Nexus

NEXUS
NEW TIMES MAGAZINE

Volume 6, Number 1 DECEMBER 1998 – JANUARY 1999
PO Box 30, Mapleton Qld 4560, Australia
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR.............................................4 PERPETUAL MOTION: BESSLER'S WHEEL.................53

GLOBAL NEWS.............................................................6 By John Collins. Amidst the heated debate over
perpetual motion in the early 1700s, the successful
This issue, our round-up of the news includes an
demonstration of a gravity-propelled wheel caused
exposé of a troublesome and persistent class of
huge controversy for its inventor, Johann Bessler.
water pollutant: pharmaceutical drugs.
THE TWILIGHT ZONE................................................59
CENTRAL BANKING—Part 1......................................1 1
Strange tales from around/within/beyond the world.
From "The Money Masters". Whoever controls the This issue, former NASA astronaut Edgar Mitchell
money supply controls governments and the speaks out on ETs, Richard Boylan reports on
people. These last few centuries, that control has monoliths and a secret space station in orbit, and
been exerted by privately owned central banks. Spain's Air Force declassifies its UFO files.
THE OILING OF AMERICA—Part 1............................19 MILITARY/ET CONTACT IN VIETNAM WAR...... .63
By Mary G. Enig and Sally Fallon. The massive rise By Linda Moulton Howe. A retired US Army
in heart disease in the US may be due to people Special Forces officer tells of a close encounter
consuming more foods high in hydrogenated with humanoid aliens—and with the MJ-12 and
vegetable oils, in response to campaigns promoting CIA—while on secret assignment in Cambodia.
their benefits over animal fats. REVIEWS—Books........................................................69
TERMINATOR TECHNOLOGY....................................25 "The Forgotten Monarchy of Scotland" by Prince Michael of Albany
"Time Travelers From Our Future" by Dr Bruce Goldberg
By Martha L. Crouch. A patented but untested
"The Head of God: Lost Treasure of the Templars" by Keith Laidler
genetic engineering technique for killing second- "Too Much Medicine?" by Ray Moynihan
generation seeds has serious implications for "Free Energy Pioneer: John Worrell Keely" by Theo Paijmans
human health and the survival of ecosystems. "The Chinese Roswell" by Hartwig Hausdorf
"The Manipulators" by Jeffrey Robinson
STAR FIRE: THE GOLD OF THE GODS—Part 2.........33 "Altered Genes: The Debate" edited by Richard Hindmarsh et al.
By Sir Laurence Gardner. With the departure of the "The Seventh Millennium" by John F. Ashton, PhD
"Scorched Earth" by William Thomas
Anunnaki 'gods', the Sumerian Master Craftsmen "The Cosmic Game" by Stanislav Grof
created a Star Fire substitute: a mystical bread "The Harmonic Conquest of Space" by Bruce Cathie (new edition)
made from the alchemical white powder of gold. "Mapping the Millennium" by Terry M. Boardman
"Science versus Truth" by Cameron Horn
BUILDING THE GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZEH............41 "It's Not Too Late" by Hamish Miller
An interview with Richard Noone by Alex Horvat. REVIEWS—Videos.......................................................76
According to this theory on how the Great Pyramid "Merkabah: Voyage of a Star Seed" by J. J. Hurtak & J.-L. Bozzoli
was built, a pump system was incorporated into the "UFOs: The Footage Archives" by 2000 Film Productions
structure, and water and chemical power were REVIEWS—Audio........................................................77
used to raise the massive blocks to higher levels. "Environment" by Vulcan's Child
"Venus, Sculptress of Love" by Raymond Oliver & Ray Vanderby
NEW SCIENCE NEWS.................................................49 "Journey Between" by Baka Beyond
Interesting news/views from the underg r o u n d "Afro-Latino" by various artists
science network. Here, we reprint Frank Prentice's "Ceremonies" by Armen Chakmakian
1923 patent for electrical power accumulators that DE-CLASSIFIEDS.........................................................85
can tap directly into Earth energy. NEXUS BOOKS, SUBS, AD RATES & VIDEOS.............89
DECEMBER 1998 - JANUARY 1999 NEXUS • 1

Editorial
NEXUS MAGAZINE Welcome again to the pages of NEXUS. As usual, this issue brings you a
Volume 6, Number 1 feast of information designed to loosen your grip on consensus reality!
DECEMBER 1998 – JANUARY 1999 The "Money Changers" video that I reviewed two issues ago was so good that
PUBLISHED BY I couldn't help myself: we are now running a two-part article on the subject. It
NEXUS Magazine Pty Ltd, ACN #003 611 434 was refreshing to see that someone can research and present the history of the
EDITOR control of currency without resorting to blaming one particular race or religion
Duncan M. Roads
as being 'behind it all'. Whoever the Money Changers were or are is largely
CO-EDITOR
Catherine Simons irrelevant. The bottom line is that a currency only has value because we all
ASSISTANT EDITOR/SUB-EDITOR agree it has. Nothing more!
Ruth Parnell Each time I visit the USA, I am always amazed to see how many people are
EDITORS' ASSISTANT overweight, and I mean seriously overweight. This is despite their eating vast
Richard Giles
OFFICE ADMINISTRATOR
quantities of low-fat/no-fat food. The "Oiling of America" article should be
Janine Carmichael read by everyone who believes in the myth that low-fat/no-fat diets will help
CONTRIBUTORS THIS ISSUE them lose weight. Wakey, wakey!
Patrick Carnack; Mary G. Enig, PhD; Sally Fallon; The "Terminator Technology" article has nothing to do with Arnie, although I
Martha L. Crouch; Sir Laurence Gardner, Kt St
Gm., KCD, KT St A.; Alexander Horvat; Richard wouldn't lose sleep at the thought of his running amok through the headquar-
W. Noone; John Collins; Linda Moulton Howe ters of various transnational genetics/chemical companies! The article explores
LAYOUT & DESIGN the risks inherent in a new genetic-engineering technology which can render
Duncan M. Roads second-generation seeds infertile.
CARTOONS
Phil Somerville
Much has been written, and many are the theories about the construction of
COVER GRAPHIC the Great Pyramid at Gizeh. One of our favourites is the water-pump theory as
John Cook, [email protected] proposed by Edward Kunkel and, more recently, championed by Richard
PRINTING Noone, author of 5/5/2000. So simple and yet so powerful (the theory, that is)!
Warwick Daily News, Queensland, Australia I'm looking for feedback from people who served in Vietnam (or the sur-
AUSTRALIAN DISTRIBUTION
Newsagents Direct Distribution rounding areas) during the war years, on the subject of UFOs. I have already
HEAD OFFICE - All Correspondence met and interviewed several people who told me of their experiences with
PO Box 30, Mapleton, Qld 4560, Australia. UFOs during the war. When Linda Moulton Howe visited Australia for the
Ph: (07) 5442 9280; Fax: (07) 5442 9381 NEXUS Conference in 1997, we were able to swap many stories regarding
E-mail address: [email protected] what we had heard. The article this issue, which is extracted from her excel-
Web page: http://www.peg.apc.org/~nexus/
lent book, Glimpses of Other Realities – Volume II, should leave you with
NEW ZEALAND OFFICE - PO Box 226, Russell, some idea that not only did such events happen often, but the Americans (at
Bay of Islands. Ph: +64 (0)9 403 8193;
Fax: +64 (0)9 403 8196; least some of them) were aware of them. In fact, as you'll read, the debriefing
E-mail address: [email protected] of the event sounds worse than their encounter with the little humanoids in the
USA OFFICE - PO Box 177, Kempton, IL 60946- jungle!
0177. Ph: (815) 253 6464; Fax: (815) 253 6454
E-mail address: [email protected] The growing popularity of NEXUS never ceases to amaze me. The magazine
UK OFFICE - 55 Queens Rd, East Grinstead, West is currently published in Australia, New Zealand, UK/Europe and USA/Canada
Sussex, RH19 1BG. Ph: +44 (0)1342 322854; and distributed in South-East Asia in English, and translated for Greek, Italian,
Fax: +44 (0)1342 324574; Japanese, Polish, Swedish and now French editions. We extend a warm wel-
E-mail address: [email protected]
EUROPE OFFICE - PO Box 372, 8250 AJ Dronten, come to our new readers from afar!
The Netherlands. Ph: +31 (0)321 380558; It seems that so many people share our interest in the unusual, the unex-
Fax: +31 (0)321 318892; plained and the unreported. Given that we break the unspoken rules of maga-
E-mail address: [email protected]
zine publishing, i.e., we have no colour pictures or glossy paper inside, no
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
NEXUS recognises that humanity is undergoing a trendy layout styles, articles run over two or (gasp!) three issues, etc., etc., the
massive transformation. With this in mind, NEXUS fact that an increasing number of readers keep coming back for more obviously
seeks to provide 'hard-to-get' information so as to reflects their interest in the content over the presentation of the articles we pub-
assist people through these changes. NEXUS is not
linked to any religious, philosophical or political lish. It would appear that NEXUS readers don't want pre-digested, pre-
ideology or organisation. wrapped, low-fat, low-cal, sugar-free, high-gloss information. For this we
PERMISSION-TO-REPRODUCE POLICY salute you, and thank you all for your continued support.
While reproduction and dissemination of the infor- I know that I speak for all the NEXUS workers around the world when I wish
mation in NEXUS is actively encouraged, anyone
caught making a buck out of it, without our express you a happy and healthy festive season, and a dynamic 1999!
permission, will be in trouble when we catch them! Duncan
WARRANTY AND INDEMNITY

Advertisers upon and by lodging material with the Publisher for publication or authorising or approving of the publication of any material INDEMNIFY the
Publisher and its servants and agents against all liability claims or proceedings whatsoever arising from the publication and without limiting the generality of the
foregoing to indemnify each of them in relation to defamation, slander of title, breach of copyright, infringement of trademarks or names of publication titles, unfair
competition or trade practices, royalties or violation of rights or privacy AND WARRANT that the material complies with all relevant laws and regulations and that
its publication will not give rise to any rights against or liabilities in the Publisher, its servants or agents and in particular that nothing therein is capable of being
misleading or deceptive or otherwise in breach of the Part V of the Trade Practices Act 1974. All expressions of opinion are published on the basis that they are
not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of the Publisher or its servants or agents. Editorial advice is not specific and readers are advised to seek professional
help for individual problems. © NEXUS New Times 1998/1999
2 • NEXUS DECEMBER 1998 - JANUARY 1999

Letters to the Editor ...
Dairy and Soy Alternative he gave me an implant that has but, regardless of that, I cannot the CSIRO's further findings bear
Dear Mr Roads: Further to your totally baffled my doctor. At first I hear. Without my hearing aids, I urgent consideration. After analy-
comments in reply to David and wasn't sure if it was good, but since basically hear nothing. If you stood sis and dating of 'erratic' boulders
Sandra Cooper's letter [5/06] con- then I have been able to experience with your mouth to my ear and perched anomalously on clifftops,
cerning alternatives to dairy and some of the most fabulous changes yelled, I'd hear you; but if we were and high, recent 'beach' sediments,
soybean, we would like to suggest in my life that one could ever hope to sit together and you were talking, CSIRO has found evidence of
Nanny Goat Milk Infant Nutrition. for. I didn't think I was worthy of I would not hear you. When I take numerous wave events over the past
This is produced by a company such communications and teach- out my hearing aids, it is silent. few thousand years.
called Vitacare Ltd, in New ings, but apparently they did. When I first heard about the These lead researchers to estimate
Zealand, and contains neither soya When I asked to be able to Neurophone, I was sceptical the risk of a 100-metre (average
nor dairy. remember my trips, they took me because I didn't understand how height) tidal wave as 15 per cent
We used it to supplement our aboard a transporter ship to a huge this could possibly work; but I per century. It has been about 250
baby's food from about six weeks, dome-shaped ship and showed me knew I would be the right person to years since the last one. Every soul
and he was on it full-time from some of their technology. try it because there is no way I living on the east coast has an
three months onward. At eight They can cure all illnesses and could hear with my ears, so if I took almost 50 per cent chance of being
months, Finn is in the top 10 per diseases, but do it only for those my hearing aids out and used the directly affected in their lifetime...
cent for his age, weighs in at a who have special missions to fulfill. Neurophone, the truth would be R. Ayana (NEXUS co-founder),
healthy 23 pounds, and has bags of They tell me that some humans cre- known. Bowraville, NSW, Australia
energy (bearing in mind that he is ate their own illnesses as a way of So, that's what I did. I removed
non-vaccinated and his mother is a leaving this Earth; some have my aids and tried it. It was the Vegans are Life-Wishers!
homoeopath). another lifetime to begin and can't most amazing thing I have ever
heard! I could hear! I was able to I regret spending $4.95 on my
Yours sincerely, do it until they end this one. They first copy of NEXUS. Whilst I
Mish Lucas Craddock and David explained so much to me, yet I still hear immediately. I played a CD
on my CD player, turned the vol-
applaud your attempts to keep our
Pagden, deepster@mcdeepfinn. have much to learn from them. minds open, I am shocked by the
demon.co.uk I have been asked to pass on a ume off and took my hearing aids
out, put the Neurophone on, and I
harmful, insulting, misinformation
message from them to all people of found in the article, "Renewed
Earth. It is their explanation of could hear. It was unbelievable!
Wild Reaction to Aspartame There was no doubt in my mind
Hope Against AIDS", by Robert
how to survive the coming Earth Beck [5/05].
Thank you very much for your changes and move into the next era that the Neurophone really worked
article on aspartame [see NEXUS because I could hear when I had the Quote: "...avoid nicotine addicts,
of Earth life. This is their message, vegans and other unconsciously
2/28 & 3/01 or website]. I have not mine. To survive the Earth Neurophone headset on. (It's not
recently overhauled my diet really a headset; you don't put it on motivated death-wishers..."???
changes and move into the next era, "True vegetarian diets are missing
because I felt so strongly that some- your ears. It looks like one, but you
this is what the ETs say must occur: essential amino acids...necessary
thing was wrong and it was causing just make contact with it on your
terrible mood swings. I had begun "Only when we let go of greed, skin. I used it on my temples and for the successful rebuilding of
to think that I might be suffering judgement and prejudice can we my fingers.) Anyway, when it was AIDS-ravaged tissues"???
from a mild psychological disorder truly love, and through that love we contacting with my skin, I could Dr Beck is years behind the times
and was seriously beginning to con- will evolve into greater spiritual hear; and as soon as I broke con- and seriously in error. Only the
sider seeing a psychiatrist. beings, one with God and one with tact, it stopped. It truly was amaz- beef barons would take this state-
The change to my diet has had the the Universe. All that is, is God." ing. ment seriously.
desired effect. Having just now I've been asked to present this My husband tried it, and he could To quote Dr Neal Barnard (men-
read your article, I think I may now message, not to take credit for it but hear; so did my children and many tioned in your excellent article on
know why. I was previously drink- only to reinforce the awareness that of my friends. Everyone who tried the dangers of dairy products
ing up to two litres of diet cola a we are all one with God. it experienced the same thing as I [5/05]): "Any variety of plant
day. Now it is a can or two every I am one of thousands who will did. foods provides complete protein."
day. Tomorrow it will be zero. be trying to communicate this and Dr Patrick Flanagan has invented Dr Barnard would be horrified to
It is disturbing how much of your similar messages to the world something amazing here, and I read the quotes from Dr Beck.
article described what I have been before it is too late. If you wish to don't think we've even begun to Humans, primates, elephants, rhi-
suffering from. contact me or ask me questions, hear about how this Neurophone is noceroses, cows, sheep and many
Steven Ryan, Western Australia, please feel free to do so. going to help people. There's no other mammals build tissue from
[email protected] Thank you. doubt in my mind that we will be plant matter and are n o t m i s s i n g
Cynthia Holt, ctholt@worldnet. 'hearing' a lot more about it. any essential amino acids.
att.net Cynthia Saville, saviller@ To lump vegans with nicotine
ET Message for Planet Earth! addicts is doubly offensive.
cadvision.com
Dear All: I have been an 'experi- Vegans are not "unconsciously
encer' since I was a child. I have Neurophone Aids Hearing motivated death-wishers". On the
had numerous surgeries performed I wanted to take this time to share Tsunami Threat to East Coast contrary, we are consciously moti-
by the ETs and have been fearful of with you my awesome experience Dear Duncan and crew: Nearly vated life-wishers. We enjoy excel-
them because I didn't understand with the Neurophone, invented by three years ago now, the CSIRO lent health as a side effect of eating
why they did what they did to me. Dr Patrick Flanagan [NEXUS announced that the coast of eastern the foods nature intended for us.
Since May of 1998, I gave up my 2/18], in the hope that my experi- Australia had been struck by a large Our diet is morally, ethically, nutri-
fear and all resentments and asked ence would help others. tsunami just 30 years before the tionally and ecologically sound.
for the ETs to tell me why. Since Let me tell you what led up to my arrival of Captain Cook. This wave Your article has offended a large
then, my ET guide has given me trying the Neurophone. I have been measured 130 metres high in group of thinking people. Dr Beck
incredible experiences that I wish I wearing hearing aids now for Sydney and 80 metres in Cairns. should rescind his ridiculous state-
could share with all of you. He has almost a decade. I can't tell you Aside from raising questions ment, and NEXUS should apolo-
shown me the future and has filled exactly what happened to my hear- about local Aboriginal survival gise for printing incorrect and
my heart with hope. Most recently, ing (there are several possibilities), rates and the nature of coastal flora, offensive material. Perhaps you

... more Letters to the Editor
NB: Please keep letters to
approx. 100-150 words in
length. Ed.
could make amends by featuring reporting on don't seem to worry or at least I saw it from the neck I would be interested in contact-
some of Dr Neal Barnard's writings the 'big boys' at all, otherwise you upwards. I won't describe it in ing other people who are experi-
on the wisdom of a vegan diet. would not be breathing and selling detail, but it had an insect look menting with the Joe Phenomenon
Lois Raynor, member, Vegetarian magazines any more. If nothing about it, and I assume, as I was so that notes can be compared.
Society of Hawaii, RAYNOR- ever happens to you, then we, your lying on the floor, that it was about Maybe you have an idea how this
[email protected] readers and worshippers, could con- two to three feet tall. Instead of could be achieved.
[Lois, I apologise! I thought I had strue this as proof that the stuff you feeling more afraid after seeing this Keep up the good work.
chopped that piece out! However, are reporting on has no solid basis thing, I can remember saying to Roy Hammond, RKHammond@
this doesn't detract from the many in fact... myself, "Oh that's alright"—then all compuserve.com
success stories being reported to If, on the other hand, one of your fear vanished and I went back to
us from readers. Ed.] future headlines would read sleep.
"NEXUS Office Raided by Ugly In the morning when I awoke, I Fluoride-Coated Frying Pans!
Men Dressed in Black!", then our had a memory of getting out of bed, Dear Duncan: The last NEXUS
Childhood Jabs Make Addicts? faith would be restored and we going to the window and watching update on fluoride [5/03] was
Dear Sir: Is it any wonder that we could feel the tingling of nerves, a small, roundish object, with a row amazing, to say the least. I sent
have so many young drug addicts approaching the newsstand, asking of red light around the bottom, take for the copies of the authors' tech-
within our society? in a hushed voice and with furtive off from a field about 150 yards nical research papers, where every
Babies are jabbed with a needle sideways glances for a copy away. one of them stated that fluoride
on the day they are born and repeat- of...NEXUS, then slipping it into a Now I could put it all down to a was an extremely dangerous sub-
edly vaccinated throughout their brown paper bag and making sure bad dream, having had similar stance. I thought you and your
young lives, supposedly to keep nobody follows us on the way nighttime experiences before, readers might like to know that
them healthy. They are conditioned home. which I tend to file away in the fluoride is in your frying pan as
to accept that a jab is quite normal, We want you to bite the bit and back of my mind until I hear of well.
and, upon adolescence, it is no 'big start reporting on the mother of all something similar—which is why I It was Julia's birthday on
deal' to inject themselves with the conspiracies... have written this letter. Saturday and I thought I would
drug of their choice. Helmut S., Coober Pedy, South The next morning, my back was buy one of those new home-bread-
Even on the Play School TV pro- Australia fine; not a twinge. All the pain was making machines. My main con-
gramme that my three-year-old son [Helmut, if we were 'raided', obvi - gone, and I would like to think it cern was that the bread dough
was watching (4 August '98), in a ously we would use this to get was the strange little creature who would probably be sitting in an
game of doctors and nurses they extra 'mileage'. Perhaps it is for made it better. aluminium container of some sort
were injecting a doll with a look- this reason we have not been 'vis - Yours very sincerely, and therefore aluminium would be
alike syringe. What next? ited' yet? As for the Grand C. H., Auckland, New Zealand absorbed into the food. And as we
Yours sincerely, Denise K., Unified Conspiracy Theory, we're don't want any more aluminium, I
Bonogin, Queensland, Australia still digging. Every time we peel asked lots of annoying questions
one layer off the onion, there The 'Joe' Energy Phenomenon to the shopkeeper who assured me
appears to be another one under - Duncan: First of all, may I con- that if that was what my problem
Tidal Wave Preparedness neath! Ed.] gratulate you on such a superb was—well, "It's coated in Teflon
Dear Duncan: Regarding your magazine, a real eye-opener. I have and therefore the aluminium won't
editorial comments in the Oct-Nov been an avid reader ever since I dis- be a problem"!
'98 issue [5/06] on tidal waves Alien Healing Encounter covered it by accident at a local
Dear NEXUS: After reading the I decided to ring the technical
striking the east coast of Australia, I newsagent. and research departments of
piece on alien healing experiences
have had a gut feeling for years that One of the subjects that I am par-
in the last issue [5/06], I thought Sanyo, Sunbeam and Panasonic to
this would happen, and that the ticularly interested in is hydrogen sort out the confusion. Most tech-
event will take place shortly. you might like to hear of a similar power for automotive vehicles,
experience. nical and research divisions could
The feeling was so strong that I especially as I work for a vehicle not answer me directly and had to
bought a small farm 70 miles inland It happened in December 1997. I manufacturer on automotive engine
had injured my back after doing
look everything up in books and
at an elevation of 1,000 feet above management systems. 'The Joe papers.
sea level, to grow most of my food. some heavy lifting, and was suffer- Phenomenon' in issue 5/05, and
ing badly as a result. At the time I updated in 5/06, was an enlighten- But I did discover that Teflon,
I have also installed alternative which is a name owned by DuPont
means for heating, cooking, light- was sleeping on a sofabed on the ment to other hydrogen generators
floor, and getting in and out of bed which have appeared in you maga- but copied by everyone else, is
ing and radio, should utility ser- called PTFE, which means 'poly-
vices collapse. My family think I'm was particularly painful. zine and I have read about else-
On the night in question I had where, as their energy release just tetra-fluoro-ethylene'! The pro-
a bit of a 'nut case'; maybe I am, but duction manager of Sanyo in
I can't help but listen to my intu- gone to bed, lying on my side didn't add up. I believe that the Joe
(which was less painful), and had Phenomenon is an explanation of Sydney referred to it as "fluoride
itions and instincts. resin"! The 'poly' and the 'tetra'
[Name withheld. Ed.] dropped off to sleep. where the extra energy comes from.
I awoke later (what time, I don't In connection with the update in refer to numbers, which means the
know) with the feeling there was issue 5/06, I was horrified to read main ingredients are fluoride
Unified Conspiracy Theory? something behind me doing some- that a glass hinged-lid jar was used mixed with plastic!
Dear Duncan: I have been read- thing to my back. I tried to move as a cell, especially as pressure I guess we will making bread by
ing NEXUS for the best part of five but was unable to do so. A feeling build-up was noted with the plastic hand after all, but I thought you
years, and I feel I have had my of panic came over me as I strug- cell in the main article. Can I just and your readers might like to
money's worth of entertainment, gled to see what was behind me. say that there are plastic versions of know about this. Who would
stimulation and wonderment... I'm not sure if I managed to turn, or these jars available, and two of want to cook their food on fluo-
What I am looking for with each whether the picture came into my them are sitting on my bench, ready ride-coated cookware?
new issue is something like a Grand head, but I saw behind me a being to made up into the said cell when I Regards,
Unified Conspiracy Theory. All (I think that is the best word to use, get some spare time. One is trans- Paul Cadwallader, pjcadz@
these 'little conspiracies' you are as I don't know what else to call it), parent and the other is opaque. vicnet.net.au

CANADIAN SCIENTISTS The Sky-Eye is said by its promot-
FORCED TO APPROVE ers to have a margin of error of just
UNSAFE DRUGS 150 metres.
T he Canadian Government's
Health Protection Branch is
once again the centre of contro-
(Sources: The Telegraph, London;
SMH Online; 7 October 1998)
versy, with six of its scientists CANADIAN PRISONERS

charging they have been pres- USED AS TEST SUBJECTS
sured to approve drugs of ques-
tionable safety.
Activists from the Sierra Club
C anadian prisoners were used as
human guinea pigs in question-
able medical experiments conduct-
and the Council of Canadians ed for more than a decade, the
held a news conference recently Ottawa Citizen reports.
(16 September), to publicise a An investigation by the Citizen
case about which scientists are and Southam News discovered that
under Health Department orders inmates of federal prisons were
not to talk to the media. commonly used as test subjects
"The department scientists are throughout the 1960s and into the
being forced to approve drugs not 1970s. The research was sponsored
safe for animal and human con- by drug companies, universities and
sumption," said Maude Barlow of the federal government, the news-
the Council of Canadians. paper reported Saturday (26 Sept.).
She called for a public investigation of SKY-EYE TO BUST KIDNAPPERS The tests involved hundreds of male and
the branch, saying drug companies now
provide 70 per cent of its financing and
have too much influence over the drug-
I talian dignitaries who fear being kid-
napped are having microprocessor
devices planted in their bodies so police
female prisoners. They were given
unproven pharmaceuticals, were subjects
in sensory-deprivation research, and were
approval process. can track them down if they are abducted. involved in pain studies employing electric
Many of the scientists' concerns centre The microchips, called Sky-Eyes, were shocks.
on bovine growth hormone, a genetically originally developed by Israeli researchers Recent revelations of similar experi-
engineered drug manufactured by for intelligence use, and are sold by a comments performed in the United States two
Monsanto, which increases milk produc- pany called Gen-Etics. They are said to be decades ago were met with public furore.
tion in dairy cattle. The drug is banned in made of "synthetic and organic fibre", and (Source: Vancouver Sun, 27 Sept. 1998)
Europe and is the subject of immense con- reportedly run on such a small amount of
troversy on both sides of the Atlantic. energy that it can be "borrowed" from the US PRESSURE ON UK TO GROW
(Source: [email protected], 18 human body. The chip is supposed to be ENGINEERED CROPS
September 1998) invisible to the naked eye and to X-rays.
B ill Clinton has personally intervened
with Tony Blair to try to stop Britain
from halting the controversial production
of genetically engineered/modified foods.
The US President telephoned the Prime
Minister during the (northern) summer to
try to persuade him that genetically modi-
fied (GM) crops, worth millions to the US
economy, would not be bad for Britain.
Sources close to the Government say
that the US President has been pressing
Blair to support commercial production of
GM crops in Britain, despite growing con-
sumer opposition.
Consumer and environmental groups
including English Nature, the
Government's wildlife advisers, want the
Government to introduce a moratorium on
growing such crops commercially in the
UK for at least three years.
France and Austria have temporarily
banned the growth of genetically modified
food until more is known about its effects
on the environment.

... GL BAL NEWS ...
Clinton's intervention has outraged acknowledge E c h e l o n's existence. But copter into the smouldering rubble and car-
British MPs and environmentalists who since 1988, investigative journalists and rying off debris in unmarked trucks.
accuse the US President of intruding in a privacy watchdogs have uncovered details Police videotapes were erased before
sensitive domestic matter. of a secret, powerful system that can investigators had a chance to review them,
The Clinton administration has close allegedly intercept any and all communica- and vital details of the cargo's hazardous
links with Monsanto, the powerful biotech- tions within Europe. contents were kept secret for years, until
nology conglomerate which develops The Green Party believes the resolution recently.
seeds for GM crops. to defer its decision on Echelon, pending The investigation of the disaster, which
Monsanto, which made a profit of further investigation, was influenced by took at least 43 lives on the ground and
almost US$300 million (£177 million) in pressure from the US Government which four more aboard the Boeing 747 jet, now
1997, is one of five companies spearhead- has tried to keep the system secret. looks to be either a monumental bungle or
ing Clinton's welfare-to-work program, Echelon is said to be principally operat- a textbook cover-up.
and the President singled out the biotech ed by the US National Security Agency But if Israeli or Dutch officials con-
company for praise during his 1997 State and its UK equivalent, the Government spired to hide the full extent of the risks to
of the Nation address. Communications Headquarters. It report- which those in the crash area were
During the 1996 election, Monsanto was edly also relies on cooperation with other exposed, they overlooked an important
among those donating thousands of dollars intelligence agencies in Canada, Australia source of evidence: the survivors.
in 'soft money' (legal funds which are not and New Zealand. Six years after the crash in the densely
included in the ban on corporate dona- (Source: by Niall McKay, Wired News, populated Bijlmermeer district, at least
tions) to the Clinton camp. www.wired.com, 10 October 1998) 1,200 residents and rescue workers are
Meanwhile, in a package of measures complaining of physical and psychological
designed to leave the door open to the CRASHED ISRAELI JET CARRIED ailments they fear were caused by some-
powerful biotechnology industry and at the TOXIC CARGO thing carried in the El Al cargo hold.
same time reassure consumers, the British
Government announced in late October
that no commercial growing of GM crops
A mong the substances now known to
have burned in the inferno of the
Israeli El Al cargo jet, which crashed into
With the disclosure this month that the
jet carried sarin components, passions have
flared among sick residents and their baf-
would be allowed before autumn 1999. an Amsterdam apartment block in 1992, fled doctors. A Dutch parliamentary
This is far short of the three-year mora- were 800 pounds of depleted uranium and inquiry has been ordered to try to discover
torium called for by environment, health three of the four chemicals needed to make the truth about the disaster.
and consumer groups. The government sarin, including about 50 gallons of (Sources: The Guardian Weekly, London,
will allow six farms to grow GM crops on dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). w/e 11 October 1998; Los Angeles Times,
a commercial basis under strict ecological As sirens wailed and flashing lights www.latimes.com, 13 October 1998)
monitoring to establish the effects of wide- swept the
scale planting. However, the government fiery wreck-
is to ban commercial growing of insect- age of the 12-
resistant crops for three years. storey block,
(Sources: The Independent on Sunday , the 'black box'
London, 6 September 1998; The Guardian cockpit voice
Weekly, w/e 1 November 1998) recorder dis-
appeared from
EU DROPS INVESTIGATION the evidence
INTO 'ECHELON' SPY NETWORK bin where
T he European Parliament has swept

aside concerns about alleged surveil-
lance and spying activities conducted in
firefighters
insist they put
it.
the region by the US Government, accord- Five hours
ing to a Green Party representative of the into the rescue
body quoted on Monday (5 October). effort, after
Specifically, the EU allegedly scuttled Dutch security
parliamentary debate late last September police had
concerning the Echelon surveillance sys- cleared the
tem. Echelon is a near-mythical intelli- crash site of
gence network operated in part by the emergency
National Security Agency. workers and
"The whole discussion was completely press, men in
brushed over," said Patricia McKenna, a white hooded
Green Party member of the European firesuits were
Parliament. seen jumping
The US Government has refused even to from a heli-

... GL BAL NEWS ...
MOLECULAR MEMORY COULD shows that those making the awards don't Professor Ashford believes that the huge
BE TRANSMITTED BY E-MAIL! understand anything. People don't give out rise in pesticide use over the last half-cen-
F rench researcher Jacques Benveniste is

set to become the first person in history
to win two 'Ig Nobel' prizes when this
Nobel prizes without first trying to find out
what the recipients are doing. But the peo-
ple who give out Ig Nobels don't even
tury could explain many illnesses, ranging
from skin rashes and breathing problems to
cancers and birth defects. He wants to see
year's awards are announced at a ceremony bother to inquire about the work." an immediate reduction in pesticide use
at Harvard University (8 October). (Source: Nature, vol. 395, 8 October 1998) until the effects are better understood, and
Benveniste won his first 'Ig'—awarded is pressing for the formation of an EU envi-
annually by Marc Abrahams, editor of The HEALTH CONCERNS PROMPT ronment unit to study the problem.
Annals of Improbable Research , and a CALL TO REDUCE PESTICIDE USE (Source: by Alex Kirby, BBC Online
group of scientists—for work claiming to
show that antibody solutions retain their
biological effectiveness, even when diluted
N icholas Ashford, Professor of
Technology and Policy
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
at
Environment Correspondent, 10 Oct 1998)
PULP FRICTION:
to the point where no trace of the antibody says he thinks chemicals are the most seri- THE ECOLOGIST VS MONSANTO
is detectable (Nature 333:816, 1988). The
water, Benveniste argues, preserves a
"memory" of the substance after it is gone.
ous environmental problem facing industri-
alised countries today.
Professor Ashford, who is also an advis-
T he Ecologist, the flagship of the green
movement in the UK for the past 30
years, has become involved in a row with
The second Ig Nobel Prize will be er to the United Nations Environment its printers after an edition of the magazine
awarded to Benveniste for an extension of Program, is known for his work on the the- was pulped.
this work. Benveniste now claims that a ory of multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS). The journal had used the edition to attack
solution's biological activity can be digital- The theory suggests people can become transnational Monsanto's biotechnology
ly recorded, stored on a computer hard sensitised by exposure to one form of cont- and genetic engineering practices, includ-
drive, sent over the Internet as an attached amination so that they are then liable to be ing the so-called Terminator Technology
document, and transferred to a different affected by a whole range of other pollu- (see article this issue). But the Ecologist's
water sample at the receiving end (see tants, including detergents, traffic fumes printers of 29 years—Penwells of Saltash,
http://www.digibio.com). and tobacco smoke. Cornwall—destroyed the 14,000-copy print
"We've demonstrated that you can trans- Organophosphates (OPs) may be one of run without notice. The printers refused to
mit the biological effect by e-mail between the most common initiators of MCS, comment on their decision, but it is under-
Chicago and Paris," says Benveniste, who according to Professor Ashford. OPs are stood that the company was afraid of laying
heads the Digital Biology Laboratory, in used in sheep dip, shampoos and flea col- itself open to a libel action.
Clamart, France, which is financed by the lars and are also used for fumigating public Daniel Verakis, UK spokesman for
private company DigiBio SA. "With this transport vehicles. Monsanto, admitted that although he knew
approach, you could transfer the activity of Prof. Ashford said, "Pesticides are nerve that the issue of the Ecologist was a special
a drug by means of standard telecommuni- poisons; they damage the brain and they one on biotechnology, Monsanto had noth-
cations technology." are also known to be endocrine disruptors ing to do with influencing the printers to
Benveniste says that he is "happy to [synthetic chemicals which interfere with pulp the magazine.
receive a second Ig Nobel Prize, because it naturally produced hormones]." (Source: Guardian Weekly, London, w/e 4
October 1998)
SANITY CLAUSE FOR VETTING

BRITISH SPOOKS
B ritain's spies are to be vetted by psy-
chologists to assess whether they can
be entrusted with national secrets. The
move reflects growing concern about men-
tally unstable agents.
Under proposals from the House of
Commons security watchdog, members of
MI6, MI5 and other agencies would be
forced to undergo regular psychological
tests to spot potential personality disorders.
The House of Commons Intelligence and
Security Committee is also considering
more exacting staff scrutiny and "more
stringent controls on appointments to par-
ticularly sensitive posts".
Harold Macmillan once said that anyone
who spent more than 10 years in the world
of spies must be either weird or mad.

