PHD Proposal.
PHD Proposal.
PHD Proposal.
Program Candidate
Muhammad Jaleel
[email protected]
United Kingdom
Submission date
January 27, 2019
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction: ................................................................................................................................3
4. Research methodology............................................................................................................. 7
5. Discussion .....................................................................................................................................8
6. Conclusion....................................................................................................................................9
7. References ....................................................................................................................................9
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1. Introduction:
1.1. Railway industry has always played a significant role in transportation as well
as transit systems that have been attributed to what we call the increasing
and safety risks, adaptive and new systems which deploy new technology are
network infrastructure of rail in order to reduce the cost of its life-cycle. There
are many new services, such as asset management, integrated security as well
as predictive maintenance that are seemed to improve and have great impact
designed in order to use sensor networks; however, the low installation efforts
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networks are considered to be generally feasible to SHM applications which
are long term and where the health of structure is a matter of greater
significance. When it comes to the cost reduction with regard to using WSNs,
well as public infrastructure and also increase the applications’ usage such as
structural monitoring that is short term. Such kind of systems can play their
detection; they also eliminate the routine inspections’ cost and, most
2.1. The research aims to offer the main railway scenarios’ introduction by making
2.2. The research aims to review the services as well as requirements related to
2.3. The research will examine the factors which have greatly influenced the LTE’s
2.4. For railway environment, there are many benefits that can be taken for
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2.5. The research will also explain and describe the rise of the use of technological
smart sensors can have a great impact on the infrastructure health monitoring.
2.6. The research will also review the main short as well as medium-term smart
2.7. Finally, the research will help address all the questions that have been asked in
this research.
3. Literature Review:
data that has been collected. The SHM’s objectives include: (i) monitoring of
the civil infrastructures’ health; (ii) quantifying the damage’s severity; (iii)
increasing the ability of service; (iv) offering the reducing cost’s possibility of
remaining (Spencer et al. 2007; Rytter(1993). Already present SHM systems are
categorized into different wired sensor networks, which is actually falls into the
traditional approach as well as smart sensor networks that are wireless. In the
SHM’s early stage, wired sensors have been most frequently used. Some
classical instances of these systems include all the work that has been done by
Abdel-Ghaffar et al. (1985), Celebi (2006), Caicedo et al. (2002), Wong (2004),
Ni et al. (2010), Wong (2007), as well as Fujino et al. (2000). The applications
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varied in the systems’ purpose, the networks size, different type so sensor
(1985) in San Francisco on “The Golden Gate Bridge”, in order to analyze the
response of bridge under vibration. This experiment had included twenty eight
accelerometers (eighteen when it comes to the main span and ten were
system that is real-time seismic was got implemented on the “Bill Emerson
this, data was collected through internet. Also, in Hong Kong on “Tsing Ma
Bridge” (Wong 2004) was instrumented along with more than six hundred
to be remarkable in order to advance SHM, SHM’s wide spread use was not
available. The wired SHM system’ main challenge is that the system’s cost
increases as the network’s size increases. Despite the sensors’ lowered cost
the installation’s cost always remained high because of the network ‘cabling.
In UK, Incrementing sixty three sensors on the “Humber Bridge” needed thirty
along with the radio systems’ prevalence, have opened up the (wireless)
sensing applications’ possibility in SHM. Due to the fact that structural damage
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is considered to be the local phenomenon, the sensor systems’ dense array is
highly necessary in order to connect all of the smart sensors to main base
station. Along with that, in such systems the network topologies are what we
call intrinsically centralized as well as lack flexibility; therefore, the systems are
steady developments over the decades have made to (wireless) smart sensors’
memory as well as sensing power and interface. A radio makes the wireless
4. Research methodology
how much effective they can be for railway vehicles and for the health
monitoring.
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5. Discussion
5.1. When it comes to Railway lines, they are categorized into 1 of these 4 classes:
separately examine the lines as well as networks; by keeping in view this it can
be argued that all these differences of them can greatly affect the
can also be divided into the main 3 application groups: safety as well as
control, operator along with networks that are customer oriented. The
5.2. A radio’s careful choice is highly needed, due to the energy cost that can
sensor’ processor offers all the functions’ computation and therefore makes
these sensors that are wireless “smart”. A processor’s speed is greatly defined
ROM governs the capability of Data Storage. Although the sensor that has a
very large storage space as well as the faster processor is highly required. And
sensors greatly play their role in the monitoring the health of infrastructure.
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6. Conclusion
6.1. Many attempts have been made in order to verify the Wireless smart sensor’
denied that this thing has not been achieved so far and needs to be
Spencer, 2007). Many Difficulties are faced in establishing a full scale and
complete SHM systems which occur because of the wireless networks’ nature
communication within the network in Railway, loss of data, as well as very few
network resources such as memory and battery power which limits progress in
this regard.
7. References
7.1. Abdel-Ghaffar, A.M. and Scanlan, R.H., (1985), "Ambient vibration studies of
7.3. Caicedo, J. M., Clayton, E., Dyke, S. J., Abe, M. and Tokyo, J., (2002), “Structural
health monitoring for large structures using ambient vibrations”, Proc. of the
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7.4. Celebi, M. and EERI, M., (2006), “Real-time seismic monitoring of the new cape
7.5. Fujino, Y., Murata, M., Okano, S. and Takeguchi, M., (2000), "Monitoring
3 (2007). 299-320.
7.7. Nagayama, T. and Spencer, B., F, Jr. (2007), Structural Health Monitoring Using
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
7.8. Pottie, G. J. and Kaiser, W. J., (2000), “Wireless integrated network sensors”,
7.9. Rice, J.A. and Spencer Jr., B.F., (2009), “Flexible smart sensor framework for
7.10. Rytter, A., (1993), “Vibration based inspection of civil engineering structures”,
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7.11. Wong, K.Y., (2004), “Instrumentation and health monitoring of cable-
7.12. Wong, K.Y., (2007), “Design of a structural health monitoring system for
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