Power Electronics - M. D. Singh and K. B. Khanchandani PDF

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Power Electronics
by M. D. Singh and K. B. Khanchandani1
Created by
Mohit Garg
B.Tech
Electronics Engineering
ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad
College Teacher
None
Cross-Checked by
Spandana
July 31, 2019
1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project”
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Power Electronics
Author: M. D. Singh and K. B. Khanchandani
Publisher: Tata McGraw-Hill
Edition: 2
Year: 2006
ISBN: 978-0070583894
1
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
2
Contents
List of Scilab Codes 4
2 Thyristors Principles and Characteristics 5
3 Gate Triggering Circuits 16
4 Series and Parallel Operation of Thyristors 22
5 Power Semiconductor Devices 28
6 Phase Controlled Convertors 39
7 Dual Converters 82
8 Choppers 85
9 Inverters 117
10 Cycloconverters 152
11 A C Regulators 158
12 Resonant Convertors 168
13 Protection and Cooling of Power Switching Devices 180
3
14 Control of D C Drives 196
15 Control of A C Drives 213
16 Power Electronic Applications 218
4
List of Scilab Codes
Exa 2.1 Will the thyristor get fired . . . . . . . . . . 5

Exa 2.2 Obtain the minimum gating pulse . . . . . . 6
Exa 2.3 Compute average power loss . . . . . . . . . 6
Exa 2.4 Find the value of series resistor and average
power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 2.5 Calculate the required gate resistance source 8
Exa 2.6 Calculate the mean power loss . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 2.7 Compute the peak inverse voltage . . . . . 10
Exa 2.8 Calculate the resistance gate power dissipa-
tion and maximum triggering frequency . . 11
Exa 2.9 Calculate the value of commutating capaci-
tance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 2.10 Compute the value of commutating capaci-
tance and inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 2.11 Calculate shortest fault clearance time . . . 14
Exa 2.12 Calculate one cycle surge current rating . . 14
Exa 3.1 Determine the trigger angle . . . . . . . . . 16
Exa 3.2 Determine the value of Vee . . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 3.3 Design UJT relaxation oscillator . . . . . . 17
Exa 3.5 Design free running UJT relaxation oscillator 19
Exa 4.1 Calculate the value of R and C . . . . . . . 22
Exa 4.2 Calculate the series resistance . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 4.3 Calculate the number of thyristors and value
of resistance and capacitance . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 4.4 Calculate the number of thyristors . . . . . 25
Exa 4.5 Determine the current taken by each SCR and
value of equal resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5
Exa 5.1 What will be the maximum and minimum fir-
ing angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Exa 5.2 Compute the drain current and differnces in
current sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 5.3 Determine series resistance and safe highest
frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Exa 5.4 Determine the power dissipated by each MOS-
FET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Exa 5.5 Calculate the rise time of driving waveform 34
Exa 5.6 Determine power loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Exa 5.7 Calculate the total power loss . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 5.8 Determine avg load current and power losses 37
Exa 6.2 Determine the heater power . . . . . . . . . 39
Exa 6.3 Determine various parameters . . . . . . . . 40
Exa 6.4 Determine average current power supplied and
dissipated and power factor . . . . . . . . . 41
Exa 6.5 Determine design details . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Exa 6.6 Determine variuos parameters . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 6.7 Determine the firing angle . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 6.8 Determine firing angle output current and thyris-
tor current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Exa 6.9 Find average output current and power deliv-
ered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 6.11 Find displacement factor harmonic factor and
input power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Exa 6.12 Determine average output voltage . . . . . . 52
Exa 6.13 Determine average load voltage current PIV
and power dssipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 6.14 Calculate thyristor current ratings . . . . . 54
Exa 6.17 Calculate firing angle and supply power factor 57
Exa 6.19 Find out SCR rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Exa 6.20 Determine fundamental and various harmon-
ics for various angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Exa 6.21 Determine average voltage . . . . . . . . . . 62
Exa 6.22 Determine the minimum width of gate pulse 63
Exa 6.23 Plot average voltage and load voltage . . . . 64
6
Exa 6.25 Determine DPF DF HF and PF . . . . . . . 67
Exa 6.26 Determine overlap angles . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Exa 6.27 Find the mean voltage at the load . . . . . . 69
Exa 6.28 Compute source inductance load resistance
and overlap angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Exa 6.29 Compute the average load voltage . . . . . . 70
Exa 6.30 Compute the average generator voltage . . . 71
Exa 6.32 Compute the firing angle and overlap angle 72
Exa 6.33 Design the 3 phase bridge convertor . . . . . 73
Exa 6.34 Calculate delay angle power delivered and fun-
damental reactive power . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Exa 6.35 Calculate reducation in dc output voltage and
overlap angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Exa 6.36 Calculate various parameters . . . . . . . . 78
Exa 7.1 Compute the peak value of circulating current 82
Exa 7.2 Design dual convertor . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Exa 8.1 Determine time ratio of the chopper . . . . 85
Exa 8.3 Determine average and rms output voltage
chopper efficiency and effective input resis-
tance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Exa 8.4 Calculate the required pulse width . . . . . 87
Exa 8.5 Calculate the conduction and blocking period
of the thyristor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Exa 8.6 Calculate limit of current pulsation chopping
frequency duty cycle and output voltage . . 88
Exa 8.7 Compute following quantities . . . . . . . . 89
Exa 8.8 Calculate the mean values of load voltage and
current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Exa 8.9 Find the chopping frequency . . . . . . . . . 93
Exa 8.10 Find the on period average load current mag-
nitude of ripple current and its rms value . . 94
Exa 8.11 Compute the current in the motor . . . . . 96
Exa 8.12 Determine the ON time of the chopper . . . 97
Exa 8.13 Determine average and rms output voltage
and form and ripple factor . . . . . . . . . . 97
7
Exa 8.14 Determine duty cycle for motoring regenerat-
ing mode and to achieve regenerating mode
and poweer returned . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Exa 8.15 Determine duty cycle for motoring regenerat-
ing mode and to achieve regenerating mode
power returned and switching frequency . . 99
Exa 8.16 Determine duty cycle of chopper . . . . . . 101
Exa 8.17 Compute the value of commutating capacitor
and inductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Exa 8.18 Compute the value of commutating capacitor
and inductor Maximum capacitor voltage and
peak commutating current . . . . . . . . . . 103
tance average output voltage circuit off time
total commutation interval . . . . . . . . . . 104
tance and transformer inductances . . . . . 105
Exa 8.21 Compute the inductance steady state speed
and current swing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Exa 8.22 Design the jones chopper . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Exa 8.23 Find duty cycle filter inductance and filter ca-
pacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Exa 8.24 Determine maximum ON period of MOSFET
Battery drain current and the value of choke
required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Exa 8.25 Determine duty cycle ripple and peak current
of inductor ripple voltage . . . . . . . . . . 111
Exa 8.26 Compute average output voltage peak to peak
output ripple voltage peak to peak current of
the inductor and peak current of the device 112
Exa 8.27 Determine range of duty cycle peak to peak
choke ripple current and average supply cur-
rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Exa 8.28 Compute average output voltage average in-
put current peak to peak current of the in-
ductors peak to peak output ripple voltages
and peak current of the device . . . . . . . . 115
8
Exa 9.1 Compute rms value of output voltage fun-
damental component of the output voltage
waveform first five harmonics of the output
voltage fundamental power consumed rms power
consumed rms value by harmonic summation
method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Exa 9.2 Compute fundamental output voltage first five
harmonics of the output voltage rms value by
direct integration and harmonic summation
method output rms and fundamental power
and transistor switch ratings . . . . . . . . . 118
Exa 9.3 Determine rms load current at fundamental
frequency rms value of load current power
output and average supply current . . . . . 120
Exa 9.4 Determine IGBT ratings THD DF and HF
and DF of the lowest order harmonic . . . . 121
Exa 9.5 Determine transistor ratings THD DF and
HF and DF of the lowest order harmonic . . 123
Exa 9.6 Determine carrier ratio and the number of
pulses per cycle Fundamental output voltage
DF and HF of the output voltage and the or-
der of first five significant harmonics . . . . 124
Exa 9.7 Compute DC and switch voltage ratings . . 126
Exa 9.8 Compute Total rms output voltage fundamen-
tal output voltage DF and HF and gain of the
invertor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Exa 9.9 What should be te amplitude of modulation
index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Exa 9.10 Determine fundamental output voltage and
first five dominant harmonics . . . . . . . . 128
Exa 9.12 Determine rms value of the output line and
phase voltages rms value of the fundamental
component of the line and phase voltage . . 129
Exa 9.17 Determine dc voltage rms line and phase volt-
ages and Device voltage ratings . . . . . . . 133
Exa 9.18 Design a series invertor circuit . . . . . . . . 134
9
Exa 9.19 Design a self commutated invertor circuit and
compute output power . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Exa 9.20 Design a parallel invertor . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Exa 9.21 Calculate rms output voltage at fundamen-
tal frequency output power average and peak
current and peak reverse blocking voltage . 139
Exa 9.22 Calculate rms output voltage at fundamen-
tal frequency output power average and peak
current and peak reverse blocking voltage . 140
Exa 9.23 What value of C should the load have in order
to obtain load commutation of SCR . . . . . 141
Exa 9.24 Obtain the value of commutating components
L and C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Exa 9.25 Obtain the value of commutating components
and the value of resistance . . . . . . . . . . 143
Exa 9.26 Find the rms load current load power and
thyristor ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Exa 9.27 Determine commutating capacitor load cur-
rent Fcritical and Rcritical . . . . . . . . . . 145
Exa 9.28 Design an OTT filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Exa 9.29 Design a 400 Hz parallel invertor . . . . . . 148
Exa 10.1 Determine required supply voltage thyristor
rating and power factor of the supply current 152
Exa 10.2 Estimate peak and rms value of load voltage 153
Exa 10.3 Determine the value of fundamental rms out-
put voltage rms output current and output
power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Exa 10.4 Determine the value of fundamental rms out-
put voltage rms output current and output
power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Exa 10.5 Determine the input current to the convertors 157
Exa 11.2 Determine rms value of output voltage input
power factor and average input current . . . 160
Exa 11.4 Plot a curve of load power against firing delay
angle and determine required thyristor rating 162
10
Exa 11.5 Determine rms current of tyristor T1 and T2
rms current of Thyristor T3 and T4 and input
power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Exa 11.6 Determine rms output phase voltage input
power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Exa 11.7 Determine required ratings of triacs and thyrstors 166
Exa 12.1 Determine circuit turn off time maximum pos-
sible output frequency capacitor voltage rms
load current output power and average and
rms SCR currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Exa 12.2 Determine resonant frequency maximum op-
erating frequency Peak thyristor current av-
erage thyristor current rms thyristor current
rms load current and average supply current 170
Exa 12.3 Determine resonant frequency maximum op-
erating frequency Peak thyristor current av-
erage thyristor current rms thyristor current
rms load current and average supply current 171
Exa 12.4 Design E class resonant invertor . . . . . . . 173
Exa 12.5 Determine values of resonant components Lr
and Cr peak switching current peak voltage
rating of the resonant capacitor . . . . . . . 175
Exa 12.6 Determine values of resonant components Lr
and Cr peak voltage rating of the resonant ca-
pacitor and charging and discharging period
of capcaitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Exa 12.7 Design a ZVS three level PWM convertor . 177
Exa 13.1 Compute the values of di dt inductor and the
snubber circuit component Rs and Cs . . . . 180
Exa 13.2 Compute the required parameters snubber cir-
cuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Exa 13.3 Design a snubber circuit . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Exa 13.4 Compute initial capacitor voltage magnetiz-
ing current and capacitor value to limit the
transient capacitor voltage . . . . . . . . . . 182
Exa 13.5 Determine the snubber component values for
critical damping value of R and power loss . 183
11
Exa 13.6 Design a suitable selenium voltage protection
circuit and compute energy dissipated per plate 185
Exa 13.7 Design a suitable circuit . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Exa 13.8 Calculate the peak value of the fault current 186
Exa 13.9 Compute the required fusing time . . . . . . 187
Exa 13.10 What is the minimum value of load induc-
tance and what will be the new value of L . 188
Exa 13.11 Compute the values of RF filter components 188
Exa 13.12 Determine the value of thermal resistance heat
sink and temperature at base . . . . . . . . 189
Exa 13.13 Determine junction temperature . . . . . . . 190
Exa 13.14 Determine total average power loss and per-
centage increase in deivce rating . . . . . . . 191
Exa 13.15 Plot instantaneous junction temperature . . 191
Exa 13.16 Determine the heat sink required . . . . . . 193
Exa 13.17 Determine the thermal resistance of the heat
sink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Exa 13.18 Determine the maximum power disspation . 195
Exa 14.1 Determine motor terminal voltage and the
value of flux as a percentage of rated flux . . 196
Exa 14.2 Compute the speed at which motor can hold
the load by regenerative braking . . . . . . . 197
Exa 14.3 Compute the field current firing angle of the
convertor and the input power factor . . . . 198
Exa 14.4 Determine motor torque speed of the motor
supply power factor firing angle and power
fed back to the supply . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Exa 14.5 What should be firing angle different speeds
and calculate the motor speed . . . . . . . . 201
Exa 14.6 Determine the motor speed . . . . . . . . . 203
Exa 14.7 Determine the triggering angle of the conver-
tor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Exa 14.8 Determine no load speeds firing angle supply
power factor and the speed regulation . . . . 205
Exa 14.9 Determine motor torque motor current and
supply power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
12
Exa 14.10 Determine the firing angle of the armature
convertor speed of the motor and firing angle
of the field convertor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Exa 14.11 Determine the firing angle power factor active
power and reactive power at rated speed and
its 10 and their ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Exa 14.12 Determine the range of frequencies of the chop-
per . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Exa 15.1 Determine the new value of torque developed
by motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Exa 15.2 Determine the angle of firing advance in dif-
ferent cases voltage ratio and power flow . . 214
Exa 15.3 Determine the input voltage armature current
excitation voltage torque angle and pull out
torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Exa 16.1 Determine kVA rating of invertor Wattage of
the rectifier and AH rating of battery . . . . 218
Exa 16.2 Select a suitable battery . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Exa 16.3 Determine AH efficiency and WH efficiency 220
Exa 16.4 Determine dc supply voltage and charging cur-
rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Exa 16.5 Calculate back up time and charger peak out-
put power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Exa 16.6 Determine maximum duty cycle and flyback
convertor turns ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Exa 16.7 Determine average input power and current
ratings of the trasistor primary winding in-
dutance and number of turns and ratings of
the diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Exa 16.8 Determine turn ratio of demagnetizing wind-
ing with primary winding switch voltagae rat-
ing and dc supply current . . . . . . . . . . 226
Exa 16.9 Determine the value of coupling capacitor ver-
fiy if the value is acceptable or not If not then
determine the new value . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Exa 16.10 Determine rms current and peak reverse volt-
age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
13
Exa 16.11 Determine depth of heating and heat gener-
ated per unit surface area . . . . . . . . . . 229
Exa 16.12 Determine supply frequency . . . . . . . . . 230
Exa 16.13 Determine voltage and current . . . . . . . . 231
Exa 16.14 Determine supply frequency . . . . . . . . . 232
Exa 16.15 Calculate the value of load resistance commu-
tating capacitor and resistance connected in
series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Exa 16.16 What will be the firing angle and output power
available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
14
Chapter 2
Thyristors Principles and

Characteristics
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Will the thyristor get fired
1 // c h a p t e r 2
2 // e x a m p l e 2 . 1
3 // f i g . E2 . 1
4 // W i l l t h e t h y r i s t o r g e t f i r e d
5 // page −21−22
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 I_L =50; // i n mA ( L a t c h i n g c u r r e n t )
10 t =50; // i n u s ( d u r a t i o n o f f i r e i n g p u l s e )
11 R =20; // i n ohm ( r e s i s t a n c e o f c i i c u i t )
12 L =0.5; // i n H ( I n d u c t a n c e o f c i r c u i t )
13 V =100; // i n V ( B a t t e r y v o l t a g e )
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 tou = L / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t o t a l t i m e p e r i o d
16 t = t *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from u s t o s e c
17 i =( V / R ) *(1 - exp ( - t / tou ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c u r r e n t
a t t =50 u s
18 i = i *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from A t o mA
15
19 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f c u r r e n t i s \ t i ( 5 0 u s ) = %. 2 f
mA\n ” ,i ) ;
20 if i < I_L then
21 printf ( ” \nSCR w i l l n o t g e t f i r e d ” ) ;
22
23 else printf ( ” \nSCR w i l l g e t f i r e d ”);
24 end
Scilab code Exa 2.2 Obtain the minimum gating pulse
1 // c h a p t e r 2
2 // e x a m p l e 2 . 2
3 // f i g . E2 . 2
4 // O b t a i n t h e minimum g a t i n g p u l s e
5 // page −22
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 i =4; // i n mA ( L a t c h i n g c u r r e n t )
10 L =0.1; // i n H ( I n d u c t a n c e o f c i r c u i t )
11 V =100; // i n V ( B a t t e r y v o l t a g e )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 i = i *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mA t o A
14 // S i n c e V=L ∗ ( d i / d t ) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
15 t_min =( L / V ) * i ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f minimum g a t i n g
pulse
16 t_min = t_min *1 E6 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from s e c t o u s
17 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum g a t i n g p u l s e i s \ t t m i n=%. f
u s ” , t_min ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.3 Compute average power loss
1 // c h a p t e r 2
16
2 // e x a m p l e 2 . 3
3 // f i g . E2 . 3
4 // Compute a v e r a g e power l o s s
5 // page −22−23
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Beta1 =180 , Beta2 =360; // i n d e g r e e s ( c o n d u c t i o n
angles )
10 Iav =100; // i n A ( a v e r a g e c u r r e n t )
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 // s i n c e I a v=Im∗ Beta / 3 6 0 , t h e r e f o r e
13 Im1 = Iav *360/ Beta1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f current during
180 c o n d u c t i o n
14 V_T1 = 1.8; // i n V ( g i v e n c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o v a l u e o f
Im1 )
15 Pavg1 = V_T1 * Im1 *( Beta1 /360) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
a v e r a g e power l o s s d u r i n g 180 c o n d u c t i o n
16 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e power l o s s d u r i n g %. f
c o n d u c t i o n i s %. f W” , Beta1 , Pavg1 ) ;
17 Im2 = Iav *360/ Beta2 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c u r r e n t d u r i n g
360 c o n d u c t i o n
18 V_T2 = 1.5; // i n V ( g i v e n c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o v a l u e o f
Im2 )
19 Pavg2 = V_T2 * Im2 *( Beta2 /360) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
a v e r a g e power l o s s d u r i n g 360 c o n d u c t i o n
20 printf ( ” \n\ nThe a v e r a g e power l o s s d u r i n g %. f
c o n d u c t i o n i s %. f W” , Beta2 , Pavg2 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.4 Find the value of series resistor and average power
1 // c h a p t e r 2
2 // e x a m p l e 2 . 4
3 // Find t h e v a l u e o f s e r i e s r e s i s t o r and a v e r a g e
power
17
4 // page −31
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 // Vg=1.5+8∗ I g ; // r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n Vg and I g
9 Vgs =12; // i n V
10 t =50; // i n u s
11 D =0.2; // duty c u c l e
12 P =5; // i n W
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 // s i n c e Vgs=I g ∗Rg+Vg=I g ∗Rg+1.5+8∗ I g o r
15 // Vgs=(Rg+8) ∗ I g + 1 . 5 , ( i )
16 // s i n c e P=Vg∗ I g and t h e r e f o r e
17 // P=(1.5+8∗ I g ) ∗ I g ,
18 // P=1.5∗ I g +8∗ I g ˆ 2 .