... GL BAL NEWS ...
History is full of examples. The first chief PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS POLLUTE OUR WATER
A
of MI6, Sir Mansfield Cumming, wore a new class of water pollutant has been discovered during the past six years.
gold-rimmed monocle, wrote only in green Pharmaceutical drugs (including antibiotics, hormones, strong painkillers, tran-
ink and trundled around his office on a quillisers, and cancer chemotherapy chemicals) given to people and to domestic
child's scooter. Kim Philby, the most suc- animals, are being measured in surface water, in groundwater and in drinking water at
cessful double agent of the post-war era, the tap. Large quantities of drugs are excreted by humans and domestic animals, and are
was described by a colleague as "a schizo- distributed into the environment by flushing toilets and by spreading manure and sewage
phrenic with a supreme talent for decep- sludge onto and into soil.
German scientists report that anywhere from 30 to 60 drugs can be measured in a typi-
tion". The defector George Blake, impris-
cal water sample—if anyone takes the time to do the proper analyses ( Science News
oned in 1961 for spying on behalf of the 153[12]:187-189, 21 Mar. 1998). The concentrations of some drugs in water are compa-
Soviets, admitted he often looked in the rable to the low parts-per-billion (ppb) levels at which pesticides are typically found.
mirror and wondered who he was. Some people find this reassuring, but others are asking: "What is the long-term effect of
The problems are even worse in the drinking, day after day, a dilute cocktail of pesticides, antibiotics, painkillers, tranquillis-
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) if ers and chemotherapy agents?" Of course, no one knows the answer to such a question.
Jeanine Brookner, its first woman station It is simply beyond the capabilities of science to sort out the many chemical interactions
chief, is to be believed. In court four years that could occur in such a complex chemical soup.
ago, she claimed that CIA officers "would The first study that detected drugs in sewage took place at the Big Blue River sewage
either be busy sleeping with each other's treatment plant in Kansas City, USA, in 1976. The problem was duly recorded in scien-
wives, drunk, taking drugs, fiddling their tific literature (Life Sciences 20[2]:337-341, 15 Jan. 1997) and then ignored for 15 years.
expenses, seeing the agency psychiatrist or In 1992, researchers in Germany were looking for herbicides in water when they kept
perhaps doing them all at once". noticing a chemical they couldn't identify. It turned out to be clofibric acid (CA), a drug
(Source: by David Connett and Jonathan used by many people in large quantities to reduce cholesterol levels in the blood.
Calvert, The Observer , London, 26 Clofibric acid is a close chemical cousin of the popular weed-killer, 2,4-D.
October 1998) Since 1992, researchers in Germany, Denmark and Sweden have been measuring levels
of CA and other drugs in rivers, lakes and the North Sea. To everyone's surprise, it turns
FROM A FIELD NEAR YOU... out that the entire North Sea contains measurable quantities of clofibric acid. Based on
ESCAPE OF THE TRANSGENES! the volume of the sea, which is 12.7 quadrillion gallons, and the average concentration of
CA, which is 1 to 2 parts per trillion (ppt), researchers estimate that the North Sea con-
H eightening environmentalists' fears
about the dangers of genetic engineer-
ing, a weed altered by scientists to resist a
tains 48 to 96 tons of clofibric acid (Environmental Science and Technology 32[1]:188-
192, 1998).
The Danube River in Germany and the Po River in Italy also contain measurable quan-
herbicide has also developed a far greater tities of clofibric acid. Of more immediate concern to humans is the finding that tap
ability to pollinate other plants and pass on water in all parts of the city of Berlin contains clofibric acid at concentrations between
its traits. 10 and 165 ppt. The water supplies of other major cities remain to be tested.
Joy Bergelson, a professor of ecology Drugs are designed to have particular characteristics. For example, 30 per cent of the
and evolution at the University of Chicago, drugs manufactured between 1992 and 1995 were lipophilic (Chemosphere 36[2]:357-
said the findings show that genetic engi- 393, 1998). This means that the drugs tend to dissolve in fat but not in water, and this
neering can substantially increase the gives them the ability to pass through cell membranes and act inside cells. Unfortunately
chances of 'transgene escape'—the spread it also means that, once they are excreted into the environment, they enter food chains
of certain traits from one plant to another. and concentrate as they move upward into larger predators. Many drugs are also
Her co-authored study has been published designed to be persistent so that they can retain their chemical structure long enough to
in the journal N a t u r e (vol. 395, 3 Sept do their therapeutic work. Unfortunately, after they are excreted, such drugs also tend to
1998). persist in the environment. A landfill used by the Jackson Naval Air Station in Florida
Charles Margulis of Greenpeace said the contaminated groundwater with a plume of chemicals that has been moving slowly
results confirm fears that genetically engi- underground for more than 20 years. The drugs pentobarbital (a barbiturate), meproba-
neering cotton and soybeans to survive mate (a tranquilliser sold as Equanil and Miltown) and phensuximide (an anticonvulsant)
spraying with herbicides to make weed- are still measurable in that groundwater plume (Chemosphere, ibid.)
control easier, will force farmers to spray When a human or an animal is given a drug, anywhere from 50 to 90 per cent of it is
heavier doses of herbicides or use types excreted unchanged. The remainder is excreted in the form of metabolites—chemicals
that are less environmentally safe. produced as by-products of the body's interaction with the drug. Researchers report that
some of the metabolites are more lipophilic and more persistent than the original drugs
"It's just another chink in the armour of
from which they were derived (Chemosphere, ibid.).
the industry, which keeps saying environ- Another problem resulting from drugs in the environment is bacteria developing resis-
mentalists' claims of health concerns just tance to antibiotics. The general problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has been recog-
aren't justified," Margulis said. nised for more than a decade. Antibiotics are only useful to humans so long as bacteria
Scientists have already recognised that do not become resistant to their effects. Bacteria exposed to antibiotics in sewage sludge
when a genetically engineered crop grows or water have an opportunity to develop resistance.
near a weed relative, the gene-engineered (Source: by Peter Montague, Rachel's Environment & Health Weekly, no. 614, 3
trait will eventually transfer to the weed. September 1998; PO Box 5036, Annapolis, MD 21403, USA; tel (410) 263 1584; fax
(Source: by Jeff Barnard, Associated (410) 263 8944; e-mail, [email protected]; for transcript, see www.monitor.net/rachel/)
Press, 2 September 1998)

1. THE US FEDERAL RESERVE
T
here was a time when to ask someone for whom he worked was considered
somewhat insulting, as it implied he was an incompetent, incapable of gainful
self-employment. But now, property ownership (net wealth) is not a general fea-
ture of our society, as it largely was until the Great Depression. Rather, net debt
and complete dependence on a precarious wage or salary at the will of others is the gener-
al condition.
Since the exercise of freedom often includes using material objects such as books, food,
clothing, shelter, arms, transport, etc., the choice and possession of which requires some
By creating and wealth, we are forced to admit that the general condition of Americans is one of increas-
ing dependence and limitations on freedom.
controlling the Since the turn of the century, there has occurred throughout the world a major increase
money supply, the in debt and a major decline in the freedom of individuals and states to conduct their own
affairs. To restore a condition of widespread, modest wealth is therefore essential to
so-called Money regaining and preserving our freedom.
Why are we over our heads in debt? Why can't the politicians bring debt under control?
Changers have Why are so many people (often, both parents) working at low-paying, dead-end jobs and
still making do with less? What's the future of the American economy and way of life?
maintained control Are we headed into an economic crash of unprecedented proportions?
over governments Larry Bates was a bank president for eleven years. As a member of the Tennessee
House of Representatives, he chaired the Committee on Banking and Commerce. He's
and citizens for also a former professor of economics and the author of the best-selling book, The New
millennia. Economic Disorder. He has this to say about our future prospects:
I can tell you right now that there is going to be a crash of unprecedented proportions—
a crash like we have never seen before in this country. The greatest shock of this decade
is that more people are about to lose more money than at any time before in history, but
the second greatest shock will be the incredible amount of money a relatively small
group of people will make at the same time. You see, in periods of economic upheaval,
in periods of economic crisis, wealth is not destroyed—it is merely transferred.
Part 1 of 2 Former US presidential candidate Charles Collins is a lawyer and a banker who has
owned banks and served as a bank director. He believes we'll never get out of debt
because the Federal Reserve ('the Fed') is in control of our money. To quote Collins:
Right now, it's perpetuated by the Federal Reserve making us borrow the money from
them, at interest, to pay the interest that's already accumulated. So we cannot get out of
debt the way we're going now.
Extracted from the book of the video
THE MONEY MASTERS: Economist Henry Pasquet is a tenured instructor in economics. He agrees that the end
How International Bankers is near for the US economy:
No, not when you are adding roughly a billion dollars a day. We just can't go on. We
Gained Control of America had less than one trillion dollars of national debt in 1980; now it's $5 trillion—five times
Published & revised in 1998 by greater in fifteen years. It just doesn't take a genius to realize that this just can't go on
Royalty Production Company forever.
PO Box 114, Piedmont OK 73078, USA
www.themoneymasters.com The problem is that the US has one of the worst monetary systems ever devised: a cen-
tral bank that operates independently of the government, which, with other private banks,

creates all of our money with a parallel amount of interest-bearing US Government, check your local telephone book. It's not listed
debt. That's why we can never get out of debt. And that's why a in the 'government' blue pages. It is correctly listed in the 'busi-
deep Depression is a certainty for most US citizens, whether ness' white pages, right next to Federal Express, another private
caused suddenly in a severe economic crash or gradually through company. But more directly, US courts have ruled that the Fed is
continued relentless inflation. The Fed is creating it to enrich its a special form of private corporation.
private stockholders—just as it deliberately created the Great Let's take a look at the Fed shareholders. According to
Depression of the 1930s. researcher Eric Samuelson, as of November 1997 the Federal
The Federal Reserve headquarters is in Washington, DC. It sits Reserve Bank of New York (which completely dominates the
on a very impressive address on Constitution Avenue, right across other 11 branches through stock ownership, control and influence,
from the Lincoln Memorial. But is it 'Federal'? Is it really part of having the only permanent voting seat on the Federal Open
the United States Government? Market Committee and handling all open market bond transac-
Well, what we are about to show you is that there is nothing tions), has 19,752,655 shares outstanding and is majority-owned
'Federal' about the Federal Reserve—and there are no reserves. by two banks: Chase Manhattan bank (now merged with
The name is a deception created before the Federal Reserve Act Chemical Bank), with 6,389,445 shares or 32.35 per cent; and
was passed in 1913 to make Americans think that America's new Citibank, NA, with 4,051,851 shares or 20.51 per cent. Together,
central bank operates in the public interest. those two banks own l0,441,295 shares or 52.86 per cent—which
The truth is that the Fed is a private (or, at best, quasi-public)is majority control.
bank owned by private national banks, which are the stockhold- While majority ownership conclusively demonstrates effective
ers, and run for their private profit. control, it is not critical to control—which is often exercised in
As economist Henry Pasquet noted: large, publicly traded corporations by blocks of as little as 25 per
That's exactly correct; the Fed is a privately owned, for-profit cent, and even two per cent when the other owners hold smaller
corporation which has no reserves—at least no reserves to back blocks.
up the Federal Reserve notes which are our common currency. One of the most outspoken critics of the Fed in Congress was
Louis T. McFadden (R-PA), the Chairman of the House Banking
The Federal Reserve Act was railroaded through a carefully and Currency Committee during the Great Depression years. In
prepared Congressional Conference 1932 he said:
Committee meeting, scheduled dur- We have in this country one of the
ing the unlikely hours of 1.30 am to most corrupt institutions the world
4.30 am (when most members were has ever known. I refer to the
sleeping) on Monday 22 December Federal Reserve Board... This evil
1913, at which 20 to 40 substantial But more directly, US courts institution has impoverished...the
differences in the House and Senate people of the United States...and
versions were supposedly described, have ruled that the Fed is a has practically bankrupted our
deliberated upon, debated, reconciled special form of private government. It has done this
and voted upon in a near-miraculous through...the corrupt practices of
four-and-a-half to nine minutes per corporation. the moneyed vultures who
item, at that late hour. control it.
At 4.30 am, a prepared report of
this Committee was handed to the Senator Barry Goldwater was a fre-
printers. Senator Bristow of Kansas, quent critic of the Fed:
the Republican leader, stated on the Most Americans have no real
Congressional Record that the Conference Committee had met understanding of the operation of the international money-
without notifying them, and that Republicans were not present lenders... The accounts of the Federal Reserve System have
and were given no opportunity either to read or sign the never been audited. It operates outside the control of Congress
Conference Committee report. The Conference report is normally and...manipulates the credit of the United States.
read on the Senate floor. The Republicans did not even see the
report. Some senators stated on the floor of the Senate that they What one has to understand is that from the day the
had no knowledge of the contents of the Bill. Constitution was adopted, right up to today, the folks who profit
At 6.02 pm on 23 December, when many members had already from privately owned central banks like the Fed, or, as President
left the Capitol for the Christmas holiday, the very same day that Madison called them, 'the Money Changers', have fought a run-
the Bill was hurried through the House and Senate, President ning battle for control over who gets to issue America's money.
Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 into Why is who issues the money so important? Think of money as
law. just another commodity. If you have a monopoly on a commodity
The Act transferred control of the money supply of the United that everyone needs, everyone wants and nobody has enough of,
States from Congress to a private banking elite. It is not surpris- there are lots of ways to make a profit and also exert tremendous
ing that a bill granting a few national bankers a private money political influence. That's what this battle is all about.
monopoly was passed in such a corrupted manner. Throughout the history of the United States, the money power
As author Anthony C. Sutton noted: has gone back and forth between Congress and some sort of pri-
The Federal Reserve System is a legal private monopoly of the vately owned central bank. The American people fought off four
money supply, operated for the benefit of the few under the privately owned central banks before succumbing to the first stage
guise of protecting and promoting the public intent. of a fifth privately owned central bank during a time of national
weakness: the Civil War.
If there's any doubt whether the Federal Reserve is a part of the The founding fathers knew the perils of a privately owned cen-

tral bank. First of all, they had seen how the privately owned in less than twenty-four hours. The man who would be so
British central bank, the Bank of England, had run up the British foolish as to write his honest opinion would soon be on the
national debt to such an extent that Parliament had been forced to streets in search of another job.
place unfair taxes on the American colonies. In fact, Ben It is the duty of a New York journalist to lie, to distort, to
Franklin claimed that this was the real cause of the American revile, to toady at the feet of Mammon, and to sell his country
Revolution. and his race for his daily bread—or, what amounts to the same
Most of the founding fathers realised the potential dangers of thing, his salary.
banking and feared bankers' accumulation of wealth and power. We are the tools and the vassals of the rich behind the
Thomas Jefferson put it this way: scenes. We are marionettes. These men pull the strings and we
I sincerely believe that banking institutions are more dangerous dance. Our time, our talents, our lives, our capacities are all
to our liberties than standing armies. Already they have raised the property of these men. We are intellectual prostitutes.
up a money aristocracy that has set the government at defiance. (Quoted by T. St John Gaffney in Breaking The Silence, p. 4.)
The issuing power should be taken from the banks and restored
to the people to whom it properly belongs. That was the US press in l953. It is the mass media of America
today. Press control and, later, electronic media (radio and TV)
Jefferson's succinct statement is in fact the solution to most of control were seized in carefully planned steps, yielding the pre-
our economic problems today. sent situation in which all major mass media and the critically
James Madison, the main author of the Constitution, agreed. It important major reporting services, which are the source of most
is interesting that he called those behind the central bank scheme news stories, are controlled by the Money Changers.
'the Money Changers'. Madison strongly criticised their actions: Representative Callaway discussed some of this press control in
History records that the Money Changers have used every form the Congressional Record (vol. 54, 9 February 1917, p. 2947):
of abuse, intrigue, deceit and violent means possible to main - In March 1915, the J. P. Morgan interests, the steel, shipbuild -
tain their control over governments by controlling money and ing and powder interests and their subsidiary organizations,
its issuance. got together 12 men high up in the
newspaper world and employed
The battle over who gets to issue The battle over who gets to issue them to select the most influential
our money has been the pivotal issue newspapers in the United States,
through the history of the United our money has been the pivotal and sufficient number of them to
States. Wars have been fought over
it. Depressions have been caused to
issue through the history... control generally the policy of the
daily press...
acquire it. And yet, after World War They found it was only neces -
I this battle was rarely mentioned in
newspapers or history books.
Wars have been fought over it. sary to purchase the control of 25
of the greatest papers... An agree -
Depressions have been caused ment was reached; the policy of
Media Complicity
By World War I, the Money
to acquire it. the papers was bought, to be paid
for by the month; an editor was
Changers with their dominant wealth furnished for each paper to prop -
had seized control of most of the US erly supervize and edit informa -
press. tion regarding the questions of preparedness, militarism, finan -
In a 1912 Senate Privileges and Elections Committee hearing, a cial policies, and other things of national and international
letter was introduced to the Committee, written by Representative nature considered vital to the interests of the purchasers.
Joseph Sibley (PA), a Rockefeller agent in Congress, to John D.
Archbold, a Standard Oil employee of Rockefeller. It read in A few years ago, three-quarters of the majority stockholders of
part: ABC, CBS, NBC and CNN were banks—such as Chase
An efficient literary bureau is needed, not for a day or a crisis Manhattan Corp., Citibank, Morgan Guaranty Trust and Bank of
but a permanent healthy control of the Associated Press and America. Ten such corporations controlled 59 magazines (includ-
kindred avenues. It will cost money but will be cheapest in the ing Time and Newsweek), 58 newspapers (including the New York
end. Times, the Washington Post and the Wall Street Journal), and var-
ious motion-picture companies, giving the major Wall Street
John Swinton, the former Chief of Staff of the New York Times, banks virtually total ownership of the mass media with few excep-
called by his peers "the Dean of his profession", was asked in tions (such as Disney's purchase of ABC).
1953 to give a toast before the New York Press Club. He Only 50 cities in America now have more than one daily paper,
responded with the following statement: and they are often owned by the same group. Only about 25 per
There is no such thing as an independent press in America, if cent of the nation's 1,500 daily papers are independently owned.
we except that of little country towns. You know this and I This concentration has been rapidly accelerating in recent years
know it. Not a man among you dares to utter his honest opin - and ownership is nearly monolithic now, reflecting the identical
ion. Were you to utter it, you know beforehand that it would control described above. Of course, much care is taken to fool the
never appear in print. public with the appearance of competition by maintaining differ-
I am paid one hundred and fifty dollars a week so that I may ent corporate logos, anchorpersons and other trivia, projecting a
keep my honest opinion out of the newspaper for which I write. sense of objectivity that belies the uniform underlying bank own-
You, too, are paid similar salaries for similar services. Were I ership and editorial control. This accounts for the total blackout
to permit that a single edition of my newspaper contained an on news coverage and investigative reporting on banker control of
honest opinion, my occupation—like Othello's—would be gone the country.

Nevertheless, throughout US history, the battle over who gets the Money Changers by reforming usury laws and limiting land
the power to issue our money has raged. In fact, it has changed ownership to 500 acres. Both were assassinated. In 48 BC, Julius
hands back and forth eight times since 1694, in five transition Caesar took back from the Money Changers the power to coin
periods which may aptly be described as 'Bank Wars' (or, more money and then minted coins for the benefit of all. With this
precisely, 'Private Central Bank vs American People Wars'), yet new, plentiful supply of money, he built great public works. By
this fact has virtually vanished from public view for over three making money plentiful, Caesar won the love of the common peo-
generations behind a smoke screen emitted by Fed cheerleaders in ple. But the Money Changers hated him. Some believe this was
the media. an important factor in Caesar's assassination.
Until we stop talking about 'deficits' and 'government spending' One thing is for sure: with the death of Caesar came the demise
and start talking about who creates and controls how much money of plentiful money in Rome. Taxes increased, as did corruption.
we have, it's just a shell game, a complete and utter deception. It Eventually the Roman money supply was reduced by 90 per cent.
won't matter if we pass an iron-clad amendment to the As a result, the common people lost their lands and homes—just
Constitution mandating a balanced budget. Our situation is only as has happened and will happen again in America to the few who
going to get worse until we root out the cause at its source. still own their own land and homes.
Our leaders and politicians, those few who are not part of the
problem, need to understand what is happening and how, as well 4. THE GOLDSMITHS OF MEDIAEVAL ENGLAND
as what solutions exist. The government must take back the The Chinese were the first to use paper money, known as 'fly-
power to issue our money without debt. ing money' (a kind of banker's draft), in AD 618–907. In about
Issuing our own debt-free money is not a radical solution. It's AD 1000, private Chinese merchants in Sichuan province issued
the same solution proposed at different points in US history by paper money known as jiao zi. Due to fraud, the right to issue
men like Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, paper money was taken over in 1024 by the Song dynasty which
Martin van Buren, Abraham Lincoln, then issued the first government paper
William Jennings Bryan, Henry Ford, money.
Thomas Edison, and numerous con- About that same time, Money
gressmen and economists. Until we stop talking about Changers—those who exchange, cre-
Though the Federal Reserve is now
one of the two most powerful central
'deficits' and 'government ate and manipulate the quantity of
money—were active in mediaeval
banks in the world, it was not the spending' and start talking about England. In fact, they were so active
first. So where did this idea come
from? To really understand the mag-
who creates and controls how that, acting together, they could
manipulate the English economy.
nitude of the problem, we have to much money we have, it's just a These were not bankers per se. The
travel across the Atlantic. shell game, a complete and Money Changers generally were the
goldsmiths. They were the first
2. THE MONEY CHANGERS utter deception. bankers because they started keeping
IN JERUSALEM other people's gold for safekeeping in
Just who are these Money their safe rooms, or vaults.
Changers to whom James Madison The first 'paper' money in Western
referred? The Bible tells us that, 2,000 years ago, Jesus Christ Europe was merely a receipt for gold left with the goldsmiths,
twice drove the Money Changers from the Temple in Jerusalem. made from rag paper. As the ditty goes:
Apart from when the Temple Guards were forced to the ground in Rags make paper; paper makes money; money makes banks;
the Garden of Gethsemane, these were the only times Jesus used banks make loans; loans make beggars; beggars make rags.
physical violence. What were Money Changers doing in the Paper money caught on because it was more convenient and
Temple? safer to carry than a lot of heavy gold and silver coins. As a con-
When Jews came to Jerusalem to pay their Temple tax, they venience, to avoid unnecessary trips to the goldsmiths, depositors
could only pay it with a special coin, the half-shekel of the sanctu- began endorsing these gold deposit receipts to others, by their sig-
ary. This was a half-ounce of pure silver, about the size of a quar- nature.
ter. It was the only coin around at that time which was pure silver Over time, to simplify the process, the receipts were made out
and of assured weight, without the image of a pagan Emperor. to the bearer, rather than to the individual depositor, making them
Therefore, to Jews, the half-shekel was the only coin acceptable to readily transferable without the need for a signature. This, how-
God. But these coins were not plentiful. The Money Changers ever, broke the tie to any identifiable deposit of gold.
had cornered the market on them; then they raised the price—just Eventually, goldsmiths noticed that only a small fraction of the
as with any other monopolised commodity—to whatever the mar- depositors or bearers ever came in and demanded their gold at any
ket would bear. one time. Goldsmiths started cheating on the system. They began
In other words, the Money Changers were making exorbitant by secretly lending out some of the gold that had been entrusted to
profits because they held a virtual monopoly on money. The Jews them for safekeeping, and keeping the interest earned on this
had to pay whatever they demanded. To Jesus, this injustice vio- lending. Then the goldsmiths discovered that they could print
lated the sanctity of God's house. more money (i.e., paper gold-deposit certificates) than they had
gold, and usually no one would be any the wiser. Next, they dis-
3. MONEY-CHANGING IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE covered they could lend out this extra paper money and collect
But the money-changing scam did not originate in Jesus' day. interest on it. This was the birth of 'fractional reserve lending'—
Two hundred years before Christ, Rome was having trouble with that is, lending out more money than you have reserves on
its Money Changers. deposit. Obviously it was fraud, often specifically outlawed once
Two early Roman emperors had tried to diminish the power of understood.

The goldsmiths began with relatively modest cheating, lending ate. But because those crumbs represent billions, too, the lesser
out in gold deposit certificates only two or three times the amount bankers rarely grumble. Rather, with rare exceptions, they, too,
of gold than they actually had in their safe rooms. But they soon support this corrupt system.
grew more confident and greedy, lending out four, five and even In actual practice, due to numerous exceptions to the 10 per
ten times more gold certificates than they had gold on deposit. cent reserve requirement, the banking system multiplies the Fed's
So, for example, if $1,000 in gold were deposited with them, money creation by several magnitudes over ten times (e.g., the
they could lend out about $10,000 in paper money and charge Fed requires only three per cent reserves on deposits under
interest on it, and no one would discover the deception. By this approx. $50 million, and no reserves on Eurodollars and non-per-
means, goldsmiths gradually accumulated more and more wealth sonal time deposits).
and used this wealth to accumulate more and more gold. To return to the goldsmiths... They also discovered that extra
It was this abuse of trust—a fraud—which, after being accepted profits could be made by 'rowing' the economy between easy
as standard practice, evolved into modern deposit banking. It is money and tight money. When they made money easier to bor-
still a fraud, coupled with an unjust and unreasonable delegation row, then the amount of money in circulation expanded. Money
of a sovereign government function—money creation—to private was plentiful, and people took out more loans to expand their
banks. businesses. But then the goldsmiths would tighten the money
Today, this practice of lending out more money than there are supply and make loans more difficult to obtain.
reserves is known as 'fractional reserve banking'. In other words, What would happen? Just what happens today. A certain per-
banks have on hand only a small fraction of the reserves needed to centage of people could not repay their previous loans and could
honour their obligations. Should all not take out new loans to repay the old
their account-holders come in and ones; therefore they went bankrupt
demand cash, the banks would run and had to sell their assets to the gold-
out before even three per cent had So, for example, if $1,000 in gold smiths or at auction for 'pennies on
been paid. That is why banks the dollar'.
always live in dreadful fear of 'bank were deposited with them, they The same thing is still going on
runs'. This is the fundamental cause
of the inherent instability in banking,
could lend out about $10,000 in today, only now we call this up-and-
down rowing of the economy the
stock markets and national paper money and charge interest 'business cycle', or, more recently in
economies.
The banks in the United States are
on it, and no one would discover the stock markets, 'corrections'.
allowed to lend out at least ten times the deception. 5. TALLY STICKS
more money than they actually have. King Henry I, son of William the
That's why they do so well on charg- Conqueror, ascended the English
ing, let's say, 8 per cent interest. But throne in AD 1100. At that time, long
it's not really 8 per cent per year which before the invention of the printing
is their interest income on money the government issues; it's 80 press, taxes were generally paid in kind, i.e., in goods, based on
per cent. That's why bank buildings are always the largest in the productive capacity of the land under the care of the taxpaying
town. Every bank is, de facto, a private mint (over 10,000 in the serf or lesser noble. To record production, mediaeval European
US), issuing money as loans, for nothing, at no cost to them scribes used a crude accounting device: notches on sticks, or 'tal-
except whatever interest they pay depositors. lies' (from the Latin talea, meaning 'twig' or 'stake'). Tally sticks
Rather than issue more gold certificates then they have gold, worked better than faulty memory or notches on barn doors, as
modern bankers simply make more loans than they have currency were sometimes used.
(cash). They do this by making book entries, creating loans to To prevent alteration or counterfeiting, the sticks were cut in
borrowers out of thin air (or, rather, ink). half lengthwise, leaving one half of the notches on each piece—
To give a modern example, a $10,000 bond purchase by the Fed one of which was given to the taxpayer, and could be compared
on the open market results in a $10,000 deposit to the bond-sell- for accuracy by reuniting the pieces. Henry adopted this method
er's bank account. Under a 10 per cent (i.e., fractional) reserve of tax-record-keeping in England.
requirement, the bank need keep only $1,000 in reserve and may Over time, the role of tally sticks evolved and expanded. By
lend out $9,000. This $9,000 is ordinarily deposited by the bor- the time of Henry II, taxes were paid twice a year. The first pay-
rower in either the same bank or in other banks, which then must ment, made at Easter, was evidenced by giving the taxpayer a
keep 10 per cent ($900) in reserve but may lend out the other tally stick notched to indicate partial payment received, with the
$8,100. This $8,100 is in turn deposited in banks which must same lengthwise split to record, for both parties, the payment
keep 10 per cent ($810) in reserve but then may lend out $7,290, made. These were presented at Michaelmas with the balance of
and so on. Carried to the theoretical limits, the initial $10,000 taxes then due.
created by the Fed is deposited in numerous banks in the banking It takes only a little imagination to arrive at the next step: for
system, giving rise (in roughly 20 repeated stages) to an expan- tallies to be issued by the government in advance of taxes being
sion of $90,000 in new loans in addition to the $10,000 in paid, in order to raise funds in emergencies or financial straits.
reserves. The recipients would accept such tallies for goods sold at a profit
In other words, the banking system, collectively, multiplies the or for coin at a discount, and then would use them later, at Easter
$10,000 created by the Fed by a factor of ten. However, less than or Michaelmas, for payment of the taxes. Thus, tallies took on
one per cent of the banks create over 75 per cent of this money. some of the same functions as coin: they served as money for the
In other words, a handful of the largest Wall Street banks creates payment of taxes.
money as loans, literally by the hundred-billion, charging interest After 1694, the government issued 'paper tallies' as paper evi-
on these loans and leaving crumbs for the rest of the banks to cre- dence of debt (i.e. government borrowing) in anticipation of the

collection of future taxes. Paper could be made easily negotiable, Money Changers pulling the strings of their usurper, King
which made paper tallies the full equivalent of the paper banknote William III ('King Billy'), from behind the scenes.
money issued by the Bank of England beginning in 1694. By This symbiotic relationship between the Money Changers and
1697, tallies, banknotes and bankbills all began to circulate freely the higher British aristocracy continues to this day. The monarch
as interchangeable forms of money. Wooden-stick tallies contin- has no real power but serves as a useful shield for the Money
ued to be used until 1826. Doubtless, ways were found to make Changers who rule the City—dominated by the banking House of
them circulate at discounts, too, like the paper tallies. Rothschild.
One particular tally stick was quite valuable. It represented In its 20 June 1934 issue, New Britain magazine of London
£25,000. One of the original stockholders in the Bank of England cited a devastating assertion by former British Prime Minister
purchased his original shares with such a stick. In other words, he David Lloyd George, that "Britain is the slave of an international
bought shares in the world's richest and most powerful corpora- financial bloc". It also quoted these words written by Lord Bryce:
tion, with a stick of wood. "Democracy has no more persistent and insidious foe than the
It's ironic that after its formation in 1694, the Bank of England money powers" and pointed out that "questions regarding the
attacked the tally stick system because it was money issued out- Bank of England, its conduct and its objects, are not allowed by
side the control of the Money Changers. the Speaker" (of the House of Commons).
Why would people accept sticks of wood for money? That's a
great question. Throughout history, people have traded anything 6. THE BANK OF ENGLAND
they thought had value and used that for money. You see, the By the end of the 1600s, England was in financial ruin. Fifty
secret is that money is only what people agree on to use as money. years of more or less continuous wars with France, and sometimes
What's our paper money today? It's really just paper. the Netherlands had exhausted her. Frantic government officials
But here's the trick. King Henry VIII ordered that tally sticks met with the Money Changers to beg for the loans necessary to
be used to evidence tax payments received by the government. pursue their political purposes. The price was high: a govern-
This built in the demand for tallies and eventually made them cir- ment-sanctioned, privately owned central bank which could issue
culate and be accepted as money. And they worked well. In fact, money—created out of nothing—as loans.
no other money worked for so long as in the British Empire. The Bank of England was to be the modern world's first pri-
In the l500s, King Henry VIII vately owned, national central bank in
relaxed the laws concerning usury, a powerful country, though earlier
and the Money Changers wasted no deposit banks had existed in Venice
time reasserting themselves. They from 1361, in Amsterdam from 1609,
made their gold and silver money Such is the power of these central and in Sweden from 1661—where
plentiful for a few decades. But the first banknotes in Europe were
when Queen Mary took the throne banks that they soon take total issued that same year.
and tightened the usury laws again,
the Money Changers renewed the
control over a nation's economy. Although it was deceptively called
the Bank of England to make the gen-
hoarding of gold and silver coin, It soon amounts to nothing but a eral population think it was part of
forcing the economy to plummet.
When Queen Elizabeth I, Mary's
plutocracy, rule by the rich... the government, it was not. Like any
other private corporation, the Bank of
half-sister, took the throne in 1558, England sold shares to get started.
she was determined to regain control The investors, whose names were
over English money. Her solution never revealed, were supposed to put
was to issue gold and silver coins from up one and a quarter million (British
the public treasury and thus take away control over the money pounds) in gold coin to buy their shares in the Bank. But only
supply from the Money Changers. £750,000 pounds was ever received.
Although control over money was not the only cause of the Despite that, the Bank of England was duly chartered in 1694
English Revolution in 1642 (religious differences also fuelled the and started out in the business of lending out several times the
conflict), monetary policy played a major role. Financed by the money it supposedly had in reserves, all at interest. In exchange,
Money Changers, Oliver Cromwell finally overthrew King the new bank would lend British politicians as much as they want-
Charles I (Stuart), purged Parliament and put the King to death. ed. The debt was secured by direct taxation of the British people.
The Money Changers were immediately allowed to consolidate So, legalisation of the Bank of England amounted to nothing
their financial power. less than legalised counterfeiting of a national currency for private
The result was that for the next fifty years the Money Changers gain. Unfortunately, nearly every nation now has a privately con-
plunged Great Britain into a series of costly wars. In the centre of trolled central bank, the local Money Changers using the Bank of
London they took over a square mile of property, known as 'the England as the basic model.
City'. Today, this semi-sovereign area is still one of the two pre- Such is the power of these central banks that they soon take
dominant financial centres of the world (with Wall Street, New total control over a nation's economy. It soon amounts to nothing
York City). It is not under the jurisdiction of the London police, but a plutocracy, rule by the rich, and the bankers soon come to be
but has its own private force of 2,000 men. the dominant super-rich class. It is like putting control of the
Conflicts with the Stuart Kings led the Money Changers in Army in the hands of the Mafia. The danger of tyranny is
England to combine with those in the Netherlands (which already extreme. Yes, we need a central monetary authority—but one
had a central bank established by the Money Changers in owned and controlled by the government, not by bankers for their
Amsterdam in 1609) to finance the invasion of William of Orange private profit.
who overthrew the legitimate Stuarts in 1688. England was to
Continued on page 79
trade masters: an unpopular King James II for a hidden cabal of

