pump extra water into the sprinkler
system if necessary, typically located in a very accessible place on the outside of the
building or in a nearby parking lot.

5.3 FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM:

A fire hydrant is a visible fixture placed inside or outside a building, parking area,
industrial area, mine, roadside, etc. that is connected to the municipal or a private water
service network. Fire hydrants are designed to instantly provide the water required by
fire fighters to extinguish a fire.

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Operation of a Fire Hydrant:

The user attaches a hose to the fire hydrant, then opens
a valve on the hydrant to provide a powerful flow of
water, on the order of 350 kPa (50 pounds per square
inch gauge (psig)) (this pressure varies according to
region and depends on various factors including the size
and location of the attached water main). This user can
attach this hose to a fire engine, which can use a
powerful pump to boost the water pressure and possibly
split it into multiple streams. One may connect the hose with a threaded connection,
instantaneous "quick connector" or a storz connector. A user should take care not to
open or close a fire hydrant too quickly, as this can cause a water hammer, which can
damage nearby pipes and equipment. The water inside a charged hose line causes it to
be very heavy and high water pressure causes it to be stiff and unable to make a tight
turn while pressurized. When a fire hydrant is
unobstructed, this is not a problem, as there is enough
room to adequately position the hose.

Fire Fighting Equipment: The equipment that are

primarily connected to hydrants are
1) Hoses: A fire hose (or fire hose) is a high-pressure hose that carries water or
other fire retardant (such as foam) to a fire to extinguish
it. The usual working pressure of a fire hose can vary
between 8 and 20 bar while per the NFPA 1961 Fire
Hose Standard, its bursting pressure is in excess of 110
bar.

2) Nozzles/Branch Pipes: Fire fighting Nozzles are one of the most utilised pieces
of a fire fighting equipment. Fire nozzles can provide a constant flow or allow
fire fighters to select the most appropriate flow rate and operating pressure for
fire fighting. A fire nozzle connects to a fire hose to deliver water or fire fighting
foam to extinguish a fire

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Hydrant Drill:
Hydrant drill is the fire fighting practice to use hydrant, hose and nozzles with pressure
of water to attack on fire in a correct manner. Hydrant drill practice should be done by
the fire fighters on regular basis to control the big fire. At least four persons are required
for the hydrant drill.

Steps for Hydrant Drill:

1) Person 1 will carry the hose and fit the male coupling of the hose in the female
coupling of hydrant. He will hold the lugs of the female coupling and run
straight while opening the roll of hose. When hose is opened, he will stand to
hold the female coupling in hand

2) Person 2 will carry other hose and nozzle with him and connect the male
coupling of hose to female coupling of hose carried by person 1. Then he will
open the hose to hold the lugs. When it is opened, he will fit the nozzle in the
female coupling of hose.

3) Person 3 will come to the person 1 to help him to hold the nozzle as minimum 2
persons need to hold the pressure of the nozzle to give the direction as per
required for fire fighting.

4) Person 4 will go to the hydrant for handling the valve to open, close and control
the pressure of water from hydrant as per requirement by person 1, person 2 will
stand there on the joint of two hoses for communication between person 3 and
person 4. Person 2 will take the message from person 3 as per the requirement of
pressure by person 1 and will convey to person 4 by the hand signals like open
the water, close the water, increase the pressure or decrease the pressure

5) After completion of the hydrant drill, same person will roll their own hose to
drain the water properly to lift the hose by crossing hands from one side to
another side. Roll the hose to take female coupling inside.

5.4 Carbon-Dioxide Gas Flooding System

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Carbon-Dioxide Gas Flooding System uses carbon dioxide to extinguish the fire by
creating an atmosphere that is incapable of supporting combustion by eliminating the
presence of oxygen or other combustion agent.
Project Document
The system can be Total Gas Flooding in an enclosed area or local application flooding
for an open area or a very large area having the system to be protected where total
flooding is not economical or possible due to presence of other equipment or Humans.
However' CO2 system in enclosed areas with Human presence is not recommended.

The application areas include Ovens' paint spray booths' EDP floor voids' electrical
Substations/ Panels/ Transformers/flammable liquid storage areas etc. The system is
fast' efficient' clean and economical.

Clean Gas Flooding System

Clean Gas Flooding System is a very fast' efficient and environmentally safe fire
extinguishing system recommended for a range of sensitive applications especially
where Human presence is involved and such areas that house very expensive' critical
equipment or object the damage to which can cause huge loss to capital and process
such as control Rooms' Telecom facilities' Data Centers' Museums etc.

The gas used in these systems is Heptaflouropropane/NAF etc which is environment

friendly and safe for Humans and leaves no residue. It is stored as a liquid in seamless
cylinders and super-pressurized the increase its discharge flow so as to attain
extinguishment capability within seconds. When discharged the gas vaporizes at the
discharge nozzle and mixes with air throughout the protected area using a chemical
inhibition process and physical cooling of the fire.

The process of discharge is controlled and initiated by a Cross Zoned control' indication
and panel connected to input devices smoke detectors' once the smoke is detected. The
system components consist of actuator' solenoid valves' hoses' discharge nozzles'
seamless piping.

The amount of gas required depends on the volumetric dimensions of the area to be
protected.

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CHAPTER – VI
ROLES &
RESPONSIBILITES OF
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
TEAMS

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Emergency response team responds at the time of an emergency to handle the situation
timely and in right manner. Every team member should wear jacket with name of the
team so that one can easily identify each other for proper coordination between
respective teams. All teams gets activated and come forward to take their position with
their roles and responsibilities in case of an emergency.