19 // T h i s i s q u a d r a t i c e q u a t i o n and can be w r i t t e n a s
20 // 8∗ I g ˆ 2 + 1 . 5 ∗ Ig −P=0 s o l v i n g i t
21 Ig1 =( -1.5+ sqrt (1.5^2 -(4*8*( - P ) ) ) ) /(2*8) ;
22 Ig2 =( -1.5 - sqrt (1.5^2 -(4*8*( - P ) ) ) ) /(2*8) ;
23 if Ig1 >0 then
24 Ig = Ig1
25 else
26 Ig = Ig2
27 end
28 Rg =(( Vgs -1.5) / Ig ) -8; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s e r i e s
resistance
29 Pavg = P * D ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e power
30 printf ( ” \ nThe s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e i s \ t Rg=%. f ohm” , Rg
);
31 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e power i s \ t \ t Pavg=%. f W” , Pavg
);
Scilab code Exa 2.5 Calculate the required gate resistance source
1 // c h a p t e r 2
18
2 // e x a m p l e 2 . 5
3 // C a l c u l a t e t h e r e q u i r e d g a t e r e s i s t a n c e s o u r c e
4 // page −31
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Pg =0.012; // i n W ( power ) Pg=Vg∗ I g
9 gradient =3 E3 ; // g r a d i e n t=Vg/ I g
10 Egs =10; // i n V
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 // S i n c e g r a d i e n t ∗Pg=Vgˆ2 t h e r e f o r e we g e t
13 Vg = sqrt ( gradient * Pg ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f g a t e v o l t a g e
14 Ig = Pg / Vg ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f g a t e c u r r e n t
15 Rg = Vg / Ig ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f g a t e r e s i s t a n c e
16 Ig = Ig *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from A t o mA
17 Rg = Rg *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from ohm t o kohm
18 printf ( ” \ nThe r e q u i r e d g a t e v o l t a g e i s \ tVg=%. f V\n ”
, Vg ) ;
19 printf ( ” \ nThe r e q u i r e d g a t e c u r r e n t i s \ t I g=%. f mA\n
” , Ig ) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe r e q u i r e d g a t e s o u r c e r e s i s t a n c e i s \
tRg=%. f kohm\n ” , Rg ) ;
21 // Note : the value o f gate s o u r c e r e s i s t a n c e has
n o t b e e n c a l c u l a t e d i n t h e book .
Scilab code Exa 2.6 Calculate the mean power loss
1 // c h a p t e r 2
2 // e x a m p l e 2 . 6
3 // F i g . E2 . 6
4 // C a l c u l a t e t h e mean power l o s s
5 // page −31−32
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
19
9 // V T = 1 . 0 + ( 1 . 1 ∗ I / 6 0 ) ( from g r a p h )
10 I_a =23; // i n A ( s t e a d y c u r r e n t ) \
11 I_b =18; // i n A ( H a l f −s i n e wave )
12 I_c =39.6; // i n A ( l e v e l c u r r e n t f o r h a l f c y c l e )
13 I_d =48.5; // i n A ( l e v e l c u r r e n t f o r one−t h i r d c y c l e
)
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 V_T_a =1.0+(1.1* I_a /60) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f ON s t a t e
voltage corresponding to I a
16 P_a = V_T_a * I_a ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power l o s s
corresponding to I a
17 printf ( ” \ nThe Power l o s s i s \t% . 1 f W\n ” , P_a ) ;
18 I_m_b = I_b * %pi ; // maximum v a l u e o f s i n e wave c u r r e n t
19 P_b =(1/(2* %pi ) ) *( integrate ( ’ ( ( 1 + ( 1 . 1 ∗ I m b ∗ s i n ( x )
/ 6 0 ) ) ∗ I m b ∗ s i n ( x ) ) ’ , ’ x ’ ,0 , %pi ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f power l o s s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o I b
20 printf ( ” \ nThe Power l o s s i s \t% . 2 f W\n ” , P_b ) ;
21 V_T_c =1.0+(1.1* I_c /60) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f ON s t a t e
voltage corresponding to I c
22 P_c = V_T_c * I_c /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power l o s s
corresponding to I c
23 printf ( ” \ nThe Power l o s s i s \t% . 1 f W\n ” , P_c ) ;
24 V_T_d =1.0+(1.1* I_d /60) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f ON s t a t e
voltage corresponding to I d
25 P_d = V_T_d * I_d /3; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power l o s s
corresponding to I d
26 printf ( ” \ nThe Power l o s s i s \t% . 1 f W\n ” , P_d ) ;
27 // Note : t h e a n s w e r o f p a r t ( b ) v a r i e s s l i g h t l y due
t o p r e c i s e c a l c u l a t i o n and round o f f
Scilab code Exa 2.7 Compute the peak inverse voltage
1 // c h a p t e r 2
2 // e x a m p l e 2 . 7
3 // Compute t h e peak i n v e r s e v o l t a g e
20
4 // page −32
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Vin =415; // i n V ( i n p u t v o l t a g e )
9 Vf =2.1; // v o l t a g e s a f e t y f a c t o r
10 // c a l c u l a t e
11 PIV = sqrt (2) * Vin * Vf ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak i n v e r s e
voltage
12 printf ( ” \ nThe peak i n v e r s e v o l t a g e i s \ tPIV=%. 2 f V” ,
PIV ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.8 Calculate the resistance gate power dissipation and maximum tr
1 // chapter 2
2 // example 2 . 8
3 // F i g . E2 . 8
4 // C a l c u l a t e t h e r e s i s t a n c e , g a t e power d i s s i p a t i o n
and maximum t r i g g e r i n g f r e q u e n c y
5 // page −32−33
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Ig_min =500; // i n mA ( minimum g a t e c u r r e n t )
10 gradient =16; // i n V/A
11 Egs =15; // i n V ( g a t e s o u r c e v o l t a g e )
12 T_on =4; // i n u s ( minimum t u r n on t i m e )
13 Pg_av =0.3; // i n W ( a v e r a g e g a t e power d i s s i p a t i o n )
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 Ig_min = Ig_min *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mA t o A
16 Vg = gradient * Ig_min ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f g a t e v o l t a g e
17 Rs =( Egs - Vg ) / Ig_min ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s i s t a n c e
18 printf ( ” \ nThe r e s i s t a n c e t o be c o n n e c t e d i n s e r i e s
w i t h SCR g a t e i s \ tRs= %. f ohm” , Rs ) ;
19 Pg = Vg * Ig_min ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power d i s s i p a t i o n
21
20 printf ( ” \n\ nThe g a t e power d i s s i p a t i o n i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \
tPg= %. f W” , Pg ) ;
21 // S i n c e Pg=Pg av / ( f ∗ T on ) , t h e r e f o r e
22 T_on = T_on *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from u s t o s e c
23 f = Pg_av /( Pg * T_on ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum
triggering frequency
24 f = f *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from Hz t o khz
25 printf ( ” \n\ nThe maximum t r i g g e r i n g f r e q u e n c y i s \ t f =
%. 2 f kHz \ t o r \ tF= %. f kHz ” ,f , f ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.9 Calculate the value of commutating capacitance
1 // c h a p t e r 2
2 // e x a m p l e 2 . 9
3 // F i g . 2 . 1 7
4 // C a l c u l a t e t h e v a l u e o f commutating c a p a c i t a n c e
5 // page −54
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Edc =120; // i n V ( s o u r c e v o l t a g e )
10 I =20; // i n A ( c u r r e n t )
11 t_off =60; // i n u s ( t u r n − o f f t i m e o f b o t h SCR)
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 R1 = Edc / I ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f R1
14 R2 = R1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f R2
15 C =1.44* t_off / R1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f commutating
capacitance
16 printf ( ” \n\ nThe commutating c a p a c i t a n c e f o r
s u c c c e s s f u l commutation i s \ tC= %. 1 f uF” ,C ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.10 Compute the value of commutating capacitance and inductance
22
1 // chapter 2
2 // example 2 . 1 0
3 // Fig . 2.19
4 // Compute t h e v a l u e o f commutating c a p a c i t a n c e and
inductance
5 // page −54
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
10 I_L =50; // i n A ( c u r r e n t )
11 t_off =30; // i n u s ( t u r n − o f f t i m e o f SCR1 )
12 f =500; // i n Hz ( c h o p p i n g f r e q u e n c y )
13 neta1 =10 , neta2 =100; // i n % ( l o a d v o l t a g e v a r i a t i o n
)
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 // L e t u s assume 50 % t o l e r a n c e on t u r n − o f f t i m e
16 t_off = t_off +(50* t_off /100) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t u r n −
o f f time f o r r e l i a b l e o p e r a t i o n
17 printf ( ” \ nThe t u r n − o f f t i m e f o r r e l i a b l e o p e r a t i o n
i s \ t t o f f = %. f u s ” , t_off ) ;
18 C = I_L * t_off / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f commutating
capacitance
19 printf ( ” \n\ nThe commutating c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ tC=
%. f uF” ,C ) ;
20 V0_min = neta1 * Edc /100; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f minimum V0
21 T =1/ f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c h o p p i n g t i m e p e r i o d
22 L1 =(( V0_min / Edc ) ^2) *( T ^2) /((( %pi ) ^2) * C *1 E -6) ;
23 L1 = L1 *1 E6 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from H t o uH
24 // L1 =(( V0 min / Edc ) ˆ 2 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f u p p e r
l i m i t o f commutating i n d u c t a n c e
25 L2 = C *( Edc / I_L ) ^2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o w e r l i m i t o f
commutating i n d u c t a n c e
26 printf ( ” \n\ nThe commutating i n d u c t a n c e l i e s i n r a n g e
\ t %. f uH < L < %. f uH” ,L2 , L1 ) ;
23
Scilab code Exa 2.11 Calculate shortest fault clearance time
1 // c h a p t e r 2
2 // e x a m p l e 2 . 1 1
3 // F i g . E2 . 1 1
4 // C a l c u l a t e s h o r t e s t f a u l t c l e a r a n c e t i m e
5 // page −54−55
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Vm =120; // i n V ( s i n o s o i d a l a c s u p p l y )
10 integration =15; // i n a ˆ 2 . s ( i n t e g r a l o f s q u a r e o f
current )
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 t = integration / Vm ^2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f a u l t
c l e a r a n c e time
13 t = t *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from s t o ms
14 printf ( ” \n\ nThe f a u l t c l e a r a n c e t i m e i s \ t= %. 2 f ms”
,t ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.12 Calculate one cycle surge current rating
1 // c h a p t e r 2
2 // e x a m p l e 2 . 1 2
3 // C a l c u l a t e one c y c l e s u r g e c u r r e n t r a t i n g
4 // page −54−55
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 I_sub =3000; // i n A ( h a l f c y c l e s u r g e c u r r e n t rating
)
9 f =50; // i n Hz ( s u p p l y f r e q u e n c y )
24
10 T =100 , t =50; // t i m e r a t i o n f o r one and h a l f c y c l e
respectively
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 // I ˆ2∗T=I s u b ˆ2∗ t , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
13 I = sqrt ( I_sub ^2*( t / T ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f one c y c l e
surge current rating
14 printf ( ” \ nThe one c y c l e s u r g e c u r r e n t r a t i n g \ t I= %
. 2 f A” ,I ) ;
15 rating =( I_sub /(5* sqrt (2) ) ) ^2*(1/(2* f ) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f i ˆ2∗ t r a t i n g
16 printf ( ” \n\ nThe i ˆ2∗ t r a t i n g i s \ t %. f Aˆ 2 . s ” ,
rating ) ;
17 // Note : The a n s w e r i n t h e book f o r i ˆ2∗ t rating is
wrong due t o c a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e
25
Chapter 3
Gate Triggering Circuits
Scilab code Exa 3.1 Determine the trigger angle
1 // c h a p t e r 3
2 // e x a m p l e 3 . 1
3 // f i g . E3 . 1 1
4 // D e t e r m i n e t h e t r i g g e r a n g l e
5 // page −87
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Ig =0.1; // i n mA ( minimum g a t e c u r r e n t )
10 Vg =0.5; // i n V ( minimum g a t e v o l t a g e )
11 Emax =24; // i n V ( peak a m p l i t u d e o f i n p u t )
12 Rv =100; // i n k−ohm
13 Rmin =10; // i n k−ohm
14 Vd =0.7; // i n V ( t h r e s h o l d v o l t a g e f o r d i o d e )
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16 e_s = Ig *( Rv + Rmin ) + Vd + Vg ; // A p p l y i n g KVL i n t h e l o o p
17 // s i n c e e s=Emax∗ s i n ( a l p h a )
18 alpha = asind ( e_s / Emax ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t r i g g e r
angle
19 printf ( ” The t r i g g e r a n g l e i s \ t %. 1 f d e g r e e ” , alpha ) ;
26
Scilab code Exa 3.2 Determine the value of Vee
1 // c h a p t e r 3
2 // e x a m p l e 3 . 2
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e v a l u e o f Vee
4 // page −99
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Re =1; // i n k−ohm
9 Iv =5; // i n mA
10 Vv =2; // i n V ( v o l t a g e a t v a l l e y p o i n t )
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 Ie = Iv ;
13 Ve = Vv ;
14 Vee = Ie * Re + Ve ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f Vee
15 printf ( ” The r e q u i r e d v a l u e t o s w i t c h OFF UJT i s \
tVee=%. f V” , Vee ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Design UJT relaxation oscillator
1 // c h a p t e r 3
2 // e x a m p l e 3 . 3
3 // D e s i g n UJT r e l a x a t i o n o s c i l l a t o r
4 // page −99−100
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 neta =0.7; // ( i n t r i n s i c s t a n d − o f f r a t i o )
9 I_P =50; // i n uA ( peak p o i n t c u r e n t )
10 Vv =2; // i n V ( v a l l e y p o i n t v o l t a g e )
11 I_V =6; // i n mA ( v a l l e y p o i n t c u r r e n t )
27
12 V_BB =20; // i n V ( maximum i n t e r b a s e v o l t a g e )
13 R_BB =7; // i n k−ohm ( i n t e r b a s e r e s i s t a n c e )
14 I_E0 =2; // i n mA ( e m i t t e r l e a k a g e c u r r e n t )
15 Vg_min =0.2 // i n V ( minimum g a t e v o l t a g e r e q u i r e d t o
t r i g g e r SCR)
16 C =0.1; // i n uF ( a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e book )
17 // c a l c u l a t e
18 I_P = I_P *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from uA t o A
19 Rmax = V_BB *(1 - neta ) / I_P ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f Rmax
20 I_V = I_V *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mA t o A
21 Rmin =( V_BB - Vv ) / I_V ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f Rmin
22 R2 =1 E4 /( neta * V_BB ) ;
23 I_E0 = I_E0 *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mA t o A
24 R1 = Vg_min / I_E0 ;
25 C = C *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from uF t o F
26 Tmax = Rmax * C * log (1/(1 - neta ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
maximum t i m e p e r i o d
27 Tmin = Rmin * C * log (1/(1 - neta ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
minimum t i m e p e r i o d
28 fmin =1/ Tmax ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f minimum f r e q u e n c y
29 fmax =1/ Tmin ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum f r e q u e n c y
30 Rmax = Rmax *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from ohm t o k−ohm
31 Rmin = Rmin *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from ohm t o k−ohm
32 Tmax = Tmax *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from s t o ms
33 Tmin = Tmin *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from s t o ms
34 fmax = fmax *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from Hz t o kHz
35 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum v a l u e o f R i s \ t \ t Rmax=%. f k−
ohm” , Rmax ) ;
36 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum v a l u e o f R i s \ t \ t Rmin=%. f k−
ohm” , Rmin ) ;
37 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f R2 i s \ t \ t \ t R2=%. 2 f ohm” , R2 )
;
38 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f R1 i s \ t \ t \ t R1=%. f ohm” , R1 ) ;
39 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum v a l u e o f t i m e p e r i o d i s \ t
Tmax=%. 2 f ms” , Tmax ) ;
40 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum v a l u e o f t i m e p e r i o d i s \ t
Tmin=%. 2 f ms” , Tmin ) ;
41 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum v a l u e o f f r e q u e n c y i s \ t f m i n=
28
%. 2 f Hz” , fmin ) ;
42 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum v a l u e o f f r e q u e n c y i s \ t fmax=
%. 2 f kHz ” , fmax ) ;
43 // Note : t h e a n s w e e o f Tmax , fmin , fmax v a r i e s
s l i g h t l y due t o e x a c t c a l c u l a t i o n
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Design free running UJT relaxation oscillator
1 // c h a p t e r 3
2 // e x a m p l e 3 . 5
3 // D e s i g n f r e e −r u n n i n g UJT r e l a x a t i o n o s c i l l a t o r
4 // page −105−106
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 fmin =5; // i n Hz ( minimum f r e q u e n c y )
9 fmax =50; // i n Hz ( maximum f r e q u e n c y )
10 E_dc =12; // i n V (DC s u p p l y )
11 I_P =80; // i n mA ( peak c u r r e n t )
12 T =8; // i n u s ( t r i g g e r t i m e )
13 V_drop =1; // i n V ( v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s PUT)
14 Rs =39; // i n ohm ( Assumption a s done i n t h e book )
15 Ig =1; // i n mA ( a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e book
16 // c a l c u l a t e
17 // s i n c e T=Rs ∗C
18 C = T / Rs ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t a n c e ( i n uF )
19 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t \ t C=%. 2 f uF
” ,C ) ;
20 I_P = I_P *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mA t o A
21 V_P =( I_P * Rs ) + V_drop ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak p o i n t