I
n 1954, a young researcher from Russia, named David Kritchevsky, published a
paper describing the effects of feeding cholesterol to rabbits.1 Cholesterol added to
vegetarian rabbit chow caused the formation of atheromas—plaques that block arter-
ies and contribute to heart disease. Cholesterol is a heavyweight molecule—an alco-
hol or a sterol—found only in animal foods such as meat, cheese, eggs and butter.
In the same year, according to the American Oil Chemists Society, Kritchevsky pub-
lished a paper describing the beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids for lowering
Modern-day diets cholesterol levels. 2 (Polyunsaturated fatty acids are the kind of fats found in large
amounts in highly liquid vegetable oils made from corn, soybeans, safflower seeds and
high in sunflower seeds. Mono-unsaturated fatty acids are found in large amounts in olive oil,
hydrogenated palm oil and lard; saturated fatty acids are found in large amounts in fats and oils that are
solid at room temperature, e.g., butter, tallow and coconut oil.)
vegetable oils Scientists of the period were grappling with a new threat to public health: a steep rise
in heart disease. While turn-of-the-century mortality statistics are unreliable, they consis-
instead of tently indicate that heart disease caused no more than 10 per cent of all deaths—consider-
ably less than infectious diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. By 1950, coronary
traditional animal heart disease (CHD) was the leading source of mortality in the United States, causing
more than 30 per cent of all deaths. The greatest increase came under the rubric of
fats are implicated myocardial infarction (MI)—a massive blood clot leading to obstruction of a coronary
artery and consequent death to the heart muscle. MI was almost non-existent in 1910 and
in causing a caused no more than 3,000 deaths per year in 1930. By 1960, there were at least 500,000
significant increase MI deaths per year in the US. What lifestyle changes had caused this increase?
One change was a decrease in infectious disease following the decline of the horse as a
in heart disease and means of transport, the installation of more sanitary water supplies and the advent of bet-
ter housing, all of which allowed more people to reach adulthood and the heart attack age.
cancer. The other was a dietary change.
Since the early part of the century when the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) had
begun to keep track of food 'disappearance' data (the amount of various foods going into
the food supply), a number of researchers had noticed a change in the kind of fats
Americans were eating. Butter consumption was declining, while the use of vegetable
oils, especially oils that had been hardened to resemble butter by a process called 'hydro-
genation', was increasing dramatically. By 1950, butter consumption had dropped from
Part 1 of 2 18 pounds per person per year to just over 10 pounds. Margarine filled in the gap, rising
from about 2 pounds per person at the turn of the century to about 8 pounds.
Consumption of vegetable shortening—used in crackers and baked goods—remained rela-
tively steady at about 12 pounds per person per year, but vegetable oil consumption had
more than tripled from just under 3 pounds per person per year to more than 10 pounds.3
The statistics pointed to one obvious conclusion: Americans should eat the traditional
by Mary G. Enig, PhD foods—including meat, eggs, butter and cheese—that nourished their ancestors, and avoid
[email protected] the newfangled, vegetable-oil-based foods that were flooding the grocers' shelves.
& The Kritchevsky articles attracted immediate attention because they lent support to
another theory—one that militated against the consumption of meat and dairy products.
Sally Fallon This was the lipid hypothesis: namely, that saturated fat and cholesterol from animal
[email protected] sources raise cholesterol levels in the blood, leading to deposition of cholesterol and fatty
© 1998 material as pathogenic plaques in the arteries.
Kritchevsky's rabbit trials were actually a repeat of studies carried out four decades ear-
lier in St Petersburg, in which rabbits fed saturated fats and cholesterol developed fatty

deposits in their skin and other tissues—and in their arteries. By In 1957, Dr Norman Jolliffe, Director of the Nutrition Bureau
showing that polyunsaturated oils from vegetable sources lowered of the New York Health Department, initiated the Anti-Coronary
serum cholesterol at least temporarily in humans, Kritchevsky Club in which selected businessmen, ranging in age from 40 to 59
appeared to show that the findings from the animal trials were rel- years, were placed on the Prudent Diet. Club members used corn
evant to the CHD problem, that the lipid hypothesis was a valid oil and margarine instead of butter; cold breakfast cereals instead
explanation for the new epidemic, and that, by reducing animal of eggs and chicken; and fish instead of beef. Anti-Coronary
products in their diets, Americans could avoid heart disease. Club members were to be compared with a 'matched' group of the
In the years that followed, a number of population studies same age who ate eggs for breakfast and had meat three times a
demonstrated that the animal model—especially one derived from day. Dr Jolliffe, an overweight diabetic confined to a wheelchair,
vegetarian animals—was not a valid approach for the problem of was confident that the Prudent Diet would save lives, including
heart disease in human omnivores. his own.
A 1955 report on artery plaques in soldiers killed during the In the same year, the food industry initiated advertising cam-
Korean War showed little difference in the number and severity of paigns that touted the health benefits of their products: "Low in
plaques between American soldiers and those of Japanese fat" or "Made with vegetable oils". A typical ad read, "Wheaties
natives—75 per cent versus 65 per cent—even though the may help you live longer". Wesson recommended its cooking oil
Japanese diet at the time was lower in animal products and fat. 4 A "for your heart's sake". An ad in the Journal of the American
1957 study of the largely vegetarian Bantu found that they had as Medical Association (JAMA) described Wesson oil as a "choles-
much atheroma—occlusions or plaque build-up in the arteries—as terol depressant". Mazola advertisements assured the public that
other races from South Africa who ate more meat.5 A 1959 report "science finds corn oil important to your health". Medical journal
noted that Jamaican Blacks showed a degree of atherosclerosis ads recommended Fleishmann's unsalted margarine for patients
comparable to that found in the United States, although they suf- with high blood pressure.
fered from lower rates of heart disease.6 A 1960 report noted that In his syndicated column, Dr Frederick Stare, head of Harvard
the severity of atherosclerotic lesions in Japan approached that of University's Nutrition Department, encouraged the consumption
the United States. 7 The 1968 International Atherosclerosis of corn oil—up to one cup a day. In a promotional piece specifi-
Project, in which over 22,000 corpses in 14 nations were cut open cally for Procter & Gamble's Puritan oil, he cited two experiments
and examined for plaques in the arteries, showed the same degree and one clinical trial as showing that high blood cholesterol is
of atheroma in all parts of the associated with CHD. However, both
world—in populations that suffered experiments had nothing to do with
from a great deal of heart disease, and The American Medical Association CHD, and the clinical trial did not
in populations that had very little or find that reducing blood cholesterol
none at all.8 (AMA) at first opposed the had any effect on CHD events. Later,
All of these studies pointed to the commercialisation of the lipid Dr William Castelli, director of the
fact that the thickening of the arterial Framingham Study, was one of sever-
walls is a natural, unavoidable hypothesis and warned that "the al specialists to endorse Puritan. Dr
process. The lipid hypothesis did not anti-fat, anti-cholesterol fad is Antonio Gotto, Jr, former AHA presi-
hold up to these population studies, dent, sent practising physicians a let-
nor did it explain the tendency toward not just foolish and futile... ter promoting Puritan oil—printed on
fatal clots that caused myocardial it also carries some risk". Baylor College of Medicine, The De
infarction. Bakey Heart Center letterhead.9
The irony of Gotto's letter is that
I
n 1956, an American Heart De Bakey, the famous heart surgeon,
Association (AHA) fund-raiser was aired on all three major co-authored a 1964 study involving 1,700 patients, which also
networks. The Master of Ceremonies interviewed, among oth- showed no definite correlation between serum cholesterol levels
ers, Irving Page and Jeremiah Stamler of the AHA and researcher and the nature and extent of coronary artery disease. 10 In other
Ancel Keys. Panellists presented the lipid hypothesis as the cause words, those with low cholesterol levels were just as likely to
of the heart disease epidemic and launched the Prudent Diet, one have blocked arteries as those with high cholesterol levels.
in which corn oil, margarine, chicken and cold cereal replaced But while studies like DeBakey's mouldered in the basements
butter, lard, beef and eggs. of university libraries, the vegetable oil campaign took on
The television campaign was not an unqualified success increased bravado and audacity.
because one of the panellists, Dr Dudley White, disputed his col- The American Medical Association (AMA) at first opposed the
leagues at the AHA. Dr White noted that heart disease in the commercialisation of the lipid hypothesis and warned that "the
form of myocardial infarction was non-existent in 1900 when egg anti-fat, anti-cholesterol fad is not just foolish and futile...it also
consumption was three times what it was in 1956 and when corn carries some risk".
oil was unavailable. When pressed to support the Prudent Diet, The American Heart Association, however, was committed. In
Dr White replied: "See here, I began my practice as a cardiologist 1961, the AHA published its first dietary guidelines aimed at the
in 1921 and I never saw an MI patent until 1928. Back in the MI- public. The authors—Irving Page, Ancel Keys, Jeremiah Stamler
free days before 1920, the fats were butter and lard, and I think and Frederick Stare—called for the substitution of polyunsatu-
that we would all benefit from the kind of diet that we had at a rates for saturated fat, even though Keys, Stare and Page had all
time when no one had ever heard the word corn oil." previously noted in published papers that the increase in CHD
But the lipid hypothesis had already gained enough momentum was paralleled by increasing consumption of vegetable oils. In
to keep it rolling, in spite of Dr White's nationally televised plea fact, in a 1956 paper, Keys had suggested that the increasing use
for common sense in matters of diet and in spite of the contradic- of hydrogenated vegetable oils might be the underlying cause of
tory studies that were showing up in the scientific literature. the CHD epidemic.11

Stamler showed up again in 1966 as an author of Your Heart Judging from both food data and turn-of-the-century cook-
Has Nine Lives, a little self-help book advocating the substitution books, the American diet in 1900 was a rich one, with at least 35
of vegetable oils for butter and other so-called 'artery-clogging' to 40 per cent of calories coming from fats, mostly dairy fats in
saturated fats. The book was sponsored by the makers of Mazola the form of butter, cream, whole milk, and also eggs. Salad dress-
corn oil and margarine. Stamler did not believe that lack of evi- ing recipes usually called for egg yolks or cream; only occasional-
dence should deter Americans from changing their eating habits. ly for olive oil. Lard or tallow served for frying. Rich dishes like
The evidence, he stated, was "compelling enough to call for alter- head cheese and scrapple contributed additional saturated fats dur-
ing some habits even before the final proof is nailed down...the ing an era when cancer and heart disease were rare. Butter substi-
definitive proof that middle-aged men who reduce their blood tutes made up only a small portion of the American diet, and these
cholesterol will actually have far fewer heart attacks waits upon margarines were blended from coconut oil, animal tallow and
diet studies now in progress". His version of the Prudent Diet lard—all rich in natural saturates.
called for substituting low-fat milk products such as skim milk The technology by which liquid vegetable oils could be hard-
and low-fat cheeses for cream, butter and whole cheeses, reducing ened to make margarine was first discovered by a French chemist
egg consumption and cutting the fat off red meats. Heart disease, named Sabatier. He found that a nickel catalyst would cause the
he lectured, was a disease of rich countries, striking rich people hydrogenation (the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated bonds to
who ate rich food, including 'hard' fats like butter. make them saturated) of ethylene gas to ethane. Subsequently,
It was in the same year, 1966, that the results of Dr Jolliffe's the British chemist Norman developed the first application of
Anti-Coronary Club experiment were published in J A M A. 1 2 hydrogenation to food oils and took out a patent.
Those on the Prudent Diet of corn oil, margarine, fish, chicken In 1909, Procter & Gamble acquired the US rights to a British
and cold cereal had an average serum cholesterol of 220, com- patent on making liquid vegetable oils solid at room temperature.
pared to 250 in the meat-and-potatoes control group. However, The process was used on both cotton-seed oil and lard to give
the study authors were obliged to "better physical properties", to create
note that there were eight deaths shortenings that did not melt as easily
from heart disease among Dr on hot days.
Jolliffe's Prudent Diet group, and The hydrogenation process trans-
none among those who ate meat In fact, in a 1956 paper, Keys forms unsaturated oils into straight
three times a day. Dr Jolliffe was 'packable' molecules by rearranging
dead by this time. He succumbed in had suggested that the increasing the hydrogen atoms at the double
1961 to a vascular thrombosis, use of hydrogenated vegetable bonds. In nature, most double bonds
although the obituaries listed the occur in the c i s configuration, i.e.,
cause of death as "complications oils might be the underlying with both hydrogen atoms on the
from diabetes". The compelling cause of the CHD epidemic. same side of the carbon chain at the
"proof" that Stamler and others were point of the double bond. It is the cis
sure would vindicate wholesale tam- isomers of fatty acids that have a
pering with American eating habits bend or kink at the double bond, pre-
had not yet been "nailed down". venting them from packing together
The problem, said the insiders pro- easily. Hydrogenation creates trans
moting the lipid hypothesis, was that the numbers involved in the double bonds by moving one hydrogen atom across to the other
Anti-Coronary Club experiment were too small. Dr Irving Page side of the carbon chain at the point of the double bond. In effect,
urged a National Diet–Heart Study involving one million men, in the two hydrogen atoms then balance each other and the fatty acid
which the results of the Prudent Diet could be compared on a straightens, creating a packable 'plastic' fat with a much higher
large scale with those on a diet high in meat and fat. With great melting temperature.
media attention, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Although trans fatty acids are technically unsaturated, they are
organised the stocking of food warehouses in six major cities, configured in such a way that the benefits of unsaturation are lost.
where men on the Prudent Diet could get tasty polyunsaturated The presence of several unpaired electrons presented by contigu-
doughnuts and other fabricated food items free of charge. ous hydrogen atoms in their cis form allows many vital chemical
But a pilot study, involving 2,000 men, resulted in exactly the reactions to occur at the site of the double bond. When one
same number of deaths in both the Prudent Diet group and control hydrogen atom is moved to the other side of the fatty acid mole-
group. A brief report in Circulation (March 1968) stated that the cule during hydrogenation, the ability of living cells to make reac-
study was a milestone "in mass environmental experimentation" tions at the site is compromised or altogether lost. Trans fatty
that would have "an important effect on the food industry and the acids are sufficiently similar to natural fats that the body readily
attitude of the public toward its eating habits". But the million- incorporates them into the cell membrane; once there, their altered
man Diet–Heart Study was abandoned in utter silence "for reasons chemical structure creates havoc with thousands of necessary
of cost". Its chairman, Dr Irving Page, died of a heart attack. chemical reactions—everything from energy provision to
prostaglandin production.
M
ost animal fats—like butter, lard and tallow—have a After the Second World War, 'improvements' made it possible
large proportion of saturated fatty acids. Saturated fats to plasticise highly unsaturated oils from corn and soybeans. New
are straight chains of carbon and hydrogen that pack catalysts allowed processors to 'selectively hydrogenate' the kinds
together easily so that they are relatively solid at room tempera- of fatty acids found in soy and canola oils—those with three dou-
ture. Oils from seeds are composed mostly of polyunsaturated ble bonds. Called 'partial hydrogenation', this new method
fatty acids. These molecules have kinks in them at the point of allowed processors to replace cotton-seed oil with more unsaturat-
the unsaturated double bond. They do not pack together easily ed corn and soybean oils in margarines and shortenings. This
and therefore tend to be liquid at room temperature. spurred a meteoric rise in soybean production from virtually

nothing in 1900 to 70 million tons in 1970, surpassing corn pro- Since Kritchevsky's early studies, many other trials had shown
duction. Today, soy oil dominates the market and is used in that serum cholesterol can be lowered by increasing ingestion of
almost 80 per cent of all hydrogenated oils. polyunsaturates. The physiological explanation for this is that
The particular mix of fatty acids in soy oil results in shortenings when excess polyunsaturates are built into the cell membranes,
containing about 40 per cent trans fats—an increase of about 5 resulting in reduced structural integrity or 'limpness', cholesterol
per cent over cotton-seed oil and 15 per cent over corn oil. is sequestered from the blood into the cell membranes to give
Canola oil, processed from a hybrid form of rape-seed, is particu- them 'stiffness'. The problem was that there was no proof that
larly rich in fatty acids containing three double bonds and can lowering serum cholesterol levels could stave off CHD.
contain as much as 50 per cent trans fats. Trans fats of a particu- That did not prevent the American Heart Association calling for
larly problematic type are also formed during the process of "modified and ordinary foods" useful for the purpose of facilitat-
deodorising canola oil, yet they are not indicated on labels for ing dietary changes to newfangled oils away from traditional fats.
canola oil. These foods, said the AHA literature, should be made available to
Certain forms of trans fatty acids occur naturally in dairy fats. the consumer, "...reasonably priced and easily identified by appro-
Trans vaccenic acid makes up about four per cent of the fatty priate labeling. Any existing legal and regulatory barriers to the
acids in butter. It is an interim product which the ruminant animal marketing of such foods should be removed."
then converts to conjugated linoleic acid, a highly beneficial anti-
T
carcinogenic component of animal fat. Humans seem to utilise he man who made it possible to remove any "existing legal
the small amounts of trans vaccenic acid in butter fat without ill and regulatory barriers" was Peter Barton Hutt, a food
effects. lawyer for the prestigious Washington, DC, law firm of
However, most of the trans isomers in modern hydrogenated Covington and Burling. Hutt once stated: "Food law is the most
fats are new to the human physiology. By the early 1970s, a num- wonderful field of law that you can possibly enter." After repre-
ber of researchers had expressed concern about their presence in senting the edible oil industry, he temporarily left his law firm to
the American diet, noting that the increasing use of hydrogenated become general counsel for the US Food and Drug
fats had paralleled the increase in both heart disease and cancer. Administration (FDA) in 1971.
The unstated solution was one that The regulatory barrier to foods use-
could be easily presented to the pub- ful to the purpose of changing
lic: eat natural, traditional fats; American consumption patterns was
avoid newfangled foods made from But medical research and public the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of
vegetable oils; use butter, not mar- consciousness took a different 1938, which stated: "...there are cer-
garine. tain traditional foods that everyone
But medical research and public tack—one that accelerated the knows, such as bread, milk and
consciousness took a different tack— decline of traditional foods like cheese, and that when consumers buy
one that accelerated the decline of these foods, they should get the foods
traditional foods like meat, eggs and meat, eggs and butter, and fuelled that they are expecting... [and] if a
butter, and fuelled continued dramat- continued dramatic increases in food resembles a standardized food
ic increases in vegetable oil con- but does not comply with the stan-
sumption. vegetable oil consumption. dard, that food must be labeled as an
'imitation'."
A
lthough the AHA had com- The 1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetic
mitted itself to the lipid hypoth- Act was signed into law partly in
esis and the unproven theory that polyunsaturated oils response to consumer concerns about the adulteration of ordinary
afforded protection against heart disease, concerns about hydro- foodstuffs. Chief among the products with a tradition of suffering
genated vegetable oils were sufficiently great to warrant the inclu- competition from imitation products were fats and oils.
sion of the following statement in the organisation's 1968 In his book, Life on the Mississippi, Mark Twain reports on a
Diet–Heart statement: "Partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated conversation overheard between a New Orleans cotton-seed oil
fats results in the formation of trans forms which are less effec- purveyor and a Cincinnati margarine drummer. New Orleans
tive than cis,cis forms in lowering cholesterol concentrations. It boasts of selling deodorised cotton-seed oil as olive oil in bottles
should be noted that many currently available shortenings and with European labels. "We turn out the whole thing—clean from
margarines are partially hydrogenated and may contain little the word go—in our factory in New Orleans... We are doing a
polyunsaturated fat of the natural cis,cis form." ripping trade, too." The man from Cincinnati reports that his fac-
While 150,000 copies of the statement were printed, they were tories are turning out oleomargarine by the thousands of tons, an
never distributed. The shortening industry objected strongly, and imitation that "you can't tell from butter". He gloats at the
a researcher named Fred Mattson of Procter & Gamble convinced thought of market domination. "You are going to see the day,
Campbell Moses, medical director of the AHA, to remove it. 13 pretty soon, when you won't find an ounce of butter to bless your-
The final recommendations for the public contained three major self with, in any hotel in the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, outside
points: restrict calories; substitute polyunsaturates for saturates; of the biggest cities... And we can sell it so dirt cheap that the
reduce cholesterol in the diet. whole country has got to take it ... butter don't stand any show—
Other organisations fell in behind the AHA in pushing veg- there ain't any chance for competition. Butter's had its day—and
etable oils instead of animal fats. By the early 1970s, the National from this out, butter goes to the wall. There's more money in
Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the AMA, the American Dietetic oleomargarine than—why, you can't imagine the business we do."
Association and the National Academy of Sciences had all In the tradition of Mark Twain's riverboat hucksters, Peter
endorsed the lipid hypothesis and the avoidance of animal fats for Barton Hutt guided the FDA through the legal and congressional
those Americans in the 'at risk' category. hoops to the establishment in 1973 of the FDA 'imitation' policy

which attempted to provide for "advances in food technology" and er plasma cholesterol levels than the soybean-oil-fed calves; fat-
give "manufacturers relief from the dilemma of either complying streaking was found in their aortas, and atherosclerosis was also
with an outdated standard or having to label their new products as enhanced. But the calves fed soybean oil showed a decline in cal-
'imitation'... [since] ...such products are not necessarily inferior to cium and magnesium levels in the blood, possibly due to ineffi-
the traditional foods for which they may be substituted". Hutt cient absorption. They utilised vitamins and minerals inefficient-
considered the word 'imitation' to be oversimplified, inaccurate ly, showed poor growth and poor bone development, and had
and "potentially misleading to consumers". The new regulations abnormal hearts. More cholesterol per unit of dry matter was
defined 'inferiority' as any reduction in content of an essential found in the aorta, liver, muscle, fat and coronary arteries—a
nutrient that is present at a level of two per cent or more of the US finding which led the investigators to the conclusion that the
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA). The new 'imitation' pol- lower blood cholesterol levels in the soybean-oil-fed calves may
icy meant that imitation sour cream, made with vegetable oil and be the result of cholesterol being transferred from the blood to
fillers like guar gum and carrageenan, need not be labelled 'imita- other tissues. The calves in the soybean oil group collapsed when
tion' as long as artificial vitamins were added to bring macronutri- forced to move around and they were unaware of their surround-
ent levels up to the same amounts as those in real sour cream. ings for short periods. They also had rickets and diarrhoea.
Coffee creamers, imitation egg mixes, processed cheeses and imi- The McGovern Committee report continued dietary trends
tation whipped cream no longer required the 'imitation' label, but already in progress: the increased use of vegetables oils, especial-
could be sold as real and beneficial ly in the form of partially hydro-
foods, low in cholesterol and rich in genated margarines and shortenings.
polyunsaturates. Coffee creamers, imitation egg In 1976, the FDA established the
These new regulations were adopt-
ed without the consent of Congress,
mixes, processed cheeses and GRAS (Generally Recognized As
Safe) status for hydrogenated soy-
continuing the trend instituted under imitation whipped cream no bean oil. A report prepared by the
Nixon in which the White House longer required the 'imitation' Life Sciences Research Office of the
would use the FDA to promote cer- Federation of American Scientists
tain social agendas through govern- label, but could be sold as real for Experimental Biology (LSRO–
ment food policies. They had the FASEB) concluded: "There is no
effect of increasing the lobbying clout
and beneficial foods, low in evidence in the available information
of special-interest groups such as the cholesterol and rich in on hydrogenated soybean oil that
edible oil industry, and short-circuit- demonstrates or suggests reasonable
ing public participation in the regula- polyunsaturates. ground to suspect a hazard to the
tory process. It allowed food process- public when it is used as a direct or
ing innovations, regarded as 'technologi- indirect food ingredient at levels that
cal improvements' by manufacturers, to enter the marketplace are now current or that might reasonably be expected in the
without the onus of economic fraud that might be engendered by future."
greater consumer awareness and congressional supervision. They
W
ushered in the era of ersatz foodstuffs, convenient counterfeit hen Mary Enig, a graduate student at the University of
products—weary, stale, flat and immensely profitable. Maryland, read the McGovern Committee report, she
was puzzled. Enig was familiar with Kummerow's
C
ongress did not voice any objection to this usurpation of its research and she knew that the consumption of animal fats in
powers, but entered the contest on the side of the lipid America was not on the increase. Quite the contrary, the use of
hypothesis. The Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and animal fats had been declining steadily since the turn of the
Human Needs, chaired by George McGovern during the years century.
1973 to 1977, actively promoted the use of vegetable oils. A report in the Journal of American Oil Chemists—which the
"Dietary Goals for the United States", published by the commit- McGovern Committee did not use—showed that animal fat con-
tee, cited USDA data on fat consumption and stated categorically sumption had declined from 104 grams per person per day in
that "the overconsumption of fat, generally, and saturated fat in 1909 to 97 grams per day in 1972, while vegetable fat intake had
particular...have been related to six of the ten leading causes of increased from a mere 21 grams to almost 60 grams.14 Total per-
death" in the United States. The report urged the American popu- capita fat consumption had increased over the period, but this
lace to reduce overall fat intake and to substitute polyunsaturates increase was mostly due to an increase in unsaturated fats from
for saturated fat from animal sources—margarine and corn oil for vegetable oils—with 50 per cent of the increase coming from liq-
butter, lard and tallow. uid vegetable oils and about 41 per cent from margarines made
Opposing testimony included a moving letter (buried in the from vegetable oils.
voluminous report) by Dr Fred Kummerow of the University of Enig noted a number of studies that directly contradicted the
Illinois, urging a return to traditional whole foods and warning McGovern Committee's conclusions that "there is...a strong corre-
against the use of soft drinks. In the early 1970s, Kummerow had lation between dietary fat intake and the incidence of breast can-
shown that trans fatty acids caused increased rates of heart dis- cer and colon cancer"—two of the most common cancers in
ease in pigs. A private endowment allowed him to continue his America. Greece, for example, had less than one-fourth the rate
research, but government-funded agencies such as the National of breast cancer compared to Israel, but the same dietary fat
Institutes of Health refused to give him further grants. intake. Spain had only one-third the breast cancer mortality of
One study that was known to McGovern Committee members, France and Italy, but the total dietary fat intake was slightly
but not mentioned in its final report, compared calves fed saturat- greater. Puerto Rico, with a high animal fat intake, had a very
ed fat from tallow and lard with calves fed unsaturated fat from
soybean oil. The calves fed tallow and lard did indeed show high- Continued on page 80

G
enetically modified organisms (GMOs) have become a commercial reality in
agriculture. For example, it is estimated that in 1998 over 18 million acres in
the United States will be planted in Roundup Ready® soybeans, which were
first introduced in 1996 (Horstmeier, 1998). These soybeans are engineered by
the Monsanto corporation to contain a bacterial gene that confers tolerance to the herbi-
cide glyphosate, or Roundup®, also made by Monsanto. Only two years after the intro-
duction of Roundup Ready® soybeans, over 30 per cent of the corn and soybeans planted
The use of a in the United States and close to 50 per cent of the canola planted in Canada have been
genetically engineered to be either herbicide or pesticide resistant.
technique for Monsanto and the other companies that have invested heavily in biotechnology in the
last two decades are starting to make some money after years of promises without prod-
genetically ucts, and they are aggressively protecting their patented seeds. In the November 1997
issue of the Farm Journal, Monsanto ran a full-page advertisement asking farmers to
engineering the respect the company's property rights:
It takes millions of dollars and years of research to develop the biotech crops that
death of deliver superior value to growers. And future investment in biotech research
second-generation depends on companies' ability to share in the added value created by these crops.
Consider what happens if growers save and replant patented seed. First, there is
seeds may have less incentive for all companies to invest in future technology, such as the develop -
ment of seeds with traits that produce higher-yielding, higher-value and drought-
destructive tolerant crops. In short, these few growers who save and replant patented seed
jeopardize the future availability of innovative biotechnology for all growers. And
consequences for that's not fair to anyone.
In the future, companies and government breeders who genetically engineer crops may
ecosystems not have to ask for such compliance. If the procedure outlined in a recent patent comes to
fruition and is widely used, plant variety protection will be biologically built into the
as well as plants themselves.
human health. In March 1998, Delta and Pine Land Company (a seed company later to be purchased
by Monsanto), in collaboration with the United States Department of Agriculture, was
awarded US Patent Number 5,723,765: Control of Plant Gene Expression. Although the
patent is broad and covers many applications, one application favoured by the patent's
authors is a scheme to engineer crops to kill their own seeds in the second generation, thus
making it impossible for farmers to save and replant seeds.
This 'invention' has been dubbed 'Terminator Technology' by the Rural Advancement
Foundation International (RAFI), and that group of researchers has analysed some of the
technology's serious social, economic and environmental implications (RAFI, 1998).
However, many of the consequences of Terminator cannot be fully appreciated without an
understanding of the science behind the invention.
by Martha L. Crouch © 1998 In this paper, I outline the steps involved in engineering Terminator Technology into a
specific crop. After explaining the process, I then discuss which details might have the
Associate Professor of Biology devil in them.
Indiana University
Bloomington, Indiana, USA
Overview of Terminator Technology
E-mail: [email protected] To help describe the Terminator procedure, I've confined the explanation to only one of
Website: http://www.bio.indiana.edu/
the many possibilities covered by the patent. The example I have chosen is cotton seed,
people/terminator.html
which previously has been genetically engineered with a unique trait: herbicide tolerance.
In my discussion, I have assumed that to ensure that descendants of the herbicide-tolerant

seeds are not used without compensation to the seed company, the breeder who wanted to use the genetic material from the hybrid in
company has additionally genetically engineered the cotton with his or her own breeding program could retrieve it from these
Terminator. Although this is a hypothetical case (after all, plants. With Terminator, the special genes, such as the herbicide
Terminator cotton is not yet on the market), all the components of tolerance of my example, would not be easily available for use by
the procedure have been shown to function, at least in the text of competitors.
the patent for Terminator. Another reason sometimes cited for using Terminator in combi-
Cotton is not often sold as a hybrid seed; thus it is a likely can- nation with a genetically engineered variety is to keep the GMOs
didate for Terminator protection. By way of contrast, corn is usu- from 'escaping' into the environment. Many critics of biotechnol-
ally planted as a hybrid and thus has some measure of variety pro- ogy cite problems with releasing GMOs into the wild, noting that
tection already. This is because the first generation of a hybrid is their effects on ecosystems and their members would be difficult
genetically fairly uniform and has been bred to have desired char- to predict (Rissler and Mellon, 1996). Having all of the second-
acteristics that are not present in either parent alone. generation seeds die would circumvent this problem altogether.
When these hybrids make seeds, however, the second genera-
tion is quite variable because of the shuffling of genes that occurs General Description of Terminator Action in Cotton
during sexual reproduction. Industrial agriculture requires unifor- In the cotton example, the goal is to develop a variety of cotton
mity because the plants must dovetail with mechanisation. that will grow normally until the crop is almost mature. Then,
Therefore, industrial farmers who grow corn usually buy new and only then, a toxin will be produced in the (seed) embryos,
seed every year. specifically killing the entire next
There are several major crops generation of seeds.
which usually are not grown from When Terminator is used, the The system has three key compo-
hybrid seeds. These include wheat, second generation is killed. nents.
rice, soybeans and cotton. Farmers 1. A gene for a toxin that will kill
often save the seeds from these crops, the seed late in development, but will
and may not go back to the seed com- With hybridisation, the second not kill any other part of the plant.
pany for several years—or longer, in 2. A method for allowing a plant
some parts of the world—to purchase
generation is variable but alive, breeder to grow several generations
a new variety. and any genes present in the of cotton plants, already genetically
It would be a big boost to seed- engineered to contain the seed-spe-
company profits if people who now
hybrid will be present in the cific toxin gene, without any seeds
grow non-hybrid crops had to buy second generation... dying. This is required to produce
new seed every year. This may have enough seeds to sell for farmers to
been the major incentive for develop- plant.
ing the Terminator Technology. 3. A method for activating the engineered seed-specific toxin
There likely were other reasons for developing Terminator. gene after the farmer plants the seeds, so that the farmer's second
One reason may relate to the way in which Terminator's effect generation seeds will be killed.
differs from hybridisation. These three tasks are accomplished by engineering a series of
When Terminator is used, the second generation is killed. With genes which are all transferred permanently to the plant so that
hybridisation, the second generation is variable but alive, and any they are passed on via the normal reproduction of the plant.
genes present in the hybrid will be present in the second genera- Terminator is a complicated process to understand, so it would
tion, although in unpredictable combinations. Therefore, a plant be helpful to review beforehand some of the basic information
about how genes function during the life
cycle of a plant. Readers with a good grasp
of molecular biology may want to skip the
following section and proceed directly to
Details of the Terminator Technology.
A Simplified Version of Basic

Biological Processes
A plant starts life as a single cell—an egg
that has been fertilised by sperm which has
been delivered to the egg by the pollen.
This first cell divides many times to form
the tissues and organs characteristic of the
species. The process of going from a single
cell to an adult is called 'development'.
As development proceeds, cells become
different from each other and change. Cells
in the leaf become distinct from cells in the
root, for example. Most of the differences
can be attributed to changes in the kinds and
amounts of proteins made in the cells,
because many of the structures in cells are
made of proteins, and most of the processes

that occur are influenced by enzymes, which are also proteins. moters from one coding sequence can be removed and placed in
Thus, scientists who study development spend a lot of effort front of another coding sequence to change when or where the
describing protein patterns. protein is made. For example, when the promoter for casein, the
By studying which proteins are present in different tissues and major protein in milk, is removed and put in front of the coding
organs, biologists have learned that each cell has several thousand sequence for human growth hormone, it causes human growth
different proteins, but most of the proteins are very rare in the hormone to be made in cow's milk, instead of casein. Of course,
cell. A few hundred proteins may be moderately abundant, and a in order to make human growth hormone in cow's milk, the engi-
few may be quite abundant. Also, some proteins are found in all neered gene has to be incorporated into the genetic material of the
kinds of cells and at all times in development, whereas other pro- cow. There are many ways to do this, but I will not go into the
teins are only present in a particular tissue or at a specific time. details here.
For example, the gluten proteins responsible for the elasticity of The general process of moving genes between species is called
bread dough are found only in the seed, and they are present there 'transformation', and the result is a 'transgenic' organism. Lately,
in very large amounts. In contrast, the enzyme that splits glucose transgenic organisms are being called 'genetically modified organ-
as a first step in releasing energy is found in all living cells, but in isms' (GMOs).
fairly small amounts.
Some proteins are made in response to Details of the Terminator Technology
environmental changes, such as increases in The key to Terminator is the ability to
temperature, and thus may or may not be make a lot of a toxin that will kill cells, and
present during the life of a particular plant. to confine that toxin to seeds. To accomplish
The most common way for a cell to con- this, in the case of our cotton example, the
trol how much of which kinds of proteins plan is to take the promoter from a gene nor-
are present is to control which genes are mally activated late in seed development in
functioning (Rosenfeld et al., 1983). The Terminator cotton and to fuse that promoter to the cod-
Proteins are chains of different amino acids, ing sequence for a protein that will kill an
and the order of amino acids and the length patent offers an embryo going through the last stages of
of the chain are unique for each kind of pro-
tein. Each unique amino acid sequence is ingenious method development.
In the Terminator patent, the authors use a
specified by a code on a chromosome in the
cell's nucleus. The code is made of DNA.
for keeping the promoter from a cotton LEA (late embryoge-
nesis abundant) gene. This gene is one of the
For the purposes of this discussion, a gene
is a piece of DNA that contains the
toxin gene from last to be activated. Its protein is not made
until the seed is full-sized, has accumu-
code for a specific protein. Genes are being active until lated most of its storage oil and protein,
present in specific places along the and is drying down in preparation for
length of the chromosomes. long after the the dormant period in between leaving
It turns out that just about every cell the parent plant and germinating in the
has two full sets of genes (one set of farmers plant soil. If the engineered gene has the
chromosomes from the sperm, and one
from the egg) which code for the pro-
their crops. same pattern of expression, LEA-pro-
moter-directed proteins should be made
teins made in all of the tissues and in high quantities, only in seeds, and
organs that an individual plant will late in development.
need during its life cycle. However, It is important for the cotton seeds to
only those genes whose proteins are go through most of their growth before
needed in a particular cell will be used the toxin acts, because the cotton fibre
by that cell. These are the active is an outgrowth of the seed coat and is
genes. The other genes just sit there on made as the cotton develops. Further,
the chromosomes, inactive in that cell, after the cotton fibres are removed (for
but active somewhere else in the plant. human use), the seed is then crushed for oil and protein, both of
Whether a gene is active or not depends on complex interac- which are eaten by people and livestock. The cotton crop would
tions between the DNA and other molecules in the cell. be of little use to a farmer if the seeds did not mature normally
Specifically, a typical gene can be divided into parts. The first before dying.
part is a stretch of DNA responsible for interacting with the cell or As for a toxin, there are several possibilities discussed in the
the environment, and is called the 'promoter'. The second part patent, but the patent authors recommend a ribosome inhibitor
actually contains the code for the order of amino acids in the pro- protein (RIP) from the plant Saponaria officinalis. This protein
tein, and is called the 'coding sequence'. When the gene is active, works in small quantities to stop the synthesis of all proteins.
the promoter is interacting with other molecules in a way that Since cells need proteins for almost everything, they die fairly
allows the coding sequence to direct the synthesis of a specific quickly when they can't make proteins. According to the patent,
protein (through a complex set of steps). the RIP is non-toxic to organisms other than plants.
Genetic engineering can be defined as the process of manipulat- The manipulations of DNA required to engineer a seed-specific
ing the pattern of proteins in an organism by altering genes. promoter/toxin coding sequence gene are done in test-tubes and
Either new genes are added or existing genes are changed so that bacteria, and then the altered gene is put into a cotton plant, using
they are made at different times or in different amounts. one of several possible well-established methods.
Because the genetic code is similar in all species, genes taken However, this is not all there is to it. If this were all, then as
from a mouse can function in a corn plant, and so on. Also, pro- soon as the transgenic plant went through its life cycle and came

around to seed development, that would be the end of the project. blocked by a piece of DNA in between the promoter and the cod-
There would soon be no viable seeds to sell to farmers. ing sequence.
The Terminator patent offers an ingenious method for keeping 2. A repressor protein coding sequence with a promoter that is
the toxin gene from being active until long after the farmers plant active all of the time.
their crops. The trick is accomplished by inserting a piece of 3. A recombinase coding sequence, controlled by a promoter
DNA in between the seed-specific promoter and the toxin coding that would be active at all times, except that it is also regulated by
sequence that blocks it from being used to make protein. repressor protein which can be overridden with tetracycline.
At either end of the blocking DNA are put special DNA pieces The actual transfer of genes into the plant is not a very precise
that can be recognised by a particular enzyme, such as the enzyme operation. Any one of a variety of methods can be used: the
called 'recombinase'. Whenever the recombinase encounters these genetically engineered DNA can be injected into the nucleus of a
DNA pieces, the DNA is cut precisely at the outside of each cotton cell with a tiny needle; or plant cells can be soaked in the
piece, and the cut ends of the DNA fuse together, with the result DNA and electrically shocked; or the DNA can be attached to
that the blocking DNA is removed. When this happens, the seed- small metal particles and shot into the cells with a gun; or viruses
specific promoter is right next to the toxin coding sequence and is and bacteria can be engineered to infect cells with the DNA.
able to function in making the toxin. But this does not happen In all cases, the genetically engineered DNA has to find its way
immediately. Toxin will not be produced until the end of the next to the nucleus and become incorporated into the plant chromo-
round of seed development, because that is when the LEA pro- somes. The number of copies of the inserted genes and their loca-
moter is active. Thus, after the recombinase enzyme does its tions on the plant chromosomes are unpredictable, and how well
work, the plant grows normally from germination, through growth the new genes will function hangs in the balance.
of stems, leaves and roots, all the way through flower formation, It takes a lot of effort to locate cells that have incorporated
pollination and most of seed development. Then, on cue, the DNA in significant amounts and in locations that work.
seeds die. Basically, whole plants have to be regenerated from the cells or
All this accomplished, there remains one more problem: how tissues that were transformed with the foreign DNA, and then
to grow several generations of the genetically engineered variety each plant has to be tested for the presence and function of the
so that its seed can be multiplied to new genes.
sell to farmers. After plants with well-functioning
The Terminator patent solves the new genes are identified, they are
dilemma by preventing recombinase then mated in combinations that
from acting until just before the farm-
ers plant their seeds. The patent-hold-
It is likely that Terminator will result in a line of cotton where both
sets of chromosomes, in all of the
ers give several possible ways to do kill the seeds of neighbouring offspring, have all the components
this, but concentrate on the following necessary for Terminator to function.
procedure.
plants of the same species These plants are mated together to
They propose putting a recombi- under certain conditions. make a large quantity of seed for
nase coding sequence next to a pro- sale.
moter that is always active in all cells, In effect, Terminator Technology
at all times, but is repressed. The pro- gives the seed producer the ability to
moter can be made active again (de- determine when to set Terminator in
repressed) by a chemical treatment. motion. Until the recombinase is
Therefore, the seed sellers can treat the seeds right before planti- made, the cotton plants grow normally. After recombinase is
ng, thus allowing the recombinase to be made then, but not made, the second generation of seeds is killed, thus protecting the
before. patented variety.
One of the repressible promoter systems they discuss in detail is
controlled by the antibiotic, tetracycline. A gene that makes a Some Problems with Use of Terminator Technology
repressor protein all of the time would be put into the cotton plant, The patent on this technology is complex. I have described
along with a recombinase gene that has a promoter engineered to only one of many possible applications of the procedure. Clearly,
be inactivated by the repressor protein. Under most conditions, one cannot determine ahead of time all the possible biological
then: the repressor would interact with the recombinase gene; no ramifications of implementing the patent. However, potential
recombinase would be made; the toxin gene would be blocked; problems have already been noted (Ho, 1998). I deal with some
and no toxin would be made, even during seed development when of them below.
the LEA promoter normally would be active.
To activate the toxin gene, seeds just starting to germinate • Will the Terminator spread to other plants?
would be treated with tetracycline just before they are sold to It is likely that Terminator will kill the seeds of neighbouring
farmers. The tetracycline would interact with the repressor pro- plants of the same species under certain conditions. However, the
tein, keeping it from interfering with production of recombinase. effects will be confined to the first generation and will not be able
Recombinase would be made, cutting out the blocking DNA from to spread to other generations.
the toxin gene. The toxin gene would now be capable of making The scenario might go like this... When farmers plant the
toxin, but would not actually do so until the end of seed develop- Terminator seeds, the seeds already will have been treated with
ment. The next generation would thus be killed. tetracycline, and thus the recombinase will have acted and the
To accomplish the Terminator effect in cotton, then, three engi- toxin coding sequence will be next to the seed-specific promoter
neered components must all be transferred into a cotton plant's and will be ready to act when the end of seed development comes
DNA. around. The seeds will grow into plants which will make pollen.
1. A toxin gene controlled by a seed-specific promoter, but Every pollen grain will carry a ready-to-act toxin gene. If the