1) EARLY WARNING TEAM:

Early warning team gives warning to the occupants for an emergency. Warning
can be given by the alarm, hooter and P.A. system to sound alert so that
occupants can be evacuated in the shortest possible time. The warning sound
should be audible in every corner of the premises. Following are the roles and
responsibility of the early warning team.

a) Roles and responsibility of early warning team head and the :

The head of the of early warning team should
 Ring the alarm bell (electronic/manual).
 Provide early warning (by whistle) if the pre assigned warning
signal/siren has failed.
 Monitor the warning system provided by the early warning team.
 Note the time period of activation of warning siren/signal and
team.
 Assemble in pre assigned assembly area for the head count.

The members of the of early warning team should

 Provide early warning by whistle to each area/corridor in case pre

assigned warning signal/siren failed
 Assemble in pre assigned assembly area for the head count.

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 Report to the head of the early warning team.

2) FIRE FIGHTING TEAM:

Fire fighting team gets activated after hearing the warning alarm and reaches at
location after conformation from the early warning team about the fire. Fire
fighting team will carry all required and working equipment. Following are the
roles and responsibility of the fire fighting team

 The head of the of fire fighting team should

 Coordinate with early warning team to get the information about
the fire situation and location.

 Check and choose suitable working fire equipments like

extinguishers/sand buckets/hydrants.
 Collect information about the location of fire extinguishers and
fire fighting equipments near to the location.
 Coordinate with the evacuation, search and rescue teams.
 If the fire situation is not in control, inform to the fire brigade.
 The members of the of fire fighting team should
 Use fire extinguishers/sand buckets and water to extinguish the
small fire.
 Use fire hydrant to control and restrict major fire before fire
brigade arrives.
 Coordinate with the evacuation, search and rescue teams.

CORDON OFF TEAM:

 The head of the of cordon off team should

 Monitor the area that needs to be cordoned off
 Select the material and person to cordon off the area.
 Decide who can be allowed to enter in that cordon off area.
 Monitor and update the cordon off team for any change and
instruction.
 The members of the of cordon off team should
 Collect information about the area to be cordoned off.
 Carry the required material like cone chain, caution tapes, ropes,
whistle, etc for the cordon off area.
 Guide the people in and out of the cordon off area according to
their roles and responsibilities.
 Stop unauthorised people to entre cordon off area by warning
them through whistle

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EVACUATION TEAM:

 The head of the of evacuation team should

 Monitor the evacuation process of each area.
 Evacuate all the occupants safely from whole premises.
 Check attendance and keep the record while evacuating that area.
 Note the time of evacuation process of whole premises

 The members of the of evacuation team should

 Monitor the evacuation of occupants floor/area wise and give
instructions like don’t panic, don’t push, hold the railings, etc
 Use four handed seat carry and chair carry method to evacuate the
injured and handicapped occupants.
 If evacuation is not possible from any area, inform the search and
rescue team.
 Assemble in pre assigned assembly area for head count phase.
 Report to the head of the evacuation team.
 Search & Rescue Team:
 The head of the of search & rescue team should
 Obtain the information of the missing persons from the area head.
 Monitor the search and rescue process of each area.
 Check the condition of the affected area and provide help
accordingly.
 Note the time of search and rescue process of whole premises.
 The members of the of search & rescue team should
 Search for missing occupants in each area where occupied.
 Search and rescue with the help of torch and ropes.
 Wear fire safety PPE if one needs to go into an area filled with
smoke or fire to search missing people.
 Use buddy system in evacuation or searching.
 Use four handed seat carry and chair carry method to evacuate the
injured and handicapped occupants.
 Inform the first aid team about injured occupant and hand over
quickly for immediate first aid.

FIRST AID TEAM:

 First aid team gives immediate first aid to injured people before
reaching the hospital for treatment.
 The first aid team should:

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 Provide first aid to the injured person.

 Use triangle system to give priority to the seriously injured
occupant. Give CPR if required.
 Use bandage and splint in case of bleeding, fracture and moving
of victim.
 Report to the head of first aid team.

The total material and centrifuge bags and LDP covers are collected in the 3 trays.

ASSEMBLY TEAM:

This team will coordinate with every team to update the head count. This team asks the
evacuation team if all occupants have been evacuated or not. They will coordinate with
search and rescue team after confirming from the head of the departments to check the
attendance whether anybody is left inside. They will also update the head count from
the first aid team about how many people received first aid or sent to hospital for
treatment.

EVALUATION TEAM:

a) This team is to evaluate the activity of all the members doing their job.
b) This team is to coordinate with all the ERT members to ensure good
coordination among them
c) Note down mistakes of all teams and suggest solution for the same.
d) Helping all team members to improve at the time of an emergency.
e) Document the mock drill exercise and update regularly.

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CONCLUSION

FIRE is the most dangers and most destructive accident which contributes the
major parts of death rates and loss to property compared to other accidents. The after
effects of fire like the smoke can also claim many lives as suffocation may occur.
Nobody ever desires to even think about the occurrence of fire in the industries or any
other places. The sooner the fire is stopped the lower the damage.

At the end of this project one can understand

a)About fire and its formation

b) Fire preventive methods
c)Fire detection methods
d) Fire extinguishing methods and
e)The teams involved in an emergency in an industry.

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CHAPTER – VII
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REFERENCE MATERIAL

REFERENCES
[1] A Guide to respiratory protective equipment – Health and safety authority
[2] Respiratory protective equipment at work A practical guide,
[3] Guidelines on the selection, use and maintenance of RPE in pharmaceutical
industry
[4] Health and safety executive – UK standards
[5] Practical guidelines on the use of respiratory protective equipment.

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