voltage
22 // s i n c e V P=n e t a ∗ E dc+V D , n e g l e c t i n g V D , we g e t
23 neta = V_P / E_dc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n t r i n s i c s t a n d − o f f
ratio
24 Tmax =1/ fmin ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum t i m e p e r i o d
29
25 Tmin =1/ fmax ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum t i m e p e r i o d
27 Rmax = Tmax /( C * log ( E_dc /( E_dc - V_P ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f maximum v a l u e o f R
28 Rmin = Tmin /( C * log ( E_dc /( E_dc - V_P ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f minimum v a l u e o f R
29 I_V_max = E_dc / Rmin ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum anode
current
30 I_V_min = E_dc / Rmax ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f minimum anode
current
31 // s i n c e I g =2∗ n e t a ∗ E dc /Rg , t h e r e f o r e
32 Rg =2* neta * E_dc / Ig ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f g a t e r e s i s t a n c e
i n k−ohm
33 R1 = Rg / neta ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f R1 r e s i s t a n c e
34 R2 = Rg /(1 - neta ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f R1 r e s i s t a n c e
35 Rmax = Rmax *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from ohm t o M−ohm
36 Rmin = Rmin *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from ohm t o M−ohm
37 I_V_max = I_V_max *1 E6 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from A t o uA
38 I_V_min = I_V_min *1 E6 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from A t o uA
39 printf ( ” \ nThe peak p o i n t v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t V P=%. 2 f V”
, V_P ) ;
40 printf ( ” \ nThe i n t r i n s i c s t a n d − o f f r a t i o i s \ t n e t a=%
. 2 f ” , neta ) ;
41 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum v a l u e o f R i s \ t \ t Rmax=%. 2 f M
−ohm” , Rmax ) ;
42 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum v a l u e o f R i s \ t \ t Rmin=%. 2 f M
−ohm” , Rmin ) ;
43 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum v a l u e o f anode c u r r e n t i s \ t
I V max=%. 2 f uA” , I_V_max ) ;
44 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum v a l u e o f anode c u r r e n t i s \ t
I V m i n=%. f uA” , I_V_min ) ;
45 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f g a t e r e s i s t a n c e i s \ t Rg=%. 2 f
k−ohm” , Rg ) ;
46 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f R1 i s \ t \ t \ t R1=%. f k−ohm” , R1
);
47 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f R2 i s \ t \ t \ t Rg=%. 2 f k−ohm” ,
R2 ) ;
48 // Note : t h e a n s w e e o f Rmax , I V max , Rg and R2
30
v a r i e s s l i g h t l y due t o e x a c t c a l c u l a t i o n
31
Chapter 4
Series and Parallel Operation

of Thyristors
Scilab code Exa 4.1 Calculate the value of R and C
1 // c h a p t e r 4
2 // e x a m p l e 4 . 1
3 // C a l c u l a t e t h e v a l u e o f R and C
4 // page −120−121
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 n_s =18; // number o f t h y r i s t o r s c o n n e c t e d i s s e r i e s
9 E_D =500; // i n V ( maximum p e r m i s s i b l e b l o c k i n g
voltage )
10 E_s =7500; // i n V ( s t r i n g v o l t a g e )
11 dI_b =1; // i n mA ( r a n g e o f b l o c k i n g c u r r e n t )
12 dQ =30; // i n uC ( maximum p e r m i s s i b l e d i f f r e n e c e
between r e v e r s e r e c o v e r y charge )
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 R =( n_s * E_D - E_s ) /(( n_s -1) * dI_b ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f R
i n k−ohm
15 C =( n_s -1) * dQ /( n_s * E_D - E_s ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f C i n
uC
32
16 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f R i s \ tR=%. 2 f k−ohm” ,R ) ;
17 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f C i s \ tC=%. 2 f uF” ,C ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.2 Calculate the series resistance
1 // c h a p t e r 4
2 // e x a m p l e 4 . 2
3 // C a l c u l a t e t h e s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e
4 // page −128−129
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 I_T1 =100; // i n A ( c u r r e n t o f SCR 1 )
9 I_T2 =150; // i n A ( c u r r e n t o f SCR 2 )
10 V_T1 =2.1; // i n V ( on−s t a t e v o l t a g e o f SCR 1 )
11 V_T2 =1.75; // i n V ( on−s t a t e v o l t a g e o f SCR 2 )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 // s i n c e V T1+I T 1 ∗ (R+R T1 )=V T2+I T 2 ∗ (R+R T2 ) and
assume R+R T1=R1 ( r e s i s t a n c e t o be c o n n e c t e d i n
series )
14 // t h e r e f o r e V T1+I T 1 ∗R1=V T2+I T 2 ∗R1 o r we g e t
15 R1 =( V_T1 - V_T2 ) /( I_T2 - I_T1 ) ;
16 printf ( ” The v a l u e o f r e q u i r e d s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e i s \
t R1=%. 3 f ohm” , R1 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.3 Calculate the number of thyristors and value of resistance and
1 // c h a p t e r 4
2 // e x a m p l e 4 . 3
3 // C a l c u l a t e t h e number o f t h y r i s t o r s and v a l u e o f
r e s i s t a n c e and c a p a c i t a n c e
4 // page −130−131
5 clear ;
33
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Es =6; // i n kV ( s t r i n g v o l t a g e )
9 Im =4; // i n kA ( s t r i n g c u r r e n t )
10 E_D =1.2; // i n kV ( t h y r i s t o r v o l t a g e )
11 I_T =1; // i n kA ( t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t )
12 neta =90; // i n p e r c e n t a g e ( s t r i n g e f f i c i e n c y )
13 I_B_max =15; // i n mA ( maximum b l o c k i n c u r r e n t )
14 dQ_max =25; // i n uC ( maximum p e r m i s s i b l e d i f f e r e n c e
between r e v e r s e r e o v e r y charge )
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16 neta = neta /100; // c h a n g i n g e f f i c i e n c y from p e r c e n t a g e
to r a t i o
17 n_s_float = Es /( E_D * neta ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f number o f
t h y r i s t o s in s e r i e s
18 n_s = int16 ( n_s_float ) +1; // s i n c e n s w i l l be
r e d u c e d by d e c i m a l v a l u e i t c o n t a i s n i f t y p e
c o n v e r s i o n i s done b e c a u s e t h e d e c i m a l p a r t would
be removed s o we n e e d t o add 1 t o i t
19 n_p_float = Im /( I_T * neta ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f number o f
t h y r i s t o s in p a r a l l e l
20 n_p = int16 ( n_p_float ) +1; // s i n c e n p w i l l be
21 n_s = double ( n_s ) ; // c o n v e r t i n g a g a i n t o d o u b l e f o r
various calculatios
22 n_p = double ( n_p ) ; // c o n v e r t i n g a g a i n t o d o u b l e f o r
various calculatios
23 printf ( ” \ nThe number o f t h y r i s t o r s i n s e r i e s i s \ t
n s=%. f ” , n_s ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe number o f t h y r i s t o r s i n p a r a l l e l i s
n p=%. f ” , n_p ) ;
25 E_D =( E_D *1 E3 ) ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from kV t o V
26 Es = Es *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from kV t o V
27 dI_b =( I_B_max ) ; // ( a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e book )
28 R =( n_s * E_D - Es ) /(( n_s -1) * dI_b ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
r e s i s t a n c e i n k−ohm
34
29 C =( n_s -1) * dQ_max /( n_s * E_D - Es ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n of
c a p a c i t a n c e i n uF
30 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f r e s i s t a n c e i s \ t \ t R<=%. f k−
ohm” ,R ) ;
31 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t \ t C>=%. 3 f
uF” ,C ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Calculate the number of thyristors
1 // c h a p t e r 4
2 // e x a m p l e 4 . 4
3 // C a l c u l a t e t h e number o f t h y r i s t o r s
4 // page −132
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Es =7.5; // i n kV ( t o t a l a p p l i e d v o l t a g e )
9 Im =1000; // i n A ( t o t a l f o r w a r d c u r r e n t )
10 E_D =500; // i n V ( t h y r i s t o r v o l t a g e )
11 I_T =75; // i n A ( t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t )
12 neta =14; // i n p e r c e n t a g e ( d e r a t i n g f a c t o r )
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 Es = Es *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from kV t o V
15 neta = neta /100; // c h a n g i n g e f f i c i e n c y from p e r c e n t a g e
to r a t i o
16 // s i n c e n e t a =1−(Es / ( n s ∗E D ) ) t h e r e f o r e
17 n_s_float = Es /( E_D *(1 - neta ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
number o f t h y r i s t o s i n s e r i e s
18 n_s = int16 ( n_s_float ) +1; // s i n c e n s w i l l be
19 // s i n c e n e t a =1−(Im / ( n s ∗ I T ) ) t h e r e f o r e
20 n_p_float = Im /( I_T *(1 - neta ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
number o f t h y r i s t o s i n p a r a l l e l
35
21 n_p = int16 ( n_p_float ) +1; // s i n c e n p w i l l be
22 printf ( ” \ nThe number o f t h y r i s t o r s i n s e r i e s i s \ t
n s=%. f ” , n_s ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe number o f t h y r i s t o r s i n p a r a l l e l i s
n p=%. f ” , n_p ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.5 Determine the current taken by each SCR and value of equal res
1 // c h a p t e r 4
2 // e x a m p l e 4 . 5
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e c u r r e n t t a k e n by e a c h SCR and v a l u e
of equal r e s i s t o r s
4 // page −132
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 // V1 = 0 . 9 + 2 . 4E−4∗ I T 1 ( v o l t a g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
SCR 1 )
9 // V2 = 1 . 0 + 2 . 3E−4∗ I T 2 ( v o l t a g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
SCR 2 )
10 I1 =500 , I2 =1000 , I3 =1500 , I4 =2000; // i n A ( t o t a l
current )
11 neta =10; // i n p e r c e n t a g e
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 // s i n c e SCR a r e i n p a r a l l e l , t h e r e f o r e V1=V2 o r
14 // 0 . 9 + 2 . 4 E−4∗ I T 1 = 1 . 0 + 2 . 3E−4∗ I T 2 . S i m p l i f y i n g t h i s
we g e t
15 // 2 . 4 E−4∗ I T1 −2.3E−4∗ I T 2 =0.1 (i)
16 // s i n c e I T 1+I T 2=I ( i i )
17 // from ( i ) i n ( i i ) , we g e t
18 // 2 . 4 E−4∗ I T1 −2.3E−4∗( I−I T 1 ) =0.1 o r
19 // 4 . 7 E−4∗ I T 1 = 0 . 1 + 2 . 3E−4∗ I
36
20 // s i m p l i f y i n g f o r I T1 , we g e t
21 // I T 1 = ( 0 . 1 + 2 . 3E−4∗ I ) / 4 . 7 E−4
22 for I =500:500:2000
23 I_T1 =(0.1+2.3 E -4* I ) /4.7 E -4;
24 I_T2 =I - I_T1 ;
25 printf ( ” \n\ nFor I=%. f A, \ t I T 1=%. f A \ t and \ t
I T 2=%. f A” ,I , I_T1 , I_T2 ) ;
26 end
27 // For 10 % s h a r i n g I T 1 =1100 A and I T 2 =900 A ,
therefore
28 I_T1 =1100 , I_T2 =900; // i n A
29 R =(0.1+2.3 E -4* I -4.7 E -4* I_T1 ) /( I_T1 - I_T2 ) ;
30 printf ( ” \n\ nThe v a l u e o f e q u a l r e s i s t o r s i s \ t R=%. 3
f m−ohm” ,R *1 E3 ) ;
37
Chapter 5
Power Semiconductor Devices
Scilab code Exa 5.1 What will be the maximum and minimum firing angle
1 // c h a p t e r 5
2 // e x a m p l e 5 . 1
3 // F i g . 5 . 1 5
4 // What w i l l be t h e maximum and minimum f i r i n g a n g l e
5 // page −155
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Vc =40; // i n V ( breakdown v o l t a g e )
10 R1_min =1; R1_max =25; // i n k−ohm
11 C =470; // i n nF
12 Erms =240; // i n V
13 f =50; // i n Hz (AC s u p p l y f r e q u e n c y )
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 C = C *1 E -9; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from nF t o F
16 R1_min = R1_min *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from k−ohm t o
ohm
17 R1_max = R1_max *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from k−ohm t o
ohm
18 Zc =1/(2* %pi * f * C ) ; // i m p e d e n c e o f c a p a c i t o r
19 phi_min =90 - atand (1/(2* %pi * f * R1_min * C ) ) ; //
38
c a l c u l a t i o n o f minimum p h a s e a n g l e
20 phi_max =90 - atand (1/(2* %pi * f * R1_max * C ) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f minimum p h a s e a n g l e
21 Zd_min = sqrt ( R1_min ^2+ Zc ^2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
minimum i m p e d e n c e
22 Zd_max = sqrt ( R1_max ^2+ Zc ^2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
maximum i m p e d e n c e
23 Em = Erms * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum v a l u e o f
voltage
24 Id_min = Em / Zd_max ; //
25 Id_max = Em / Zd_min ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum
impedence
26 Vc_min_peak = Id_min * Zc ;
27 Vc_max_peak = Id_max * Zc ;
28 // Now Vc=Vc max peak ∗ s i n ( wt min+p h i m i n ) and Vc=
V c m i n p e a k ∗ s i n ( wt max+phi max )
29
30 // e v a l u a t i n g b o t h t h e s e , we g e t wt min=a s i n d ( Vc/
Vc max peak )+p h i m i n and wt max=a s i n d ( Vc/
V c m i n p e a k )+phi max
31
32 wt_min = asind ( Vc / Vc_max_peak ) + phi_min ;
33 wt_max = asind ( Vc / Vc_min_peak ) + phi_max ;
34 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f i m p e d e n c e o f c a p a c i t o r i s \ t \
t Zc=%. f ohm” , Zc ) ;
35 printf ( ” \n\ nThe v a l u e o f minimum p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e i s
\ t %. 1 f d e g r e e ” , phi_min ) ;
36 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f maximum p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e i s \
t %. 2 f d e g r e e ” , phi_max ) ;
37 printf ( ” \n\ nThe v a l u e o f minimum t o t a l i m p e d e n c e i s
\ t Zd min=%. f ohm” , Zd_min ) ;
38 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f maximum t o t a l i m p e d e n c e i s \ t
Zd max=%. f ohm” , Zd_max ) ;
39 printf ( ” \n\ nThe v a l u e o f minimum peak c u r r e n t i s \ t \
t I d m i n=%. 3 f A” , Id_min ) ;
40 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f maximum peak c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t
Id max=%. 3 f A” , Id_max ) ;
41 printf ( ” \n\ nThe v a l u e o f minimum peak t o t a l v o l t a g e
39
i s \ t V c m i n p e a k=%. 2 f V” , Vc_min_peak ) ;
42 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f maximum peak t o t a l v o l t a g e i s
\ t Vc max peak=%. 1 f V” , Vc_max_peak ) ;
43 printf ( ” \n\ nThe v a l u e o f minimum d e l a y i s \ t \ t \ t =%
. 2 f d e g r e e ” , wt_min ) ;
44 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f maximum d e l a y i s \ t \ t \ t =%. 1 f
d e g r e e ” , wt_max ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.2 Compute the drain current and differnces in current sharing
1 // chapter 5
2 // example 5 . 2
3 // F i g . E5 . 2
4 // Compute t h e d r a i n c u r r e n t and d i f f e r n c e s i n
current sharing
5 // page −174−175
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 I_T =30; // i n A ( t o t a l c u r r e n t )
10 V_DS1 =4; // i n V ( d r a i n t o s o u r c e v o l t a g e o f MOSFET
1)
11 V_DS2 =4.5; // i n V ( d r a i n t o s o u r c e v o l t a g e o f
MOSFET 2 )
12 R_S1_a =0.4 , R_S2_a =0.3; // i n ohm ( c u r r e n t s h a r i n g
s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e f o r p a r t −a )
13 R_S1_b =0.7 , R_S2_b =0.7; // i n ohm ( c u r r e n t s h a r i n g
s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e f o r p a r t −b )
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 // S i n c e I T=I D 1+I D 2 and V DS1+ID1 ∗ R S1=V DS2+ID2 ∗
R S2 , s i m p l i f y i n g b o t h e q u a t i o n s f o r I D1 , we g e t
16 // I D 1 =(V DS2−V DS1+R S2 ∗ I T ) / ( R S1+R S2 )
17 I_D1_a =( V_DS2 - V_DS1 + R_S2_a * I_T ) /( R_S1_a + R_S2_a ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f d r a i n c u r r e n t o f MOSFET 1 f o r p a r t
−a
40
18 I_D1_a_percent = I_D1_a *100/ I_T ; // e q u i v a l e n t v a l u e
in terms of percentage o f t o t a l c u r r e n t
19 I_D2_a = I_T - I_D1_a ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d r a i n c u r r e n t
o f MOSFET 2 f o r p a r t −a
20 I_D2_a_percent = I_D2_a *100/ I_T ; // e q u i v a l e n t v a l u e
21 dI_a = abs ( I_D2_a - I_D1_a ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
d i f f e r e n c e i n c u r r e n t f o r p a r t −a
22 dI_a_percent = abs ( I_D2_a_percent - I_D1_a_percent ) ; //
e q u i v a l e n t value in terms o f percentage of t o t a l
current
23 printf ( ” \ n p a r t −a \n ” ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe d r a i n c u r r e n t o f MOSFET 1 i s \ t I D 1=%
.2 f A or %. 2 f %%” , I_D1_a , I_D1_a_percent ) ;
.2 f A or %. 2 f %%” , I_D2_a , I_D2_a_percent ) ;
26 printf ( ” \n\ nThe d i f f e r e n c e i n c u r r e n t s h a r i n g i s \t%
.2 f A or %. 2 f %%” , dI_a , dI_a_percent ) ;
27 I_D1_b =( V_DS2 - V_DS1 + R_S2_b * I_T ) /( R_S1_b + R_S2_b ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f d r a i n c u r r e n t o f MOSFET 1 f o r p a r t
−a
28 I_D1_b_percent = I_D1_b *100/ I_T ; // e q u i v a l e n t v a l u e
29 I_D2_b = I_T - I_D1_b ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d r a i n c u r r e n t
o f MOSFET 2 f o r p a r t −a
30 I_D2_b_percent = I_D2_b *100/ I_T ; // e q u i v a l e n t v a l u e
31 dI_b = abs ( I_D2_b - I_D1_b ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
d i f f e r e n c e i n c u r r e n t f o r p a r t −a
32 dI_b_percent = abs ( I_D2_b_percent - I_D1_b_percent ) ; //