Terminator crop is next to a field planted in a normal variety, and gic reactions. If the seeds are being mixed with the general food
pollen is taken by insects or the wind to that field, any eggs fer- supply, it will be difficult to trace this sort of effect.
tilised by the Terminator pollen will now have one toxin gene. It
will be activated late in that seed's development, and the seed will • Will dead seeds have different properties than living
die. However, it is unlikely that the person growing the normal seeds?
variety will be able to tell, because the seed will probably look Although Terminator is supposed to kill seeds very late in
normal. Only when that seed is planted, and doesn't germinate, development, it is not known what other effects, if any,
will the change become apparent. Terminator may have. Will the dead seeds be more or less easy to
In most cases, the toxin gene will not be passed on any further store? Perhaps they will respond differently to changes in humid-
because dead plants don't reproduce. However, under certain con- ity or to infection with bacteria and fungi.
ditions I will discuss later, it is possible for the toxin gene to be If dead seeds do behave differently, even a few 'bad apples may
inherited. spoil the barrel', and the problem of partial killing of neighbours'
In any case, dead seeds, where they occur, would be a serious crops may be even more of an issue.
problem for the farmer whose fields are close to the Terminator There also may be nutritional changes in seeds that are killed
crop. How many seeds die will depend on the degree of cross- late in development. Although most of their oils and proteins are
pollination, which is influenced by the species of plant, the variety present, it is possible that seeds will start to deteriorate or will
of crop, weather conditions, how close the fields are to each other, lack some minor component that is important.
and so on. If many seeds die, saving seed The functional properties of specific mol-
will be untenable for the adjacent farmer. ecules in foods, for example, are just begin-
Even if only a few seeds die, they will con- ning to be appreciated and are likely to play
tain the toxin and any other proteins engi- important roles in preventing diseases.
neered into the Terminator-protected variety. These possibilities require further study.
These new 'components' may make the seed
unusable for certain purposes. The toxin could end up • Will use of an antibiotic to treat
in products without seeds before planting be a problem?
• Will seeds containing the toxin If seed companies do indeed use tetracy-
made by Terminator be safe to eat? anyone's knowledge. cline to set the cascade of toxin-gene activa-
In fact, the effects of the toxin on the uses
of the seed are a serious question. This issue
For example, an tion in motion, then they will have to soak a
very large amount of seed in the antibiotic.
is discussed in the patent at the end of page ornamental sunflower Basically, every seed planted by the farmer
8. There the authors say:
In cotton that would be grown
could spread Terminator will have to be so treated. How many
pounds of cotton seed or wheat seed
commercially, only selected to an oil-seed variety, are needed to plant an acre, and how
lethal genes could be used since many acres will be planted?
these proteins could impact the
and then the toxin could In fact, I am having trouble visualis-
final quality of seeds... If the end up in edible oil or in ing exactly how this will work, because
seed is not a factor in the com - the seeds must be treated with tetracy-
mercial value of a crop (e.g., in
sunflower seed meal. cline after they have matured com-
forage crops, ornamentals or pletely (so that the toxin won't be made
plants grown for the floral in the first generation), but before they
industry), any lethal gene are planted (otherwise the farmer
should be acceptable. would have to apply antibiotic to the
This is dangerously reductionist plants). Handling seed that has been
thinking, because people are not the soaked seems like a tricky process to
only organisms that interact with seeds. me, but perhaps there are viable
In forage crops, for example, all of the forage is not always har- methods.
vested before seeds are mature, depending on conditions. How At any rate, even at low concentrations there will be a lot of
will a particular toxin affect birds, insects, fungi and bacteria that tetracycline to handle and dispose of, and large-scale agricultural
eat or infect the seeds? If a forage crop with toxin-laden seeds is uses of antibiotics are already seen as a threat to their medical
left in the field and the seeds come into contact with the soil, how uses. Further, the increased tolerance of bacteria and residual or
will that affect the ecology of soil organisms? These are impor- waste antibiotics may also have a harmful effect on soil ecology.
tant questions because a variety of specific organisms are neces- Again, I am dismayed by the reductionist tone of the discussion
sary for the healthy growth of plants. of these issues in the patent. On page 7, line 30, the authors state:
Further, a floral or ornamental crop with Terminator may hap- ...since tetracycline has no harmful effects on plants or
pen to grow near a related crop where the seeds are used; but if animals, its presence would not otherwise impede normal
pollination occurs, the seeds will contain toxin without that farmer development of the plant, and residual amounts left on the
knowing. The toxin could end up in products without anyone's seed or plant after treatment would have no significant
knowledge. For example, an ornamental sunflower could spread environmental impact.
Terminator to an oil-seed variety, and then the toxin could end up While tetracycline is an antibiotic that specifically inhibits
in edible oil or in sunflower seed meal. chemical processes in bacteria but not directly in humans, its indi-
Other potential problems with making novel toxins in edible rect effects, as defined by molecular biologists, can be severe.
seeds have to do with allergenicity. The RIP toxin described ear- This is because we depend on myriad interactions with micro-
lier may not be directly poisonous to animals but may cause aller- organisms for our daily functioning, from proper digestion to pro-

tection from pathogens. Thus, the indiscriminate killing of bacte- this phenomenon occurred with seeds containing the Terminator
ria does have health effects on humans (and, indeed, animals) by gene, plants containing the silenced toxin gene could grow and
upsetting the ecology of the human/bacteria system. In fact, the reproduce, perhaps for several generations. Thus, Terminator and
patient information sheet that comes with any prescription for other engineered genes could be carried into the future, to be
tetracycline is convincing evidence that tetracycline is not harm- expressed—perhaps still unexpectedly—at some later time.
less to use. Depending on Terminator to prevent GMOs or their traits from
Plants, too, depend on micro-organisms. They do not function spreading unintentionally is unrealistic. 'Escapes' are even more
normally without a web of interactions, and indirect effects from likely to occur in some of the other patent applications, where the
substances like tetracycline may prove to be important. genetic components of Terminator will reshuffle during sexual
reproduction, and a portion of the seeds will lack the toxin alto-
• Will Terminator Technology prevent genetically gether and thus be viable.
modified organisms from escaping?
Clearly, farmers would not want plants genetically modified • Will Terminator genes mutate and change
with Terminator to spread into surrounding areas or to grow from characteristics in some dangerous way?
seed as unexpected 'volunteers' in another season. They also If plants were to carry silenced toxin genes, as described above,
would not want the Terminator plants to exchange genes with those genes might suddenly be activated again, causing seeds to
other varieties or related species. Interestingly, Terminator has die unpredictably in subsequent generations. By the time the phe-
been proposed as a method to prevent just such escapes of GMOs nomenon occurred, however, it might be difficult to ascribe the
and their genes. However, Terminator is not likely to function cause to Terminator.
well for such purposes. Another possibility is that the Terminator may be activated at a
First, it is unlikely that any tetracycline treatment will be 100 different time or place in the plant. Fortunately, such events will
per cent effective. For various reasons, some seeds may not be self-limiting because the plants will die.
respond or take up enough tetracycline to activate recombinase. However, for farmers, the instability and unpredictability of
In such cases, the plants growing from the unaffected seeds would GMOs has already been an economic problem. Genes have an
look just like all the others, but they would grow up to make ecology—a complex way of interacting with themselves and the
pollen carrying a non-functional toxin gene. environment—that can interfere with the simple linear logic of
The pollen would also carry the genetically engineered protein genetic engineering.
(e.g., for herbicide tolerance) supposedly being protected by A recent article in The Ecologist discussed this problem in
Terminator. If this pollen fertilised a normal plant, the seed detail (Ho et al., 1998).
would not die because no toxin would be made, but the seed
would now have the herbicide-tolerance gene and could pass that Final Thoughts on Terminator Technology
on. Thus a trait from the GMO would have escaped through the These are a few of the potential snags that I see in the use of
pollen. Terminator Technology. My analysis was based on the details of
Of course, self-fertilised seeds of the Terminator line would only one of the applications described in the Terminator patent. I
also survive in the second generation if the tetracycline treatment am confident that some of the particular problems I have dis-
failed, and could be carried off by birds or grow as 'volunteers' the cussed will be addressed by the seed industry before they imple-
next season. ment the technology.
Another possibility is that even successfully activated However, I am also sure that there will be other problems no
Terminator genes may fail to make toxin because of a phenome- one yet foresees or imagines. There will be surprises. But what-
non called 'gene silencing'. In experiments with other GMOs, it ever the potential biological problems presented by Terminator, in
was discovered—quite unexpectedly—that, in some cases, previ- my view they are small in comparison to Terminator's economic,
ously active (introduced) genes can suddenly stop working. If social and political ramifications (see RAFI, 1998). ∞
References Terminator Technology. These can be accessed About the Author:

at RAFI's website at <http://www.rafi.ca>, or by Martha L. Crouch is Associate Professor of
• Ho, Mae-Wan, Genetic Engineering: Dream
writing to RAFI, 110 Osborne Street, Suite 202, Biology at Indiana University where she has
or Nightmare? The Brave New World of Bad
Winnipeg MB R3L 1Y5, Canada. taught about plants and agriculture for the
Science and Big Business, Gateway Books, Bath,
• United States Patent Number 5,723,765: last 20 years. She was trained in develop-
UK, 1998
Control of Plant Gene Expression, issued on mental biology at Yale University, and con-
• Ho, Mae-Wan, Hartmut Meyer and Joe
March 3, 1998 to Delta and Pine Land Co. and ducted research on reproduction in plants
Cummins, "The Biotechnology Bubble", The
the United States Department of Agriculture. such as corn, soybeans and rapeseed for
Ecologist 28, 1998, pp. 146-153 Inventors: M. J. Oliver, J. E. Quisenberry, N. L.
• Horstmeier, Greg D., "Lessons from year one: more than a decade.
G. Trolinder and D. L. Keim.
experience changes how farmers will grow In 1990, Prof. Crouch closed her laborato-
Roundup Ready beans in '98", Farm Journal, Note: This paper (revised edition © 1988) is ry over concerns that her research into the
January 1998, p. 16 one in a series of essays meant to stimulate and molecular mechanisms of seeds and flowers
• Monsanto advertisement, Farm Journal, inform discussion on genetic engineering and would result in applications which would
November 1997 related subjects. The author invites readers to strengthen agribusiness at the expense of
• Rissler, Jane and Margaret Mellon, The correspond with her directly if they have com- more sustainable food production. In fact,
Ecological Risks of Engineered Crops, MIT Press, ments or questions about her interpretation of basic knowledge of how genes are expressed
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1996 the so-called Terminator Technology patent. in embryos, of the type done by her students
• Rosenfield, Israel, Edward Ziff and Borin Van This is an occasional paper of The Edmonds and colleagues, is integral to the Terminator
Loon, DNA for Beginners, Writers and Readers, Institute, 20319-92nd Avenue West, Edmonds, Technology described in this article.
USA, 1983 Washington 98020, USA. It has been published Since quitting research, she has studied the
• Rural Advancement Foundation International w ith the help of grants fro m The HKH relationship between science and agriculture
(RAFI), 1998. This organisation has written sev- Foundation, The Funding Exchange, and the C.S. throughout the world, with a focus on learn-
eral press releases, communiqués and articles on Fund. ing from traditional peasant farming.

I
t was this very concept of 'being' or 'self-completeness' which posed the ultimate
problem for Enlil-Jehovah. In contrast, his brother Enki knew that humans who par-
took of the Tree of Knowledge (the Anunnaki wisdom) and of the Plant of Birth (the
Anunnaki Star Fire) could themselves become almost like gods. Even Jehovah was
said to have recognised this, and Genesis states that when Adam had taken the fruit of the
Tree, Jehovah said, "Behold, the man is become as one of Us".
Enki the Wise, Guardian of the Tree of Knowledge, also had another name in the
Once the Anunnaki Hebrew tradition. They called him Samael (Sama-El) because he was the designated Lord
of Sama in northern Mesopotamia. The teachings of the early mystery-schools were very
departed Sumeria, specific about the Trees of Life and Knowledge, and they emulated the very teachings of
Enki himself. It was said:
the preselected Nothing is obtained simply by wanting. And nothing is achieved by relinquishing
responsibility to a higher authority. Belief is the act of 'beliving', for to 'be live' is to
Master Craftsmen 'believe'—and Will is the ultimate medium of the Self.
The Sumerian records relate that Cain's son, King Etana, partook of the Plant of Birth in
developed a order to father his own son and heir, King Baali—and the Plant of Birth was directly asso-
ciated with individual longevity and the office of Cainship, or Kingship. It was itself
substitute for Star related to Star Fire and to pineal gland activity, and partaking of the Plant of Birth was the
Fire: a mystical ritual of ingesting the Star Fire—the pure Anunnaki female essence, the Nectar of
Supreme Excellence.
bread made from In this regard, the Anunnaki 'flow-er' (flower or lily) was held to be the Cup-bearer, the
transmitter of the Rich Food of the Matrix. In this capacity, she was called the Rose of
the alchemical Sharon (from the word Sha, meaning 'Orbit', along with the words Ra and On, relating to
the ultimate temple of 'Light'). The significance of this highly venerated station is actual-
white powder of ly made apparent in the Bible's esoteric Song of Solomon wherein the Messianic Bride
proclaims to the King, "I am the Rose of Sharon and the Lily of the valleys".
gold. A Star Fire recipient King was considered to have become qualified for Kingship when
he reached a pre-destined state of enlightened consciousness—a state when his aptitudes
for wisdom and leadership had been enhanced to a realm of Kingship called the Malkû. It
was from this Mesopotamian word Malkû that the Hebrews derived their words Malchus
(King) and Malkhut (Kingdom).
Only in very recent times have medical scientists identified the hormonal secretion of
the pineal gland, finally isolating it in 1968. The essence was called melatonin, which
Part 2 of 3 means 'night worker' (from the Greek, melos, meaning 'black', and tosos, meaning
'labour'). Those with a high melatonin output react strongly against sunlight because it
affects their mental capability; they are essentially night operatives. Melatonin is called
the 'hormone of darkness' as it is produced only at night or in the dark. Exposure to an
excess of sunlight actually makes the pineal gland smaller and lessens spiritual awareness,
whereas darkness and high pineal activity enhance the keen intuitive knowledge of the
From a lecture presented by subtle mind while reducing the stress factor.
At this stage, it is of interest to note how it was that the Christian Church eventually
Sir Laurence Gardner, demolished the true significance of the Star Fire ritual by manoeuvring it into the realm of
Kt St Gm., KCD, KT St A. sinister Gothic legend. In the old tradition, the ultimate holders of the Malkhut were
at the 1998 NEXUS Conference held in known as Dragons or Pendragons, and the reigning head was always known as Draco.
Sydney, 25–26 July By virtue of their bodily conditioning through supplementary melatonin and other hor-
Transcript © Sir Laurence Gardner 1998 monal secretions, they were in fact Princes of Darkness; and they gained their heightened
awareness, above-normal powers and longevity from the Star Fire—the lunar blood of the
Anunnaki Queens and the priestly Scarlet Women.

A
s detailed in Bloodline of the Holy Grail , the brutal Melatonin enhances and boosts the body's immune system, and
Catholic Inquisitions of the Middle Ages were set against those with high pineal secretion are less likely to develop cancer-
all the so-called heretics who in one way or another sup- ous diseases. High melatonin production heightens energy, stami-
ported the Messianic Blood Royal (the Sangréal) of the Dragon na and physical tolerance levels and it is directly related to sleep
Kings against the corrupted dogma of the bishops. Many of the patterns, keeping the body temperately regulated with properties
victims were classified as occultists and witches, and they were that operate through the cardiovascular system. It is, in fact, the
charged with upholding the ancient and heretical cult of Draco, body's most potent and effective antioxidant and it has positive
the Prince of Darkness. They were proclaimed by the Church mental and physical anti-ageing properties. It is manufactured by
authorities to be vampires! the pineal gland through the activation of a chemical messenger
I previously mentioned the significance of the ancient Egyptian called serotonin. This transmits nerve impulses across chromo-
Court of the Dragon, pointing out that after some 4,000 years this some pairs at a point when the cell nuclei are divided and the
Sovereign Order is still operative today. Back in the 15th century, chromosomes are halved (a process called meiosis), eventually to
a prominent Chancellor of the Court was Prince Vlad III of be combined with other half-sets upon fertilisation.
Transylvania-Wallachia, who built the citadel of Bucharest. Vlad Pine resin was long identified with pineal secretion and was
is perhaps better remembered, however, as Count Dracula, mean- used to make frankincense (the incense of priesthood). Gold, on
ing 'son of Dracul'—a name by which his father was known with- the other hand, was a traditional symbol of kingship. Hence, gold
in the Court from 1431. and frankincense were the traditional substances of the Priest-
Vlad was a prince of harsh disciplines, and his method of exe- Kings of the Messianic Bloodline, along with myrrh (a gum resin
cution for crimes against the state was impalement upon wooden used as a medical sedative) which was symbolic of death.
stakes. This was quite compatible with other hideous punish- In the ancient world, higher knowledge was identified as daäth
ments of the time (boiling in oil, (from which comes our word, 'death').
burning at the stake, drawing and In fact, as we know very well, the New
quartering, etc.). But Vlad's particu- Testament describes that these three
lar method became reversed against
him in a later Gothic-novel tradition
The name Cain, in its various substances (gold, frankincense and
myrrh) were presented to Jesus by
which claimed that Dracula should forms, actually denoted the Magi, thereby identifying him
be killed by impalement with a
wooden stake.
One of the Inner Eye. beyond doubt as an hereditary Priest-
King of the Dragon succession.
The establishment's real fear of Hence, from Kayin with a 'K'
Y
Dracula, however, was not his savage oga teachers suggest that the
treatment of enemies (such things
derived the word 'King', pineal gland (which they call
were commonplace in their day), but and from Qayin with a 'Q' the 'third eye' or 'eye of wis-
his in-depth knowledge of alchemy dom') is significant in the process of
and the ancient Star Fire customs.
derived the word 'Queen'. becoming 'aware', for it is the ulti-
Having attended the Austrian School mate source of the Light. Illuminists
of Solomon in Hermannstadt, he had and other Rosicrucian adepts have
an in-depth scientific understanding long referred to the pineal as the
of the bodily effects of melatonin and serotonin which enhance secret ayin—an ancient word for 'eye'. This spelling (a-y-i-n) is
longevity and increase consciousness. actually quite important because the original spelling of Cain
Clearly, as the Romanian annals determine, he was a high mela- (whether with a 'C', a 'K' or a 'Q') was not 'C-a-i-n' as we now
tonin producer, and, as we have seen, such people are adversely know it, but 'C-a-y-i-n'. The name Cain, in its various forms,
affected by sunlight. They are night workers ( m e l o s t o s o s) . actually denoted One of the Inner Eye. Hence, from Kayin with a
Consequently, the Transylvanian myth was born, and in Bram 'K' derived the word 'King', and from Qayin with a 'Q' derived the
Stoker's novel (published in 1897, with its centenary last year) word 'Queen'. Indeed, Cain's father Enki-Samael was himself the
Vlad-Dracula was portrayed as a vampire—a Prince of Darkness Sumerians' designated Lord of the Sacred Eye.
who imbibed the blood of virgins! It is said that a truly spiritual person can automatically perceive
Notwithstanding this, a good deal of truly early folklore was with the third eye (the subtle eye of insight), rather than be duped
actually based upon the Grail and Dragon traditions. The very by mundane eyes which reveal only physical presences. Such
concept of 'fairies' ('fair folk') was born directly from this base, presences are defined by their place within arbitrary time; but to
being a derivative of fée or 'fey' and relating especially to 'fate'. In pineal graduates there is no time to calculate, for they live in a
the Celtic world, certain royal families were said to carry the 'fairy dimension where time and space are of no consequence. This
blood'—that is to say, the fate or destiny of the Grail Bloodline— dimension is not a new discovery of modern science: it was
while the Grail Princesses of romance and history were often known about thousands of years ago as the Plane of Sharon, the
called 'elf-maidens'. They were the designated guardians of the Plane of the Orbit of Light.
earth, starlight and forest, as beguilingly replicated by the elven And so the Cainite Kings of Mesopotamia (the first Pendragons
race in Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. of the Messianic Bloodline) while already being of high Anunnaki
In the old language of southern Europe, a female elf was an substance were fed with further Anunnaki Star Fire to increase
ylbi, and from this word derived the town name of Albi, the their perception, awareness and intuition so that they became mas-
Languedoc centre of the Gnostic Cathars (the Pure Ones) in the ters of knowingness, almost like gods themselves. At the same
Middle Ages. When Pope Innocent III launched his brutal thirty- time their stamina levels and immune systems were dramatically
five-year military assault upon the Cathars from 1208, his cam- strengthened so that the anti-ageing properties of the regularly
paign was called the 'Albigensian' Crusade because it was set ingested Anunnaki melatonin and serotonin facilitated extraordi-
against the supporters of the albi-gens ('elven blood'). nary life-spans. All records of the era confirm that this was the

case, with those of the kingly line living for hundreds of years. Haran in the Kingdom of Mari. But Haran was not just the name
And in this regard there is no reason to be over-sceptical about the of a flourishing city; it was the name of Abraham's brother (the
great ages of the early patriarchs as given in the Book of Genesis. father of Lot). Existing documents (discovered in 1934) also
In addition to the Star Fire ritual, the Bloodline Kings were also reveal that other cities in Mesopotamia were similarly named in
said to have been nourished with the Milk of the Goddess, and it accordance with Abraham's forebears—cities such as Terah
would appear that this 'milk' contained an enzyme that was itself (Abraham's father), Nahor (Terah's father), Serug (Nahor's father),
conducive to active longevity. Today's genetic researchers call and Peleg (Serug's grandfather).
this enzyme telomerase. As recently reported in the journal Quite apparently, in line with all the Sumerian evidence which
Science [vol. 279, 16 January 1998], corporate studies and those supports the kingly line from Cain, these lately discovered reports
of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center have confirm that the immediate family of Abraham (in the succession
determined that telomerase has unique anti-ageing properties. after Noah) were also great commissioners of the region in gener-
Healthy body cells are programmed to divide many times dur- al. Clearly, the Patriarchs represented no ordinary family but con-
ing a lifetime, but this process of division and replication is finite, stituted a very powerful dynasty. But why would such a long-
so that a non-dividing state is ultimately achieved. This is a cru- standing heritage of prominence and renown come to an abrupt
cial factor of ageing. The division potential is controlled by caps end and force Abraham out of Mesopotamia into Canaan?
at the end of DNA strands (rather like the plastic tips on The answer is to be found in clay tablets which can be dated to
shoelaces). These caps are the telom - about 1960 BC. They detail that, at that
eres. As each cell divides, a piece of time, everything changed in the hither-
telomere is lost, and the dividing to sacred land of Sumer when invaders
process ceases when the telomeres came in from all sides: Akkadians
have shortened to an optimum and crit- from the north, Amorites from Syria,
ical length. There is then no new cell Clearly, the Patriarchs and Elamites from Persia. The text
replication, and all that follows is dete-
rioration.
represented no ordinary continues:
When they overthrew, when order
Laboratory experiments with tissue family but constituted they destroyed; Then like a deluge
samples have now shown that applica-
tion of the genetic enzyme telomerase
a very powerful dynasty. all things together consumed.
Whereunto, oh Sumer! Did they
can prevent telomere shortening upon change thee? The Sacred
cell division and replication. Hence, Dynasty from the Temple they
body cells can continue to divide way exiled.
beyond their naturally restricted pro- It was at this stage of Sumerian his-
gramming (just as do cancer cells which tory that the empire fell and Abraham
can achieve immortality through being rich in telomerase). was forced to flee northward from the city of Ur.
Telomerase is not usually expressed in normal body tissue; but
B
apart from being present in malignant tumours, it is also apparent ut what had happened to the Anunnaki, the Grand
in reproductive cells. It seems, therefore, that somewhere within Assembly of Gods who had established everything? The
our DNA structure is the genetic ability to produce this anti-age- text continues:
ing enzyme, but that the potential has somehow been switched off Ur is destroyed, bitter is its lament. The country's blood now
and probably exists within those aspects of our DNA which scien- fills its holes like hot bronze in a mould. Bodies dissolve like
tists currently refer to as 'junk'. fat in the sun. Our temple is destroyed. Smoke lies on our
cities like a shroud. The gods have abandoned us like
I
n the canonical Bible we are told that, during the lifetimes of migrating birds.
Noah and his sons, Jehovah issued the edict which forbade the In historical terms, this total collapse of the Sumerian empire
ingesting of blood—at least this was the time-frame applied to follows the founding of Babylon by King Ur-Baba in about 2000
the edict by the Old Testament compilers in the sixth century BC. BC. Indeed, the story of the Tower of Babel and the resultant
It is unlikely, however, that this was the correct time-frame, for at wrath of Jehovah precisely fits the time-frame of the Sumerians'
that time Enlil-Jehovah would have had no such final authority own abandonment by the Anunnaki.
over Enki and the Grand Assembly of the Anunnaki. The story in Genesis relates that the people, who were hitherto
Nevertheless it is apparent that, from that time, the given ages said by Jehovah to be "very good", were severely punished
of the patriarchal strain begin to diminish quite considerably, so because of a strange transgression which had not previously been
that from the days of Abraham and Isaac we are presented, in the ruled upon. The apparent transgression was that they all spoke
main, with rather more normal life-spans. In contrast, though, the the same language, and the unique language which they all spoke
life-spans of the Sumerian Kings in descent from Cain and Etana was, of course, Sumerian—the first written language on Earth.
continued at a generally high level. For a reason which is not made clear in the Bible, the Genesis
What we do know beyond doubt is that whatever the realities of text explains that Jehovah was not happy about the Tower of
the edict and its chronology, a major change in the Star Fire prac- Babel and so he "did come down, and did confound the language
tice became necessary in about 1960 BC. This was when the of all the Earth".
Bible tells us that Abraham and his family moved northward from The Sumerian historical documents tell much the same story,
Ur of the Chaldees (the capital of Sumer) to Haran before turning except that the confounding of language is far better explained by
westward into Canaan. the hordes of foreign invaders who came into the region. It tran-
Contemporary historical texts record that at that time Ur was spires that this invasion was the direct result of friction among the
sacked by the King of nearby Elam soon after 2000 BC and, Anunnaki, for at Anu's retirement from the Grand Assembly his
although the city was rebuilt, the power centre moved north to eldest son Enlil-Jehovah assumed the presidency. He proclaimed

that he was master of all the Earth, although his brother Enki- Although the word 'covenant' has come to be identified with
Samael could retain sovereignty of the seas. Enki was not at all contractual agreements, it originally meant 'to eat bread with', and
happy about his brother's claim because, although Enlil was the it is pertinent to note that the Lord's Prayer (which was directly
elder of the two, his mother, Ki, was their father Anu's junior sis- transposed from an Egyptian equivalent) specifies "Give us this
ter, whereas Enki's mother, Antu, was the senior sister. True day our daily bread". This is often taken to relate to sustenance in
kingship, claimed Enki, progressed as a matrilinear institution general terms, but in the original tradition the reference was more
through the female line, and by this right of descent Enki main- specifically directed to the enigmatic shewbread—the Golden
tained that he was the first-born of the royal succession: Bread of Bezaleel.
I am Enki...the great brother of the gods. The Book of Leviticus also refers to the shewbread:
I am he who has been born as the first son of the divine Anu. And thou shalt take fine flour and bake twelve cakes thereof...
As a result, the people of Babylon announced their allegiance to And thou shalt put pure frankincense upon each row.
Enki and his son Marduk—but this was all too much for Enlil- The use of the word 'flour' in English translations is actually
Jehovah. Having lost his popularity, he opened the gates of incorrect. The word 'powder' would be more accurate. The
Sumer to let in invaders from all sides. The scribes recorded that records of the mystery schools cite rather more precisely that
he, the vengeful Enlil-Jehovah, brought about the "great and terri- shewbread was made with the white powder of gold, and this is
ble storm" which caused the annihilation of all the Sumerian cul- particularly significant because in Exodus it is stated that Moses
ture so that their language was no longer predominant and there took the golden calf which the Israelites had made "and burnt it in
was a "great confusion of tongues". the fire, and ground it to a white powder". In this instance, the
All the work which had been accomplished in building up a correct word 'powder' is used, but firing gold does not, of course,
unique civilisation over thousands of years was destroyed in one produce powder—it simply produces molten gold.
fell swoop by Enlil-Jehovah, simply because he would not share
S
authority with his brother Enki. The records confirm that, at that o what was this magical white powder? Is there a way of
moment in Sumerian history, the Grand Assembly of the using heat to transform metallic gold into a white powder
Anunnaki vacated their seats and departed "like migrating birds". which is ingestible and beneficial? Indeed there is, and it is
here that the foremost alchemical principle of the Master
F
or all that had occurred up to Craftsmen was applied: "To make
that point, an urgent and signifi- gold, you must take gold."
cant change in kingly procedure Gold is the most noble of metals,
was necessary because the Anunnaki and gold was always representative
Star Fire was no longer available. A The records of the mystery of Truth. Through the regular use of
substitute had to be found. As previ- schools cite rather more Anunnaki Star Fire (the Gold of the
ously mentioned, the priestly Scarlet Gods), the recipients were moved
Women had been purpose-bred for precisely that shewbread into realms of heightened awareness
this; but it was clear that, however and consciousness because of its
carefully mated, their essence would
was made with the inherent melatonin and serotonin.
weaken through the generations. white powder of gold... This was the realm of advanced
In the event, the creation of a more enlightenment—the Plane of
permanent and versatile substitute Sharon—and the Star Fire gold was
was not a problem, for this was the deemed to be the ultimate route to
province of a group of previously the Light. Hence, the heavy, mun-
trained metallurgists whom Enki had called the Master Craftsmen. dane person (lead) could be elevated to a heightened state of
The first of these great metallurgists to be trained was Tubal-cain awareness (perceived as gold). This was the root of all alchemical
the Vulcan—a sixth-generation descendant of Cain, who is lore thereafter.
remembered even today in modern Freemasonry. The shewbread (or, as the Egyptians called it, scheffa food) was
In consideration of the Bible's New Testament symbology, it is a traditional entitlement of the Israelite and Egyptian Messiahs,
of particular interest to note that Jesus' father Joseph was himself for the early Pharaohs were themselves fully consecrated Priest-
recorded in the early Gospels as being a Master Craftsman. In Kings of the Grail Bloodline, having descended through Nimrod
modern English-language Bibles, Joseph is described as a 'carpen- in the Cainite succession.
ter', but this is a blatant mistranslation. The word 'carpenter' was In ancient Egypt, the scheffa food was always depicted as a
wrongly derived from the Greek ho-tekton which actually defined conical cake. According to the records, this metallic bread was
a Master of the Craft—not a woodworker, but a learned alchemi- used to feed the Light-body, as against the physical body, and the
cal metallurgist in the manner of his ancestral forebears. Light-body was deemed to be the consciousness. As far back as
In the Old Testament Book of Exodus, at the time of Moses we 2200 BC, the Pharaohs were using this supplement to enhance
are introduced to a certain Bezaleel (the son of Uri Ben Hur) who their pituitary and pineal activity, thereby to heighten their per-
is said to have been filled with the spirit of the Elohim in wisdom, ception, awareness and intuition, but only the metallurgical adepts
understanding and knowledge. We learn, furthermore, that of the mystery schools (the Master Craftsmen of the Dragon
Bezaleel was a skilled goldsmith and a Master Craftsman, and Court) knew the secret of its manufacture.
that he was placed in overall charge of building the Ark of the In the Egyptian Book of the Dead (the oldest complete book in
Covenant. In detailing how Bezaleel should manufacture various the world), the Pharaoh in search of the ultimate food of enlight-
crowns, rings, bowls and a candlestick, all of pure gold, the Bible enment asks, at every stage of his journey, the single overriding
text adds to the list something called the Shewbread of the question, "What is it?"—a question which in the Hebrew language
Covenant, and without further explanation the deed is seen to be (as explained in The Antiquities of the Jews) was asked with the
done. single word, "Manna?".