e q u i v a l e n t value in terms o f percentage of t o t a l
current
33 printf ( ” \n\ n p a r t −b\n ” ) ;
.2 f A or %. 1 f %%” , I_D1_b , I_D1_b_percent ) ;
.2 f A or %. 1 f %%” , I_D2_b , I_D2_b_percent ) ;
36 printf ( ” \n\ nThe d i f f e r e n c e i n c u r r e n t s h a r i n g i s \t%
41
.2 f A or %. 1 f %%” , dI_b , dI_b_percent ) ;
37 // Note : t h e a n s w e r s f o r some o f t h e q u a n t i t y may
v a r y s l i g h t l y due t o p r e c i s e c a l c u l a t i o n
Scilab code Exa 5.3 Determine series resistance and safe highest frequency
1 // c h a p t e r 5
2 // e x a m p l e 5 . 3
3 // D e t e r m i n e s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e and s a f e h i g h e s t
frequency
4 // page −175
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
9 C_gs1 =2200; // i n pF ( g a t e t o s o u r c e c a p a c i t a n c e o f
MOSFET 1 )
10 C_gd1 =390; // i n pF ( g a t e t o d r a i n c a p a c i t a n c e o f
MOSFET 1 )
11 L_g1 =2; // i n nH ( s t r a y i n d u c t a n c e o f MOSFET 1 )
12 C_gs2 =2700; // i n pF ( g a t e t o s o u r c e c a p a c i t a n c e o f
MOSFET 2 )
13 C_gd2 =330; // i n pF ( g a t e t o d r a i n c a p a c i t a n c e o f
MOSFET 2 )
14 L_g2 =2.3; // i n nH ( s t r a y i n d u c t a n c e o f MOSFET 2 )
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16 C_gs1 = C_gs1 *1 E -12; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from pF t o F
17 C_gd1 = C_gd1 *1 E -12; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from pF t o F
18 L_g1 = L_g1 *1 E -9; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from nF t o F
19 C_gs2 = C_gs2 *1 E -12; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from pF t o F
20 C_gd2 = C_gd2 *1 E -12; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from pF t o F
21 L_g2 = L_g2 *1 E -9; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from nF t o F
22 f1 =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L_g1 *( C_gs1 + C_gd1 ) ) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f o s c i l l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f MOSFET 1
23 f2 =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L_g2 *( C_gs2 + C_gd2 ) ) ) ; //
42
c a l c u l a t i o n o f o s c i l l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f MOSFET 1
24 f_h = min ( f1 , f2 ) /10; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s a f e h i g h e s t
frequency
25 Rg =1/(2* %pi *( C_gs1 + C_gd1 ) * f_h ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e in the gate
26 f_h = f_h *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from Hz t o MHz
27 printf ( ” \ nThe o s c i l l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f MOSFET 1 i s \
t f 1=%. 2 E Hz” , f1 ) ;
28 printf ( ” \ nThe o s c i l l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f MOSFET 2 i s \
t f 2=%. 2 E Hz” , f2 ) ;
29 printf ( ” \n\n S i n c e t h e s a f e h i g h e s t f r e q u e n c y s h o u l d
be a t l e a s t 1 d e c a d e l o w e r t h a n o s c i l l a t i n g
frequency , t h e r e f o r e the s a f e highest frequency
i s \ t %. f MHz” , f_h ) ;
30 printf ( ” \n\ nThe s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e i n t h e g a t e
t e r m i n a l o f b o t h MOSFET i s \ t Rg=%. 2 f ohm” , Rg ) ;
31 // Note : The a n s w e r f o r t h e s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e v a r i e s
due t o p r e c i s e c a l c u l a t i o n
Scilab code Exa 5.4 Determine the power dissipated by each MOSFET
1 // c h a p t e r 5
2 // e x a m p l e 5 . 4
3 // f i g . E5 . 4
4 // D e t e r m i n e t h e power d i s s i p a t e d by e a c h MOSFET
5 // page −175−176
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
10 R1 =0.2 , R2 =0.1 // i n ohm
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 I1 =( R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ) * I_T ; // a p p l y i n g c u r r e n t d i v i d e r
r u l e t o c a l c u l a t e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h MOSFET 1
13 I2 = I_T - I1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c u r r e n t t h r o u g h MOSFET
43
2
14 P1 = I1 ^2* R1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power d i s s i p a t e d by
MOSFET 1
15 P2 = I2 ^2* R2 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power d i s s i p a t e d by
MOSFET 2
16 printf ( ” \ nThe power d i s s i p a t e d by MOSFET 1 i s \ t P1=
%. 1 f W” , P1 ) ;
17 printf ( ” \ nThe power d i s s i p a t e d by MOSFET 2 i s \ t P2=
%. 1 f W” , P2 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.5 Calculate the rise time of driving waveform
1 // c h a p t e r 5
2 // e x a m p l e 5 . 5
3 // C a l c u l a t e t h e r i s e t i m e o f d r i v i n g waveform
4 // page −178
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 C_iss =470; // / i n p f ( i n p u t c a p a c i t a n c e )
9 Rg =200; // i n ohm
10 R_L =2.2; // i n k−ohm
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 C_iss = C_iss *1 E -12; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from pF t o F
13 // S i n c e Rg= t r / ( 2 . 2 ∗ C i s s ) t h e r e f o r e
14 t_r =2.2* Rg * C_iss ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c u r r e n t t h r o u g h
MOSFET 2
15 t_r = t_r *1 E9 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from s t o n s
16 printf ( ” \ nThe r i s e t i m e i s \ t t r =%. 1 f n s ” , t_r ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.6 Determine power loss
1 // c h a p t e r 5
44
2 // e x a m p l e 5 . 6
3 // f i g . E 5 . 6
4 // D e t e r m i n e power l o s s
5 // page −182−183
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 t_r =2; // i n u s ( r i s e t i m e )
10 R_DS_on =0.2; // i n ohm ( d r a i n t o s o u r c e resistance
when MOSFET i s ON)
11 D =0.7; // duty c y c l e
12 f =30; // i n kHz ( f r e q u e n c y )
13 V_DS =100; // i n V (DC power s u p p l y )
14 R_L =12; // i n ohm ( l o a d r e s i s t a n c e )
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16 I_D = V_DS /( R_L + R_DS_on ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d r a i n
current
17 f = f *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from kHz t o Hz
18 T =1/ f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s w i t c h i n g p e r i o d
19 t_on = D * T ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f on−t i m e
20 W_on = I_D ^2* R_DS_on * t_on ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f e n e r g y
l o s s d u r i n g on−t i m e
21 P_on = W_on * f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power l o s s d u r i n g on−
time
22 printf ( ” \ nThe power l o s s i n t h e on−s t a t e i s \ t \ t
P on=%. 2 f W” , P_on ) ;
23 t_r = t_r *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from u s t o s
24 W_ON = V_DS * I_D * t_r /6; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f e n e r g y l o s s
d u r i n g t u r n −on i n t e r v a l
25 P_ON = W_ON * f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power l o s s d u r i n g
t u r n −on i n t e r v a l
26 printf ( ” \ nThe power l o s s d u r i n g t h e t u r n −on i n t e r v a l
i s \ t P ON=%. 1 f W” , P_ON ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.7 Calculate the total power loss
45
1 // c h a p t e r 5
2 // e x a m p l e 5 . 7
3 // C a l c u l a t e t h e t o t a l power l o s s
4 // page −183
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 V_DS =120; // i n V (DC power s u p p l y )
9 I_D =4; // i n A ( d r a i n c u r r e n t )
10 t_r =80; // i n n s ( r i s e t i m e )
11 t_f =120; // i n n s ( f a l l t i m e )
12 I_DSS =2; // i n mA ( d r a i n c u r r e n t a t s a t u r a t i o n )
13 R_DS_on =0.2; // i n ohm ( d r a i n n o t s o u r c e r e s i s t a n c e
when MOSFET i s ON)
14 D =50; // i n p e r c e n t a g e ( duty c y c l e )
15 f =45; // i n kHz ( s w i t h c i n g f r e q u e n c y )
16 // c a l c u l a t e
18 I_DSS = I_DSS *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mA t o A
19 t_r = t_r *1 E -9; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from n s t o s
20 t_f = t_f *1 E -9; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from n s t o s
21 T =1/ f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t o t a l p e r i o d
22 t_on = D * T /100; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f on−t i m e
23 t_off =(100 - D ) * T /100; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f on−t i m e
24 P_on = I_D ^2* R_DS_on * t_on / T ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f on−
s t a t e power l o s s
25 P_off = V_DS * I_DSS * t_off / T ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o f f −
s t a t e power l o s s
26 Pw_on =( V_DS * I_D * t_r /6) * f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t u r n −on
s w i t c h i n g power l o s s
27 Pw_off =( V_DS * I_D * t_f /6) * f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t u r n −
o f f s w i t c h i n g power l o s s
28 P_T = P_on + P_off + Pw_on + Pw_off ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t o t a l
power l o s s
29 printf ( ” \ nThe t o t a l power l o s s i s \ t P T=%. 2 f W” , P_T
);
46
Scilab code Exa 5.8 Determine avg load current and power losses
1 // c h a p t e r 5
2 // e x a m p l e 5 . 8
3 // F i g . E 5 . 8
4 // D e t e r m i n e avg l o a d c u r r e n t and power l o s s e s
5 // page −201
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 t_ON =3; // i n u s ( t u r n −on t i m e )
10 t_OFF =1.2; // i n u s ( t u n r − o f f t i m e )
11 D =0.7; // duty c y c l e
12 V_CE_sat =2; // i n V ( c o l l e c t o r t o e m i t t e r v o l t a g e a t
saturation )
13 f =1; // i n kHz ( s w i t h c i n g f r e q u e n c y )
15 V_CC =200; // i n V ( c o l l e c t o r t o e m i t t e r v o l a t g e )
16 // c a l c u l a t e
17 t_ON = t_ON *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from u s t o s
18 t_OFF = t_OFF *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from u s t o s
20 V_CE_max = V_CC ;
21 I_C_max =( V_CC - V_CE_sat ) / R_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
maximum c o l l e c t o r ( l o a d ) c u r r e n t
22 I_C_avg = D * I_C_max ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
c o l l e c t o r ( load ) current
23 P_con = V_CE_sat * I_C_avg ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c o n d u c t i o n
power l o s s
24 Pw_ON =( V_CE_max * I_C_max * t_ON /6) * f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
s w i t h c i n g power l o s s d u r i n g t u r n −on
25 Pw_OFF =( V_CE_max * I_C_max * t_OFF /6) * f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f s w i t h c i n g power l o s s d u r i n g t u r n − o f f
26 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e l o a d c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I C a v g
47
=%. 2 f A” , I_C_avg ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe c o n d u c t i o n power l o s s i s \ t \ t \ t %. 2 f W
” , P_con ) ;
28 printf ( ” \ nThe s w i t h c i n g power l o s s d u r i n g t u r n −on i s
\ t %. 2 f W” , Pw_ON ) ;
29 printf ( ” \ nThe s w i t h c i n g power l o s s d u r i n g t u r n − o f f
i s \ t %. 3 f W” , Pw_OFF ) ;
48
Chapter 6
Phase Controlled Convertors
Scilab code Exa 6.2 Determine the heater power
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 2
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e h e a t e r power
4 // page −270
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 P =1; // i n kW ( power r a t i n g )
9 E =230; // i n V ( v o l t a g e r a t i n g )
11 alpha1 =45 , alpha2 =90; // i n d e g r e e ( d e l a y a n g l e )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 P = P *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from kW t o W
14 Em = E * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum v a l u e o f
supply voltage
15 alpha1_rad =( %pi /180) * alpha1 ; // c h a n g i n g from d e g r e e
to radian
16 alpha2_rad =( %pi /180) * alpha2 ; // c h a n g i n g from d e g r e e
to radian
17 Erms1 = Em * sqrt ((( %pi - alpha1_rad ) /(4* %pi ) ) +(( sin (2*
alpha1_rad ) ) /(8* %pi ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms
49
value of E
18 R = E ^2/ P ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s i s t a n c e
19 W = Erms1 ^2/ R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f h e a t e r power a t 45
degree
20 Erms2 = Em * sqrt ((( %pi - alpha2_rad ) /(4* %pi ) ) +(( sin (2*
alpha2_rad ) ) /(8* %pi ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms
value of E
21 W2 = Erms2 ^2/ R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f h e a t e r power a t 45
degree
22 printf ( ” \ nThe h e a t e r power a t %. f d e g r e e i s \ t W1=%
. 2 f W” , alpha1 , W ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe h e a t e r power a t %. f d e g r e e i s \ t W2=%.
f W” , alpha2 , W2 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.3 Determine various parameters
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 3
3 // D e t e r m i n e v a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s
4 // page −270−271
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E =120; // i n V ( v o l t a g e s u p p l y )
10 R =10; // i n ohm
11 neta =25; // i n p e r c e n t a g e
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 Em = E * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum v a l u e o f
supply voltage
14 Edc =( neta /100) *( Em / %pi ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f dc v a l u e
of voltage
15 // s i n c e Edc=(Em/ ( 2 ∗ %pi ) ) ∗(1+ c o s ( a l p h a ) ) s o l v i n g f o r
a l p h a , we g e t
16 alpha = acosd ( Edc *(2* %pi / Em ) -1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
50
f i r i n g angle
17 Idc = Edc / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e o u t p u t c u r r e n t
18 alpha_rad =( %pi /180) * alpha ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f i r i n g
angle in radian
19 Erms = Em * sqrt ((( %pi - alpha_rad ) /(4* %pi ) ) +(( sin (2*
alpha_rad ) ) /(8* %pi ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms
voltage
20 Irms = Erms / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms o u t p u t c u r r e n t
21 Idc_SCR = Idc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e SCR c u r r e n t
22 Irms_SCR = Irms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms SCR c u r r e n t
23 printf ( ” \ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e i s \t% . f ” , alpha ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e o u t p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t I d c=%. 2 f A
” , Idc ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ nThe rms o u t p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t I r m s=%. 2 f A” ,
Irms ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e SCR c u r r e n t i s \t% . 2 f A” ,
Idc_SCR ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe rms o u t p u t c u r r e n t i s \t% . 2 f A” ,
Irms_SCR ) ;
28 // Note : There i s c a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e i n t h e book
f o r a l p h a due t o which o t h e r v a l u e s a r e a l s o
coming d i f f e r e n t . That ’ s why a l l t h e a n s w e r v a r y
Scilab code Exa 6.4 Determine average current power supplied and dissipated and po
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 4
3 // D e t e r m i n e a v e r a g e c u r r e n t , power s u p p l i e d and
d i s s i p a t e d and power f a c t o r
4 // page −271−272
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Erms =230; // i n V ( v o l t a g e s u p p l y )
51
10 R =5; // i n ohm
11 Eb =150; // i n V
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 Em = Erms * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum v a l u e o f
supply voltage
14 alpha1 = asin ( Eb / Em ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f i r i n g a n g l e
15 Id =(1/(2* %pi * R ) ) *(2* Em * cos ( alpha1 ) - Eb *( %pi -2* alpha1 )
) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t
16 P_s = Eb * Id ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power s u p p l i e d t o
battery
17 Irms = sqrt ((1/(2* %pi * R ^2) ) *(( Eb ^2+ Erms ^2) *( %pi -2*
alpha1 ) +( Erms ^2* sin (2* alpha1 ) ) -(4* Em * Eb * cos (
alpha1 ) ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms c u r r e n t
18 P_d = Irms ^2* R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power d i s s i p a t e d i n
resistor
19 pf =( P_d + P_s ) /( Erms * Irms ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s u p p l y
power f a c t o r
20 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t i s \ t I d=%. 2 f
A” , Id ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe power s u p p l i e d t o b a t t e r y i s \t% . 2 f W
o r \ t %. 2 f kW” ,P_s , P_s *1 E -3) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe rms c u r r e n t i s \ t I r m s=%. 2 f A” , Irms ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe power d i s s i p a t e d i n r e s i s t o r i s \t% . 2 f
W o r \ t %. 2 f kW” ,P_d , P_d *1 E -3) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe s u p p l y power f a c t o r i s \t% . 3 f ” , pf ) ;
25 // Note : 1 . There i s c a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e i n t h e book
for P s .
26 // 2 . The f o r m u l a u s e d i n t h e book t o
c a l c u l a t e I r m s h a s l i t t l e p r i n t i n g e r r o r f o r Em.
I t s h o u l d be Erms f o r t h e f i r s t two Em u s e d
27 // 3 . The a n s w e r s l i g h t l y v a r y due t o p r e c i s e
calculations
Scilab code Exa 6.5 Determine design details
52
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 5
3 // f i g . 6 . 1 4
4 // D e t e r m i n e d e s i g n d e t a i l s
5 // page −287−288
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 E_supply =230; // i n V ( v o l t a g e s u p p l y )
10 Im =12; // i n A
11 Edc =150; // i n V
12 alpha =30; // i n d e g r e e
13 V_drop =1.5; // i n V ( v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s SCR)
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 // S i n c e Edc =(2∗Em/ %pi ) ∗ c o s ( a l p h a )−V drop ,
e v a l u a t i n g i t f o r Em we g e t
16 Em =( %pi *( Edc + V_drop ) ) /(2* cosd ( alpha ) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
17 Erms = Em / sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v o l t a g e
18 Irms = Im / sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms c u r r e n t
19 TSR =2* Erms * Irms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f T r a n s f o r m e r
secondory rating
20 K = E_supply / Erms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f T r a n s f o r m e r
voltage ratio
21 I_P = Im *(1/ K ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f T r a n s f o r m e r p r i m a r y
current
22 PIV =2* Em ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f PIV f o r e a c h SCR
23 printf ( ” \ nFor M−2 c o n n e c t i o n \n ” )
24 printf ( ” \n\ tThe peak v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \tEm=%. 1 f V” , Em )
;
25 printf ( ” \n\ tThe rms v o l a t g e i s \ t \ t \ tErms=%. 2 f V” ,
Erms ) ;
26 printf ( ” \n\ tThe rms c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I r m s=%. 2 f A” ,
Irms ) ;
27 printf ( ” \n\ tThe T r a n s f o r m e r s e c o n d o r y r a t i n g i s \ t %
. 1 f kVA” , TSR *1 E -3) ;
28 printf ( ” \n\ tThe T r a n s f o r m e r v o l t a g e r a t i o i s \tK=%. 2
f ” ,K ) ;
53
29 printf ( ” \n\ tThe T r a n s f o r m e r p r i m a r y c u r r e n t i s \ t I P
=%. 2 f A” , I_P ) ;
30 printf ( ” \n\ tThe PIV f o r e a c h SCR i s \ t \ tPIV=%. f V” ,
PIV ) ;
31 Em =( %pi *( Edc +2* V_drop ) ) /(2* cosd ( alpha ) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
32 Erms = Em / sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v o l t a g e
33 Irms = Im ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms c u r r e n t
34 TSR = Erms * Irms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f T r a n s f o r m e r
secondory rating
35 K = E_supply / Erms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f T r a n s f o r m e r
voltage ratio
36 I_P = Im *(1/ K ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f T r a n s f o r m e r p r i m a r y
current
37 PIV = Em ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f PIV f o r e a c h SCR
38 I_rms_SCR = Im / sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms c u r r e n t
f o r e a c h SCR
39 printf ( ” \ nFor B−2 c o n n e c t i o n \n ” )
40 printf ( ” \n\ tThe peak v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \tEm=%. 2 f V” , Em )
;
41 printf ( ” \n\ tThe rms v o l a t g e i s \ t \ t \ tErms=%. 2 f V” ,
Erms ) ;
42 printf ( ” \n\ tThe rms c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I r m s=%. f A” ,
Irms ) ;
43 printf ( ” \n\ tThe T r a n s f o r m e r s e c o n d o r y r a t i n g i s \ t %
. 2 f kVA” , TSR *1 E -3) ;
44 printf ( ” \n\ tThe T r a n s f o r m e r v o l t a g e r a t i o i s \tK=%. 2
f ” ,K ) ;
45 printf ( ” \n\ tThe T r a n s f o r m e r p r i m a r y c u r r e n t i s \ t I P
=%. 2 f A” , I_P ) ;
46 printf ( ” \n\ tThe PIV f o r e a c h SCR i s \ t \ tPIV=%. 2 f V” ,
PIV ) ;
47 printf ( ” \n\ tThe rms c u r r e n t f o r e a c h SCR i s \t% . 1 f A
” , I_rms_SCR ) ;
48 SCR_loss_M2 =( V_drop / Edc ) *100; // SCR l o s s i n M2
connection
49 SCR_loss_B2 =(2* V_drop / Edc ) *100; // SCR l o s s i n B2
connection
54
50 printf ( ” \n\ nThe SCR l o s s i n M2 c o n n e c t i o n i s \t% . f
p e r c e n t o f t h e l o a d power ” , SCR_loss_M2 ) ;
51 printf ( ” \ nThe SCR l o s s i n B2 c o n n e c t i o n i s \t% . f
p e r c e n t o f t h e l o a d power ” , SCR_loss_B2 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.6 Determine variuos parameters
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 6
3 // f i g . 6 . 2 1
4 // D e t e r m i n e v a r i u o s p a r a m e t e r s
5 // page −288−290
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
10 alpha = %pi /3; // i n d e g r e e ( f i r i n g a n g l e )
11 Id =4; // i n A ( l o a d c u r r e n t )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 Em = Erms * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v o l t a g e
14 Edc =(2* Em / %pi ) * cos ( alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f dc
output v o l t a g e
15 Pi =(2* Em / %pi ) * Id * cos ( alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
a c t i v e power i n p u t
16 Qi =(2* Em / %pi ) * Id * sin ( alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
r e a c t i v e power i n p u t
17 R = Edc / Id ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d r e s i s t a n c e
18 Edc_1 =( Em / %pi ) *(1+ cos ( alpha ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f dc
o u t p u t v o l t a g e when f r e e w h e e l i n g d i o d e i s
connected
19 Id_1 = Edc_1 / R ;
20 I1 =(2* sqrt (2) * Id_1 / %pi ) * cos ( alpha /2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
of fundamental value of a l t e r n a t i n g current
21 Pi_1 =( Erms * I1 ) * cos ( alpha /2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
a c t i v e i n p u t power i n p u t when f r e e w h e e l i n g d i o d e
55
i s connected
22 Qi_1 =( Erms * I1 ) * sin ( alpha /2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
r e a c t i v e power i n p u t when f r e e w h e e l i n g d i o d e i s
connected
23 Edc_2 = Em /(2* %pi ) *(1+ cos ( alpha ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
dc o u t p u t v o l t a g e when SCR3 i s damaged
24 Id_2 = Edc_2 / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f dc o u t p u t c u r r e n t
when SCR3 i s damaged
25 printf ( ” \ nThe dc o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ tEdc=%. 2 f V” , Edc
);
26 printf ( ” \ nThe a c t i v e power i n p u t i s \ t P i=%. 2 f W” , Pi )
;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe r e a c t i v e power i n p u t i s \ t Q i=%. 2 f Vars
” , Qi ) ;
28 printf ( ” \ nThe l o a d r e s i s t a n c e i s \ t \ tR=%. 2 f ohm” ,R ) ;
29 printf ( ” \n\nWhen f r e e w h e e l i n g d i o d e i s c o n n e c t e d \n ”
);
30 printf ( ” \n\ tThe dc o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ tEdc=%. 2 f V” ,
Edc_1 ) ;
31 printf ( ” \n\ tThe dc o u t p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t I d c=%. f V” ,
Id_1 ) ;
32 printf ( ” \n\ tThe f u n d a m e n t a l v a l u e o f a l t e r n a t i n g
c u r r e n t i s \ t I 1=%. 2 f A” , I1 ) ;
33 printf ( ” \n\ tThe a c t i v e power i n p u t i s \ t P i=%. 2 f W” ,
Pi_1 ) ;
34 printf ( ” \n\ tThe r e a c t i v e power i n p u t i s \ t Q i=%. f
Vars ” , Qi_1 ) ;
35 printf ( ” \n\nWhen SCR3 i s damaged \n ” ) ;
36 printf ( ” \n\ tThe dc o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ tEdc=%. 2 f V” ,
Edc_2 ) ;
37 printf ( ” \n\ tThe dc o u t p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t I d c=%. f A” ,
Id_2 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.7 Determine the firing angle
56
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 7
3 // f i g . E6 . 7
4 // D e t e r m i n e t h e f i r i n g a n g l e
5 // page −290−291
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
10 R =0.5; // i n ohm ( l o a d r e s i s t a n c e )
11 Idc =10; // i n A ( o u t p u t c u r r e n t )
12 Ec_a =135; Ec_b = -145; // i n V ( c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e )
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 Em = Erms * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v o l t a g e
15 Edc_a = Idc * R + Ec_a ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f dc o u t p u t
voltage
16 alpha_a = acosd ( %pi /(2* Em ) * Edc_a ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
f i r i n g a n g l e when Vc=135 V
17 Edc_b = Idc * R + Ec_b ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f dc o u t p u t
voltage
18 alpha_b = acosd ( %pi /(2* Em ) * Edc_b ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
f i r i n g a n g l e when Vc=−145 V
19 printf ( ” \ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e when Ec= %. f V i s \ t= %. f
d e g r e e ” , Ec_a , alpha_a ) ;
20 printf ( ” \n\ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e when Ec= %. f V i s \ t= %
. f d e g r e e ” , Ec_b , alpha_b ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.8 Determine firing angle output current and thyristor current
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 8
3 // D e t e r m i n e f i r i n g a n g l e , o u t p u t c u r r e n t and
thyristor current
4 // page −298−299
5 clear ;
57
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
9 f =50; // s u p p l y f r e q u e n c y
10 R =10; // i n ohm ( l o a d r e s i s t a n c e )
11 neta =25; // i n p e r c e n t
12 alpha_min =0; // a n g l e f o r which a v e r a g e o u t p u t
v o l t a g e w i l l be maximum
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 Em = E * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v o l t a g e
15 Edc_max =( Em / %pi ) *(1+ cos ( alpha_min ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f maximum a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e
16 Edc =( neta /100) * Edc_max ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
17 // S i n c e Edc=(Em/ %pi ) ∗(1+ c o s ( a l p h a ) ) , t h e r e f o r e we
get
18 alpha = acos (( %pi / Em ) * Edc -1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f i r i n g
angle in radian
19 Erms = Em * sqrt ((( %pi - alpha ) /(2* %pi ) ) +(( sin (2* alpha ) )
/(4* %pi ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms l o a d v o l t a g e
20 Irms = Erms / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms l o a d c u r r e n t
21 Idc = Edc / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e l o a d c u r r e n t
22 Im = Em / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t
23 I_TH_avg =( Im /(2* %pi ) ) *( integrate ( ’ s i n ( wt ) ’ , ’ wt ’ ,
alpha , %pi ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e t h y r i s t o r
current
24 I_TH_rms = sqrt (( Im ^2/(2* %pi ) ) *( integrate ( ’ ( s i n ( wt ) ) ˆ2
’ , ’ wt ’ , alpha , %pi ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms
thyristor current
25 printf ( ” \ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e i s \ t \ t \ t %. f d e g r e e ” ,
alpha *(180/ %pi ) ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t Edc=%. f
V” , Edc ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe rms l o a d v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t Erms=%. f V” ,
Erms ) ;
28 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e o u t p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I d c=%. 1
f A” , Idc ) ;
29 printf ( ” \ nThe rms l o a d c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I r m s=%. 1 f A” ,
58
Irms ) ;
30 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t i s \ t
I T H a v g=%. 2 f A” , I_TH_avg ) ;
31 printf ( ” \ nThe rms t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I TH rms
=%. 2 f A” , I_TH_rms ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.9 Find average output current and power delivered
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 9
3 // f i g . Ex . 6 . 9
4 // Find a v e r a g e o u t p u t c u r r e n t and power d e l i v e r e d
5 // page −299−300
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
11 alpha = %pi /4; // i n r a d i a n ( f i r i n g a n g l e )
13 L =10; // i n mH
14 Ec =120; // i n V ( c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e )
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16 Em = E * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
17 Edc =( Em /(2* %pi ) ) *( integrate ( ’ s i n ( wt ) ’ , ’ wt ’ , alpha , %pi
) + abs ( integrate ( ’ ( s i n ( wt ) ) ’ , ’ wt ’ ,%pi ,2* %pi ) ) ) ; //
The f o r m u l a u s e d i n t h e book h a s l i t t l e m i s t a k e
18 Idc =( Edc - Ec ) / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e o u t p u t
current
19 P = Ec * Idc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power d e l i v e r e d
20 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e o u t p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t I d c=%. 2 f
A” , Idc ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe power d e l i v e r e d i s \ t \ t P=%. 2 f W” ,P ) ;
22 // Note : 1 . The i n t e g r a t i n g f o r m u l a u s e d i n t h e book
h a s l i t t l e m i s t a k e but t h e a n s w e r i s same
59
b e c a u s e t h e y have m i s t a k e i n c a l c u l a t i o n . I have
used the c o r r e c t formula
23 // 2 . The a n s w e r s v a r y s l i g h t l y due t o p r e c i s e
c a l c u l a t i o n u p t o 6 d e c i m a l d i g i t . I n t h e book ,
the c a l c u l a t i o n i s upto 2 de cim al d i g i t
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 1 0
4 // page −300−301
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
10 // c a l c u l a t e
11 Em = E * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak o u t p u t v o l t a g e
12 Edc =(2* Em / %pi ) * cos ( alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
13 Irms_supply = ’ I d ’ ; // S u p p l y RMS c u r r e n t
14 Irms_fundamental = ’ ( 2 ∗ s q r t ( 2 ) / %pi ) ∗ I d ’ ; // S u p p l y
f u n d a m e n t a l RMS c u r r e n t
15 pf_fundamental = cos ( alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
f u n d a m e n t a l power f a c t o r
16 pf_supply =(2* sqrt (2) / %pi ) * cos ( alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f s u p p l y power f a c t o r
17 hf_supply = sqrt ( %pi ^2/8 -1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
fundamental harmonic f a c t o r
18 KV = sqrt ( %pi ^2/(8*( cos ( alpha ) ) ^2) -1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
of voltage ripple factor
19 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t Edc=%. 2
f V” , Edc ) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe s u p p l y RMS c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I r m s s u p p l y
60
=%s” , Irms_supply ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe s u p p l y f u n d a m e n t a l RMS c u r r e n t i s \ t
I r m s f u n d a m e n t a l=%s” , Irms_fundamental ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe f u n d a m e n t a l power f a c t o r i s \ t
p f f u n d a m e n t a l=%. 2 f ” , pf_fundamental ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe s u p p l y power f a c t o r i s \ t \ t p f s u p p l y=
%. 2 f ” , pf_supply ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe f u n d a m e n t a l h a r m o n i c f a c t o r i s \ t
h f s u p p l y=%. 3 f ” , hf_supply ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ nThe v o l t a g e r i p p l e f a c t o r i s \ t \ t KV=%. 3 f ”
, KV ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.11 Find displacement factor harmonic factor and input power fact
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 1 1
3 // Find d i s p l a c e m e n t f a c t o r , h a r m o n i c f a c t o r and
i n p u t power f a c t o r
4 // page −301
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 DF = cos ( - alpha /2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d i s p l a c e m e n t
factor
13 // S i n c e HF=s q r t ( ( I r m s / I r m s 1 ) ˆ2 −1) where I r m s=I d c ∗
s q r t (1 −( a l p h a / %pi ) ) and I r m s 1 =(2∗ s q r t ( 2 ) ∗ I d c / %pi )
∗ cos ( alpha /2)
14 // p u t t i n g b o t h v a l u e i n f o r m u l a f o r HF , we g e t HF=
s q r t ( ( s q r t (1 −( a l p h a / %pi ) ) / ( ( 2 ∗ s q r t ( 2 ) / %pi ) ∗ c o s (
a l p h a / 2 ) ) ) ˆ2 −1)
15 HF = sqrt (( sqrt (1 -( alpha / %pi ) ) /((2* sqrt (2) / %pi ) * cos (
61
alpha /2) ) ) ^2 -1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f h a r m o n i c
f a c t o r of input current
16 // s i n c e p f =( I r m s 1 / I r m s ) ∗ c o s ( a l p h a / 2 ) , p u t t i n g t h e
v a l u e o f b o t h we g e t p f =(2∗ s q r t ( 2 ) / %pi ) ∗ c o s ( a l p h a
/ 2 ) / ( q r t (1 −( a l p h a / %pi ) ) )
17 PF =(2* sqrt (2) / %pi ) * cos ( alpha /2) /( sqrt (1 -( alpha / %pi ) )
) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n p u t power f a c t o r
18 printf ( ” \ nThe d i s p l a c e m e n t f a c t o r i s \ t \ t DF=%. 4 f ” ,
DF ) ;
19 printf ( ” \ nThe h a r m o n i c f a c t o r o f i n p u t c u r r e n t i s
HF=%. 2 f p e r c e n t ” , HF *100) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe i n p u t power f a c t o r i s \ t \ t PF=%. 3 f ” ,
PF ) ;
21 if PF >0 then
22 printf ( ” ( l a g g i n g ) ” ) ;
23 else
24 printf ( ” ( l e a d i n g ) ” ) ;
25 end
26 // Note : The a n s w e r f o r DF, HF , PF v a r i e s s l i g h t l y
due t o p r e c i s e c a l c u l a t i o n u p t o 6 d e c i m a l d i g i t
where a s t h e r e i s 2 d e c i m a l d i g i t c a l c u l a t i o n i n
t h e book
Scilab code Exa 6.12 Determine average output voltage
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 1 2
3 // D e t e r m i n e a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e
4 // page −319−320
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E =200; // i n V ( v o l t a g e s u p p l y p e r p h a s e )
9 alpha1 =0 , alpha2 =30 , alpha3 =60; // i n d e g r e e ( f i r i n g
angle )
62
10 V_drop =1.5; // i n V ( v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s SCR)
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 Em = E * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v a l u e o f
voltage
13 Edc1 =(3* sqrt (3) /(2* %pi ) ) * Em * cosd ( alpha1 ) - V_drop ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e l o a d v o l t a g e f o r a l p h a =0
degree
degree
degree
16 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e l o a d v o l t a g e f o r a l p h a=%. f
d e g r e e \ i s t Edc1=%. 2 f V” , alpha1 , Edc1 ) ;
17 printf ( ” \n\ nThe a v e r a g e l o a d v o l t a g e f o r a l p h a=%. f
18 printf ( ” \n\ nThe a v e r a g e l o a d v o l t a g e f o r a l p h a=%. f
Scilab code Exa 6.13 Determine average load voltage current PIV and power dssipati
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 1 3
3 // D e t e r m i n e a v e r a g e l o a d v o l t a g e , c u r r e n t , PIV and
power d s s i p a t i o n
4 // page −320−321
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E_line =380; // i n V ( v o l t a g e l i n e s u p p l y )
9 I =32; // i n A ( l o a d −c u r r e n t )
10 alpha1 =0 , alpha2 =45; // i n d e g r e e ( f i r i n g a n g l e )
11 Vt =1.2; // i n V ( v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s SCR)
12 // c a l c u l a t e
63
13 Em = E_line * sqrt (2/3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v a l u e o f
voltage
14 Edc1 =(3* sqrt (3) /(2* %pi ) ) * Em * cosd ( alpha1 ) - Vt ; //