When the Ark of the Covenant was completed, Moses' brother D r a c u l a, was an officer of this Order—as a consequence of
Aaron was said to have placed an omer of manna into the Ark. which, much of his novel is a coded representation of the secret
This sacred manna was commonly associated with a mystical knowledge. The two emblems of this ninth-degree ceremony are:
form of bread—the shewbread—or, as it was called in Tubal- the upright triangle of Gold and Light (representing spirit), and
Cain's Mesopotamia, the shem-an-na. the downturned triangle of Blood and Water (representing mat-
At this point, we come to a particularly important definition of ter). Interlocked, one upon the other, they form the familiar Seal
the shem-an-na, for according to the Master Craftsmen this coni- of Solomon which contains the formula that is known as the Gem
cally shaped (or s h e m-shaped) food was made of what the of Alchemy.
Sumerians called Highward Fire-stone.
A
In the New Testament Book of the Revelation it is said: n old Alexandrian alchemical text makes particular men-
To him that overcometh, I will give to eat of the hidden tion of the weight of the Philosophers' Stone—which it
manna, and will give him a white stone. calls the Stone of Paradise. It states that:
When placed in the scales, the stone can outweigh its
B
efore we look at the precise nature of the white stone of the quantity of gold; but when it is transposed to dust, even a
shem-an-na—the bread made from the powder of alchemi- feather will tip the scales against it.
cal gold—let us firstly consider the famous statue of Priest- In terms of a mathematical formula, this relationship is written
King Melchizedek at Chartres Cathedral in France. as: 0 = (+1) + (-1). This appears to be a very straightforward sum
The statue portrays Melchizedek with a cup containing a stone at first glance, because (+1) + (-1) does indeed equal zero. But
in representation of the bread and wine which he apparently when applied to physical matter it is actually an impossibility
offered to Abraham, according to Genesis. The wine, as we because it relies upon using a 'positive' and an equivalent 'nega-
know, was emblematic of the sacred Star Fire (just as tive' to produce 'nothing'. The moment one has a positive piece of
Communion wine represents the Messianic Blood today), but the something, it is not possible to add an equivalent negative of that
true importance of the imagery is that the bread-stone is held something to produce nothing. At best, one could move the 'posi-
within the cup, thereby signifying that Star Fire was replaced by tive' something out of immediate sight—but it would still exist,
its substitute nourishment at the very and it would therefore not be nothing.
time of Melchizedek and Abraham. The only way to turn something
This substitute was made from ...there are two distinctly separate into nothing, as far as the material
s h e m - a n - n a—the white powder of forms of physical gold: the field is concerned, is to translate that
gold, the highward fire-stone. something into another dimension so
The object of the substitute was straightforward metal as we know it, that it physically disappears from the
very straightforward. Instead of and a much 'higher' state of gold— mundane environment. If that
feeding the recipient with a direct process is achieved, then the proof of
hormonal supplement, the powder that is, gold in a different dimension achievement would lie in the fact that
had its effect on the endocrinal sys- of perceived matter, and this is the its weight also disappears.
tem (particularly the pineal gland), What, then, is it that can outweigh
thereby causing the recipient to man-
white powder of gold, itself but can also underweigh itself
ufacture his own super-high levels of the hidden manna... and become nothing? What, then, is
hormones such as melatonin. it that can be gold, but can be fired
In the famous Middle Ages Grail and transposed to dust? It is the
romance of Parzival, by Wolfram von Eschenbach, it is said of phoenix—the red-gold that will fire to ashes but will then be
the Temple Knights of Grail Castle: restored to enlightenment. It is the golden calf that Moses burned
They live by virtue of a stone most pure. If you do not know to a powder. It is the highward fire-stone of the shem-an-na. And
its name, now learn: it is called lapis exilis. By the power of we know from the Sumerian records that this was not made of
the stone the phoenix is burned to ashes, but the ashes speed - stone at all, but of shining metal.
ily restore it to life. The phoenix thus moults and thereupon In the alchemical tradition, the Philosophers' Stone is said to be
gives out a bright light, so that it is as beautiful as before. that which translates base elements into gold. This is deemed to
Many have wondered about the name lapis exilis because it be the case in both the metallurgical sense and in the spiritual
appears to be a play on words, combining two elements. Firstly, sense of higher enlightenment. In the physical sense, however,
it is lapis ex caelis, meaning 'stone from the heavens', and, sec- we must return to the oldest of all alchemical rules of the earliest
ondly, it is lapis elixir, the Philosophers' Stone by which base ele- mystery school: "To make gold, you must take gold."
ments are transformed to higher states of being. Either way, or Hence, it is determined that there are two distinctly separate
both, it relates directly to the highward fire-stone—the forms of physical gold: the straightforward metal as we know it,
shem-an-na of the exotic Star Fire substitute. and a much 'higher' state of gold—that is, gold in a different
The key to the Parzival allegory lies in the description that the dimension of perceived matter, and this is the white powder of
phoenix is "burned to ashes", but from those very ashes comes the gold, the hidden manna whose secret manufacture was known
Great Enlightenment. So, what exactly is a phoenix? It is a only by the Master Craftsmen.
mythical bird, we might answer. But we would be quite wrong! So, what precisely is the 'highward' or 'high-spin' state which
The word 'phoenix' is far older than the Bennu bird mythology, converts gold (and platinum-group metals) into a sweet-tasting,
and it is in fact ancient Graeco-Phoenician. 'Phoenix' means impalpable white powder?
'crimson' or 'red-gold'. A normal atom has around it a screening potential—a positive
Even today, within the confines of the Ordo Templi Orientis, screening produced by the nucleus. The majority of electrons
the ancient Mass of the Phoenix is performed as a symbolic Star going round the nucleus are within this screening potential, except
Fire ritual. It is pertinent to note that Bram Stoker, the author of for the very outer electrons. However, the nucleus goes to the

highward or high-spin state when the positive screening potential Hebrew writings were based on mythological tradition, but, since
expands to bring all of the electrons under the control of the the inherent stories were never found until recently in any other
nucleus. documented form, the Old Testament has been treated for count-
Electrons normally travel around the nucleus in pairs: a 'spin- less centuries as if it were an absolute, factual truth.
forward' electron and a 'spin-reverse' electron. But when these And so the mythology became designated as history by our
come under the influence of a high-spin nucleus, all of the spin- governing and educational establishments, and it has been taught
forward electrons become correlated with the spin-reverse elec- as such in our schools and churches for the longest time.
trons. When perfectly correlated, the electrons turn to pure white Now we have a vast amount of original literature enabling us to
light, and it is quite impossible for the individual atoms in the be far better informed, for a great number of ancient documents
high-spin substance to link together. Hence they cannot reform as have been unearthed, many pre-dating the original writing of
metal, and the whole remains simply an impalpable white powder. Genesis by up to 2,000 years.
The truly unusual thing about this white powder is that, through One would expect such discoveries to be welcomed with enthu-
various applied processes, its weight will rise and fall to hundreds siasm. But this has not been the case. Instead, they have posed
of per cent above its optimum weight, down to less than absolute- severe problems and are regarded not as beneficial revelations but
ly nothing. Moreover, its optimum weight is actually fifty-six per as threats. What do they threaten? They threaten to undermine
cent of the metal weight from which it was transmuted. So, where the one-time mythology that has been erroneously dubbed as his-
does the other forty-four per cent go? It becomes nothing but tory. How does the establishment cope with this threat? It clings
pure light, and translates to another dimension beyond the physi- on tightly to the contrived history, and declares that the first-hand
cal world. This conforms precisely with the ancient Alexandrian documents of history are mythological!
text—that the Paradise Stone, when placed in the scales, can out- Between the 1850s and the 1930s, records which had been hid-
weigh its quantity of gold; but when transposed to dust, even a den for countless lifetimes beneath the windswept desert sands
feather will tip the scales against it. suddenly appeared, bearing the names of such well-known char-
acters as Abraham, Esau, Israel, Heber, Nahor, Terah and many
S
ome of you may recall the NEXUS publication of a lecture others from the Bible. These were written during the lifetimes of
given by David Hudson of ORMES LLC, Arizona, in 1996 these men by people who were associated with them, whereas the
[see NEXUS 3/05, 3/06]. In this talk, David explained how books of the Old Testament were compiled over 1,000 years later.
he came upon the white powder pro- But, one by one, these documents have
duction by pure chance when run- been classified as mythology. Why?
ning laboratory tests on soil and ore Because they tell a very different
samples. How does the establishment story to that which we are taught
During the course of his extensive from the Bible.
research, he discovered that not only cope with this threat?
is the powder of the highward fire- Continued next issue...
stone capable of raising human con-
sciousness, but it is also a monatom- It clings on tightly to the About the Speaker:
Sir Laurence Gardner, Kt St Gm.,
ic superconductor with no gravita-
tional attraction.
contrived history, and declares KCD, KT St A., is an internationally
As a point of warning here, I that the first-hand documents known sovereign and chivalric
genealogist. He holds the position of
should add that this particular pow-
der of gold has absolutely no connec-
of history are mythological! Prior of the Celtic Church of the
Sacred Kindred of Saint Columba, and
tion with the substances currently is distinguished as Le Chevalier
marketed under the labels of Labhràn de Saint Germain and
Etherium Gold, Isis Gold and Manatau Preceptor of the Knights Templars of
Gold. Whatever their advertising material might suggest, none of Saint Anthony. Sir Laurence is also Presidential Attaché to the
these products contain chemically measurable gold in the high- European Council of Princes (a constitutional advisory body estab-
ward state. lished in 1946), and Chancellor of the Imperial and Royal Court of
One of the great researchers into gravity from the 1960s period the Dragon Sovereignty. He is formally attached to the Noble
has been the Russian physicist Sakharov, and the mathematics for Household Guard of the Royal House of Stewart, founded at St
Germain-en-Laye in 1692, and is the Jacobite Historiographer
Sakharov's theory (based on gravity as a zero-point) were pub-
Royal by Appointment.
lished by Hal Puthoff of the Institute of Advanced Studies in 1989
[Physical Review A, vol. 39, no. 5, 1 March 1989]. With regard to Editor's Notes:
the monatomic white powder, Puthoff has made the point that • Correspondence for Sir Laurence Gardner should be sent to:
because gravity determines space-time, then the powder is capa- Columba House, PO Box 20, Tiverton EX16 5YP, UK.
ble of bending space-time. It is "exotic matter", he explained, • Sir Laurence Gardner's first book, Bloodline of the Holy Grail:
with a gravitational attraction of less than zero! The Hidden Lineage of Jesus Revealed, was published by Element
To put things into perspective, it is important to recognise that Books, UK, in 1996 (ISBN 1-85230-870-2 h/c), and is distributed
just about everything we now know about the life and civilisations widely by Penguin Books (ISBN 1-86204-152-0 p/b). The second
of the distant BC years has been learned since the late 1800s. book in his Grail Bloodline trilogy is Genesis of the Grail Kings:
Prior to that, the Old Testament was one of very few documents The Pendragon Legacy of Adam and Eve, which is due to be pub-
lished by Bantam-Transworld in the UK in February 1999.
of record. But the Old Testament was never intended to be an
• Video and audio tapes of Sir Laurence Gardner's presentation at
accurate reporting of history; it was actually a book of scripture the 1998 NEXUS Conference in Sydney are now available.
designed to underpin a growing religious movement. Contact your nearest NEXUS office for details or, better still, e-mail
To some extent, just like the scriptures of other religions, the us at [email protected] for a quicker reply.

R
ichard Noone seriously embarked on his quest to unravel some of the secrets of
the ancient world when, in 1975, he started research for his book, 5/5/2000 Ice:
The Ultimate Disaster . Seven years later, he found a publisher (Crown
Publishing in New York) willing to publish his findings on ancient civilisations
and the role of massive Earth changes in their demise.
In 1997, Crown released a revised edition of his book with an exciting new epilogue
which presents additional evidence that the Egyptians did not build the Great Pyramid
with grunt slave labour dragging 20-ton, 90-ton and 200-ton blocks around the country on
wooden sleds.
To quote Peter Tompkins, author of Secrets of the Great Pyramid: "Richard Noone's
According to this painstaking investigation into the lost technology of the sophisticated builders of the Great
Pyramid of Gizeh helps to unravel the mystery of this geodetic and astronomic wonder,
fascinating theory, answering questions as to who constructed it, when, how and why. Just the manner in
the Great Pyramid which the casing stones were cut to optometric precision and accurately placed and fitted
without damage could not be accomplished today with the advanced engineering of our
incorporated a space age. Research by Noone also highlights the continued struggle of scholars against
the pitted obscurantism of the local authorities who continue to block research into what
pump design that must be considered the patrimony not only of Egypt but of humanity."
Noone commences with what his research reveals about how the construction of the
utilised water and Great Pyramid began.
"When the builders arrived, they saw a rocky knoll and a plateau that the pyramids sit
chemical power to on today. The first thing they had to do was level-off the construction site. The Great
Pyramid is still level to within a half-inch over its thirteen-and-a-half-acre base. That is
raise the massive quite extraordinary; far better than we do on our buildings today. The obvious way for
stone blocks to them to have done this would have been for them to cut channels or ditches into the rock
of the site, then fill those ditches with water and drill away the rock between each ditch,
higher levels. using the water in each trench as a levelling mechanism.
"However, the one thing that most TV shows do not show is that the builders left a
large rocky hill at the centre of the construction site. The reason for that was so that the
well shaft which was dug through the rock hill to the bottom of the Grand Gallery and
joins the Descending Passage underground to the Grand Gallery. What they had done was
cut the one passageway straight down to the subterranean pit [referred to in Noone's book
as the Chamber of Chaos or upside-downedness]. This pit has a smooth ceiling, a rough
floor and a hole in it, and a saucer-shaped bowl.
"In any event, we all know that water will seek its own level. So when you have your
construction site to the stage where you have a tunnel which follows a tortuous path and
you have a shaft going down that joins up in an 'L-shaped' connection with the
Descending Passage, you can utilise water which would be poured down that shaft, filling
up the subterranean pit, and at the same time the air that was in the pit would be com-
An interview with pressed against the ceiling. Once the water compresses the air against the ceiling of the
lower compression chamber or pit, it would force water back up the lower diagonal. At
Richard W. Noone one time there was a hinged granite door that only opened inward and downward, as I
show in my book. Water rushing down there would go back up only until it hit this door
by Alexander Horvat
or check valve, slamming it shut. Then, water would be forced to rise up the well shaft,
First published in World Explorer the purpose being to bring water to the centre of the construction site above.
(vol. 1, no. 10, 1997) "At least one of the blocks in the Great Pyramid weighed 300 tons. Today, we don't
© Revised 1998 have a crane on Earth that can lift 300 tons. The maximum lift for cranes I think is around
200 tons. Not only would a lift like that be difficult by today's standards, but positioning

the needed equipment could take more than a week to lift one hydraulics or water power. In essence, Kunkel was making a list
block," Noone stated. and using a process of elimination to see which method was actu-
"In the early 1930s, during the Great Depression, a tremendous ally used."
inventor, Edward Kunkel, began studying how the Great Pyramid Noone pointed out the flaws in mainstream thinking about pyra-
was built. A friend of his commented to him, after hearing a lec- mid construction. "Most of us are brainwashed from seeing too
ture about the date and size of the stones used in building the many television specials where the orthodox Egyptologists have
Great Pyramid: 'I bet a fellow could make $50 if he could figure shown modern-day workers pulling with ropes, muscle and
out how it was done and write a newspaper article about it.' human sinew a block of stone that weighed maybe a ton. You
Kunkel in his autobiography said that $50 was a huge sum of watch them and they have a tremendously difficult job moving a
money back in the Depression. So this could have been his prime one-ton stone. That is a small block compared to most of the
motivation." blocks in the Great Pyramid, so it has no basis in reality when you
In describing this unique pyramid-building theory, Noone said: talk about some of the blocks in the Great Pyramid weighing as
"Kunkel examines every known means for lifting a weight. The much as a modern diesel train engine of 90 tons. I would like to
phenomenal weight of the blocks that make up the Great Pyramid see these proponents of slaves pulling a weight with primitive
has boggled the mind of anyone who has studied thousands of methods, take a diesel train engine out to the Gizeh Plateau, take
years of stone masonry. Today, people even speculate that the wheels off it and pull it 50 feet up a ramp. I once saw a pic-
advanced beings from outer space came down and built the Great ture where 900 men were in harness pulling a large block in
Pyramid, or that at one time man had somehow learned to use the cadence (i.e., one, two, three, heave!), unlike dumb beasts of the
power of his mind to levitate the blocks into place. Now, either field that couldn't pull together. The first thing I imagined when I
one of those may or may not be true. What Kunkel did was saw this picture was the rope snapping like a kite string."
examine the seven ways to move a mass, e.g., manually or with Certainly it's a worthwhile point to note that if massive ropes or
the use of a wedge or screw, an inclined plane, a lever, gear chains were used, there could be handling scars from dragging on
wheels or a pulley. One way was with the use of pumps and the stone. But there are no such traces of either handling scars or
The passage system of the Great Pyramid, as it looks west. Courtesy Richard Noone, reprinted from 5/5/2000.

a ramp massive enough to accompany these huge blocks. While planes—a top, a bottom, a back, two sides—and a slanted front
orthodox Egyptologists remain mired in the worn-out cliché that cut at 51.51 degrees. Kunkel deduced that once the first four rows
'with enough people you can move anything', Noone ascribes a far of those casing stones were put in place, you had a huge square
greater degree of technological and engineering prowess and into which you could introduce and impound water. Those casing
intelligence to the ancient Egyptians than the mainstream is will- stones would hold a pond covering the 13 acres inside of those
ing to do. blocks. Men would then be working waist-deep in water.
About the ramp theory, Noone had this to say. "The single "With a simple water lock at one corner, blocks could be
ramp theory, the long ramp, was dis- brought into the work pool on a
counted because every time a level barge. One man would than walk in
of blocks would be laid, you'd have
"...the long ramp [theory] was waist-deep water, guiding a block
to raise the level of the ramp. The discounted because every time a which would be called a 'back-up
ramp would be a mile long and block' that would go behind the row
would have to be raised every time level of blocks would be laid, of casing stones, gently sliding it off
you went up a level. The ramp you'd have to raise the level of the back of the barge to put it in
would consume four times more place. The placement would be aided
material than the Great Pyramid the ramp. with a thin lubrication film of cement,
itself! After this theory was dis- The ramp would consume four one-fiftieth of an inch thick. This
counted in the early days, a clever cement boggles the mind of stone
fellow came up with the idea that times more material than the masons today because it was stronger
spiral ramps, wrapped around the Great Pyramid itself!" than the stone it bonded together.
Pyramid, were used to drag the This is how you can handle stones
blocks up to a higher and higher without leaving handling scars. By
level, 20 to 45 storeys high. The ramps 'somehow' stayed dragging precision-cut stones across miles of desert, you would
attached to the Pyramid with some unknown type of superglue. chip them and there would be scars; but there are none on these
But turning the corners with the larger blocks of stone would have blocks. By using water as your transport-and-setting medium,
been quite impossible." you simplify the process. When they wanted to go up higher, they
Noone suggests examining what makes sense. "Anyone who would raise the level of the water that was impounded by the cas-
has been to the Great Pyramid will know you can still see some of ing stones and add the new ones. After that, they floated in a sec-
the original casing stones. These are stones that are cut in five ond level of casing stones to be set on top of the first row.
"Zig-zagging across the northern face can be traced an ancient 'carriage road'. Along its route are holes 8" round. This road was
afterwards filled in with small stones. No evidence showed that it was used as such. A system of locks seemed more logical."
Edward Kunkel's depiction of how the Great Pyramid could have been constructed utilising a system of water locks to float the blocks
to the next highest course of construction.

"One thing that Kunkel noticed, that the others have not, was "There is an opening in the well shaft, the grotto, that is about
that the each of the joints or seams—which are so thin that you equal in height to the original entrance to the Great Pyramid. If
can't get a razor blade between them—is 35 square feet in area. you had nothing more than a bucket brigade pouring water
This tight fit would make it leakproof or waterproof. Once the through the entrance of the Great Pyramid, the water would rush
next row was added, more back-up blocks would be brought in. down the Descending Passage, filling the subterranean pit. With
The Great Pyramid was built from the centre up, using a hydraulic the pit full, water would rise up the Descending Passage until
crane to lift and lower the level of the water in the work pool." stopped by the granite check valve. The compressed air in the pit,
How big a crane are we talking about? This hydraulic crane pushing against the water, would force the water up the well shaft
was powered by a chemical engine, as Noone describes. "In most into the grotto. From the grotto upwards, the well shaft is lined
schoolbooks today they say that the Egyptians did not know how with stone.
to make any metal but copper, which "Peter Tompkins, the author of
is very soft. Yet, a piece of iron was Secrets of the Great Pyramid ,
blasted out of the interior of the Great allowed me to use the very first pic-
Pyramid, and the fact that it was cov- tures taken by Piazzi Smyth of the
ered with cement prevented it from "The ancient Egyptians used a interior of the Great Pyramid. You
rusting away over the ages. We now can see from the grotto up to the
know that the Bronze Age and Iron chemical engine and a series of intake of the Gallery, which is built
Age started way before Egyptologists water locks to bring the stone to withstand atmospheric pressure,
theorise. With Kunkel's research, we that the joints are so fine you can't
know the Machine Age had already up to the next highest course stick a pin anywhere in between.
started.
"The ancient Egyptians used a
of construction." "What they would do to bring the
water up higher from the grotto area
chemical engine and a series of water would be to light a fire in this firing
locks to bring the stone up to the next hole at the top of the Grand Gallery.
highest course of construction. A The next step would be to lower the
chemical engine is something that uses a granite slabs in the antechamber. As
gas or fire, and this begins with a gas such as would be emitted the fire burnt in the Grand Gallery, that produced the same effect
from burning a bushel of wood. In the late 1700s, a man named as burning a candle in a pie pan of water and placing a bottle over
Davidson found a little chamber—an opening at the very top of it. This chemical reaction would have the effect of pulling the
the Grand Gallery. This is what Kunkel calls the 'firing hole'. As water level up from the grotto to the top of the Grand Gallery.
you climb up the inside of the Grand Gallery, remember that the For those doing the experiment with the pie pan, candle and wide-
well shaft connects with the intake of the Grand Gallery and that mouthed bottle demonstrating this effect, you will note that when
water seeks its own level. you change the fuel you double the amount of water that is sucked
upwards."
Now, while this experiment only fills the
bottle about one-third of the way, Noone
shows that the size of the fire and the ensu-
ing chemical reaction will move a lot more
water. Plus, the addition of pressure from
the compressed air in the subterranean
chamber goes up the well shaft. The water
is again aided by the compressed air in the
Queen's Chamber, thereby making a second
compression to push the water to a higher
level.
The difference in chemical reactions
determined by what you burn is what
caused George Washington Carver in 1934
to understand how Kunkel's pump worked.
Carver wrote to Kunkel: "Your explana-
tion, I believe, is the solution to one of the
greatest mysteries of the ages."
For those curious as to why the well shaft
is not straight, Noone made this comment:
"The reason why the well shaft is cut in
Professor Nelson [Professor of Egyptology at Rocky Mountain College, Billings, Montana] suggests that
if the coffer in the King's Chamber were filled with an aqueous solution of natron NaHCO3, NaCl and such a tortuous shape requires a little under-
Na2SO4), the salt water itself would act as an effective conductor of electricity for the piezoelectric standing of Bernoulli's theory of fluid
induction from the matt-finished walls of the King's Chamber. This, Professor Nelson points out, dynamics. As the water was dropped after
would make it unnecessary to line the coffer with metal; the salt itself is an effective conductor of elec - it was brought up the Grand Gallery, the
tricity. Professor Nelson correctly points out that such a process would naturally produce chlorine gas
which, somehow, would have been vented from the chamber. The 'stable' organic compounds in shape of that well shaft developed a tremen-
human blood are essentially the same as sea water. A human candidate placed in this coffer during dous whirlpool as the water fell down the
this process would experience a low-voltage shock to his brain from the electrolysed natron solution shaft and through the lateral connection at
which Nelson says would have very good "health-restoring properties". (Source: 5/5/2000, p. 244) the bottom. You can see it was a complicat-

ed system of compounding gravity twice, compounding atmos-
pheric pressure twice, and working with a huge volume of water
that they could raise and lower at will. As soon as they cut the
two shafts and ran them together, they had the basic mechanics of
a hydraulic ram pump. I would imagine that some of the larger
temples in Egypt, like Karnak, were all built with impounded
water to mover larger weights.
"If you read Herodotus, the Greek historian, in 440 BC he
described that the Great Pyramid had a wall around it and the
whole construction site around the Pyramid was filled with water.
Herodotus further mentioned that there were two large pyramids
built in a lake, and that there was as much of the pyramids above
the surface of the the lake as there was below.
"The water Herodotus referred to originally came from Lake
Moeris, formed by damming the river south of Memphis and
diverting water through the Hawara Gap. It was a man-made
lake, thought to be about 300 feet deep, filling the Qattara
Depression, 434 feet below sea level, and, with around 450 miles
of shoreline, about the size of Lake Erie. This would put it higher
than the pavement of the Great Pyramid and would allow water to
flow by gravity to the well in front of the Great Pyramid."
Noone cites much previous research. "In my book I show a Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th ed.) describes eight-inch round
drawing from an 1839 book by Col. Howard Vyse— T h e holes here. Holes have been plastered over, masonry has been
Pyramids of Gizeh. When they were still excavating the rubble removed, and the whole area covered with dark red gloss paint.
around the base of the Great Pyramid, there was this huge well- (Source: From Pharaoh's Pump, © 1962 by Edward J. Kunkel)
shaft in front of the original entrance that goes 100 feet into the
ground. This was another part of the water pumping system. Noone: "To understand how they got these stones as smooth as
"In the grotto they also had a check valve that opened and they are, I inquired at the Indiana Limestone Institute of America.
closed. The door that's in the grotto had a hole drilled through it, They know more about quarrying and cutting limestone than any
so when they dropped that huge amount of water out of the Grand other group on Earth. I worked with one of their technical direc-
Gallery, it would come down, slam tors, Merle Booker. In my book I
this door shut, and the flow of water reproduce a letter from Booker, stat-
going through the hole would tend to ing that to quarry the amount of stone
pull in enormous amounts of air. in the Great Pyramid, if they used all
Because of that and the shape of the of their 33 separate quarries, each
well shaft, as the water fell down the
shaft it would develop a spin, just
"By raising and lowering the quarry running three eight-hour shifts
per day, with all their modern equip-
like a tornado. water level, they could build ment, it would take 27 years just to
"If you look at the temple com-
pound constructions at Karnak,
enormous structures." get the stone out. This idea of chis-
elling with big wooden mallets and
everything built there of any height copper chisels, even though we now
originally had high walls around it so know they had iron, doesn't make any
they could bring in the stones, float sense. It would take far, far longer
them up the canal and bring them than 27 years to do it that way.
into the centre of the construction site "In the new edition of my book I
at Karnak. By raising and lowering the water level, they could explain a method in which they could finish those stones of any
build enormous structures." size with the greatest of ease. They may have used wood and
To put this into perspective, Noone commented: "Kunkel was water to split the rocks at the quarry and get them into a block
doing this research from the 1930s to his death from cancer in size. (Even granite will break when you put dry wooden wedges
1982. At that time, most history books espoused the theory that into drilled-out holes and then wet the inserted wood. The wood
ancient man had an infantile mind and was not very smart. That will expand and the next day you'll have begun to split that
is a contradiction in terms because when you go back in history block.) After that, the blocks could be floated into a special cut-
and look at the architectural accomplishments such as the Great ting pool. It would be like a very large, modern-day swimming
Pyramid, and we can't figure out how it was built, it's clear that pool with a shallow and deep end. In the bottom of this special
we don't have the story straight yet. cutting pool there would be diamond cutting members. If you
"For the new edition of my book, I worked for months with wanted to cut a block just as smooth as a baby's bottom, you'd
James M. Hagan who is known throughout the world as an archi- start draining the water out of the pool. The weight and the pull
tect who specialises in building large projects. Hagan is a consul- of gravity would cause the block to start sliding down, repeatedly
tant who is often sought after when architects have big problems. passing over many cutting members. When it finally reached the
Amongst Hagan's architectural designs is the football stadium and bottom it would be cut as fine and smooth as the lens in your
rail system in Atlanta, Georgia." glasses. Then it would be taken out of that cutting pool by a
A controversial point about building the pyramids is the ques- barge and another stone brought in. You could cut it easily that
tion of just how they cut and surfaced the stones. According to way in an assembly line process."

Kunkel was awarded a patent in 1958, but much earlier he'd Egyptologists are little more than pablum served up and spoon-
built a small model of this pump after studying the diagram of the fed to children. They have covered up the passageways under the
inside of the Great Pyramid. He said that after installing two Sphinx, which Kunkel shows to be a secondary pump. Zahi
check-valves he could move water through the pump. Hawass and Mark Lehner were shown these passageways under
"What are the odds," Noone queried, "that an inventor like the Sphinx in 1980. The tunnels look the same today as the well
Kunkel could come along and copy the interior of one of the old- shaft in the Great Pyramid, that I saw in 1988. When Professor
est buildings on Earth and add a couple of check valves and get a Schoch asked to go into the same areas later, the permission was
US patent on a new type of pump?" denied. Hawass and Lehner gained access to a vast underground
The fact that Kunkel innocently admitted that his pump was complex beneath the Gizeh Plateau in 1980. Why is it being kept
modelled on the interior of the Great Pyramid is believed to be the secret?"
reason why it took him four years to get his patent on his new A huge water tunnel under the Gizeh Plateau was briefly made
invention, as nobody believed it would work. The patent engineer known, but no other information has surfaced about it. Even
who initially expressed interest in his idea would cut short the accredited scientists are not allowed in these apparently restricted
interview when the impetus for Kunkel's idea came up. areas. What have they found? What are they doing down there?
Eventually Kunkel learned to change his story. In the December 1997 issue of KMT, A Modern Journal of
Pharaoh's Pump, Kunkel's book on the subject, is 84 pages Ancient Egypt, Hawass, when asked about the chamber found by
long and is more of an instruction manual on how to operate an the West/Schoch team using seismic sounding equipment, denied
ancient chemical engine. This technology could be applied to they had found anything. Noone has verified that the printout
help irrigate areas of the advancing desert, thus changing the cli- indicated a chamber, approximately 30 by 40 feet, below the
mate and eventually making arid Sphinx. What was stored there?
areas more habitable. Hawass apparently keeps secret what
On the idea that the Great Pyramid he knows and will probably not talk.
blocks were poured like cement, Edgar Cayce said that the When he found out the West/Schoch
Noone was asked to comment by
Margie Morris, co-author with
discovery of how the Great team was conducting these experi-
ments, he worked quickly to cancel
Joseph Davidovits of a book on the Pyramid was built would be their open-ended permits and get
subject. Noone asked her to send a
sample of the concrete that would
made in 1958. them off the Gizeh Plateau after only
five days of experiments.
have been used in the construction of That was the year Kunkel was Fortunately, they discovered the
the Pyramid, but he never received chamber where America's sleeping
one—thus he became more sceptical
awarded the patent prophet Edgar Cayce predicted it
of that method. for his pump. would be.
About the other pyramids being In 1933, Edgar Cayce was asked
constructed with the same method, how the Great Pyramid was built.
Noone professed no knowledge. "To The answer: "By the lifting forces of
date, they have not found similar passageways, like in the Great those gases" (reference Cayce reading 5750-1). Cayce also said
Pyramid, in the other two pyramids—at least that knowledge has that the discovery of how the Great Pyramid was built would be
not been made public if they had. However, with the power you made in 1958. That was the year Kunkel was awarded the patent
would generate by the pump, one of the canals that goes to the for his pump. ∞
second pyramid could have been powered by their original pump
inside the Great Pyramid," he commented. About the Author:
However, research by John Anthony West, Robert Schoch and Richard W. Noone, author of 5/5/2000 Ice: The Ultimate Disaster,
others has shown that a long time ago, between 7000–5000 BC, has been featured on major national media, including: Fox TV's
Egypt had a much wetter climate. The water damage done to the Prophecies of the Millennium, The Learning Channel's Solar Empire,
CNN Headline News, CNN Newsnight, CBS's This Morning, T h e
Sphinx may point to a different environment around the time Oprah Winfrey Show, Sightings, Art Bell's radio show, Incredible
construction was going on. It could be that when the climate sud- S u n d a y, WT BS, Donohue, NBC' s A ncient P rophecies , Sun
denly changed, man had to learn to work, move and irrigate with International Pictures' UFO Diaries, and A&E's The Unexplained. His
water in order to survive (as shown in Noone's book on p. 236). research is also featured in the videos Enter Darkness, Enter Light: The
The Great Pyramid is extraordinary for its intricate passage- Technologies of the Gods, and on Chris Carter's hit TV show,
ways and chambers and the high degree of workmanship required Millennium.
Mr Noone is a 32nd-Degree Freemason of the Ancient and
to build it. In 1993, German inventor/explorer/engineer Rudolf Accepted Scottish Rite, a member of SIAHAT (Society of Inter-
Gantenbrink created a robot that would travel the narrowest of American Highway Auto Travelers) since 1964, and a member of the
passageways in the Great Pyramid. The exploits of this robot World Explorers Club. He may host a trip to Egypt for Mystical
became the focus of TV specials but remained inconclusive, as an Journeys, Inc. in 1999.
obstacle was discovered in one of the narrow descending pas- Richard Noone's Internet websites are: <http://rnoone.com> and
sages. When Gantenbrink requested permission to journey <www.f uturef ate. com >. To schedu le an int erviews, e-m ail
beyond the problem area, the Egyptian Antiquities Organisation <[email protected]>.
[the Supreme Council of Antiquities] denied him permission. Note: This interview with Richard Noone first appeared in the World
Explorers Club journal, World Explorer (vol. 1, no. 10, 1997), edited
World Explorer asked Noone if the Egyptians were helping or
by Alexander Horvat.
hurting the further exploration and knowledge the pyramids have For enquiries about memberships and subscriptions, contact the World
to offer. Noone commented: "There seems to be an information Explorers Club, PO Box 99, Kempton, Illinois, USA, tel (815) 253
management, or what architect James M. Hagan called a 9000, fax (815) 253 6300, e-mail <[email protected]>. Subscription
'Nilegate', going on. The explanations now offered by cost: US$25, US$30 foreign.

SCIENCE
THE PRENTICE POWER ACCUMULATORS, do hereby media was accumulated along the length of
EARTH ENERGY TAP declare that the following is a full, clear the transmission antenna, and with a closed
This file was originally posted on the and exact description of the same. oscillatory loop antenna 18 feet in length,
KeelyNet BBS as PRENTICE.ASC on 14 My invention relates to improvements in run parallel with the transmission antenna
July 1994, courtesy of Louis Roy in ELECTRICAL POWER ACCUMULA- at a distance of approximately 20 feet, it
Canada. Roy notes that it is similar to the TORS and like, wherein the earth, acting as was possible to obtain, by tuning the loop
"one-mile-wire experiment" (see KeelyNet rotor and the surrounding air as a stator, antenna, sufficient power to light to full
BBS, AETHRTAP.ASC file). He advises collects the energy thus generated by the candle power a series bank of 50 sixty-watt
that the patent number on his copy is incor - earth rotating on its axis and utilises the lamps.
rect, so we're not repeating it—though we same for power and other purposes. Lowering or raising the frequency of
have tried to find out the correct number. In the development of my WIRELESS 500,000 cps resulted in diminishing the
Roy welcomes any feedback on experimen - TRAIN CONTROL SYSTEM for railways, amount of power received on the 18-foot
tal results via KeelyNet. covered by my United States Letters Patent antenna. Likewise, the raising of the trans-
#843,550[?], I discovered that with an mission antenna resulted in a proportionate
US PATENT #??????? antenna consisting of one wire of suitable decrease of power picked up on the receiv-
ELECTRICAL POWER diameter supported by insulating means ing antenna and, at six feet above the earth,
ACCUMULATORS three to six inches above the ground and no power whatever was obtainable without
Frank Wyatt Prentice extending one half-mile more or less in a change of potential and frequency.
September 18th, 1923 length, the said antenna being grounded at It is the objective of my generic inven-
one end through a spark gap and energized tion to utilize the power generated by the
TO ALL WHOM IT MAY CONCERN: at the other end by a high-frequency gener- earth by means herein described and illus-
B e it known that I, FRANK WYATT ator of 500 watts input and having a sec-
PRENTICE, of the City of Meadville, ondary frequency of 500,000, would pro-
County of Crawford, State of Pennsylvania, duce in said antenna oscillatory frequency
trated in the drawings.
The two figures in the drawings illustrate
simple and preferred forms of this inven-
Electrical Engineer, having invented new the same as that of the earth currents; and tion, but I wish it understood that no limita-
and useful improvements in ELECTRICAL thus electrical power from the surrounding tion is necessarily made as to the exact and
This circuit is said to pull power from

the earth when resonantly coupled.

NEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCE
Figure 1 • 21 is spark gap from transmission precise circuits, shapes, positions and struc-
• 1 and 2 are alternating current feed antenna 19 to ground through lead tural details therein shown, exhibited and
wires supplying 110 volts 60 cycles to wire 22, adjustable condenser 23, lead herein described in combination or other-
a high-frequency generator. wire 24 to ground 24'. wise, and that changes, alterations and
• Transmission antenna 19 may be of modifications may be made when desired
• 3 is a switch with 4 and 5 poles of
any desired length. within the scope of my invention and as
same.
specifically pointed out in the claims.
• 6 and 7 are connections of high-
frequency transformer 8 for stepping up OPERATION OF THE INVENTION:
the freq uency to 500 ,000 a nd t he Figure 2
voltage to, say, 100,000.
• 9 is an inductance coil.
• 2 5 is a cl osed osci llat ing loo p
antenna of any desired length, and for
H aving described the drawings, I will
now describe the operation of my
invention.
• 10 is the spark gap. greatest efficiency is run parallel with Throw switch 3 connecting feed wires 1
• 11 is the adjustable condenser. transmission antenna 19 of Figure 1. and 2 with transformer leads 6 and 7, adjust
• 12 is the prima ry winding of • 26 is lead to step-down transformer, spark gap 10 and condenser 11 so that a
transformer 8. 27 of which 27' is the secondary. frequency of 500,000 and 100,000 volts is
• 13 is the seco nda ry win ding of • 28 is lead to adjustable condenser delivered from secondary leads 14 and 15
transformer 8. 29, lead 30 to ground 31. of step-up transformer 8 of Figure 1.
• Secondary winding 8 goes to ground • 32 is primary winding of transformer Next, adjust spark gap 21 of transmission
through lead wire 15 to adjustable 27. antenna 14 so that all nodes and peaks are
condenser 16 and lead wire 17 and 18. • 33 is adjustable condenser. eliminated in the transmission of the
100,000 volts and 500,000 frequency along
• 14 is lead wire from other side of • 34 and 35 are windings of frequency
secondary winding of transformer 8 to transformers supplying current through said antenna 14 by the surges occurring,
main tra nsmissi on antenn a 1 9, leads 36 and 37 to motor 38 or other pass over the gap 21 to lead 22 to
supported by insulating means 20. power devices. adjustable condenser 23 to lead 24 to
ground 24', thence the high-frequency cur-
This circuit uses an antenna to pull power

from earth/aether/atmospheric interactions.

NEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCE
rent of 500,000 passes in return through necessary to accumulate earth currents spark gap, said antenna adapted to oscillate
ground to ground 18, thence up lead 17 to along the transmission antenna 14. and radiate earth-accumulated currents and
adjustable condenser 16 to lead 15 to sec- receiving means adapted to utilize said
ondary winding 13 of transformer 8. WHAT I CLAIM IS: radiated earth-accumulated currents, said
The oscillatory current of 100,000 and • 1. In an Electrical Power Accumulator, means synchronized to pick up and utilize
frequency of 500,000 being of the same a synchronized oscillatory circuit parallel said radiated earth currents.
frequency as the earth-generated currents with and in proximity to earth, adapted to • 5. In an Electrical Power Accumulator,
and thus in tune with same, it naturally fol- accumulate and utilize current generated by a synchronized oscillatory circuit parallel
lows that accumulation of the earth cur- the earth. with and in proximity to earth, adapted to
rents will assimilate with the same tuned • 2. In an Electrical Power Accumulator, accumulate and utilize current generated by
circuits and frequen- a synchronized oscil- the earth using synchronised means to pick
cy with those of the latory circuit having up, at a distance therefrom, said radiated
output from trans- same fre-quency as earth currents.
former 8 along wires ...a synchronized the earth-generated • 6. In an Electrical Power Accumulator,
14, affording a reser - oscillatory circuit currents, said circuit a synchronized oscillatory circuit having
voir of high-frequen- parallel with and in same frequency as the earth-generated cur-
cy currents to be parallel with and in proximity to the rents, said oscillatory circuit parallel with
drawn upon by a proximity to earth, earth, said circuit and in proximity to the earth, said oscilla-
tuned circuit having adapted to accumu- tory circuit adapted to accumulated and
the same characteris - adapted to accumulate late and utilize cur- radiate current generated by the earth rotat-
tics of 500,000 fre-
quency capacity
and utilize current rent generated by the
earth rotating on its
ing on its axis, and means adapted to utilize
said sychronized accumulated earth cur-
which is shown in generated by the earth. axis. rents, picked up at a distance from said
Figure 2. • 3. In an oscillatory radiating circuit.
The antenna 25 is Electrical Power Meadville,
tuned fundamentally to Accumulator, a high- Pennsylvania,
receive a frequency of 500,000, which cur- frequency oscillatory generator grounded September 18th, 1923
rent passes to lead 26 through winding 27' on one side with a connected antenna (Signed) Frank Wyatt Prentice, Inventor
of transformer 27, thence to lead wire 28 grounded at further end through a spark
through adjustable condenser 29 to lead gap, said antenna adapted to oscillate and
wire 30 to ground 31. radiate earth-accumulated currents. KEELYNET
The high-frequency current of 500,000 • 4. In an Electrical Power Accumulator, PO Box 870716
and voltage of 100,000 pass through to a high-frequency oscillatory generator Mesquite TX 75187 USA
winding 32 and by adjustable condenser 33 grounded on one side with a connected www.keelynet.com
and windings 34 and 35 of the frequency antenna grounded at further end through a
transformer 27 is stepped down to a volt-
age and frequency suitable to operate
motor 38 receiving current from leads 36
and 37.
This makes available a current supply for
any purpose whatever, such as operation of
aeroplanes, automobiles, railway trains and
current for industrial plants, lighting, heat-
ing, etc.
The return of current through the earth
from transmission antenna 14 is preferable
to a metallic return, as a higher percentage
of accumulation of earth currents is notice-
able on receiving antenna of Figure 2 than
from a metallic return, accountable for
because of the condenser effect the ground-
ed circuit affords. I also prefer under cer-
tain conditions to use a single antenna
receiving wire in place of the closed loop
shown in Figure 2.
Under certain operation requirements I
have found it expedient to have the trans-
mission antenna elevated and carried on
poles many feet above the earth and, in that
case, a different voltage and frequency was

A perpetual motion machine is a device which, once having been started,
continues to run for ever, without any additional input of energy.
T
he theory of perpetual motion has been consigned to the dustbin of discarded
myths—ahead of such pseudo-scientific suppositions as UFOs, crop circles,
holistic medicine and all the paraphernalia of the paranormal. The mighty
weight of established scientific opinion is against such beliefs because they can-
not be explained within current scientific dogma.
In the early 18th The dictionary definition of 'dogma' is 'settled opinion, indisputable doctrine'. Rigid
century, the adherence to current theories becomes unstuck only when the overwhelming evidence that
the known facts cannot possibly sustain establishment beliefs, forces scientists to back
German inventor down and look for alternative explanations.
Should the scientific establishment be accepting any of the alternative theories as areas
Orffyreus of potential research? Not necessarily; but someone, somewhere, should be listening to
such ideas; and if and when conflicting evidence arises, it should be discussed in an open
successfully and sensibly critical way rather than dismissed as so much hot air.
So many examples exist of accomplished scientific researchers who have been led into
demonstrated a areas regarded as 'taboo' by orthodox scientific opinion, that the term 'scientific heresy'
has been coined to describe their deviant theories. A 'heretic' is an exponent of unortho-
so-called perpetual dox opinion, and 'orthodox' means 'conforming to commonly accepted opinion'.
motion machine There are many modern candidates for the application of the term 'scientific heretic' and
it has become a popular subject for discussion in the media. Some competent scientists,
that utilised the specialists in their own fields, became aware of conflicting evidence that certain theories
relating to subjects such as homoeopathy and telepathy might, after all, have some basis in
force of gravity truth. This evidence became so overwhelming that these same scientists published their
results in the mistaken belief that such information would be welcomed by their peers. In
to do work. fact, the reaction was the opposite of what they'd hoped for: some were demoted and oth-
ers had their research grants removed.
By now you may suspect that I place myself among the modern heretics, and in a way
you'd be right. I have discussed the subject of this book with numerous people, both pro-
fessional and lay, and it is with the former that I have received a scornful dismissal of the
theories advanced in it, and yet it is the very simplicity of my findings that begs for atten-
tion. I intend to show that under certain circumstances, perpetual motion of a kind is cer-
tainly a possibility—and a machine to utilise it is an absolute necessity in the face of the
falling levels of fossil fuels and the rising levels of pollution that beset our planet Earth.
From an early age we are taught that perpetual motion is impossible according to the
by John Collins © 1997 laws of conservation of energy and of thermodynamics. We are told that we cannot get
more out of a thing than we have put in—a logical statement and perfectly true! I shall
From his book show you how, although this is true, it is not actually relevant to the problem. These laws
PERPETUAL MOTION: and this saying have been ingrained in us, hammered into us, and we have laughed at
An Ancient Mystery Solved? accounts of early experiments to find the answer to perpetual motion. We find it impossi-
ble to believe that there could be a way around the problem. It is the problem of the
PO Box 2001, Leamington Spa
Warwickshire, CV32 6YQ, UK 'closed mind'.
Tel/fax: +44 (0)1926 424264 These days, most revolutionary discoveries are thought to have come from the ranks of
E-mail: [email protected] educated scientists—but not so. Many ideas and contrivances have been made by men
http://www.free-energy.co.uk who never attended university, who were gifted amateurs or became obsessed with find-
ing a solution to a problem that was of particular relevance to them personally. Among

these gifted amateurs was no less a person than Michael Faraday, an attempt at a perpetual motion machine, but this is unlikely to
sometimes called 'the father of electricity', yet he was self-taught. have been an isolated example, even at this early period. If one
The obsessed 'suffer' from an undue preoccupation with an idea, person saw a need for such a device at that particular time, then
and such ideas can arise out of need. There was surely never a others would have done so, but they might not have gone into
truer saying than 'necessity is the mother of invention'; and in def- print. I suspect that if written records were available, they would
erence to those whose work could not be accepted until it was show that the search for perpetual motion began a long time
proved beyond a shadow of a doubt, as Mark Twain once said, 'A before the fifth century. Indeed, there is a certain amount of evi-
crank is only a crank until he's been proved correct'. dence that pushes the date back some 7,000 years.
Our modern educational system has ruled out any chance of
S
o what do I really mean by 'perpetual motion'? It is known such energy generation; but in the 18th century, things were not
by both the layperson and the scientific community that such so definite. Heated discussions continued as to the possibility of
a device would violate one or more scientific laws. There perpetual motion. Some believed it might be feasible under cer-
are continuing experiments in superconductivity, in which metals tain circumstances. Others, the majority of the scientific estab-
or ceramics are cooled to such a low temperature that they lose all lishment, declared such an idea outrageous, ridiculous or impossi-
resistance to the passage of a direct electric current, allowing the ble. It was known that the ultimate problem was one of friction,
current to continue to flow, undiminished, in a superconducting and work would only increase the effect that friction was already
ring. This is usually referred to as 'perpetual motion of the third having. Heat was a consequence of friction, and the heat was
kind'. It is not required to do work, but to run continuously, yet it readily dissipated to the surrounding cooler air, just as the law of
takes enormous amounts of energy to keep the conducting materi- thermodynamics suggested. There would never be enough energy
al at a very low temperature. Work continues apace to find a held, within a machine, to draw on for more than a few hours at
ceramic which will operate in the same way at room temperature, best, and it would not actually be able to do any work.
and this may well soon happen but the device will still be unable There are only two laws of thermodynamics, and the first one
to do work. The kind of perpetual motion which we shall be look- says that a certain amount of mechanical work will produce an
ing at is known as 'the first kind', and it is expected to do work. equivalent amount of heat. In other words, energy can be con-
Perpetual motion research can be traced back thousands of verted into heat, but it can't be destroyed or created. The second
years. Behind it lies a dream of free energy which could be law says that heat cannot be increased without the expenditure of
tapped by mankind for uses such as pumping water or turning more work, or energy. This means that heat can only flow out to
mills. Exactly how far back the search can be traced is restricted cooler surroundings; it can't do the reverse. Today these state-
by the fact that we must rely on written records. A fifth-century ments seem very obvious and, when combined with the laws of
Sanskrit manuscript on astronomy, Siddhanta Ciromani, describes motion as defined by Sir Isaac Newton, appear to rule out the pos-
sibility of perpetual motion.
The first law of motion states the rather obvious fact that a body
or thing which is at rest, i.e., not moving, will continue to remain
at rest unless acted upon by an external force, i.e., if something
pushes it. It goes on to mention that if the body is moving in a
particular direction, it will continue to move in that direction
unless acted upon by some external force, i.e., if something causes
it to change direction. The second law elaborates on the first law
in that it states that the action of something pushing or striking a
body in motion is the same in magnitude and direction as if it
acted on the body at rest. The third and final law says that every
action has an equal and opposite reaction—and anyone who has
ever attempted to ice-skate will vouch for the truth of this.
So these are the laws which, in part, help to exclude the possi-
bility of perpetual motion, and they cannot be faulted. Actually,
they are statements of fact that grew out of the writings of the
ancients such as Thales, followed by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo
and Descartes. Newton combined the work of his predecessors
and then added his own unique brand of genius, producing his
Principia Mathematica.
Remarkably, it seems that Newton himself did not rule out the
possibility of a perpetual motion machine. It is a little-known fact
that in his early notebooks, under the heading "Quaestiones" (sic),
Newton speculated that gravity (heaviness) is caused by the
descent of a subtle matter which strikes all bodies and carries
them down: "Whither ye rays of gravity may bee stopped by
reflecting or refracting ye, if so a perpetual motion may bee made
one of these two ways." Adjacent to these words, Newton added
two sketches of perpetual motion powered by the "flux of the
gravitational stream". Moreover, Newton became directly
involved in a famous controversy regarding a perpetual motion
machine, but, although challenged to comment on it, he main-
Johann Ernst Elias Bessler, also known as Orffyreus. tained a dignified silence.

I
mentioned that 'perpetual motionists' were busy in the 18th but even this was insufficient. He had no desire to prevent the
century. However, earlier than that, in 1623, the King of townsfolk seeing his wonderful wheel, but he was not prepared to
England passed an Act which eventually led to the establish- risk the secret of its construction becoming known. So, following
ment of the British Patent Office. Inventors were allowed to his brother Gottfried's advice, he began to ask a small charge for
retain the rights to their own invention and to secure a monopoly admission, giving all proceeds to the poor, and this did help to
on their idea for a certain length of time; thus they were given a reduce the crowds to more manageable numbers.
chance to develop their invention and exploit it without competi- The machine was not large; it was three feet (just under a
tion. In 1635, a patent was granted for a perpetual motion metre) in diameter and four inches (about 10 centimetres) in
machine, but we know nothing about it, as no description exists. depth. It was held stationary by a cord attached to the rim. As
In 1903, some 268 years later, nine applications for perpetual- soon as the cord was released, the wheel began to revolve, slowly
motion-related devices were received by the patent office. In at first but gathering speed rapidly until it was revolving at a
those intervening years the patent office dealt with over 600 appli- speed of 50 revolutions a minute. It had to be forcibly stopped,
cations that claimed designs for a perpetual motion machine! but, according to the inventor, if allowed to it would spin at this
It did not end then, but perhaps due to the improvement in edu- speed until the parts wore out. He promised that a larger machine
cation of more people and the widely held belief in the impossi- could be constructed which would be much more powerful.
bility of perpetual motion, potential
N
claimants to the secret have discovered that ews of Orffyreus' wheel spread to the
discretion is the best policy against a scorn- farthest corners of the Western
ful public. Little is heard of the secret exper- world. In England it met an impres-
iments in sheds and garages by amateur sive wall of disbelief, among the scientific
inventors still trying to solve the ancient puz- community at least. Reports reached the ear
zle. However, a glance through the back of Peter the Great, Czar of all Russia, who
issues of such well-known publications as Over the next four years, went to considerable lengths to buy the
Life, Newsweek, Smithsonian, Esquire and secret. Perpetual motion was discussed by
Science Digest will reveal articles on several Orffyreus responded to scientists, philosophers, statesmen, envoys
modern inventors who believe it is just a
matter of time before they solve the conun-
ever more restrictive and their rulers. Heated disputes arose over
whether perpetual motion was possible and
drum with a working model demonstrating demands and more whether Orffyreus had to be a fraud and a
perpetual motion. charlatan to make such claims. Anyway,
severe requirements how could a mere market trader have discov-
that his machines
S
uppose one man did claim to have ered something that had eluded the finest
discovered the secret. What if he intellects the world had ever known?
did make a working model?
perform this test or But Orffyreus was far from a mere
What if he exhibited it to the public? that test, by producing market trader.
What if he submitted it for testing by The general populace was curious
the top scientists of the day? What if it improved wheel after about Orffyreus' invention, but the
passed every single test that could be improved wheel. same could not be said for the intellec-
devised? And what if he offered it for tuals. Letters virtually spitting venom
sale for £20,000, but was unable to find were fired off from one scientist to
a buyer who would adhere to his strict another in an attempt to prove that
but fair conditions? What if one man Orffyreus was a liar. Others refused to
did all that, and eventually died in discuss the matter; their open, enquir-
poverty thirty-three years later, still ing minds snapped shut.
exhibiting his machine, still hoping that The most vociferous and therefore
someone would believe him, and still the most widely listened to, was a small
with his secret unrevealed, unsold and group of men from the town of
unsolved? Can this be possible? Could someone have succeeded Dresden, led by the Master Model-maker to the King of Poland.
where all before had failed? This man, Andreas Gärtner, published—or had published by his
Astonishingly, history does record just such a man. His full followers—the most slanderous tracts and pamphlets mocking
name was Johann Ernst Elias Bessler (1680?–1745), but he was Orffyreus or challenging him to come clean and admit that his
better known by his coded pseudonym, 'Orffyreus'. machine was a fake. There was no recourse to the law, such as a
Nearly 300 years ago in a small town in Germany, a most claim for libel, so there was little Orffyreus could do other than go
remarkable thing happened. Johann Bessler, or Orffyreus as he into print to defend himself. This he did with great enthusiasm,
liked to be called, had perfected his new invention, and he let the pouring out on paper all his hurt and injured pride.
local people into his house to see it in the hope of his selling the Over the next four years, Orffyreus responded to ever more
secret to some wealthy patron for a large sum of money. The pre- restrictive demands and more severe requirements that his
cise date was 6 June 1712 and the town was Gera. machines perform this test or that test, by producing improved
Reaction to Orffyreus' invention surpassed his expectations. wheel after improved wheel.
Word spread and a crowd gathered around the device (which took After the success of his first wheel, the small one at Gera,
the form of a narrow drum mounted on a pair of supports). Orffyreus constructed a larger version which measured five feet
Things got to the stage where the inventor had to close the exhibi- (1.5 metres) in diameter and turned as the others had done, with-
tion. Later, Orffyreus had the machine cordoned off in an attempt out stopping. Wonderful as this machine was, it still attracted
to control the viewing of his prototype perpetual motion machine, criticism: "It is still too small"; or "A larger one would be more

useful"; or "A larger one would not work because, as everyone the numerous smaller tests and the most thorough examinations of
knows, the larger a machine is, the less efficient it becomes". everything visible on the wheel—except for the internal workings
These were the kind of comments made about the wheel. The which, it was admitted, the inventor had a right to keep secret
most telling one, in the opinion of the inventor, was the published (until the desired purchase price had been agreed and paid).
statement by his enemy Gärtner—that the machine was wound up, But in spite of the successful tests, his enemies would not leave
and the winding was the source of its motive power. Orffyreus him alone. To Orffyreus' dismay, the detractors eventually won
went away to ponder and came back with an irrefutable argument. the day. In fact, from the moment he first demonstrated his inven-
He made a wheel that could turn in either direction, thus obviating tion, a storm of controversy had swiftly established itself and
the possibility of a clockwork mechanism. raged about him. When he died thirty-three years later, alone, in
This did not silence his enemies. Gärtner was joined by poverty, and still claiming that the invention was genuine and his
Christian Wagner, a student of mathematics, whose published own, and that he'd never been proved a liar, that storm, that hurri-
tracts were, if anything, even more vitriolic than Gärtner's. cane of controversy, had not abated in the slightest.
Wagner tried to claim that Orffyreus had fitted some kind of split
T
axle to his wheel in order to allow it to change direction. He did he legend of Orffyreus' wheel is fairly well known, but by
not explain how this might have been achieved, and he became omission and distortion of the facts, the real story has never
something of a target for Orffyreus' sarcasm. been told. Most of the information which appears in every
The new machine was submitted for examination and passed all encyclopaedia, in whatever language, tends to originate from one
the tests. As usual, these results were insufficient to satisfy those particular source.
who believed that the inventor was a fraud, and Orffyreus left In 1795, fifty years after Orffyreus' death, Friedrich Wilhelm
town yet again—after smashing his wheel to pieces in disgust. Strieder published a biographical dictionary which includes an
News continued to spread of the inventor's work and the account of the inventor's life. In it, Strieder mentions that he used
remarkable claims made for it. The Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel Orffyreus' own published writings as a source of information,
granted patronage to Orffyreus, made him a Commercial complaining at the same time that he needed "great patience, I
Councillor and invited him to rebuild his wheel, bigger and better must say, since it is a truly abominable piece of prose". In fact,
than ever before. This Orffyreus did. the account is written with some style and considerable wit and
In 1716 he produced his biggest and most amazing device ever. humour, but is overly long and repetitive when complaining about
This largest construction was in the form of a wheel or drum, 12 his enemies. I can understand that one might need patience to
feet in diameter (slightly under 4 m), about 18 inches in depth read all of it—Orffyreus' writing does suffer from an excess of
(about 46 cm) and weighing around 700 pounds (317 kilograms). verbiage—but it is not "abominable".
It was started with a gentle push, using two fingers, and quickly The veracity of Strieder's account of Orffyreus' life can be
reached a speed of 26 revolutions a minute, at which it could raise checked, fortunately. There are many Orffyrean tracts extant in
a load of bricks weighing 70 pounds (nearly 32 kg) or turn an which he describes his life, so the two versions can be checked for
Archimedean screw for pumping water. Even more remarkably it discrepancies. It is fairly obvious that Strieder had a very poor
could be stopped with tremendous difficulty and made to turn in opinion of the inventor, and he does not hesitate to let us know on
the opposite direction where it would perform as before. several occasions, but I have not been able to find any glaring dif-
The machine successfully underwent an extended test—under ference of a factual nature between the two accounts. There is,
lock and key and armed guard—for a period of 54 days (nearly however, a tendency to be selective in the use of certain facts.
eight weeks) without stopping. To this evidence one should add Strieder lays greater emphasis on some facets of the story, whilst
playing down other aspects.
Another source for accounts of the
actual devices exhibited by Orffyreus are
the newspapers of the day, and they pro-
vide much information about both the
dimensions of the 'wheels', as they were
called, and the prevailing opinion
regarding the possibility of perpetual
motion.
However, the best mine of information
lies in the numerous letters written about
the Orffyrean machine. Two of the most
striking and convincing letters came to
my attention through the efforts of
William Kendrick (1725?–1779), a
rather pathetic character who made a liv-
ing penning literary articles. Kendrick
actually died while waiting for the patent
office to grant him a patent on his own
design of a perpetual motion device.
Whether it existed outside his own imag-
ination is difficult to say, but certainly he
From Johann Bessler's first publication, Grundlicher Bericht, published in 1715. was a believer in the possibility, and,
(Source: From Perpetual Motion: An Ancient Mystery Solved?, © 1997 by John Collins) indeed, gave a course of lectures on the
subject.

B
ut to return to Strieder, his account continues, albeit The maid stated that the posts were hollowed out and a barbed
sketchily, from the time of the big Kassel wheel, up to the piece of iron inserted and connected to the shaft journal. Anyone
inventor's death. Unfortunately, we only have Orffyreus' giving reasonable consideration to this account will see that the
own account of his life up to and including the building of the last power and strength required to keep a machine of this size turn-
wheel. It is therefore harder to determine how much faith to place ing, by applying its force through the bearings, would be enor-
in Strieder's account of Orffyreus' life after 1719 because we have mous. And besides, where would one find a metal of sufficient
nothing to compare it with, except what we can piece together strength to withstand the tremendous load placed on it? Not only
from the numerous letters and newspaper reports. It is reasonable that, it had to be kept turning for almost eight weeks—and was
to assume that Strieder's account was a factual rendition of events, expected to do work, i.e., raise a box of bricks weighing 70
but biased. The reason for this bias is not hard to find. pounds and turn an Archimedean screw. Forget the problem of
In his search for information, Strieder turned up some extreme- actually devising a mechanism which would operate inside a
ly damning pieces of evidence—namely, no fewer than seven wooden post connected to a bearing at one end and a small wheel
sworn statements to the effect that the inventor was a swindler at the other!
and that they, the witnesses, had been forced to take part in the It is hard for me to convey the utter certainty in my mind, of
fraud and had been sworn to silence by malicious intent by the maid. I am sure
Orffyreus. Most of the witnesses were either that whatever criminal accusations may be
relatives of Orffyreus or his servants. laid at Orffyreus' door, the maid's account
This evidence has been the overwhelming is fictitious.
factor in the demise of Orffyreus' reputation, And if this part of Strieder's evidence,
notwithstanding the fact that perpetual motion ...it had to be kept the key part, is faulty, how much reliability
even at that time was regarded as a scientific
impossibility. Faced with these facts, the
turning for almost may be placed on the rest of his evidence?
During Orffyreus' efforts to achieve
reader may well feel it is pointless even to
suggest that there could be anything other than
eight weeks— recognition for his perpetual motion
machine, his claims came to the attention
fraud connected with the Orffyrean machine. and was expected of Karl, the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel.
All is not as it seems, however. He was similar perhaps to a Duke in
The biographer only reproduced two docu- to do work, i.e., England, and as such he ruled a small
ments as examples, and as if these
weren't bad enough he summarised accu-
raise a box of bricks Dukedom, whose capital was the
town of Kassel. It is recorded that he
sations from some of the other docu- weighing 70 pounds was the only man whom Orffyreus
ments. For instance, he stated that ever allowed to see inside the wheel.
Orffyreus' "wife confirmed in great and turn an He was sworn to secrecy, and he
shame that she was forced to swear five never broke his word.
oaths to her husband—who always car- Archimedean It puzzled me to think that if he had
ried consecrated wafers, but was a des-
perate man who cared for nothing—and
screw. seen the inside of the wheel, he obvi-
ously knew the truth, and yet no men-
that, in the end, she nevertheless felt tion was made in Strieder's biography
obliged to confide secretly in a man who of any comment by Karl following
was bound by oath and duty, but that that Orffyreus' arrest for fraud. He took
man decided to take her treacherous hus- Orffyreus and his machine under his
band's side and do nothing, even warning patronage, and even made the inven-
her of the most frightful consequences of tor Councillor of Commerce for
any further action". Hesse-Kassel. Could he have been a party to the subterfuge'? Or
Can there possibly be any doubt of Orffyreus' guilt? History might he have been duped by a plausible rogue? Or, the only
does not think so, and I wouldn't have had any doubt except for other possibility, was Orffyreus telling the truth? Had he really
my finding one small, seemingly insignificant phrase which cast invented some kind of self-propelled machine? ∞
doubt on the authenticity of the evidence. About the Author:
In a document dated 28 November 1727, Orffyreus' maid gave John Collins has worked within the engineering industry for most of his life,
the following statement, as recorded by Strieder: and has been intrigued and mystified by Johann Bessler's life and work for
"The posts had been hollowed out and contained a long thin much of the last 30 years. He is experimenting with his own prototype based
on Orffyreus' wheel and is having encouraging results. Collins is the author of
piece of iron with a barb at the bottom which was attached to the Perpetual Motion: An Ancient Mystery Solved? (reviewed in NEXUS 5/03,
shaft journal. Turning was carried out from Orffyreus' bedroom April-May 1998). He can be contacted at PO Box 2001, Leamington Spa,
which was close to the machine, on a shelf behind the bed." Warwicksh ire CV32 6YQ, UK; tel/f ax +4 4 (0)1926 42 4264; website
The first area of concern was the maid's statement regarding the <http://www.free-energy.co.uk>.
secret mechanism. It was, frankly, impossible. Whatever mecha- Editor's Note:
nism moved that wheel, there is absolutely no way that it could To exchange information on experiments with Orffyreus' wheel, contact
have been driven by the means described. Twelve feet (3.6 • in UK: John Collins (as above)
metres) across, 18 inches (45.7 cm) thick, and weighing an esti- • in Australia: Jan Rutkovski, tel (08) 8258 5039
• in USA: KeelyNet, PO Box 1031, Mesquite, TX 75150, tel (214) 324 3501,
mated 700 pounds (318 kilograms), and the whole construction website, www.keelynet.com
turned on a pair of bearings measuring just three-quarters of an
inch! And what is more, it accelerated from a very slow speed to Copies of Perpetual Motion: An Ancient Mystery Solved? can be obtained
one of between 25 and 26 revolutions per minute in just three rev- through NEXUS offices in Australia, NZ, UK and the Netherlands. In the
olutions! USA, we suggest you phone Adventures Unlimited Press on (815) 253 6390.

EX-ASTRONAUT EDGAR heard from these people, who are more being in its own right. This means that all
MITCHELL SPEAKS OUT ON ET S highly qualified than I am to talk about life-forms, whether on Earth or elsewhere,
Former NASA astronaut and scientist UFOs, leave me in no doubt that aliens are all part of one giant consciousness.
Edgar Mitchell is one of only twelve people have already visited Earth. So when I learned that aliens really do
to have walked on the Moon. Mitchell I've been interested in the subject since I exist, I wasn't too surprised. But what did
caused a sensation at a UFO conference in joined NASA 40 years ago. Probably my shock me, when I started investigating
the US in October when he claimed he has most visionary moment was when I actual- extraterrestrial reports a decade ago, is the
seen proof that aliens exist. ly landed on the Moon with Apollo 14. extent to which the proof has been hushed
In 1971, as an Apollo 14 a s t r o n a u t , I felt an overwhelming sense that the up.
Mitchell became the sixth person to have universe itself is in some way a conscious It isn't just the US Government which
walked on the Moon. Now 68, he works as
a consultant to the acclaimed science fic -
tion TV series, The X Files.
In a recent interview for a London maga -
zine, Edgar Mitchell told why he is con -
vinced there is life on other planets and
that extraterrestrials have landed on Earth.
I
am an American astronaut and a trained
scientist. Because of my position, peo-
ple in high places confide in me. And
as a result, I have no doubt that aliens have
visited this planet.
The American Government and govern-
ments throughout the world have thousands
of files of UFO sightings which cannot be
explained. As a scientist, it is logical to me
that at least some of these will have been
witness to alien craft.
As a former astronaut, the military peo-
ple who have access to these files are more
willing to talk to me than to people they
regard as mere cranks. The stories I have

THE TWILIGHT ZONE
has kept quiet about alien visits. It would our existing secret technology that what life-forms need not be 'little green men'.
be arrogant of an American like myself to might look like an alien craft may well turn The scientists' definition of intelligent life
assume that ETs would only choose to visit out to be a top-secret military plane. On is whether or not it can use and manage
my country. the other hand, the craft may be an alien information. Even the most primitive
Indeed, I've heard convincing stories spaceship. Personally, however, I'd say microbes on Earth qualify by that defini-
about governments all over the world— yes, it's quite possible we are currently tion, and surely there are, at the very least,
including the British Government—that being visited. similar microbes thriving on planets
know of alien visits. throughout the universe.
Not all governments are anxious to keep
their findings quiet. The Belgians have
admitted that aliens may be out there, and
T he whole question of extraterrestrials
should be looked at in an historical
context. Five hundred years ago, the
If you are starting to think that walking
on the Moon addled my brain and that I'll
believe any old crank theory about ETs,
have released information about sightings astronomer Copernicus was condemned as think again.
that cannot be explained away as military a heretic for saying that planet Earth wasn't
planes, weather phenomena and so on.
There is a very simple reason why gov-
ernments have been so secretive: fear.
the centre of the universe but merely a
small part of it. Now we laugh at those
long-dead fools for not listening to the
I would describe myself as a cynic. I was
not convinced about the existence of
aliens until I started talking to the military
truth. old-timers who were there at the time of
M odern UFO sightings really began

with the Roswell incident in 1947,
when a crashed craft containing the corpses
People who believe in aliens aren't all
cranks, and some may be looked upon in
the future as visionaries similar to
Roswell. The more government documen-
tation on aliens I was told about, the more
convinced I became.
of several aliens was found in Roswell, Copernicus. Meanwhile, the majority of us It must be stressed that the wackier peo-
New Mexico. Make no mistake...Roswell still believe mankind is the biological cen- ple on the fringe of alien matters do the
happened. I've seen secret files which tre of the universe. subject no end of damage. Contrary to
show the government knew about it, but We will refuse to accept that intelligent rumour, there are no alien buildings and
decided not to tell the public. life exists outside Earth unless we person- structures on the Moon. I should know—I
There were very good security reasons ally bump into an alien while we're doing was there!
for not informing the public about Roswell. the shopping. Is this attitude really any I even became caught up in these
Quite simply, we wouldn't have known different from those 'simpletons' of 500 rumours when a theory started that a Moon
how to deal with the technology of intelli- years ago? 'structure' was reflected on my helmet dur-
gent beings advanced enough to send a My training at NASA only allows me to ing TV transmissions of my landing. That
craft to Earth. The world would have pan- look at things scientifically. Even if I had just isn't true. It's that kind of disinforma-
icked if we'd known aliens were visiting not been shown evidence of alien landings tion which stops credible people admitting
us. on Earth, the assumption must be that that they, too, believe in aliens.
The question of whether or not aliens are somewhere in the universe another planet Thankfully, things are changing for the
still visiting us is more complex. Such is is capable of supporting alien life. Those better. It's a snowball effect: the more sci-
entists admit that ETs are a viable prospect,
the more they are investigated in a scientif-
ic manner. And the more that happens, the
more chance there is of our discovering
inarguable proof of extraterrestrials.
It helps, too, that those in possession of
documentation of alien visits to Earth are
starting to come forward. The military
people I spoke to are tired of the secrecy
surrounding Roswell and similar cases,
particularly as the information is being
leaked.
I firmly believe that this documentation
will have to be made public within the next
three or four years. And if proof of ETs is
finally made public, nobody will be happi-
er than me.
What I don't think will happen is that I
will ever see an extraterrestrial. I'd love to
see one, though it's not the biggest priority
in my life. But, as they say on a TV show
I'm associated with, the truth is out there.
(Source: John Earls, The People, London,
25 October 1998)

THE TWILIGHT ZONE
2001 SPACE ODDITIES SPANISH AIR FORCE lowing morning. The official report does
DECLASSIFIES ITS 'X-FILES'
I
n a report earlier this year, I wrote that, not furnish any explanation for the phe-
A
in 1969, Apollo 10 astronauts Stafford, declassification process, begun by nomenon.
Cernan and Young were the first to Spain's Air Force in 1992, was According to Spanish ufologist Manuel
approach an extraterrestrial beacon completed as of 7 September 1998, Carballal, the incident of 5 December 1989
(dubbed "the Monolith") and film it. according to official sources. Madrid's gave rise to "one of the most interesting 'X-
Now, with additional information, I can General Air Force Library is now the Files' at the state level". But Carballal also
add that they were not, however, the first repository of 83 UFO and 'X-File'-type says that the document, now housed at the
astronauts to spot this ET beacon. That reports previously classified as Top Secret. Air Force Library, is "a mutilated report".
Monolith was first sighted by Russian cos- An estimated 20 per cent of the cases lack Carballal claims to have gleaned more offi-
monaut Yuri Gagarin, the first man in any logical explanation. cial documents than those declassified by
space, in 1961. He was followed that same A four-page report from the Spanish Air Spain's Ministry of Defence.
year by American astronaut Alan Shepard Force's Intelligence section describes what Carballal cites another example of
who also sighted the beacon. some Spanish ufologists consider the most Spain's 'X-Files'. "The Defence Ministry
It turns out that sighting the beacon was disquieting UFO case from the Galicia has not found an explanation to a paranor-
not that unlikely. My ex-NSA [National region in northwestern Spain. The report, mal event which occurred on 2 April 1966
Security Agency] informant said, "There numbered 891205, describes events which in the region of El Ferrol," he says.
are billions of them floating all over." occurred on 5 December 1989. The story is covered in a five-page file,
Dr Michael Wolf shed additional light The document explains how a lenticular number 660402.
on the beacons. "They are 'postcards from UFO "with a vast array of shining lights" "A corporal, a watchman and two sailors
the rim'. They emit both light and tone sig- flew at low speed "between the towns of witnessed, from the A Carreira radio sta-
nals, sending a mathematical language. Sada and Castro". Two hours of film also tion, a luminous object whose shape varied
There may be five or more ET civilisations document the events. every five minutes."
involved in setting up these beacons." At 6.40 pm local time, members of the The phenomenon lasted 45 minutes.
Ignore those Boeing commercials and Spanish state police in Castro notified the One of the witnesses took a snapshot of the
the NASA press releases about how Lavacolla control tower, which in turn UFO, but it only shows a white spot on a
America "soon" will have its own first alerted a nearby aerial vigilance station black background.
manned space station. My ex-NSA infor- (EVA 10) at Noia. Both civilian and mili- (Source: CNI News, vol. 4, no. 15, part 1,
mant revealed that there has been a tary radars detected the object. The control 1 October 1998; translated by Scott
manned "deep space platform" in orbit tower requested visual reports from civil- Corrales <[email protected]>. This text
above Earth for over thirty years! "It [has] ian aircraft in the area, but no civilian pilot summarises portions of an original article
had three manned [American] crews as claimed to see the object. written by R. Ventureira, published in the
well as Russians 'on' since '68!" He further By 8.40 pm, three unknown objects at newspaper La Voz de Galicia on 8
stated that, since 1973, the space station various altitudes were appearing on Noia's September 1998. Scott Corrales is creator
has received additional extremely high radar. The tracking was reportedly discon- of the online journal Inexplicata, the jour -
technology "and has had upgrades". tinued at 9.02 pm, but the signal remained nal of Hispanic ufology; website
His disclosures confirm reports I had on EVA 10's radar until 8.00 am the fol- <http://www.inexplicata.com>)
heard previously from former military offi-
cers about a secret space platform in orbit.
This disclosure makes clear—as does my
earlier report about a secret military astro-
naut program retrieving the Apollo 10
Monolith in 1972 for study—that the Cape
Canaveral space shuttle launches and the
"first American space station" on NASA's
drawing boards are just government 'cover'
programs. Such programs have served to
deflect the public from becoming aware
before now of the existence of a black-pro-
ject military space station and classified
military craft which can go well past orbit
into deep space.
Additional disclosures are expected to be
made, and they will be brought to you as
they become available.
(Source: by Richard Boylan, PhD, LLC,
2826 O Street #2, Sacramento, CA 95816,
USA, tel (916) 455 0120, website
www.ufonetwork.com/boylan/)