degree
15 Edc2 =(3* sqrt (3) /(2* %pi ) ) * Em * cosd ( alpha2 ) - Vt ; //
degree
16 Irms = I / sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms c u r r e n t
17 PIV = sqrt (2) * E_line ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak i n v e r s e
voltage
18 Pavg =(1/(2* %pi ) ) *( Vt * I ) * integrate ( ’ 1 ’ , ’ wt ’ , alpha1 ,(
alpha1 +(2* %pi /3) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
power d i s s i p a t i o n i n e a c h t h y r i s t o r
d e g r e e i s \ t \ t Edc1=%. 1 f V” , alpha1 , Edc1 ) ;
d e g r e e i s \ t Edc1=%. 1 f V” , alpha2 , Edc2 ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe rms c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t I r m s=%. 2 f A”
, Irms ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe Peak I n v e r s e V o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t \ t PIV=%
. 1 f V” , PIV ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e power d i s s i p a t i o n i n e a c h
t h y r i s t o r i s \ t Pavg=%. 1 f W” , Pavg ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.14 Calculate thyristor current ratings
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 1 4
3 // C a l c u l a t e t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t r a t i n g s
4 // page −321
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E_line =415; // i n V ( v o l t a g e l i n e s u p p l y ) The v a l u e
64
i s u s e d i n t h e s o l u t i o n but n o t m e n t i o n e d
9 R_L =10; // i n ohm
10 alpha =30; // i n d e g r e e ( f i r i n g a n g l e )
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 Em = E_line * sqrt (2/3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v a l u e o f
voltage
13 Edc =(3* sqrt (3) /(2* %pi ) ) * Em * cosd ( alpha ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n of average load voltage
14 Idc = Edc / R_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e l o a d c u r r e n t
15 I_T_rms = Idc / sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h y r i s t o r rms
current
16 I_T_dc = Idc /3; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h y r i s t o r a v e r a g e
load current
17 I_T_peak = Idc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h y r i s t o r peak
current
18 PIV = E_line * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h y r i s t o r peak
inverse voltage
19 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e l o a d c u r r e n t \ t \ t I d c=%. 1 f A” ,
Idc ) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe t h y r i s t o r a v e r a g e l o a d c u r r e n t i s \ t
I T d c=%. 1 f A” , I_T_dc ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe t h y r i s t o r rms c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I T r m s=
%. 1 f A” , I_T_rms ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe t h y r i s t o r peak c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t
I T p e a k=%. 1 f A” , I_T_peak ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe t h y r i s t o r peak i n v e r s e v o l t a g e i s \ t
PIV=%. 1 f V” , PIV ) ;
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 1 5
4 // page −322−323
5 clear ;
65
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E_L =220; // i n V ( l i n e v o l t a g e )
10 R_L =10; // i n ohm
11 neta =25; // i n p e r c e n t
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 Es = E_L / sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f p h a s e v o l t a g e
14 Em = sqrt (2) * Es ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
15 Edc_max =(3* sqrt (3) /(2* %pi ) ) * Em ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
maximum a v e r a g e l o a d v o l t a g e
16 Edc =( neta /100) * Edc_max ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
load voltage
17 if neta >86.6 then
18 alpha = acosd ((2* %pi /(3* sqrt (3) * Em ) ) * Edc ) ;
19 else
20 alpha = acosd ((2* %pi /(3* Em ) ) * Edc -1) -30;
21
22 end
23 printf ( ” \ nThe d e l a y a n g l e \ t \ t \ t %. 1 f d e g r e e ” , alpha )
;
24 Idc = Edc / R_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e l o a d c u r r e n t
25 alpha = alpha * %pi /180; // c h a n g i n g from d e g r e e t o
radian
26 Erms = sqrt (( Em ^2/(2* %pi /3) ) * integrate ( ’ ( s i n ( wt ) ) ˆ2 ’ , ’
wt ’ ,0.691* %pi , %pi ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms
voltage
27 Irms = Erms / R_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms c u r r e n t
28 I_T_dc = Idc /3; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h y r i s t o r a v e r a g e
load current
29 I_T_rms = Irms / sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h y r i s t o r
rms c u r r e n t
30 Pdc = Idc ^2* R_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f dc power
31 Pac = Irms ^2* R_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a c power
32 neta =( Pdc / Pac ) *100; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e c t i f i c a t i o n
efficiency
33 Input_VA =3* Es * I_T_rms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n p u t v o l t −
ampere r a t i n g
66
34 TUF =( Pdc / Input_VA ) *100; // c a l c u l a t i o n of
transformer u t i l i s a t i o n factor
35 pf = Pac / Input_VA ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n p u t power
factor
f A” , Idc ) ;
37 printf ( ” \ nThe rms o u t p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I r m s=%. 2 f A
” , Irms ) ;
38 printf ( ” \ nThe t h y r i s t o r a v e r a g e c u r r e n t i s \ t I T d c
=%. 2 f A” , I_T_dc ) ;
%. 2 f A” , I_T_rms ) ;
40 printf ( ” \ nThe r e c t i f i c a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y i s \ t %. 2 f
p e r c e n t ” , neta ) ;
41 printf ( ” \ nThe t r a n s f o r m e r u t i l i s a t i o n f a c t o r i s \ t
TUF=%. 2 f p e r c e n t ” , TUF ) ;
42 printf ( ” \ nThe i n p u t power f a c t o r i s \ t \ t p f=%. 2 f ” , pf
);
43 if pf >0 then
44 printf ( ” ( l a g g i n g ) ” ) ;
45 else
46 printf ( ” ( l e a d i n g ) ” ) ;
47 end
48 // Note : The a n s w e r f o r Erms , Irms , I T r m s , n e t a ,
TUF, p f v a r y s l i g h t l y due t o p r e c i s e c a l c u l a t i o n
Scilab code Exa 6.17 Calculate firing angle and supply power factor
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 1 7
3 // C a l c u l a t e f i r i n g a n g l e and s u p p l y power f a c t o r
4 // page −341−342
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
67
8 Vs =230; // i n V ( v o l t a g e s u p p l y )
10 E_batt =200; // i n V ( b a t t e r y emf )
11 r =0.5; // i n ohm ( i n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e o f b a t t e r y )
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 Edc = E_batt + Id * r ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f b a t t e r y t e r m i n a l
voltage
15 Em = Vs * sqrt (2/3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
16 // S i n c e Edc =(3∗ s q r t ( 3 ) ∗Em/ %pi ) ∗ c o s ( a l p h a ) we g e t
17 alpha = acosd ( %pi /(3* sqrt (3) * Em ) * Edc ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
of f i r i n g angle
18 Is = sqrt ((1/ %pi ) * Id ^2*(2* %pi /3) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
s u p p l y c u r r e n t o v e r one−h a l f c y c l e
19 Idc_rms = Id ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e o f o u t p u t
current
20 Pd = Edc * Id + Idc_rms ^2* r ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power
d e l i v e r e to the load
21 // S i n c e Pd=s q r t ( 3 ) ∗Vs∗ I s ∗ c o s 1 ( a l p h a 1 ) where c o s (
a l p h a 1 ) i s s u p p l y power f a c t o r t h e r e f o r e we g e t
22 pf = Pd /( sqrt (3) * Vs * Is ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s u p p l y
power f a c t o r
23 Edc_batt = E_batt - Id * r ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f dc v o l t a g e
when b a t t e r y i s d e l i v e r i n g power
24 // s i n c e ( −) E d c b a t t =(3∗ s q r t ( 3 ) / %pi ∗Emph∗ c o s d ( a l p h a )
) t h e r e f o r e we g e t
25 alpha2 = acosd (( %pi /(3* sqrt (3) ) ) *( - Edc_batt ) / Em ) ; //
calculation of f i r i n g angle
26 printf ( ” \ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e i s \ t \ t %. 2 f d e g r e e ” ,
alpha ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe s u p p l y power f a c t o r i s \ t %. 2 f ” , pf ) ;
28 if pf >0 then
29 printf ( ” ( l a g g i n g ) ” ) ;
30 else
31 printf ( ” ( l e a d i n g ) ” ) ;
32 end
33 printf ( ” \n\nWhen b a t t e r y i s d e l i v e r i n g t h e power ,
t h e f i r i n g a n g l e i s \t% . 3 f d e g r e e ” , alpha2 ) ;
68
34 // Note : The a n s w e r s f o r a l l r e q u i r e d v a l u e s v a r i e s
s l i g h t l y due t o p r e c i s e c a l c u l a t i o n u p t o 6 d i g i t
Scilab code Exa 6.19 Find out SCR rating
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 1 9
3 // Find o u t SCR r a t i n g
4 // page −343−344
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Es =415; // i n V ( v o l t a g e s u p p l y )
11 alpha =0; // i n r a d i a n
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 Em = Es * sqrt (2/3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
14 Edc =(3* sqrt (3) * Em / %pi ) * cos ( alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
average voltage
15 Idc = Edc / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e o u t p u t c u r r e n t
16 I_T_av =(1/(2* %pi ) ) * Idc * integrate ( ’ 1 ’ , ’ wt ’ ,( alpha + %pi
/6) ,( alpha +5* %pi /6) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f SCR
average current
17 I_T_rms = sqrt ((1/(2* %pi ) ) * Idc ^2* integrate ( ’ 1 ’ , ’ wt ’ ,(
alpha + %pi /6) ,( alpha +5* %pi /6) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
SCR rms c u r r e n t
18 I_T_peak = Idc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f SCR peak c u r r e n t
19 PIV = sqrt (3) * Em ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak i n v e r s e
v o l t a g e o f SCR
20 printf ( ” \ nThe SCR a v e r a g e c u r r e n t i s \ t I T a v=%. 3 f
A” , I_T_av ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe SCR rms c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I T r m s=%. 3 f A
” , I_T_rms ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe SCR peak c u r r e n t i s \ t I T p e a k=%. 3 f A
69
” , I_T_peak ) ;
23 printf ( ” \n\ nThe peak i n v e r s e v o l t a g e o f SCR i s \ t
PIV>=%. f A” , PIV ) ;
24 // Note : The a n s w e r s v a r y s l i g h t l y due t o p r e c i s e
c a l c u l a t i o n s upto 6 dec imal d i g i t
Scilab code Exa 6.20 Determine fundamental and various harmonics for various angle
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 2 0
3 // D e t e r m i n e f u n d a m e n t a l and v a r i o u s h a r m o n i c s f o r
various angle
4 // page −344−345
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 clf ;
8 // g i v e n
12 alpha =0:30:180; // i n r a d i a n
13 n1 =1 , n5 =5 , n7 =7 , n11 =11 , n13 =13;
14 // c a l c u l a t e
16 printf ( ” \ nThe a n g l e s a r e \ t \ t \ t \ t ” )
17 for alpha =0:30:180
18 printf ( ” \t% . f \ t ” , alpha ) ;
19
20 end
21 printf ( ” \ nFundamental component o f t h e s u p p l y
c u r r e n t i s ”);
22 for alpha =0:30:180
23 Edc =(3* sqrt (3) * Em / %pi ) * cosd ( alpha ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n of average voltage
24 Idc = Edc / R_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e o u t p u t
70
current
25 Isn1 = abs ((2* sqrt (2) * Idc / %pi ) * cosd (30* n1 ) / n1 ) ;
26 printf ( ” \t% . 3 f \ t ” , Isn1 ) ;
27
28 end
29 printf ( ” \n% . f t h h a r m o n i c s component i s \ t \ t ” , n5 ) ;
30 for alpha =0:30:180
current
33 Isn5 = abs ((2* sqrt (2) * Idc / %pi ) * cosd (30*5) / n5 ) ;
34 printf ( ” \t% . 3 f \ t ” , Isn5 ) ;
35 end
37 for alpha =0:30:180
current
41 printf ( ” \t% . 3 f \ t ” , Isn7 ) ;
42 end
44 for alpha =0:30:180
current
48 printf ( ” \t% . 3 f \ t ” , Isn11 ) ;
49 end
51 for alpha =0:30:180
current
71
55 printf ( ” \t% . 3 f \ t ” , Isn13 ) ;
56 end
57 // p l o t t i n g
58 // s i n c e t o o b t a i n a smooth g r a p h a l p h a h a s b e e n
chosen as g i v e n below
59 alpha =[0:5:180] ’;
60 Edc =(3* sqrt (3) * Em / %pi ) * cosd ( alpha ) ;
61 Idc = Edc / R_L ;
63 Isn5 = abs ((2* sqrt (2) * Idc / %pi ) * cosd (30*5) / n5 ) ;
67 plot2d ( alpha ,[ Isn1 Isn5 Isn7 Isn11 Isn13
] ,[1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5] , leg = ” I s n 1 @ I s n 5 @ I s n 7 @ I s n 1 1 @ I s n 1 1 ” ,
nax =[2 ,7 ,2 ,10] , rect =[0 ,0 ,180 ,5]) ;
68 xlabel ( ” a l p h a ( d e g r e e s ) ” ) ;
69 title ( ” Fundamental and h a r m o n i c c u r r e n t w i t h a l p h a ” )
;
c a l c u l a t i o n s upto 6 dec imal d i g i t
Scilab code Exa 6.21 Determine average voltage
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 2 1
3 // D e t e r m i n e a v e r a g e v o l t a g e
4 // page −345
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 clf ;
8 // g i v e n
72
11 alpha =[0:30:120]; // i n d e g r e e
12 // c a l c u l a t e
14 for alpha =[0:30:120];
15 if alpha <=60 then
c a l c u l a t i o n o f average v o l t a g e f o r alpha
<=60
17 else
18 Edc =(3* sqrt (3) * Em / %pi ) *(1+ cosd ( alpha +60) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f average v o l t a g e f o r alpha
>60
19 end
20 printf ( ” \ nFor a l p h a=%. f , \ tEdc=%. 1 f ” , alpha , Edc ) ;
21 end
22 // p l o t
23 alpha =[0:5:60];
24 Edc1 =(3* sqrt (3) * Em / %pi ) * cosd ( alpha ) ;
25 plot2d ( alpha , Edc1 ) ;
26 alpha =[60:5:120];
27 Edc2 =(3* sqrt (3) * Em / %pi ) *(1+ cosd ( alpha +60) ) ;
30 ylabel ( ” Edc ( avg ) ( i n V) ” ) ;
31 title ( ” A v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e w i t h a l p h a ” ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.22 Determine the minimum width of gate pulse
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 2 2
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e minimum w i d t h o f g a t e p u l s e
4 // page −345−346
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
73
8 I_H =0.2; // i n A ( h o l d i n g c u r r e n t )
9 td =2.5; // i n u s ( d e l a y t i m e )
10 wt = %pi /3; // i n r a d i a n ( d e l a y a n g l e )
11 L1 =8 , L2 =0; // i n mH
12 R =2; // i n ohm
13 E_line =208; // i n V ( l i n e v o l t a g e )
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16 L1 = L1 *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mH t o H
17 td = td *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from u s t o s
18 Ep = E_line / sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f p h a s e v o l t a g e
19 Em = Ep * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
20 e = sqrt (3) * Em * sin ( wt + %pi /6) ;
21 di_dt_1 = e / L1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r a t e o f r i s e o f
anode c u r r e n t when L=8 mH
22 // S i n c e I H=t 1 ∗ ( d i d t ) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
23 t1 = I_H / di_dt_1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r
anode c u r r e n t t o r i s e t o h o l d i n g v a l u e when L=8
mH
24 tp1 = t1 + td ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f minimum w i d t h o f g a t e
p u l s e when L=8 mH
25 // d i d t 2 =e / L2 ; // r a t e o f r i s e o f anode c u r r e n t
when L=0
26 t2 = I_H / e * L2 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r
anode c u r r e n t t o r i s e t o h o l d i n g v a l u e when L=0
27 tp2 = t2 + td ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f minimum w i d t h o f g a t e
p u l s e when L=0
28 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum w i d t h o f g a t e p u l s e when L=8
mH i s \ t t p 1=%. 3 f u s ” , tp1 *1 E6 ) ;
29 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum w i d t h o f g a t e p u l s e when L=0 H
i s \ t t p 2=%. 1 f u s ” , tp2 *1 E6 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.23 Plot average voltage and load voltage
1 // c h a p t e r 6
74
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 2 3
3 // P l o t a v e r a g e v o l t a g e and l o a d v o l t a g e
4 // page −356−357
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 clf ;
8 // g i v e n
11 alpha =[0:30:120]; // i n d e g r e e
12 // c a l c u l a t e
14 // p l o t
15 alpha =[0:5:60];
16 Edc1 =(3* sqrt (3) * Em / %pi ) * cosd ( alpha ) ;
18 alpha =[60:5:120];
19 Edc2 =(3* sqrt (3) * Em / %pi ) *(1+ cosd ( alpha +60) ) ;
22 ylabel ( ” Edc ( avg ) ( i n V) ” ) ;
23 title ( ” A v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e w i t h a l p h a ” ) ;
24 // s i n c e 3− p h a s e waveform can n o t be p l o t t e d , s o i
have o n l y p l o t t e d t h e a v e r a g e v o l t a g e
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 2 4
4 // page −358−359
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E_line =220; // i n V ( l i n e v o l t a g e )
75
10 R_L =10; // i n ohm
11 ratio =25; // i n p e r c e n t ( r a t i o of g i v e n t o maximum
average output v o l t a g e )
12 alpha_min =0; // i n r a d i a n ( f i r i n g a n g l e f o r max
average output v o l t a g e )
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 Ep = E_line / sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f p h a s e v o l t a g e
15 Em = Ep * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
16 Edc_max =(3* sqrt (3) * Em /(2* %pi ) ) *(1+ cos ( alpha_min ) ) ;
// c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e
17 Edc =( ratio /100) * Edc_max ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
18 // s i n c e Edc =(3∗ s q r t ( 3 ) ∗Em/ ( 2 ∗ %pi ) ∗(1+ c o s ( a l p h a ) ) ; ,
t h e r e f o r e we g e t
19 alpha = acosd ((2* %pi /(3* sqrt (3) * Em ) ) * Edc -1) ; //
calculation of f i r i n g angle
20 printf ( ” \ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e i s \ t \ t \ t %. f d e g r e e ” ,
alpha ) ;
current
22 alpha = alpha *( %pi /180) ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from d e g r e e
to radian
23 Erms =(3* Em /2) * sqrt (( %pi - alpha +0.5* sin (2* alpha ) ) / %pi )
; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v o l t a g e
24 Irms = Erms / R_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms c u r r e n t
25 I_T_avg = Idc /3; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f SCR a v e r a g e c u r r e n t
26 I_T_rms = Irms * sqrt (2) /3; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f SCR rms
current
27 neta =( Edc * Idc ) /( Erms * Irms ) *100; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
Rectification efficiency
28 Is = Irms * sqrt (2/3) ;
29 Es =3* Ep ;
30 TUF =( Edc * Idc ) /( Es * Is ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f T r a n s f o r m e r
U t i l i s a t i o n Factor
f A” , Idc ) ;
32 printf ( ” \ nThe rms c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I r m s=%. 2 f A” ,
76
Irms ) ;
33 printf ( ” \ nThe t h y r i s t o r a v e r a g e c u r r e n t i s \ t
I T a v g=%. 2 f A” , I_T_avg ) ;
%. 2 f A” , I_T_rms ) ;
35 printf ( ” \ nThe R e c t i f i c a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y i s \ t n e t a=%
. 1 f p e r c e n t ” , neta ) ;
36 printf ( ” \ nThe T r a n s f o r m e r U t i l i s a t i o n F a c t o r i s \ t
TUF=%. 3 f ” , TUF ) ;
37 // Note : The f o r m u l a w r i t t e n i n t h e book t o
c a l c u l a t e Erms and I s i s wrong but t h e a n s w e r i n
t h e book i s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c o r r e c t f o r m u l a . I
have u s e d t h e c o r r e c t f o r m u l a .
Scilab code Exa 6.25 Determine DPF DF HF and PF
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 2 5
3 // D e t e r m i n e DPF, DF, HF and PF
4 // page −361
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Es =415; // i n V ( s u p p l y v o l t a g e )
10 alpha =0:30:180; // i n d e g r e e
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 // S i n c e I s n =(2∗ s q r t ( 2 ) ∗ I d c / %pi ) ∗ ( c o s d ( 3 0 ∗ n ) / n )
=0.9∗ I d c ∗ ( c o s d ( 3 0 ∗ n ) / n )
13 // and I s f u n d =0.9∗ I d c ∗ c o s d ( 3 0 ) =0. 78 ∗ I d c and I s r m s=
s q r t ( 2 / 3 ) ∗ Idc ,
14 // S i n c e DF=I s f u n d / I s r m s t h e r e f o r e we g e t
15 DF =(0.78/ sqrt (2/3) ) ; // c a l c l a t i o n o f d i s t o r t i o n
factor
16 HF = sqrt ((1/ DF ) ^2 -1) ; // c a l c l a t i o n o f h a r m o n i c
77
factor
17 printf ( ” \ n a n g l e \ t \tDPF\ t \tDF\ t \tHF\ t \ tPF ” ) ;
18 for alpha =0:30:180
19 DPF = cosd ( alpha ) ; // c a l c l a t i o n o f d i s p l a c e m e n t
power f a c t o r
20 SPF =(3/ %pi ) * cosd ( alpha ) ; // c a l c l a t i o n o f s u p p l y
power f a c t o r
21 printf ( ” \n% . f \ t \t% . 3 f \ t \t% . 1 f %%\ t \t% . 1 f %%\ t \t%
. 3 f ” , alpha , DPF , DF *100 , HF *100 , SPF ) ;
22 end
Scilab code Exa 6.26 Determine overlap angles
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 2 6
3 // f i g . 6 . 7 2
4 // D e t e r m i n e o v e r l a p a n g l e s
5 // page −370−371
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Em =120; // i n V
11 L =0.33; // i n mH
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 L = L *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mH t o H
16 // s i n c e I d =(Em/ ( 2 ∗ %pi ∗ f ∗L ) ) ∗(1 − c o s d ( u ) ) t h e r e f o r e
we g e t
17 u1 = acosd (1 - Id *(2* %pi * f * L / Em ) ) ; // c a l c l a t i o n o f
overlap angle for case I
18 u2 = acosd ( cosd ( alpha ) - Id *(2* %pi * f * L / Em ) ) - alpha ; //
c a l c l a t i o n of overlap angle for case II
19 printf ( ” \ nThe o v e r l a p a n g l e f o r t r a n s f e r o f c u r r e n t
78
from a c o n d u c t i n g t h y r i s t o r t o t h e commutating
d i o d e i s \ t u1=%. 3 f d e g r e e ” , u1 ) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe o v e r l a p a n g l e f o r t r a n s f e r o f c u r r e n t
from t h e commutating d i o d e t o a t h y r i s t o r i s \ t \ t
\ t u2=%. 3 f d e g r e e ” , u2 ) ;
21 // Note : The a n s w e r s f o r u1 and u2 v a r y s l i g h t l y due
to p r e c i s e c a l c u l a t i o n upto 6 de cima l d i g i t
Scilab code Exa 6.27 Find the mean voltage at the load
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 2 7
3 // f i g . Ex . 6 . 2 7
4 // Find t h e mean v o l t a g e a t t h e l o a d
5 // page −371−372
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 E_line =415; // i n V ( l i n e v o l t g a e )
10 Beta =18; // i n d e g r e e ( a d v a n c e a n g l e )
11 u =3.8; // i n d e g r e e ( o v e r l a p a n g l e )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 Em = E_line * sqrt (2/3) ; // c a l c l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
14 Edc =(3* sqrt (3) /(4* %pi ) ) * Em *( cosd ( Beta ) + cosd ( Beta - u ) )
; // c a l c l a t i o n o f mean v o l t a g e a t t h e l o a d
15 printf ( ” \ nThe mean v o l t a g e a t t h e l o a d i s \ t Edc=%. 1
f V” , Edc ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.28 Compute source inductance load resistance and overlap angle
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 2 8
79
3 // Compute s o u r c e i n d u c t a n c e , l o a d r e s i s t a n c e and
overlap angle
4 // page −371−372
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E =400; // i n V ( s u p p l y v o l t a g e )
12 Edc =360; // i n V ( l o a d v o l t a g e )
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 alpha = alpha *(180/ %pi ) ;
15 disp ( alpha ) ;
16 Emph = E * sqrt (2/3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
17 // S i n c e Edc =(3∗ s q r t ( 3 ) ∗Emph/ %pi ) ∗ c o s d ( a l p h a ) −(3∗2∗
%pi ∗ f ∗ Ls / %pi ) ∗ Id , we g e t
18 Ls =( %pi /(3*2* %pi * f * Id ) ) *((3* sqrt (3) * Emph / %pi ) * cosd (
alpha ) - Edc ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s o u r c e i n d u c t a n c e
19 R = Edc / Id ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d r e s i s t a n c e
20 // s i n c e Edc =(3∗ s q r t ( 3 ) ∗Emph/ %pi ) ∗ c o s d ( a l p h a+u )
−(3∗2∗ %pi ∗ f ∗ Ls / %pi ) ∗ Id , we g e t
21 u = acosd (( %pi /(3* sqrt (3) * Emph ) ) *( Edc -(3*2* %pi * f * Ls /
%pi ) * Id ) ) - alpha ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o v e r l a p a n g l e
22 printf ( ” \ nThe s o u r c e i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t Ls=%. 1 f mH” , Ls
*1 E3 ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe l o a d r e s i s t a n c e i s \ t \ t R=%. 1 f ohm” ,R )
;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe o v e r l a p a n g l e i s \ t \ t u=%. f d e g r e e ” ,u )
;
Scilab code Exa 6.29 Compute the average load voltage
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 2 9
80
3 // Compute t h e a v e r a g e l o a d v o l t a g e
4 // page −372−373
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Eph =150; // i n V ( s u p p l y v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e )
10 Ls =1.2; // i n mH ( s o u r c e i n d u c t a n c e )
11 R =0.07; // i n ohm
12 V_drop_Thyristor =1.5; // i n V ( v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s
Thyristor )
13 Id =30; // i n A ( c o n t i n u o u s l o a d c u r r e n t )
14 alpha =0:30:60; // i n d e g r e e ( f i r i n g a n g l e s )
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16 Ls = Ls *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mH t o H
17 V_drop_reactance =(3*2* %pi * f * Ls /(2* %pi ) ) * Id ; //
v o l t a g e d r o p due t o s o u r c e r e a c t a n c e
18 Em = Eph * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
19 for alpha =0:30:60
20 Edc =((3* sqrt (3) /(2* %pi ) ) * Em * cosd ( alpha ) ) -
V_drop_Thyristor - V_drop_reactance ;; //
c a l c u l a t i o n of average load voltage
21 printf ( ” \ nFor %. f d e g r e e , t h e a v e r a g e l o a d
v o l t a g e i s Edc=%. 1 f V” , alpha , Edc ) ;
22 end
c a l c u l a t i o n upto 6 de cim al d i g i t s
Scilab code Exa 6.30 Compute the average generator voltage
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 3 0
3 // Compute t h e a v e r a g e g e n e r a t o r v o l t a g e
4 // page −373
5 clear ;
81
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E =415; // i n V ( s u p p l y v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e )
10 X_L =0.3; // i n ohm ( s o u r c e r e a c t a n c e )
11 R =0.05; // i n ohm ( r e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e )
12 V_drop_Thyristor =1.5; // i n V ( v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s
Thyristor )
13 Id =60; // i n A ( c o n t i n u o u s l o a d c u r r e n t )
14 Beta =35; // i n d e g r e e ( f i r i n g a d v a n c e a n g l e )
15 u =0; // i n d e g r e e ( o v e r l a p a n g l e a t no l o a d )
16 // c a l c u l a t e
17 V_drop_reactance =(3* X_L / %pi ) * Id ; // v o l t a g e d r o p due
to overlap
18 V_drop_Thyristors =2* V_drop_Thyristor ; // v o l t a g e
d r o p due t o SCRs
19 V_drop_resistance =2* R * Id ; // v o l t a g e d r o p due t o
supply r e s i s t a n c e
20 Emph = E * sqrt (2/3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
21 Edc_noload = -((3* sqrt (3) / %pi ) * Emph * cosd (u - Beta ) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e v o l t a g e a t no l o a d
22 Edc = abs ( Edc_noload - V_drop_Thyristors -
V_drop_reactance - V_drop_resistance ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n of average generator voltage
23 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e g e n e r a t o r v o l t a g e i s Edc=%. 2 f
V” , Edc ) ;
c a l c u l a t i o n upto 6 de cim al d i g i t s
Scilab code Exa 6.32 Compute the firing angle and overlap angle
1 // chapter 6
2 // example 6 . 3 2
3 // Compute t h e f i r i n g a n g l e and o v e r l a p a n g l e
4 // page −373−375
82
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Eph =230; // i n V ( s u p p l y v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e )
10 Ls =0.3; // i n mH ( s o u r c e i n d u c t a n c e )
12 R =1; // onm ( i n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e )
13 E_loadsource =400; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e v o l t a g e )
14 // c a l c u l a t e
16 Edc = E_loadsource + Id * R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
voltage
17 Emph = Eph * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
18 // S i n c e Edc =(3∗ s q r t ( 3 ) / %pi ) ∗Emph∗ c o s d ( a l p h a ) −(3∗2∗
%pi ∗ f ∗ Ls / %pi ) ∗ Id , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
19 alpha = acosd (( %pi /(3* sqrt (3) * Emph ) ) *( Edc +(3*2* %pi * f *
Ls / %pi ) * Id ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f i r i n g a n g l e
20 // S i n c e Edc =(3∗ s q r t ( 3 ) / %pi ) ∗Emph∗ c o s d ( a l p h a+u )
+(3∗2∗ %pi ∗ f ∗ Ls / %pi ) ∗ Id , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
21 u = acosd ( %pi /(3* sqrt (3) * Emph ) *( Edc -(3*2* %pi * f * Ls / %pi )
* Id ) ) - alpha ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o v e r l a p a n g l e
22 printf ( ” \ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e i s \t% . 2 f d e g r e e ” , alpha ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe o v e r l a p a n g l e i s \t% . 3 f d e g r e e ” ,u ) ;
c a l c u l a t i o n u p t o 6 d e c i m a l d i g i t s . I n t h e book ,
t h e c a l c u l a t i o n i s done u p t o 2 d e c i m a l d i g i t
Scilab code Exa 6.33 Design the 3 phase bridge convertor
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 3 3
3 // D e s i g n t h e 3− p h a s e b r i d g e c o n v e r t o r
4 // page −375−377
5 clear ;
83
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E =2.3; // i n kV ( s u p p l y v o l t a g e )
9 n =10; // d e l t a −s t a r t r a n s f o r m e r r a t i o
12 Edc1 =500 , Edc2 = -500; // i n V ( r a n g e o f v a r y i n g DC
voltage )
13 Ls =50; // i n uH ( commutating i n d u c t a n c e p e r p h a s e )
14 V_T =1.5; // i n V ( a s s u m p t i o n f o r v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s
SCR a s done i n t h e book )
15 Tc_max =104; // i n d e g r e e C ( a s s u m p t i o n f o r maximum
t e m p e r a t u r e a s done i n t h e book )
16 T_A =25; // i n d e g r e e C ( a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e
book )
17 theta_CS =0.675; // i n d g r e e C/W ( a s s u m p t i o n a s done
i n t h e book )
18 Pav =43; // i n W ( a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e book )
19 // c a l c u l a t e
20 Ls = Ls *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from uH t o H
21 E = E *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from kV t o V
22 Edc_red =(3*2* %pi * f * Ls / %pi ) * Id ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
r e d u c t i o n i n o u t p u t v o l t a g e due t o o v e r l a p
23 Edc = Edc1 + Edc_red +2* V_T ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
24 E_L =( E / n ) * sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l i n e rms v o l t a g e
25 // S i n c e Edc = 1.3 5∗ E L ∗ c o s d ( a l p h a ) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
26 alpha = acosd ( Edc /(1.35* E_L ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f i r i n g
angle
27 E_DRM = E_L * sqrt (2) * V_T ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f v o l t a g e
r a t i n g s o f SCR
28 ERRM = E_DRM ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f v o l t a g e r a t i n g s o f SCR
29 Iavg = Id /3; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e o u t p u t c u r r e n t
30 Irms = Id / sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms c u r r e n t
31 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t \ tEdc=%. 2 f
V” , Edc ) ;
32 printf ( ” \ nThe l i n e rms v o l t a g e i s \ t \ tE L=%. 1 f V” ,
E_L ) ;
84
33 printf ( ” \ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e i s \ t \ t \t% . 1 f d e g r e e ” ,
alpha ) ;
34 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum v o l t g a e r a t i n g o f SCR a r e \
tE DRM=E RRM=%. f V” , E_DRM ) ;
35 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e o u t p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I a v g=%. f
A” , Iavg ) ;
36 printf ( ” \ nThe rms c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I r m s=%. 2 f A” , Irms
);
37 printf ( ” \n\ n T h e r e f o r e we can s e l e c t SCRs w i t h r a t i n g
900 V and 63 A ( rms ) ” ) ;
38 Edc_2 =( Edc2 + Edc_red +2* V_T ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n i n v e r t i n g mode . Here minus
s i g n i n d i c a t e s i n v e r t i n g mode
39 PF = Edc_2 /(1.35* E_L ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c o s ( a l p h a ) i n
i n v e r t i n g mode
40 // s i n c e c o s d ( a l p h a+u )=c o s d ( a l p h a ) −(2∗ %pi ∗ f ∗ Ls ∗ I d ∗
s q r t ( 3 / 2 ) / E L ) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
41 alpha_mu = acosd ( PF -(2* %pi * f * Ls * Id * sqrt (3/2) / E_L ) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f ( a l p h a+mu)
42 gama =180 - alpha_mu ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f gama
43 t_off = gama /(2* %pi * f *(180/ %pi ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o f f
time
44 printf ( ” \n\ nThe o f f t i m e i s \ t t o f f =%. 3 f ms” , t_off
*1 E3 ) ;
45 theta_CA =( Tc_max - T_A ) / Pav ;
46 // s i n c e t h e t a C A=t h e t a C S+t h e t a S A , t h e r e f o r e we
get
47 theta_SA = theta_CA - theta_CS ;
48 printf ( ” \n\ nThe h e a t s i n k p a r a m e t e r s i s \ t t h e t a S A=
%. 2 f d e g r e e C/W” , theta_SA ) ;
49 Irms_secondary = sqrt (2/3) * Id ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms
secondary current
50 Irms_primary = sqrt (2/3) * Id / n ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms
primary c u r r e n t
51 VA_rating =3* E_L * Irms_secondary / sqrt (3) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f t r a n f o r m e r VA r a t i n g
52 I_Lf =(3/ %pi ) *(2* Id / n ) *(1/ sqrt (2) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
l i n rms f u n d a m e n t a l c u r r e n t
85
53 I_L = sqrt (2) * Id / n ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms c u r r e n t
54 printf ( ” \n\ nThe rms s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t i s \ t \t% . 2 f A”
, Irms_secondary ) ;
55 printf ( ” \ nThe rms p r i m a r y c u r r e n t i s \ t \t% . 2 f A” ,
Irms_primary ) ;
56 printf ( ” \ nThe t r a n f o r m e r VA r a t i n g i s \ t \t% . 1 f kVA” ,
VA_rating *1 E -3) ;
57 printf ( ” \ nThe l i n e rms f u n d a m e n t a l c u r r e n t i s \ t I L f
=%. 2 f A” , I_Lf ) ;
58 printf ( ” \ nThe rms c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I L=%. 2 f A” , I_L ) ;
59 DPF = cosd ( alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d i s p l a c e m e n t power
factor
60 DF = I_Lf / I_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r
61 PF = DPF * DF ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s u p p l y power f a c t o r
62 Pi = sqrt (3) * E * I_Lf * DPF ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f u n d a m e n t a l
i n p u t power
63 Po = Edc1 * Id ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t power
64 neta =( Po / Pi ) *100; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f e f f i c i e n c y
65 printf ( ” \n\ nThe d i s p l a c e m e n t power f a c t o r i s \tDPF=%
. 2 f ” , DPF ) ;
66 printf ( ” \ nThe d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r i s \ t \tDF=%. 2 f ” , DF ) ;
67 printf ( ” \ nThe power f a c t o r i s \ t \ t \ tPF=%. 2 f ” , PF ) ;
68 printf ( ” \ nThe e f f i c i e n c y i s \ t \ t \t% . 1 f p e r c e n t ” , neta
);
Scilab code Exa 6.34 Calculate delay angle power delivered and fundamental reactiv
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 3 4
3 // C a l c u l a t e d e l a y a n g l e , power d e l i v e r e d and
f u n d a m e n t a l r e a c t i v e power
4 // page −377−378
86
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E_line =580; // i n V ( l i n e t o l i n e s u p p l y v o l t a g e )