A
llegedly the United States Government has known about UFOs, their occupants
and their advanced technological ability to interrupt electronic equipment since
at least the Truman Administration. According to some military insiders, the
United States tried aggressively in the early 1950s to bring down discs.
Retrievals of crashed discs and non-human beings have been described during the 1940s,
1950s and beyond. Evidence of retrieval operations was hidden from the public inside
double vaults, behind 'weather balloon' headlines and under a policy of silence in the
interests of national security.
A retired US Army Leonard Stringfield, longtime UFO researcher since his days in the US Air Force, told
me before he died that no one would ever know how many of our own pilots we lost try-
Special Forces ing to carry out orders to bring down the discs. Was our initial aggression a provocation
officer claims that for alien retaliation?
By the 1970s, it appears the aliens were interacting not only with nuclear missile sites
in 1971, while on a but with animals, plants and humans all over the world, either with or without government
knowledge and approval.
secret mission in I learned about one extraordinary military interaction with grey-skinned, non-human
entities from Pete Bostrom when I spoke at a Midwestern conference in l990. (Bostrom is
Cambodia, he and a Vietnam War veteran who served on active duty in the US military from 1969 to 1971
and has long had an interest in unusual phenomena.)
his company had a Bostrom handed me several typed pages and said: "Read this. It's one of the strangest
conversations I've ever had with anyone in my life. If you want to use it in your work,
terrifying encounter you have my permission."
with humanoid The subject was a close encounter during the Vietnam War. This is one of several eye-
witness accounts I have received from men who describe having seen round, silver discs
aliens, and a sinister and grey beings during their respective tours in South East Asia. Some men claiming
inside intelligence knowledge have suggested that extraterrestrials were covertly helping
debriefing with the the United States during the war. Other men have implied that the non-humans used the
war's violence to cover up an alien harvest of tissue and genetic material from animals and
CIA and MJ-12. humans.
The following account describes a violent interaction between Vietnam GIs and non-
human beings, in which one human attacked and a non-human responded with restraint.
This incident also indicates there is an immediate, aggressive, intimidating and well-
planned US intelligence response to 'handle' UFO eyewitnesses, especially those responsi-
ble enough to lead men in combat but who are not included in the need-to-know agendas
of government insiders who have knowledge about non-human entities.
PETER BOSTRUM'S INTRODUCTION TO AUDIOTAPED INTERVIEW

"The following is a conversation I audiotaped in the mid-1980s with the permission of a
retired military Special Forces officer who served in Thailand during the Vietnam War.
His special training was in electronics.
by Linda Moulton Howe © 1998 "At the time of this conversation, 'Joe' [at his request, his real name is not used] was
LMH Productions retired and repairing television sets, VCR players and other electronic equipment in a
PO Box 300 Midwestern town. This is an account of his close encounter with several EBEs [extrater-
Jamison, PA 18929-0300, USA restrial biological entities] and their space vehicle.
Telephone: +1 (215) 491 9840 "Unlike other countless reports of similar 'high-strangeness' meetings with extraterres-
Fax: +1 (215) 491 9842 trials, this account is maybe even more interesting because it happened in wartime sur-
roundings in Cambodia, a country supposedly out of bounds for US troops then. Plus,
there is mention of MJ-12 as a government entity involved with the gathering of informa-

tion about unidentified objects in the airspace in and around When we came into the clearing we were quite surprised to find
Thailand, and it shows how determined the government is to something quite unlike what I've ever seen before. At the time, I
extract all information it can on the subject. Also, there is men- held the rank of Lieutenant. We had with us approximately four-
tion of another strange encounter in the same general area. teen Special Forces of our country [USA] and several dozen Thai
"I spoke with Joe off and on for several weeks. When he spoke arranged with us."
about this encounter, he never changed his story and I believe he BOSTROM: So you were in Special Forces?
wants to give the true account as he himself saw it happen. As JOE: Yes. I was originally with the l01st Airborne Special
my conversations continued with Joe around 1985, he said he had Tactical Unit. We were reassigned 506th Air Cavalry sent to
been contacted by an officer friend still on active duty who told Thailand. They were under the auspices of a group we won't dis-
Joe that he could freely speak about the subject of his encounter cuss for obvious reasons. During this time, there had been several
with the extraterrestrials in Cambodia and anything else concern- reports of some strange incidents of things flying through trees.
ing the subject. He said the officer told him, 'This information We more or less pooh-poohed them, thinking they were people
will be made public in the near future, anyway'. But Joe was told getting scared in combat.
not to indicate specifi- We entered the
cally the true reason clearing. What we
why he was in saw was almost
Cambodia. spherical in shape and
"This other officer suspended close to
also talked about the the ground on four
UFO subject in gener- legs. And there were
al, and told Joe that the a number of, the best
Roswell crash really description I could
happened and say, humanoids.
described precise meth- There were at least as
ods of how people who many of them as there
need to see the alien were of us.
vehicle and bodies are BOSTROM: How
transported in high- many do you think?
security procedures. JOE: I would say
The officer also dis- there was anywhere
cussed two different between sixteen to
alien beings. One twenty-one. Their
name he used was the appearance was not
'Greys' and the other that of any human
was the 'Nordics'. being I'd ever seen on
"Several months Earth. Skin was a
later, Joe said he was greyish-whitish
going back into gov- colour. They were
ernment service. He wearing what
still seemed to have appeared to be a one-
government friends piece jumpsuit which
with high-level security was silver in colour,
clearances." Spherical craft with symbol etched in mirrored surface that matches symbol drawn by much like a met-
Officer Lonnie Zamora in Socorro, New Mexico on 24 April 1964.
allised Mylar heatsuit.
(Drawing by Joe from 1971 encounter in Cambodia.)
JOE'S ENCOUNTER It didn't appear to be a
WITH NON-HUMAN BEINGS pressure-suit of any kind. We found out later that it was quite a
JOE: In September 1971, I was stationed with the Army in strong material.
Thailand. Originally it was a routine mission into Cambodia When we approached, they really didn't notice us at first; and
close to an area called Tonle Sap, just south of Angkor Wat where when they did, they turned toward us. Some of the fellows [non-
the temples are. We had gone on a previous mission in answer to humans] were carrying some type of instruments. Didn't see any
some problems and had gone back on a search-and-destroy mis- weapons anywhere. Made a quick judgement. It didn't look like
sion. The area we were mainly concerned about was insurgents any weapon I'd ever seen, so I thought it could be safe.
from the Khmer Rouge—Pol Pot's people. They were really caus- We had a young corporal with us [George]. Well, it was his
ing havoc at the time with the local indigenous personnel. We second time in combat and he didn't react very well. These—I'll
were after one group, and when going through the jungle we call them aliens—one of the aliens turned toward him with some-
heard some noises that sounded like generators or machinery. thing in his hand. George evidently thought it was a weapon of
Something with a hum. some type, felt threatened and let loose a short burst of fire from a
PETER BOSTROM: So, that's what attracted you? Browning FNFAL, which is literally a three-way Winchester. It
JOE: Yes. We assumed they had some kind of refuelling sta- has a 150-grain slug, the same hitting power as the 30-0-6 out to
tion or something out there. It was quite common for the Khmer 150 yards. About the shortest burst you could fire on full auto is
Rouge and Pathet Lao to use a high place in the jungle to make an somewhere between 8 and 12 rounds, which, at the distance from
artificial clearing for refuelling helicopters, things like that. Most 30 to 35 feet where it struck this fellow, would devastate a normal
of them were Russian-made and they could refuel them. human being.

We were wearing flack jackets most of the time. The material The only thing I could figure was that the [bodysuit] material
[on the humanoid], whatever it was, was like the 'second chance' was tough enough that it acted as a cushion, just like a vest. We
material we had which was a compact, lightweight, bulletproof spent many times picking slugs out of our flack jackets. They
vest. I've been struck several times with slugs wearing those—rib smart. They will knock you out cold, sometimes, from the
cage broken, you get bruised very badly, you feel like you are impact. It's like having a very large electric shock run through
going to die—but as a general rule, unless it's an armour-piercing your body. What takes people out, knocks them out flat, is not the
slug or some type of Teflon sliding jacket, the slugs don't pene- actual impact of the bullet but the nervous reaction of the impact,
trate. I've seen 50-calibre shells go through, but nothing much and it will literally lay you out flat before you hit the ground.
smaller than that. Nothing except high calibre and high velocity Every muscle in your body goes rigid. So, I guess they [the
will pierce it. Occasionally a tracer will burn a pretty-good-sized aliens] have basically the same physiological reaction that we do.
hole in it. When it struck this fellow [humanoid], he went down, When he [taller humanoid] turned to me and placed his palm up
dropped like a stone, like he was dead. We assumed he was dead. toward me again to stop, I had a feeling that everything was okay.
In that humanoid group, most of them were all approximately I'm not going to say that it was some kind of telepathic message.
the same height. I would say some were five foot or less, maybe It didn't really seem anything like that. It just seemed like, "Hey,
four foot eight inches, in that range. They it's cool. He panicked and I understand the
were very small people; more like dwarves, situation."
and perfectly proportioned. Only one fellow At this point, the humanoids packed up all
was taller, about five-six or five-seven. He their little instruments, packed themselves
intervened at this point. I pushed the weapon back into the craft and left almost soundless-
down that George had in his hand. I thought, ly. It sat there on the ground as the four
"God, this [humanoid] guy is going to kill "...one of the aliens legs, resting on the ground with pads on
us!" turned toward him with them, retracted back into the body of the
At this point, I was terror-stricken. We
didn't know who these guys were. something in his hand. craft, which was spheroid. Then it just lifted
straight up off the ground. I didn't see any
Something like this happens, and all the sci- George evidently visible means of propulsion. There was a
ence fiction movies you've ever seen in your little noise. It was hard to tell if it was just
life run through your mind. You think, "Oh, thought it was a weapon the wind blowing through there or what.
my God, are they going to pull out ray guns? of some type, felt Then it was just like an instantaneous burst
Are they going to atomise us?" of speed.
BOSTROM: Did any of them ever threatened and let BOSTROM: What do you think the
say anything? loose a short burst of diameter was?
J O E : Never heard a single word. JOE: I would say that it was at a
This fellow [taller humanoid] turned to fire from a Browning minimum of fifty feet. It could have
me, evidently knowing that I was pla- FNFAL, which is been as far across as 150 feet. It was
toon commander. He raised his hand very difficult to judge. It was a mir-
with palm out and fingers up in just a literally a three-way rored surface. So you're looking at
peaceful gesture and stopped and
walked over to George and struck him
Winchester." something and the jungle is being
reflected and it's really hard to judge
on the cheek. It wasn't a real heavy the size. I know it was at least as tall
blow. George went down like a limp as a five-storey building. What didn't
rag, just like an electric shock had gone make any sense is why it should be
through him. The only thing I could spheroid. Whatever propulsion system
figure was either this [humanoid] fel- it required, I don't know. Perhaps it's
low is a lot stronger than we imagined some type of anti-gravity drive and
he was, or he did something else. You've seen blows, even in you'd have to have everything cantered.
martial arts, that don't appear to be very heavy but have a devas- BOSTROM: Was it round like a ball?
tating effect. George went down like a stone; just a limp rag. JOE: Round like a ball. Perfectly round as far as I could tell.
About the time I was trying to pull him up, I didn't know what There was one symbol on the side, of what appeared to be, I
we were going to do at that point. I didn't want anybody else to would say, black paint. Either this, or there was just no coating
fire because I figured if we opened fire on these guys we were on this area. It was a simple symbol of an arc, almost like a pyra-
dead. I was scared. I soiled my pants at that point—a nervous mid with a line drawn underneath it.
reaction. I didn't know quite what to do. With the exception of
George, we were all veterans of at least twenty to twenty-five fire- [Joe drew the round craft encountered during the military oper-
fights. We were relatively well-seasoned combat veterans. It ation near Tonle Sap, Cambodia, in April 1972, and wrote:
could have been George's third time out, but probably second, and The craft was polished, highly reflective, mirrored in appear -
he was green and he panicked, and I thought, "Well, he just paid ance. Spherical in shape, the craft appeared to be approxi -
the price for it. This [humanoid] fellow just killed him." But mately 50 feet in diameter. Symbol on surface seemed to be
George recovered quickly. ground and sandblasted, as it was less reflective. No appar -
I tried to pull George up, and turned around about the time the ent opening or door was seen until just before departure.
fellow [humanoid] that was shot [by George] got up and brushed This was evidently due to an extremely precise fit and the
himself off. I thought, "Oh, shit, these fellows are going to wipe nature of materials involved. Although armor was not readi -
us out! If an FNFAL didn't take him down in eight to twelve ly apparent, the surface was impervious to small-arms fire.
shots, that is one tough little hombre." The craft emitted a high-pitched hum, even while motionless

on the ground, and was otherwise nearly silent in its ascent. Thank you very much. Discuss this with no one and have a nice
Legs appeared to be one contiguous piece with the body, but day."
withdrew into the orb during take-off. The encounter and the Miller was very single-sided with information. We gave him
description of the object were reported directly to civilians everything. He told us absolutely nothing. He was a cold-blood-
who identified themselves as representatives of 'MAJIC'.] ed man. I don't think I ever saw the man sweat. Most of the time
he wore a black suit or a dark grey flannel suit. When you're in
JOE: We returned to base. The Thais, of course, weren't going Thailand and it's at that point in the year when it's somewhere
to say anything to anybody. They 'saw nothing, heard nothing', between 97 and 100 degrees [Fahrenheit], 100 to 110 per cent rel-
just along for the ride. Which was typical reaction for the Thais. ative humidity, it's so hot you get heat that's like fog. I don't think
They didn't want to get involved. But they were quite shaken by I ever saw him sweat except for this incident. But he had a cold
it, as we were. It took us approximately three days to get back to sweat going into this. He ended up taking his jacket off—and you
the border. never saw him outside of a jacket.
BOSTROM: What did everybody talk about on the way back? Miller and these other guys sat us down and grilled us that day
JOE: Absolutely nothing. We decided on the way back that at least three-and-a-half to four hours. And I was trying to find
nobody saw anything. We didn't hear anything. We didn't know out who it was that told them because when we got back, nobody
anything about it. We got back to the base said anything. So something or somebody
and the first thing we did was head for a hot snitched.
shower, because you had to pull all the lice BOSTROM: Someone would have had
off you and everything else and you felt pret- to run in immediately and tell them?
ty darn dirty. JOE: We hadn't been back more than an
BOSTROM: The guy who got knocked "Now, I do not know hour. We usually took a shower, got
down—George. Was he all right? cleaned up and got a little rest before we
JOE: He was alright at that point. He whether we saw were debriefed because that could some-
was a corporal and went to the officers' bar- something else, or they times take many hours. It was very interest-
racks. A fellow from the provost marshal's ing. They even sequestered us in our quar-
office came in and informed me that I had to gave us a different ters. We were told not to have any outside
report to the captain's office immediately. I memory... activities at all, and meals would be brought
said, "Do I have time to rinse off?' He said, to us. We were not to talk to any unautho-
"Just barely." He said, "Put on some clothes rised personnel. 'Authorised' meant them, or
and get over there. They want to talk to you I do know that every someone directly with authorisation from the
right now." I asked him what it was about. provost marshal's office.
He said, "I don't know. They won't tell one of us still has Then we spent the next three to
me. Just get your tail over there. It's occasional nightmares three-and-a-half weeks talking to vari-
something very heavy." He said they ous people—some of them, I don't
were quite confused about something. about it and we get know who in the heck they were.
I walked into the captain's office.
We were met by the captain, a couple
flashes of things that Several were psychologists—it was
very obvious by the kind of questions
of majors, a colonel and some civilians. are just an incredible we were being asked, and they started
If you've ever worked with anybody
with 'the Firm', they reek of it. You
bloodbath." dragging out the ink blots. We went on
with this for two weeks, and then they
generally expect them in grey flannel started using narco-hypnosis.
suits and white socks, but these fellows BOSTROM: How did that operate?
just reeked of the Firm. JOE: Essentially, they sit you in a
BOSTROM: What is 'the Firm'? chair, hook up the sphygmomanome-
J O E : When you hear people ter, the blood pressure tape, and get
involved in security, they never call a you highly relaxed, using soothing
certain agency of the government 'the Company' [Central music sometimes, and they give you an injection of basically what
Intelligence Agency, CIA]. Insiders like to call it 'the Firm'. is called a 'hypnotic drug'. There were drugs like Seconal,
Again, what we were with was literally a front for the CIA's mili- Scopolamine—the type that have a tendency to reduce what they
tary part which it's not supposed to have. Well, it had one. call 'psychic resistance'. You get your body as relaxed as possible
Recently there have been little leaks about that. Miller [real name and you lose your will. They actually hypnotise you at that point.
withheld] rode with MJ—you know, Majestic 12. It's a combination of drugs and hypnosis. The only thing I can say
BOSTROM: MJ-12? that occurred during that time was that in one way or another, they
JOE: Right. The only way we ever heard Miller call it was altered our memories. [Howe's emphasis.]
'MJ-12' or 'MJ'. We knew he worked for that. We didn't know Now, I do not know whether we saw something else, or they
what the heck it was. The only thing we knew was that any gave us a different memory and that's what we ended up with, or
enemy aircraft that was sighted had to be reported to him. Any what we saw was much worse than what we thought had occurred
photographs we took had to be given to him. He was overly con- and I toned it down. I do know that every one of us still has occa-
cerned about enemy aircraft, unusual sightings, anything out of sional nightmares about it and we get flashes of things that are
the ordinary. just an incredible bloodbath.
He'd call us in occasionally to look at photographs and say, George was reassigned from our unit after we had all cleared
"What is this?" And we'd say, "That's a Russian gunship, it has so through medical and psychological. I was called into the captain's
much armament." He'd say, "Okay, that's what I want to know. office approximately six or eight weeks after the incident to iden-

tify a body they told me was George. Now, I'd seen the man on for awhile. It's frustrating. I find myself angry because I don't
the base a few days before. The body they showed me was far, know what the heck they [MJ-12/CIA] did to us.
far decomposed for even the jungle, where you have rapid decom- I did find out that a few weeks after we had our incident, there
position." were at least two more. In one, some GIs were pinned down and
BOSTROM: But you couldn't positively identify the body? two of those little [alien] fellows stepped out of the woods. One
JOE: I couldn't identify it as George. The flesh was all lique- of the aliens threw a small object out between them and the Pathet
fied. Lao that had the GIs pinned down. The men described it as a
BOSTROM: So it may have been someone else? 'darkness' grenade instead of a smoke grenade. It put up enough
JOE: The only thing I can say is his tissue seemed to suffer of a partition of darkness that they were able to escape. These
from some kind of extreme disruption, like every cell wall had guys came back, and others immediately came down, saying,
been broken—like you see with a cold sore. I think whatever "What the hell did they do to you guys when you saw that thing?"
happened to him, they transferred him so they could show me the And they said they went through the same debriefing procedure
body and say, "That's George". we had to go through.
BOSTROM: Then why would they show you a body you BOSTROM: What did the guys who saw the smoke bomb say
couldn't identify? about the craft?
JOE: I don't know. The people we were dealing with [MJ-12] JOE: They didn't see a craft. All they saw was the [alien] fel-
were very, very careful about covering all avenues. They never lows that we had seen—some of the smaller ones."
left a thread hanging. As far as I knew, he was dead. I was called BOSTROM: They just appeared there?
in to identify the body and sign the papers. The only way I could JOE: The men heard a noise out in the jungle and these two
identify was with his dog tags. The usual thing was that during aliens peeked out, looked at the men who could see them clearly.
combat, because of the nature of our The aliens turned to each other and,
unit, dog tags were retrieved by a whatever discussion they had, one of
ranking officer and returned to you them reached up and threw a small
when you returned to base. We car- object; and the guys there said it
ried what was called 'T8407 -?-T101', "I did find out that a few weeks couldn't have been any smaller than
which was a get-out-of-jail-free card. after we had our incident, there a tennis ball, and it went off with a
It was a cardboard card with two sides loud pop—not an explosion, but a
and department logo on one side to were at least two more. In one, pop. It's just like a dark gas. It came
say the individual was allowed to be
carrying strange and unusual
some GIs were pinned down and up like smoke does, but it was dark-
ness, and they looked at each other
weapons, may or may not be in uni- two of those little [alien] fellows and said, "What the hell is this?!"
form, and was not to be detained for
any reason whatsoever. If this card is
stepped out of the woods." And one of them said, "I don't care.
Let's get out of here!' So they high-
found on a body, it is to be burned tailed it out. It took the Pathet Lao
with the body and reported to a tele- back far enough that they couldn't
phone number and group, stateside. pursue the GIs. They've never seen
BOSTROM: Is this all you can remember? anything like that, and neither have we.
JOE: Well, that's the problem. If we really sit down and try to BOSTROM: Did they take their clothes to check for residue?
pressure us through it, I get confused. I talked to a couple of fel- JOE: They'd done that several times. They took our fatigues.
lows that were involved in it, and they have the same kind of I know that up to that point in time, I've always been fascinated
problem. Slowly but surely, things emerged; and over the years, with the idea of other life in the universe, but never saw enough
more and more has come up. It was years before I ever had a that really made me believe that there was any such thing. But
desire at all to talk about it—not because it was frightening, or whoever or whatever those alien fellows were, I'm convinced that
because the Firm told us not to because they were going to place they're not present populace of this Earth. ∞
it under the national security end, but because I had absolutely no
desire whatsoever to talk about it. Note: This text was extracted, with permission, from Glimpses of
BOSTROM: Do you remember any other details such as how Other Realities—Volume II: High Strangeness, by Linda Moulton
Howe, published by Paper Chase Press, USA, 1998 (ISBN 1-
the humanoids entered the craft?
879706-78-4) (see review in NEXUS 5/05).
JOE: It was like a section slid down; like it just created itself
on the side and slid down. About the Author:
BOSTROM: Do you remember a ramp? Linda Moulton Howe is a graduate of Stanford University, USA,
JOE: It slid down and tilted to the ground and had a stair on it and has a Masters Degree in Communication. She is a science
that formed a ramp for them to walk right up, with steps on it. and environmental reporter for radio and television. Her film doc-
BOSTROM: Did it look like they were walking on steps? umentaries, A Strange Harvest and Strange Harvests 1993,
JOE: It had steps on it because they were stepping, and it explored the worldwide animal mutilations phenomenon. Her
wasn't like they shuffled up the ramp. Their gait was very books include An Alien Harvest, Glimps es of Other
smooth, almost unerring, and they covered a lot of ground in a lit- Realities–Volume I: Facts & Eyewitnesses, and, most recently,
tle bit of time. But the main problem is like I said: if we sit down Glimpses of Other Realities–Volume II: High Strangeness (Paper
Chase Press, USA, phone (702) 826 5947. Ms Howe's investiga-
and try to really go through the details and think hard about it, I
tions have taken in such diverse subjects as crop circles, the chu -
end up almost with anxiety attack. pacabras mystery, humanity's hidden history, and the evidence for
Whatever it was that they [MJ-12/CIA] did to bury those things UFOs and ETs, including research into the alleged Roswell UFO
is pretty permanent. Over the years, I still occasionally have crash fragments and government knowledge and cover-up of non-
nightmares about it. I wake up in a cold sweat and I'd remember human intelligences interacting with our planet.

REVIEWS
turies, and the story of the Stewarts before cal hypnotherapist and author of Past
and after the exile of King James VII of Lives—Future Lives) has hypnotically
Scots (James II Stuart of England) from regressed/progressed 11,000 patients, many
Reviewed by Ruth Parnell Britain in 1688—and the plots to erase the of whom have reported encounters with
THE FORGOTTEN MONARCHY OF House from history. chrononauts and have themselves travelled
SCOTLAND NEXUS readers inspired by Sir Laurence backwards, forwards and sideways in time
Gardner's revelations on the Bloodline of the (mentally, at least). As a result of their
by HRH Prince Michael of Albany
Holy Grail and the Stewarts will find this experiences, many of his patients developed
Publisher: Element Books Ltd, UK, 1998 a high degree of spiritual awareness that has
ISBN: 1-86204-234-9 (502pp hc) book answers many questions. Sir
Laurence's succinct foreword to Prince changed their lives, as if this was the pur-
Price: AUD$39.95; NZD$59.95; £16.99; pose of their encounters. According to Dr
Michael's book certainly caught my atten-
NLGƒ66,90; USD$24.95; CAD$33.99 Goldberg's data from these sessions, the
tion, as did the impressive selection of
Available: Australia/NZ— Penguin Books; Stewart portraits and photographs. time travellers come from between 1,000
UK—NEXUS office, tel 01342 322854; and 3,000 years in our future—the more
Europe—NEXUS office, tel +31 0321 technologically and spiritually advanced
TIME TRAVELERS FROM OUR
380558; USA—Element Books, tel (508) reportedly being from the more distant era.
546 1040 FUTURE: An Explanation of Alien Drawing on additional scientific and his-
Abduction torical material, Dr Goldberg explains the
W ith interest rekindled in Scottish
nationhood and a re-instated Scottish
Parliament, so too is there renewed interest
by Dr Bruce Goldberg
Publisher: Llewellyn, USA, 1998
theoretical physics of time travel and the
model of a five-dimensional universe con-
in Scottish sovereignty and the Royal House ISBN: 1-56718-307-7 (228pp tpb) taining parallel universes. He then expands
of Stewart (Stuart). And who better to Price: AUD$28.00; NZD$33.95; £10.99; on out-of-body experiences, teleportation,
describe the true history of the Stewarts than NLGƒ28,90; USD$12.95; CAD$17.95
HRH Prince Michael, 7th Count of Albany Available: Aust—Specialist Publications,
(Scotland), a descendant of Bonnie Prince tel (02) 9736 2191; Cameron Books, tel
Charlie and the senior legitimate descendant (02) 4758 7676; NZ—Peaceful Living, tel
of the Stuart Kings of Britain. (07) 571 8105; UK—Airlift Book Co., 0181
For The Forgotten Monarchy of Scotland, 804 0400; Europe—NEXUS office; USA—
Prince Michael has delved into family Llewellyn, tel (612) 291 1970
archives and official records to construct a
different picture of Stewart/Stuart history
from that which successive Westminster
I n Time Travelers From Our Future, author
Dr Bruce Goldberg suggests not only that
many of the humanlike beings encountered
Parliaments have presented over the cen- during so-called alien abductions are actual-
turies. Indeed, in 1807, Westminster ly time travellers or 'chrononauts' from our
declared direct family succession of the future, but that such beings have helped give
Stuart royal line extinct in exile. rise to civilisations—and have even gone
Here we have an impressive, lively history back millions and billions of years into
taking in early Scotland, the rise of the Scots Earth's past to plant out-of-place artefacts
tradition and the High Stewards, the Stone ('ooparts') for latter-day humans to uncover!
of Destiny, the Knights Templars, key Over the last 25 years, Dr Goldberg (a
Scottish freedom-fighters through the cen- California-based former dentist turned clini-

REVIEWS is a treasure prized above all others. In his there is insufficient scientific evidence to
quest for answers, Laidler pursued the support the safety and efficacy of a great
notion that severed heads were used in the deal of modern medicine's advances. For
abductions over multiple lifetimes, and the Templars' rituals, but one head in particular this book he looked into surgery, testing,
diversity of time travellers from sinister Men was singled out: a relic known by the name diagnostics such as X-rays and CAT scans,
in Black types to the protective Guardian Baphomet (Father of Wisdom), which implantable devices and drugs, and conclud-
Angel types. Finally, he provides several Laidler believes to be the embalmed head of ed that many of these interventions are
self-hypnosis exercises to facilitate time none other than Jesus Christ. Laidler found untried, unnecessary and downright harmful.
travel and 'custom design' our destiny. he could trace the head-worshipping cult The cost of prescription drug treatments in
Definitely a paradigm-changing book. back to at least Akhenaten's Egypt (giving Australia alone has risen from A$1.5 billion
an alternative history of Moses and the in 1991–92 to nearly A$3 billion in
THE HEAD OF GOD: The Lost Israelites), and through the traditions of the 1996–97, and Moynihan argues that not only
Treasure of the Templars Druids, the Merovingian Kings, the Cathars are many of these drugs under-tested, they
and, of course, the Grail Knights. are needlessly prescribed.
by Keith Laidler While visiting what's considered to be the Moynihan also explored the commercial
Publisher: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, UK, final resting place of the Templars' relics— context in which doctors operate, with the
1998 Rosslyn Chapel in the west of Scotland— enormous commercial pressures exerted by
ISBN: 0-297-84129-7 (326pp hc) Laidler received insights as to the exact hid- the pharmaceutical industry. The corollary
Price: AUD$39.95; NZD$79.95; £20.00; ing place of this sacred relic. Unfortunately, is that new diseases are always being identi-
NLGƒ78,90 but unsurprisingly, this is as close as he gets fied as in need of a cure, thus new medical
Available: Aust—Allen & Unwin, tel (02) to uncovering the relic itself. business opportunities and media stories are
8425 0100; NZ—Hodder Moa Beckett, tel constantly being created.
(09) 478 1000; UK—The Orion Publishing TOO MUCH MEDICINE? The
Group Ltd, tel 01903 721596; Europe— Business of Health...Its Risks for You
NEXUS office by Ray Moynihan
T he more that comes to light about the
history of the Knights Templars, the
Grail mysteries and the true bloodline of
Publisher: ABC Books, Australia, 1998
ISBN: 0-7333-0652-7 (310pp tpb)
Price: AUD$19.95; NZD$22.95
Jesus Christ, the more piqued is public inter- Available: Aust—Allen & Unwin, tel (02)
est. But the whole story is yet to be 8425 0100; ABC Shops; NZ—Penguin
revealed, and those who are party to the Books, tel (09) 415 4700
secrets must be observing this with all-
knowing smiles. Still, readers with a thirst
for knowledge have much to glean from The
I s modern society suffering from a dose of
too much medicine? This is the question
that journalist Ray Moynihan had to ask
Head of God, written by Keith Laidler, an when analysing the conflict, uncertainty and
academic turned writer and natural history complexity surrounding the treatment of a
film-maker who is also a Rosicrucian. range of health complaints. His fact-finding
We've heard that the Templars had 'trea- is the subject of his book, Too Much
sures' which they spirited away from France Medicine?, and accompanying documentary
in 1307 when Philip IV attempted to 'dis- series for Australia's ABC TV.
solve' the Order, but rumour has it that there Moynihan discovered to his dismay that

REVIEWS
nation for the study of vibration, but it was
not until 1872, while developing his ideas
and working on perpetual motion machines,
T his is the first of German researcher
Hartwig Hausdorf's books to be pub-
lished in English. Originally titled Die
Yet Moynihan has seen positive inroads that he accidentally discovered the 'force' of Weisse Pyramide ("The White Pyramid"), it
being made into evidence-based medicine the ether and found a way to 'imprison' it— is now called The Chinese Roswell, although
and the widening of health consumers' though it took him another 12 years to its scope is not limited to China.
options. The trials currently underway in realise he had done so. For the rest of his Hausdorf proposes that the ancient Chinese
Australia in the complementary, holistic life, Keely worked on devices which could cult of Hsien, the search for 'material
health areas will exert some influence over trap this etheric force and yield abundant, immortality', was influenced by what he
the direction medicine takes in the future. 'free' energy on tap, yet he failed at commer- terms 'Alien Mind'; indeed, certain pic-
Too Much Medicine? is not so much an cialising his inventions despite a string of tograms and texts seem to contain knowl-
attack on medicine and the medical profes- backers and a devoted patron. He also edge of extraterrestrials and include imagery
sion as a call for greater public scrutiny to experimented with anti-gravity devices of of flying jade chariots. Were these records
be applied to the business of health and for huge lifting power, techniques for disinte- of actual visits to Earth, or of shamanic jour-
more practitioners to "lift their game". grating matter, and even flying machines. neys into the cosmos?
The archival photos herein give an idea of He suggests the original 'Chinese Roswell
FREE ENERGY PIONEER: John Worrell Keely's extraordinary engineering talent. incident' took place in the Bayan Kara Ula
Keely Paijmans explores the 'underground' con- region of western China, where an alien
by Theo Paijmans text of Keely's discoveries, in that Keely was spacecraft allegedly crashed around 12,000
Publisher: IllumiNet Press, USA, 1998 feted by the occultists of his day who recog- years ago. Evidence was uncovered there in
ISBN: 1-881532-15-1 (472pp tpb) nised that, through his technology and 1938 of a strange, dwarfish people, and a
Price: AUD$45.00; NZD$n/a; £15.95 inc. arguably his own psychic power, he was tap- collection of thin, incised stone-discs sup-
p&h; NLGƒ43,90; USD$19.95 + p&h ping into the same energy field that was fun-
Available: Aust/NZ/Europe— NEXUS damental to their own secret traditions.
offices (see page 2 for details); UK—
Counter Productions, tel 0171 274 9009; THE CHINESE ROSWELL: UFO
USA—Adventures Unlimited, PO Box 74, Encounters in the Far East from
Kempton, IL 60946, tel (815) 253 6390 Ancient Times to the Present
T his is as comprehensive a biography as
one can hope for on the life, discoveries
and inventions of free-energy pioneer John
by Hartwig Hausdorf
Publisher: New Paradigm Books, 1998
Worrell Keely (born 1837 in Philadelphia, ISBN: 1-892138-00-X (211pp tpb)
where he died in 1898). Despite Keely's Price: AUD$29.00; £10.99 + $1.45 p&h;
notes having long ago disappeared, Dutch NLGƒ30,90; USD$13.95; CAD$20.00
author/researcher Theo Paijmans has never- Available: Aust—Cameron Books, tel (02)
theless pieced together a captivating histo- 4758 7676, fax (02) 4758 9047; UK—
ry—based on newspaper articles, memoirs Gazelle Book Service, tel 01524 68765;
of those who knew Keely, and many other Europe—NEXUS office; USA—New
sources—that is timely, considering the Paradigm Books, 22783 South State Road
resurgence of interest in Keely's work. 7, #97, Boca Raton, FL 33428, tel (561)
Early on in life, Keely developed a fasci- 482 5971, fax (561) 852 8322

REVIEWS its pervasiveness in our lives is hard to an impact, stacked up as they are here.
escape. And in case it's escaped our notice, This book will be appreciated by those
Jeffrey Robinson reminds us in his new who have a healthy, cynical attitude towards
posedly telling the story of the aliens' book, The Manipulators, that we, the target- mass-market manipulation, and probably by
demise. (See NEXUS 3/01, 2/28.) ed consumers, are a party to our own com- those industry types who wish to fine-tune
Hausdorf retraces the steps of various mercial seduction. En masse, we participate their techniques of mass distraction.
Western explorers to China, Tibet and in the manipulation of our emotions and
Mongolia, in search of the mythical 1,000- fears, whether we buy into the 'sell' or not. ALTERED GENES—Reconstructing
foot-high White Pyramid, the elusive We can try to reduce our exposure to adver- Nature: The Debate
Shambhala and the ominous Monastery of tising's string-pulling, but this is fraught
the Black Khan. He also speculates on the with logistical difficulties. edited by Richard Hindmarsh,
influence of Alien Mind in Japan and the With reference to selected case studies in Geoffrey Lawrence & Janet Norton
underwater city ruins off the Ryuku Islands. the history of modern advertising, marketing Publisher: Allen & Unwin, Australia, '98
His coverage of modern UFO sightings in and retailing, Robinson exposes the tech- ISBN: 1-86448-795-X (235pp tpb)
China is slighter than expected, and he falls niques that are constantly being refined to Price: AUD$24.95; NZD$35.00; £12.99
back on already well-documented UFO capture the public's imagination and dollar. (avail. May '99); USD$n/a
encounters for comparison. It's a shame Even neurolinguistic programming has been Available: Aust—Allen & Unwin, tel (02)
there are no photographs in this edition, but applied in the pursuit of profit. While the 8425 0100; NZ—Archetype Book Agents,
Hausdorf's book remains a fascinating read. arguments damning the subterfuge of mass- tel (09) 377 3800; UK—Allen & Unwin, tel
market selling are not new, they have quite 0171 7040033; USA—Allen & Unwin
THE MANIPULATORS: A Conspiracy
to Make Us Buy
by Jeffrey Robinson
T he multibillion-dollar global biotechnol-
ogy industry continues to expand its
reach into myriad facets of our lives, so it's
Publisher: Simon & Schuster, UK, 1998 in our interests to be armed with information
ISBN: 0-684-81767-5 (310pp hc) on its impact and become politically and
Price: AUD$34.95; NZD$45.00; £17.99; socially active if we're at all concerned
NLGƒ70,90 about where it's all heading.
Available: Aust—Simon & Schuster, tel As the well-known environmentalist and
(02) 9415 9924; NZ—Macmillan, tel (09) geneticist David Suzuki says in his reflec-
415 6677; UK—Simon & Schuster, tel tive, sobering introduction to Altered Genes,
0171 316 1900; Europe—NEXUS office the truth is that the geneticists and biotech-
nologists are unable to predict with certainty
I t's more than 40 years since Vance
Packard uncovered the insidious machina-
tions of advertising in his book, The Hidden
all the possible deleterious consequences of
their experiments with life.
Persuaders, and in that time the techniques In order to promote informed public
have only become more sophisticated, incor- debate, the three editors have compiled a
porating all sorts of 'breakthroughs' from the selection of papers (including their own)
behavioural sciences. from mostly Australian and New Zealand
So, while advertising serves its purpose in contributors who are well-respected in their
making people aware of products and ser- fields of biology, bioethics, consumer
vices they would otherwise not know about, research, food science, genetics, human

REVIEWS how dreams, prophecies and visions, heeded
and unheeded, have changed the course of
history—as they will continue to do so. He
rights, science media and sociology, and are also draws on the work of scientists like
also active in world forums. The perspec- Bohm and Sheldrake who are extending the
tives included on the Australian biotech boundaries of what can be explained.
industry are particularly welcome, consider-
ing how underpublicised it is.
Topics covered among the 14 papers
include: bio-industrial development; public
relations agenda-setting; commercial oppor-
tunism; subduing dissent; eugenics; bio-
prospecting and biopiracy; ethics of gene
therapy; genetic privacy; problems with
transgenic crops; concerns about genetically
engineered foods and the new global food
order; product labelling; citizens campaigns
and more. Altered Genes is a timely edition
in the interests of urgent public debate.
THE SEVENTH MILLENNIUM:

The Evidence That We Can Know
The Future
by John F. Ashton, PhD
Publisher: New Holland, Australia, 1998
ISBN: 1-86436-3592 (192pp tpb)
Price: AUD$16.95; NZD$19.95; £9.99
Available: Aust—New Holland SCORCHED EARTH: The Military's
Publishers, tel (02) 9975 6799; NZ—New Assault on the Environment
Holland, (09) 480 0127; UK—New by William Thomas
Holland Publishers, tel 0171 724 7773 Publisher: Earthpulse Press, USA, 1998
T his book is a change of orientation for
John Ashton, PhD, a food research
chemist, a science/philosophy academic and
(first published by New Society Publishers)
ISBN: 0-86571-294-8 (228pp tpb)
Price: AUD$34.00; NZD$n/a;
co-author (with Prof. Ron Laura) of several NLGƒ37,90; USD$16.95 + p&h
well-received books on health and the envi- Available: Aust/NZ/Europe— NEXUS
ronment. Here, he applies his holographic offices; USA—Adventures Unlimited, PO
model for interpreting scientific data to the Box 74, Kempton, IL 60946, tel (815) 253
question of what the future holds. 6390, fax (815) 253 6300
So why the title, The Seventh Millennium?
Well, Dr Ashton considers we're about to
enter the seventh millennium of recorded
T he world's military, in peacetime as well
as in war, is responsible for a staggering
level of destruction to the environment and
human history—one that's already a focus of to all forms of life. In Scorched Earth,
both fears and dreams. But, he asks, is the William Thomas documents with stunning
actual future mapped out for us and our effect selected examples of this havoc—
planet, or can our choices now affect the through North America, Russia, Eastern and
future? In suggesting that our choices do Western Europe, the Middle East and
affect the future, but only within pre- Pacific—and its trillion-dollar repair cost.
ordained limits, he brings in the idea of 'des- (Thomas is the author of Bringing The War
tiny fields' and 'time cycles' which influence Home, reviewed in NEXUS 5/04.)
individuals, societies and nations. The world's armed forces—in collusion
In describing a number of scientific studies with defence industry contractors and
of telepathy, clairvoyance, remote viewing transnationals—are the world's greatest pol-
and prayer, Ashton argues that there is a luters, and Thomas devotes chapters to the
growing body of consistent evidence for the vast havoc from: developing and testing all
power of the human mind to see the future, manner of weaponry and hardware; low-
and change it—but according to limits set by level supersonic flying over tribal lands;
an organising principle, an intelligent dumping of lethal toxins; using and dispos-
Creator, the ultimate hologram programmer. ing chemical and biological weapons materi-
We can choose to work in harmony with that als; using animals and humans in genetic
divine hologram, or not... warfare experiments; directing EM and
Dr Ashton highlights some intriguing microwave weapons to affect people and the
examples, from Babylon to today, to show weather;and inflicting deliberate eco-war-

REVIEWS he sees it, materialistic science cannot con-
tinue to ignore, suppress, censor or misinter-
pret the growing body of evidence on the
fare on populations and their environs. validity and importance of holotropic states
Space does not permit my going into the in human experience. If science and spiritu-
statistics here, but open any page in this ality can be integrated, an important cosmic
book and you'll find many referenced exam- link will have been made.
ples which are truly mind-boggling.
Thomas hopes the tide may be turning as the THE HARMONIC CONQUEST OF
reality of clean-up costs becomes more
apparent, as some new regulations are being SPACE
implemented, and as grassroots groups (usu- by Bruce Cathie
ally started by women) are starting to have Publisher: Adventures Unlimited, 1998
have some success in getting the military- ISBN: 0-932813-62-3 (216pp tpb)
industrial complex to take responsibility and Price: AUD$27.00; NZD$n/a; £10.95;
pay for its actions and lies. NLGƒ37,90; USD$16.95 + p&h
This book was first released in 1995 and Available: Aust/NZ/UK/Europe— NEXUS
needs some updating, but its messages still offices; USA—Adventures Unlimited, tel
need our urgent attention in the late 1990s. (815) 253 6390, fax (815) 253 6300
THE COSMIC GAME: Explorations in F irst published by NEXUS in 1995, Bruce

Cathie's Harmonic Conquest of Space
has now been reissued with three new chap-
the Frontiers of Human Consciousness
ters. To recap, New Zealander Bruce Cathie
by Stanislav Grof is the (now retired) airline captain who iden-
Publisher: Hill of Content, Australia, 1998 tified a world electromagnetic grid, based on
ISBN: 0-85572-290-8 (285pp hc) plotting UFO sightings on a map, and devel-
Price: AUD$29.95; NZD$49.95; £12.95; oped a system of harmonic mathematics to
USD$19.95 describe it. He has written many seminal
Available: Aust—Allen & Unwin, tel (02) books, including Harmonic 33 and The
8425 0100; NZ—Peaceful Living Bridge to Infinity, and has described how the
Publications, tel (07) 571 8105; Ireland— speed of light is not constant at every point
Gill & Macmillan, tel +353 1 453 1005; on the Earth's surface.
USA—SUNY Press agent, Jean Sue The new material in this edition covers the
Johnson Libkind, tel (215) 235 9426 link between atomic tests and volcanic activ-
I n his 40 years of professional life as a psy-
chiatrist and psychotherapist, Dr Stanislav
Grof has focused his research on non-ordi-
ity—that both are influenced by the geomet-
ric relationships of the Earth and the Sun at
any given time, and directly associated with
nary states of consciousness. But to the electromagnetic and unified fields inher-
describe the particular state that interested ent in the structure of the planet. To back up
him, he had to coin a new word: 'holotrop- his argument, Cathie has calculated the geo-
ic'—oriented towards wholeness. metric/harmonic relationships linking the
Dr Grof has made an important contribu- French nuclear test at Mururoa Atoll on 5
tion to our understanding of human con-
sciousness and its transpersonal dimensions.
His latest book, The Cosmic Game, is a
summary of his philosophical and spiritual
insights from his journeys into the "unchar-
tered frontiers of the human psyche". With
humility he admits that his insights were
enriched by many thinkers, visionaries and
spiritual teachers over the years—including
David Bohm, Joseph Campbell, Michael
Harner, Ram Dass, Rupert Sheldrake and
Ken Wilber. He notes that the profound
sense of cosmic unification, reported by
many of his patients and experienced direct-
ly himself (originally via an LSD experi-
ment in 1956), has much in common with
ancient mystical and shamanic traditions.
Dr Grof reiterates that all life, all con-
sciousness, desires to be reunited with its
Creative Source, but the prevailing material-
istic paradigm makes it difficult for this
desire to be creatively expressed and inte-
grated, especially in the Western world. As

REVIEWS
September 1995 with the major eruption of Boardman acknowledges that some of his
NZ's Mt Ruapehu soon after. 'proof' of an occult new world order reshap-
Also covered is the harmonic geometric ing the world is circumstantial, but he offers
relationship between two massive outcrops his book, Mapping the Millennium, in the
of rock—Stone Mountain near Atlanta, "spirit of watchfulness" so that we may be
Georgia, USA, and Ayers Rock in central awake to the greater machinations that
Australia—that suggests they originated dur- would curb humanity's spiritual progress.
ing simultaneous ripples in the unified
fields. Finally, the strange, geometrically SCIENCE VERSUS TRUTH
arranged stone spheres of Costa Rica are by Cameron Horn
examined, Cathie postulating that they were Publisher: Fuzcapp Publishing, Australia,
made to tune into the electromagnetic oscil- 1998 (updated edition)
lations of the harmonic unified field. ISBN: n/a (454pp tpb)
This is heady stuff, but Bruce Cathie's dis- Price: AUD$22.95; AUD$24.95 to NZ;
coveries are opening wider the doors of our USD$24.95 to UK/Europe/USA/Canada
perceptions about the reality of energy and Available: Australia—Fuzcapp Publishing,
the energy of reality in the universe. PO Box 2079, Gosford NSW 2250, tel
0414 706696 (mobile, in Aust), tel +61
MAPPING THE MILLENNIUM: (0)2 4323 9899
Behind the Plans of the New World
Order
by Terry M. Boardman
T he debate between 'evolution theory' and
'creation theory' is a minefield, as evi-
denced in Australia in 1997 with the Ian
Publisher: Temple Lodge, UK, 1998 Plimer/Alan Roberts court battle, but author
ISBN: 0-904693-97-X (184pp tpb) Cameron Horn has not exactly cleared it
Price: AUD$37.50; £10.95; NLGƒ42,90; with his book, Science versus Truth.
USD$19.95 Horn, an award-winning writer for radio,
Available: Aust—Rudolf Steiner Book has chosen a provocative title that suggests
Centre, tel 02 9264 5169; UK—Temple science and truth are diametrically opposed.
Lodge Publishing, tel 0181 748 0571, fax He refers to numerous examples that demon-
0181 748 5451; Europe—NEXUS office; strate where Darwin's theories of evolution
fall down—examples which deserve to be
USA—Anthroposophic Press, Hudson, NY, studied more seriously by the scientific com-
fax (518) 851 2047 munity rather than be dismissed because
H ow true is the notion that world events
are manipulated by powerful, secretive
groups and individuals? In answering this,
they challenge the prevailing paradigm
about our origins or just because they may
also be sprouted by so-called 'creation scien-
writer Terry Boardman was drawn to the tists'. I was, however, hoping for an analysis
anthroposophic research of Austrian esoteri- of creation theory for the sake of balance,
cist Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925). Steiner, he but that's another book.
concludes, was correct in his claims that It's clear that the evolution/creation debate
behind some secret societies there are pow-
ers with an agenda: starting wars, directing
world politics and economics, redrawing
national boundaries and keeping the human
spirit trapped in materialism.
To back up his argument, Boardman cites
cases of where the elite has used 'influential'
publications to release articles and maps
which hint at their true intentions. One map,
published in a satirical journal, The Truth, in
1890, turned out to match quite closely a
redrawn Europe after WWI.
But his most recent example, an article by
CFR-Rockefeller "mouthpiece" Zbigniew
Brzezinski—titled "A Geostrategy for
Eurasia" (Foreign Affairs, vol. 76, no. 5,
Sept–Oct '97)—is of more immediate con-
cern. In it, Brzezinski discusses how the
world should be shaped to ensure a "benign
American hegemony" with its "global pri-
macy and historical legacy". It includes a
map, "Eurasia in the 21st century", which
shows a threefold division of a confederated
Russia, among other surprises.

REVIEWS
remains polarised, but Horn seems to revel
in as much point-scoring and nitpicking as
the protagonists. Throughout the well-refer-
enced text is a heavy dose of vitriol, directed Reviewed by Duncan Roads
against geologist Ian Plimer and several sci- MERKABAH: VOYAGE OF A STAR
ence writers, and enough rhetoric as to dis- SEED (A Computer-Animated Odyssey)
tract from his argument. Surely both 'sides' by James J. Hurtak & Jean-Luc Bozzoli
will remain polarised unless they expand Producer: The Academy For Future
their thinking to encompass alternative theo- Science, USA, 1998 (51mins)
ries on the big questions.
Ian Plimer won't like this book, creationists Price: AUD$45.00 + A$5.00 p&h;
will seize on its arguments to support their CHF35.00; DEM39.50; USD$19.95 +
views, but others will find Horn's style and $3.00 p&h in USA (+ sales tax in CA)
approach entertaining and informative. Available: Australia— Jewel Bould, PO
Box 26, McCrae, Vic. 3938, tel/fax (03)
IT'S NOT TOO LATE 5986 5031, e-mail <jcj@alphalink.
com.au>; Europe—Lakshmi Laden,
by Hamish Miller Schweibenalp, CH-3855 Brienz,
Publisher: Penwith Press, UK, 1998
Switzerland, fax +41 (33) 951 4409, e-
ISBN: 0-9533316-0-1 (176pp tpb)
Price: AUD$34.00; £10.95; NLGƒ42,90; mail <[email protected]>; USA—Academy
For Future Science, PO Box FE, Los Gatos,
USD$23.00
CA 95031, e-mail <[email protected]>
Available: Aust—Sydney Esoteric
Bookshop, tel (02) 02 9212 2225; UK—
Penwith Press, PO Box 11, Hayle,
W hat an experience!!! It's not often one
can say that after watching a video!
Using the very latest in computer graphics,
Cornwall TR27 6YF, tel 01736 740401; this tape represents a view of the experience
Europe—NEXUS office; USA—Book of 'The Merkabah', as inspired by the Keys
People, tel (510) 632 4700 of Enoch. Thus The Merkabah, or ultra-ter-
A near-death experience in 1982 caused
Hamish Miller to undergo a profound
change in his perceptions about life and the
restrial vehicle represented in this presenta-
tion, is of "Light", and should not be con-
fused with the hardware of extraterrestrial
nature of reality. In the process, he devel- vehicles. Absolutely rivetting visuals!
oped a special bond with some guiding
beings ("the Management") who seem to UFOs: The Footage Archives
have humanity's spiritual progress at heart.
In his desire to maintain that sense of one- Part One: 1950–1989
ness with nature and the cosmos that these Part Two: 1990–1992
beings conveyed to him, Miller discovered Producer: 2000 Film Productions,
dowsing to be a practical, beneficial tool for Düsseldorf, Germany, 1998 (PAL & NTSC,
connecting and communicating with nature each video approx. 78mins)
and for effecting energy healings. His four- Price: AUD$40.00; NZD$60.00 + p&h;
year dowsing mission with Paul Broadhurst, £25.00; NLGƒ70,00; USD$39.95 + p&h
along the St Michael and Mary ley lines in Available: Aust/NZ/UK/Netherlands—
southern England, was the basis of their NEXUS offices (details on page 2);
joint 1989 book, The Sun and The Serpent. Germany—2000 Film Productions, tel +49
In his new book, It's Not Too Late, Miller (0)211 35 2968; USA—Adventures
encourages us to go beyond the barriers of Unlimited, tel (815) 253 6390
the five physical senses and tune into the
network of energy which links the Earth-
based kingdoms with the cosmos. With
A t last, someone has done it: made a
compilation series of tapes with all
those tantalising pieces of UFO film footage
humility and humour he says it's never too you may have seen at some conference or on
late to begin the spiritual quest, to find joy TV. The tapes are well edited and have
and purpose in life and to exert subtle influ- accompanying background music and, quite
ence on the world for the greater good of all. often, the sounds surrounding the event.
Ever the pragmatist (he's a blacksmith), Highlights for me included: 1953 USAF
Miller has practical advice on changing the gun-camera footage of UFOs; lots of amaz-
rigid belief systems and structures that dim ing NASA archival footage, including from
our true potential, and on dealing with dis- Apollo 12 and a 1991 space shuttle flight;
tractions from the spiritual path. Billy Meier film footage; Gulf Breeze; the
Miller has a special gift of being able to incredible Mexican UFO footage of 1991
impart wisdom while captivating the reader onwards; the Brussels triangular UFO flap;
in the magic of his storytelling. His revela- and some equally wondrous shots of UFOs
tions about energetic grids, spirals and sym- over Russia, Germany, Brazil, Japan and
bols in the landscape are really inspiring. even Sydney. Definitely worth buying!

REVIEWS African rhythms. This new album is a col-
laboration with Ghanaian band Kakatsitsi
and mixes the sounds of the Jola people
Reviewed by Richard Giles from Senegal into one melting pot of won-
ENVIRONMENT derful, flowing fusion music.
by Vulcan's Child
Producer: John Mini for Trans-Hyper- AFRO-LATINO
borean Institute of Science, 1998 (69mins) Producer: Dan Storper for Putumayo
Distributor: USA—THIS, PO Box 2344, World Music, USA, 1998 (56mins)
Sausalito, CA 94966, tel (415) 389 1764, Distributors: Aust—MRA Entertainment,
fax (415) 389 6790 tel (07) 3849 6020; UK—Half Moon Bay;
USA—Putumayo Music, tel (212) 625
T his CD, Environment, is digital, acoustic
feng shui. John Mini, whose back- 1400, fax (212) 460 0095
ground is in acupuncture and feng shui, has
created a series of CDs which can be used to P utumayo specialises in bringing world
music into the mainstream. For Afro-
Latino, Putumayo has assembled a great col-
balance life and environment. Working with
a group of musicians as Vulcan's Child, he's lection of Afro-Cuban-Latin sounds for
composed sound patterns using abstract, nat- moving your body and making you feel
ural rhythms of DNA-based sequencing. good. Modern, Cubanised music from
They can be played any time, to purify and Angola, Congo, Senegal, Peru, Cape Verde
upgrade your home or workplace, even and Cuba is joined in an exciting, smooth
while you're away. Vulcan's Child has also and sensual dance sound to stir the listener.
released Healing for bodywork and Resolve There are tracks from Ricardo Lemvo,
for group situations. On first listening you Cuban master Papi Oviedo, Congo's 4
may find the unusual sound sequences dif- Etoiles, Angolan music legend Ruy Mingas,
ferent, but they soon grow on you. A true and eight other bands. Easy Latin listening.
breakthrough in healing sound technology.
CEREMONIES
VENUS, SCULPTRESS OF LOVE by Armen Chakmakian
by Raymond Oliver and Ray Vanderby Producer: Armen Chakmakian for TruArt
Producers: Ray Oliver and Ray Vanderby Records, CA, USA, 1998 (56mins)
for Crystal Productions, 1998 (54mins) Distributor: USA—Electric Kingdom Dist.,
Distributor: Australia— Crystal tel 1800 335 8584, fax (914) 693 1950
Productions, PO Box 1277, Beenleigh,
Qld 4207, tel/fax +61 (0)7 3804 5194 K eyboardist for the Grammy award-win-
ning band Shadowfax from 1991–96,
Armen Chakmakian leaps into his first solo
T he Heaven on Earth music company,
started by guitarist Ray Oliver in 1995,
has had a number of great successes. The
album, Ceremonies, with a blend of new
world jazz, indigenous Armenian and Arabic
sounds and contemporary world music. He's
early album, Heaven on Earth, won a 1996 joined by legendary Armenian duduk player
South Pacific International Music Award. Djivan Gasparayan, acoustic guitarist Alex
His latest, a collaboration with keyboardist de Grassi, John Bilezikjian on oud, plus sev-
Ray Vanderby and vocalist Sharman Okan, eral Shadowfax members. Ceremonies is a
is inspired by Shakespeare's lyrics. Venus passionate blend of contemporary and
has a heartfelt sincerity and manifests a love ancient dance and rhythm that stays long
that connects directly with the soul. This is after the music ends.
harmonious and contented music.
JOURNEY BETWEEN
by Baka Beyond
Producer: Martin Cradick for Rykomusic,
UK, 1998 (52mins)
Distributors: Aust—Festival, tel (02) 9660
4022; UK—Rykodisc, tel 0181 746 1234;
USA—Rykodisc, tel (508) 744 7678
M artin Cradick of Baka Beyond has

worked hard in the last six years to
bring music out of Africa to the world. He
and his wife Su Hart lived and recorded
music with the Baka Pygmies in Cameroon.
From this they produced the albums Spirit of
the Forest and The Meeting Pool—stunning
combinations of their Gaelic sound and

Central Banking and the Private Control of Money
Continued from page 16 ates out of nothing. The government then about any wild scheme. One venture pro-
spends this new money. Once deposited, posed draining the Red Sea to recover gold
In 1770, Sir William Pitt, speaking to the private banks use these new deposits to cre- supposedly lost when the Egyptian Army
House of Lords, said: ate ten times as much in new fractional drowned pursuing Moses and the Israelites.
There is something behind the throne reserve loans. This provides the economy By 1698, just four years later, govern-
greater than the king himself. with the additional money needed to pur- ment debt had grown from the initial one-
This reference to the Money Changers chase the other 90 per cent of the new and-a-quarter-million pounds to £16 mil-
behind the Bank of England gave birth to bonds without drying up capital markets lion. Naturally, taxes were increased and
the expression, 'the power behind the and forcing up interest rates. By borrowing then increased again to pay for all this.
throne'. In 1844, Benjamin Disraeli, in a the money (i.e., selling new bonds), the With the British money supply firmly in
veiled allusion to this same power, wrote: government spreads out the inflationary the grip of the Money Changers, the British
The world is governed by very different effects over the term of the bonds. Thus economy began a wild roller-coaster series
personages from what is imagined by there is little to no immediate inflation. of booms and depressions—exactly the sort
those who are not behind the scenes. More money in circulation makes your of thing a central bank claims it is designed
On 21 November 1933, US P r e s i d e n t money worth less. The politicians get as to prevent.
Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote in a letter to a much money as they want, and the people Continued in the next issue of NEXUS...
confidant: pay for it in inflation—which erodes the
The real truth of the matter is, as you purchasing power of their savings, fixed Note: This article was extracted and edited, with
permission, from the revised and updated book
and I know, that a financial element in income and wages. The perverse beauty of of th e video, The M oney M aster s: How
the large centers has owned government the plan is that not one person in a thou- International Bankers Gained Control of America,
ever since the days of Andrew Jackson... sand can figure it out because it's deliber- produced by Patrick S. J. Carmack for Royalty
Production Company, Piedmont, Oklahoma,
The central bank scam is really a hidden ately hidden behind complex-sounding USA © 1998.
tax, but one that benefits private banks economics gibberish. The full effects of The Money Masters book and video are avail-
more than the government. The govern- the inflation are only experienced much able from: PO Box 4005, Joplin, MO 64803-
ment sells bonds to pay for things for later—too late to stop. 4005; tel 1888-THE-PLOT ext. 60 (USA only), or
(417) 626 0402 if outside the USA; fax (417) 626
which the government does not have the With the formation of the Bank of 0403. The book costs USD$14.95 + p&h; the 2-
political wisdom or will to raise taxes to England, the nation was soon awash in videotape set costs USD$39.95 + $5.95 p&h for
pay. But about 10 per cent of the bonds are money. Prices throughout the country dou- NTSC, USD$44.95 + p&h for PAL. See also their
website at <www.themoneymasters.com> for
purchased with money the central bank cre- bled. Massive loans were granted for just more ordering and contents information.

The Oiling of America
Continued from page 23 animal fats seemed to protect against can- bly annoyed. He explained that both his
cer. She noted that the analysts for the association and the Institute for Shortening
low rate of breast and colon cancer. The committee had manipulated the data in and Edible Oils (ISEO) kept careful watch
Netherlands and Finland both used approx- inappropriate ways in order to obtain men- to prevent articles like Enig's from appear-
imately 100 grams of animal fat per capita dacious results. ing in the literature. Enig's paper should
per day, but breast and colon cancer rates Enig submitted her findings to the jour- never have been published, he said. He
were almost twice in the Netherlands what nal of the Federation of American Societies thought that ISEO was "watching out".
they were in Finland. The Netherlands for Experimental Biology (FASEB) in May "We left the barn door open," he said, "and
consumed 53 grams of vegetable fat per 1978, and her article was published in the horse got out."
person compared to 13 grams in Finland. FASEB's Federation Proceedings15 in July Reipma also challenged Enig's use of the
A study from Cali, Colombia, found a four- of the same year—an unusually quick turn- USDA data, claiming that it was in error.
fold excess risk for colon cancer in the around. The assistant editor responsible for He knew it was in error, he said, "because
higher economic classes which used less accepting the article, died of a heart attack we give it to them".
animal fat than the lower economic classes. shortly thereafter. Enig's paper noted that
A few weeks later, Reipma paid a second
A study found that Seventh Day Adventist the correlations pointed a finger at trans
visit, this time in the company of Tom
physicians, who avoid meat (especially red fatty acids and called for further investiga-
meat), had a significantly higher rate of tion. Only two years earlier, the Life Applewhite, an adviser to the ISEO and
colon cancer than non–Seventh Day Sciences Research Office, which is the arm representative of Kraft Foods, Ronald
Adventist physicians. of FASEB that does scientific investiga- Simpson with Central Soya, and a repre-
Enig analysed the USDA data that the tions, had published the whitewash that sentative from Lever Brothers. They car-
McGovern Committee had used and con- ushered partially hydrogenated soybean oil ried with them—in fact, waved in the air in
cluded that they showed a strong positive onto the GRAS list and removed any lin- indignation—a two-inch stack of newspa-
correlation with total fat and vegetable fat, gering constraints against the number-one per articles, including one that appeared in
and an essentially strong negative correla- ingredient in factory-produced food. the National Enquirer, reporting on Enig's
tion or no correlation with animal fat to Enig's paper sent alarm bells through the Federation Proceedings article.
total cancer deaths, breast and colon cancer industry. In early 1979 she received a visit Applewhite's face flushed red with anger
mortality and breast and colon cancer inci- from S. F. Reipma of the National when Enig repeated Reipma's statement
dence. In other words, use of vegetable Association of Margarine Manufacturers. that they had "left the barn door open and
oils seemed to predispose to cancer, and Short, bald and pompous, Reipma was visi- the horse got out" and his admission that

Department of Agriculture food data had In reply, Enig and her colleagues noted Kritchevsky, whose early experiments with
been sabotaged by the margarine lobby. that although the National Cancer Institute vegetarian rabbits were now seen to be
The other thing Reipma told Enig during (NCI) had provided them with faulty can- totally irrelevant to the human model, had
his unguarded visit was that he had called cer data, this had no bearing on the statis- found that trans fatty acids raise choles-
in on the FASEB offices in an attempt to tics relating to trans consumption and did terol in humans.17
coerce them into publishing letters to refute not affect the gist of their argument—that Enig's own research, published in her
her paper, without allowing Enig to submit the correlation with vegetable fat consump- 1984 doctoral dissertation, indicated that
any counter-refutation as was normally tion, especially trans fat consumption, was trans fats interfered with enzyme systems
customary in scientific journals. He told sufficient to warrant a more thorough that neutralised carcinogens and increased
Enig that he was "thrown out of the investigation. The problem was that very enzymes that potentiated carcinogens.18
office"—an admission later confirmed by little investigation was being done.
one of the FASEB editors. University of Maryland researchers Continued next issue...
Nevertheless, a series of letters did fol- recognised the need for more research in Endnotes
low the July 1978 article. 16 On behalf of two areas. One concerned the effects of 1. Kritchevsky, D. et al., "Effect of Cholesterol
Vehicle in Experimental Atherosclerosis", Am. J.
the ISEO, Applewhite and Walter Meyer of trans fats on cellular processes once they Physiol. 178:30-32, July-September 1954
Procter & Gamble criticised Enig's use of are built into the cell membrane. Studies 2. "Notice of Supelco-AOC Award to
the data. Applewhite accused Enig of with rats, including one conducted by Fred Kritchevsky", Inform 7:315, 1996
extrapolating from two data points, when in Mattson in 1960, indicated that the trans 3. Enig, M. G., Trans Fatty Acids in the Food
Supply: A Comprehensive Report Covering 60
fact she had used seven. fatty acids were built into the cell mem- Years of Research, Enig Associates, Inc., Silver
John Bailar, Editor-in-Chief of the brane in proportion to their presence in the Spring, MD, USA, 1995 (2ed), pp. 4-8
Journal of the National Cancer Institute , diet, and that the turnover of trans in the 4. Groom, D., "Population Studies of
pointed out that the correlations between cells was similar to that of other fatty acids. Atherosclerosis", Annals of Int. Med. 55(1):51-62,
July 1961; Enos, W. F. et al., "Pathogenesis of
vegetable oil consumption and cancer were These studies, according to J. Edward Coronary Disease in American Soldiers Killed in
not the same as evidence of causation, and Hunter of the ISEO, were proof that "trans Korea", JAMA 158:912, 1955.
warned against changing current dietary fatty acids do not pose any hazard to man 5. Laurie, W. et al., "Atherosclerosis and its
Cerebral Complications in the South African
components in the hope of preventing can- in a normal diet". Bantu", Lancet, February 1958, pp. 231-232
cer in the future—which is, of course, Enig and her associates were not so sure.
exactly what the McGovern Committee Kummerow's research indicated that the
Continued on page 82
did. trans fats contributed to heart disease; and

Continued from page 81 16. Applewhite, T. H., "Statistical 'Correlations' try, and state and federal governments, a
Relating Trans Fats to Cancer: A Commentary", contributing editor to a number of scientif-
6. Robertson, W. B., "Atherosclerosis and Federation Proceedings 38(11):2435-2439, ic publications, a Fellow of the American
Ischaemic Heart Disease," Lancet 1:444, 1959 October 1979
17. Kummerow, F. A., "Effects of Isomeric Fats on
College of Nutrition, and President of the
7. Gordon, T., "Mortality Experience Among Maryland Nutritionists Association. She is
Japanese in the US, Hawaii and Japan", Pul. Animal Tissue, Lipid Classes and
Atherosclerosis", Geometrical and Positional the author of over 60 technical papers and
Health Rep. 51:270, 1957; Pollak, O. J., "Diet
and Atherosclerosis", Lancet 1:444, 1959 Fatty Acid Isomers (E. A. Emken and H. J. Dutton, presentations, as well as a popular lectur-
8. McGill, H. C. et al., "General Findings of the eds), American Oil Chemists Society, er.
International Atherosclerosis Project", Laboratory Champaign, IL, USA, 1979, pp. 151-180; Dr Enig is currently working on the
Investigations 18(5):498, 1968 Kritchevsky, D., "Trans Fatty Acid Effects in exploratory development of an adjunct
9. Smith, R. L. and E. R. Pinckney, The Experimental Atherosclerosis", Federation therapy for AIDS using complete medium-
Cholesterol Conspiracy, Warren H. Green, Inc., Proceedings 41:2813, 1982 chain saturated fatty acids from whole
St Louis, MO, USA, 1991, p. 125 18. Enig, M. G., "Modification of Membrane
Lipid Composition and Mixed-Function Oxidases foods. She is the mother of three healthy
10. De Bakey, M. et al., "Serum Cholesterol children brought up on whole foods
Values in Patients Treated Surgically for in Mouse Liver Microsomes by Dietary Trans
Fatty Acids", Doctoral Dissertation for the including butter, cream, eggs and meat.
Atherosclerosis", JAMA 189(9):655-59, 1964
11. Keys, A., "Diet and Development of Coronary University of Maryland, 1984
Heart Disease", J. Chron. Dis. 4(4):364-380, • Sally Fallon is the author of Nourishing
October 1956 About the Authors: Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges
12. Cristakis, G., "Effect of the Anti-Coronary • Mary G. Enig, PhD, is an expert of inter- Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet
Club Program on Coronary Heart Disease Risk- national renown in the field of lipid bio- Dictocrats (with Pat Connolly, Executive
Factor Status", JAMA 198(6):129-35, November chemistry. She has headed a number of Director of the Price-Pottenger Nutrition
7, 1996 studies, in America and Israel, on the con- Foundation, and Mary G. Enig, PhD), as
13. "Dietary Goals for the United States— well as of numerous articles on the subject
Supplemental Views", prepared by the Staff of the
tent and effects of trans fatty acids, and has
Select Committee on Nutrition and Human successfully challenged government asser- of diet and health. She is Vice President of
Needs, United States Senate, Government tions that dietary animal fat causes cancer the Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation
Printing Office, Washington, DC, November and heart disease. Recent scientific and and editor of the Foundation's quarterly
1977, pp. 139-140 media attention on the possible adverse journal. She is the mother of four healthy
14. Rizek, R. L. et al., "Fat in Today's Food health effects of t r a n s fatty acids has children raised on whole foods including
Supply—Level of Use and Sources", J. Am. Oil brought increased attention to her work. butter, cream, eggs and meat.
Chem. Soc. 51:244, 1974 Dr Enig is a licensed nutritionist, certi- Sally Fallon's publications may by
15. Enig, M. G. et al., "Dietary Fat and Cancer fied by the Certification Board for Nutrition obtained by contacting the Price-Pottenger
Trends—A Critique", Federation Proceedings Nutrition Foundation in San D iego,
37(9):2215-2220, FASEB, July 1978 Specialists, a qualified expert witness, a
nutrition consultant to individuals, indus- California, USA, on (619) 574 7763.

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NEW TIMES MAGAZINE

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR.............................................4 PERPETUAL MOTION: BESSLER'S WHEEL.................53

DECEMBER 1998 - JANUARY 1999 NEXUS • 1

WARRANTY AND INDEMNITY

2 • NEXUS DECEMBER 1998 - JANUARY 1999

4 • NEXUS DECEMBER 1998 - JANUARY 1999

DECEMBER 1998 - JANUARY 1999 NEXUS • 5

versy, with six of its scientists CANADIAN PRISONERS

6 • NEXUS DECEMBER 1998 - JANUARY 1999

T he European Parliament has swept

DECEMBER 1998 - JANUARY 1999 NEXUS • 7

F rench researcher Jacques Benveniste is

SANITY CLAUSE FOR VETTING

8 • NEXUS DECEMBER 1998 - JANUARY 1999

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12 • NEXUS DECEMBER 1998 - JANUARY 1999

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A Simplified Version of Basic

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DECEMBER 1998 - JANUARY 1999 NEXUS • 29

References Terminator Technology. These can be accessed About the Author:

30 • NEXUS DECEMBER 1998 - JANUARY 1999

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This circuit is said to pull power from

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This circuit uses an antenna to pull power

50 • NEXUS DECEMBER 1998 - JANUARY 1999

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M odern UFO sightings really began