10 I0 =3464; // i n A ( l o a d c u r r e n t )
11 Edc =648; // i n V ( a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 Em = sqrt (2/3) * E_line ;
14 // s i n c e Edc =(3∗ s q r t ( 3 ) / %pi ) ∗Em∗ c o s d ( a l p h a ) ,
15 alpha = acosd ( %pi /(3* sqrt (3) * Em ) * Edc ) ;
16 Pdc = Edc * I0 ;
17 Pdc = Pdc *1 E -3;
18 Pac =1.05* Pdc ;
19 Q_KVAR = sqrt ( Pac ^2 - Pdc ^2) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe d e l a y a n g l e i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t %. 2 f
d e g r e e ” , alpha ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe power d e l i v e r e d t o t h e l o a d i s \ t \ t \ t \
t \ t Pdc=%. 2 f kW” , Pdc ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe f u n d a m e n t a l r e a c t i v e power drawn from
t h e s u p p l y i n KVAR i s \ t %. 2 f ” , Q_KVAR ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.35 Calculate reducation in dc output voltage and overlap angle
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a p m l e 6 . 3 5
3 // C a l c u l a t e r e d u c a t i o n i n dc o u t p u t v o l t a g e and
overlap angle
4 // page −378
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
87
7 // g i v e n
8 E_line =400; // i n V ( l i n e t o l i n e s u p p l y v o l t a g e )
9 alpha =30; // i n d e g r e e ( c o n t r o l a n g l e )
10 r =15; // i n d e g r e e ( o v e r l a p a n g l e )
11 alpha_inv_mode =120; // i n d e g r e e ( c o n t r o l a n g l e i n
i n v e r t i n g mode )
12 P =6; // number o f p u l s e s
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 Emax = sqrt (2/3) * E_line ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
15 Edc_with_ovelap =( P /(2* %pi ) ) * Emax * sin ( %pi / P ) *( cosd (
alpha ) + cosd ( alpha + r ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
output v o l t a g e with o v e r l a p
16 Edc_without_overlap =( P / %pi ) * Emax *( %pi / P ) * cosd ( alpha )
; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e w i t h o u t
overlap
17 Edc_drop = Edc_without_overlap - Edc_with_ovelap ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e d u c a t i o n i n dc o u t p u t v o l t a g e
18 Beta =180 - alpha_inv_mode ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f b e t a
19 r = Beta - acosd ((25/( Emax * sin ( %pi / P ) ) ) - cosd ( Beta ) ) ; //
calculation of overlpa angle
20 printf ( ” \ nThe r e d u c a t i o n i n dc o u t p u t v o l t a g e due t o
o v e r l a p i s \ t %. 2 f V” , Edc_drop ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe o v e r l a p a n g l e i n t h e i n v e r t i n g mode i s
\ t \ t r= %. f d e g r e e ” ,r ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.36 Calculate various parameters
1 // c h a p t e r 6
2 // e x a m p l e 6 . 3 6
3 // C a l c u l a t e v a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s
4 // page −393−395
5 clear ;
88
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
10 Ia =10; // i n A
11 Edc =175; // i n V ( a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e )
12 alpha1 =33 , alpha2 =78; // i n d e g r e e
13 Beta1 =62; // i n d e g r e e
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 Em = sqrt (2) * E ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
16 // EAC c o n t r o l
17 // S i n c e Edc=(Em/ %pi ) ∗(1 − c o s d ( Beta ) ) , t h e r e f o r e we
get
18 Beta = acosd (1 -( %pi / Em ) * Edc ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
extinction angle
19 Is_rms = Ia * sqrt ( Beta /180) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms
supply current
20 Is_fund =(2* sqrt (2) * Ia / %pi ) * sind ( Beta /2) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms f u n d a m e n t a l c u r r e n t
21 DPF = sind ( Beta /2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d i s p l a c e m e n t
factor
22 DF = Is_fund / Is_rms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d i s t o r t i o n
factor
23 HF = sqrt (1/ DF ^2 -1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f h a r m o n i c f a c t o r
24 PF = DF * DPF ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power f a c t o r
25 printf ( ” \nEAC C o n t r o l ” ) ;
26 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe e x t i n c t i o n a n g l e i s \ t Beta=%. 2 f
d e g r e e ” , Beta ) ;
27 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe rms s u p p l y c u r r e n t i s \ t I s r m s=%
. 2 f A” , Is_rms ) ;
28 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe rms f u n d a m e n t a l c u r r e n t i s \ t
I s f u n d=%. 2 f A” , Is_fund ) ;
29 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe d i s p l a c e m e n t f a c t o r i s \ t DPF=%. 2 f
” , DPF ) ;
30 if DPF >=0 then
31 printf ( ” ( l a g g i n g ) ” ) ;
32 else
33 printf ( ” ( l e a d i n g ) ” ) ;
89
34 end
35 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r i s \ t DF=%. 2 f
p e r c e n t ” , DF *100) ;
36 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe h a r m o n i c f a c t o r i s \ t \ t HF=%. 2 f
p e r c e n t ” , HF *100) ;
37 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe power f a c t o r i s \ t \ t PF=%. 4 f ” , PF ) ;
38 if PF >=0 then
39 printf ( ” ( l a g g i n g ) ” ) ;
40 else
41 printf ( ” ( l e a d i n g ) ” ) ;
42 end
43 // SAC c o n t r o l
44 // S i n c e Edc =(2∗Em/ %pi ) ∗ c o s d ( a l p h a ) , t h e r e f o r e we
get
45 alpha = acosd ( %pi /(2* Em ) * Edc ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
t r i g g e r angle
46 Is_rms = Ia * sqrt (1 -(2* alpha /180) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
rms s u p p l y c u r r e n t
47 Is_fund =(2* sqrt (2) * Ia / %pi ) * cosd ( alpha ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms f u n d a m e n t a l c u r r e n t
48 DPF =1; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d i s p l a c e m e n t f a c t o r
factor
52 printf ( ” \n\nSAC C o n t r o l ” ) ;
53 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe t r i g g e r a n g l e i s \ t \ t a l p h a=%. 2 f
d e g r e e ” , alpha ) ;
54 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe rms s u p p l y c u r r e n t i s \ t I s r m s=%.
f A” , Is_rms ) ;
56 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe d i s p l a c e m e n t f a c t o r i s \ t DPF=%. f ”
, DPF ) ;
57 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r i s \ t DF=%. f
p e r c e n t ” , DF *100) ;
p e r c e n t ” , HF *100) ;
90
60 // PWM c o n t r o l
61 Beta3 =180 - alpha1 ;
62 Beta2 =180 - alpha2 ;
63 alpha3 =180 - Beta1 ;
64 Edc =( Em / %pi ) *( cosd ( alpha1 ) - cosd ( Beta1 ) + cosd ( alpha2 ) -
cosd ( Beta2 ) + cosd ( alpha3 ) - cosd ( Beta3 ) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n of average output v o l t a g e
65 Is_rms =( Ia / sqrt (180) ) * sqrt ( Beta1 - alpha1 + Beta2 - alpha2
+ Beta3 - alpha3 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms s u p p l y
current
66 Is_fund =( sqrt (2) * Ia / %pi ) *( cosd ( alpha1 ) - cosd ( Beta1 ) +
cosd ( alpha2 ) - cosd ( Beta2 ) + cosd ( alpha3 ) - cosd ( Beta3 )
) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms f u n d a m e n t a l c u r r e n t
67 DPF =1; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d i s p l a c e m e n t f a c t o r
factor
71 printf ( ” \n\nPWM C o n t r o l ” ) ;
72 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t Edc=%
. 2 f V” , Edc ) ;
73 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe rms s u p p l y c u r r e n t i s \ t I s r m s=%
. 2 f A” , Is_rms ) ;
75 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe d i s p l a c e m e n t f a c t o r i s \ t DPF=%. f ”
, DPF ) ;
76 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r i s \ t DF=%. f
p e r c e n t ” , DF *100) ;
p e r c e n t ” , HF *100) ;
91
Chapter 7
Dual Converters
Scilab code Exa 7.1 Compute the peak value of circulating current
1 // c h a p t e r 7
2 // e x a m p l e 7 . 1
3 // Compute t h e peak v a l u e o f c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t
4 // page −431
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Erms =230; // i n V ( p e r p h a s e v o l t a g e s u p p l y )
9 w =315; // i n r a d / s
10 L =12; // i n mH
12 // c a l c u l a t e
14 i_cp =(3* sqrt (2) * Erms /( w * L ) ) *(1 - cosd (30) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v a l u e o f c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t
15 printf ( ” \ nThe peak v a l u e o f c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t i s \
t i c p =%. 2 f A” , i_cp ) ;
16 // Note : The a n s w e r v a r i e s s l i g h t l y due t o p r e c i s e
calculation
92
Scilab code Exa 7.2 Design dual convertor
1 // c h a p t e r 7
2 // e x a m p l e 7 . 2
3 // D e s i g n d u a l c o n v e r t o r
4 // page −432
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Ea =220; // i n V
9 Ia =30; // i n A
10 N =1500; // i n rpm ( s p e e d o f motor )
11 Eac =400; // i n V (3− p h a s e s u p p l y )
13 drop =15; // i n p e r c e n t ( d r o p i n t h e c i r c u i t )
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 E_drop =( drop /100) * Ea ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t o t a l d r o p i n
the system
16 Edc_alpha = Ea + E_drop ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t o t a l dc
voltage
17 // s i n c e E d c a l p h a =1. 35 ∗ Eac ∗ c o s d ( a l p h a ) , t h e r e f o r e
we g e t
18 alpha1 = acosd ( Edc_alpha /(1.35* Eac ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
f i r i n g angle
19 Iac =0.817* Ia ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f AC l i n e c u r r e n t
20 Pac = sqrt (3) * Eac * Iac ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f AC t e r m i n a l
power
21 // s i n c e Pac = 1.3 5 ∗ Pdc , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
22 Pdc = Pac /1.35; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f DC a v e r a g e power
23 I_ripple = Ia /5; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r i p p l e c u r r e n t
24 w =2* %pi * f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y
25 Lc =(2*1.35* Eac /(6* w * I_ripple ) ) *(1/7+1/5) ; //
calculation of current limiting inductance
26 alpha2 =180 - alpha1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f i r i n g a n g l e
93
27 PIV =2* sqrt (2) * Eac ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak i n v e r s e
v o l t a g e o f SCR
28 I_T =2* sqrt (2) * Iac ; // c a l c u l a t i o n of current rating
o f SCR
29 printf ( ” \ nThe t o t a l d r o p i n t h e s y s t e m i s \ t E d r o p=
%. f V” , E_drop ) ;
30 printf ( ” \ nThe t o t a l dc v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t E d c a l p h a=%. f
V” , Edc_alpha ) ;
31 printf ( ” \ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e i s \ t \ t \ t a l p h a 1=%. f
d e g r e e ” , alpha1 ) ;
32 printf ( ” \ nThe AC l i n e c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I a c=%. 2 f A” ,
Iac ) ;
33 printf ( ” \ nThe AC t e r m i n a l power i s \ t \ t Pac=%. 2 f kW”
, Pac *1 E -3) ;
34 printf ( ” \ nThe DC a v e r a g e power i s \ t \ t Pdc=%. 2 f kW” ,
Pdc *1 E -3) ;
35 printf ( ” \ nThe c u r r e n t l i m i t i n g i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t Lc=%
. f mH” , Lc *1 E3 ) ;
36 printf ( ” \ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e i s \ t \ t \ t a l p h a 2=%. f
37 printf ( ” \ nThe peak i n v e r s e v o l t a g e o f SCR i s \ t PIV=
%. f V” , PIV ) ;
38 printf ( ” \ nThe c u r r e n t r a t i n g o f SCR i s \ t \ t I T=%. f
A” , I_T ) ;
94
Chapter 8
Choppers
Scilab code Exa 8.1 Determine time ratio of the chopper
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 1
3 // D e t e r m i n e t i m e r a t i o o f t h e c h o p p e r
4 // page −439
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =100; // i n V
9 L =40; // i n mH
10 R =5; // i n ohm
11 I1 =10 , I2 =12; // i n A ( c u r r e n t l i m i t s )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 Iavg =( I1 + I2 ) /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e v a l u e o f
load current
14 Imax = Edc / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum v a l u e o f l o a d
current
15 E0_av = Edc *( Iavg / Imax ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
value of voltage
16 // s i n c e Ton / ( Ton+T o f f )=E0 av / Edc , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
17 Ton_Toff = E0_av /( Edc - E0_av ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e
r a t i o of the chopper
95
18 printf ( ” \ nThe t i m e r a t i o o f t h e c h o p p e r i s \ t Ton/
T o f f=%. 3 f ” , Ton_Toff ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.3 Determine average and rms output voltage chopper efficiency an
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 3
3 // D e t e r m i n e a v e r a g e and rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e , c h o p p e r
e f f i c i e n c y and e f f e c t i v e i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e
4 // page −440−441
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =200; // i n V ( i n p u t v o l t a g e )
9 R =15; // i n ohm
10 Ed =2.5; // i n V ( v o l t a g e d r o p when t h e c h o p p e r i s ON
)
11 f =1; // i n KHz ( c h o p p e r f r e q u e n c y )
12 alpha =50; // i n p e r c e n t ( duty c y c l e )
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 f = f *1 E3 ;
15 T =1/ f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e p e r i o d o f c h o p p e r
16 E0 =( alpha /100) *( Edc - Ed ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
17 E0_rms = sqrt ( alpha /100) *( Edc - Ed ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e
18 I0_rms = E0_rms / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms o u t p u t c u r r e n t
19 Po = E0_rms * I0_rms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t power
20 Is =( Edc - Ed ) / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e o u t p u t
current
21 Pi =(1/ T ) * Edc * Is * integrate ( ’ 1 ’ , ’ t ’ ,0 ,(( alpha /100) * T ) )
; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n p u t power
22 neta = Po / Pi ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c h o p p e r e f f i c i e n c y
23 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t E0=%. 2 f V
” , E0 ) ;
96
24 printf ( ” \ nThe rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t E0 rms=%. 3 f V
” , E0_rms ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ nThe c h o p p e r e f f i c i e n c y i s \ t n e t a=%. 2 f
p e r c e n t ” , neta *100) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.4 Calculate the required pulse width
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 4
3 // C a l c u l a t e t h e r e q u i r e d p u l s e w i d t h
4 // page −442
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =220; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
9 E0 =500; // i n V ( l o a d v o l t a g e )
10 Toff =80; // i n u s ( b l o c k i n g p e r i o d o f t h y r o s t o r )
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 // s i n c e E0=Edc ∗ ( Ton+T o f f ) / T o f f , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
13 Ton =( E0 / Edc ) * Toff - Toff ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e q u i r e d
p u l s e width
14 printf ( ” \ nThe t i m e r e q u i r e d p u l s e w i d t h i s \ t Ton=%
. 1 f u s ” , Ton ) ;
15 // Note : t h e a n s w e r v a r i e s s l i g h t l y due t o p r e c i s e
calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.5 Calculate the conduction and blocking period of the thyristor
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 5
3 // C a l c u l a t e t h e c o n d u c t i o n and b l o c k i n g p e r i o d o f
the t h y r i s t o r
4 // page −446
97
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =220; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
9 f =2; // i n Khz ( c h o p p e r f r e q u e n c y )
10 E0 =170; // i n V ( l o a d v o l t a g e )
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 f = f *1 E3 ;
13 // s i n c e E0=Edc ∗Ton∗ f , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
14 Ton = E0 /( Edc * f ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c o n d u c t i o n p e r i o d
of the t h y r i s t o r
15 T =1/ f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c h o p p i n g p e r i o d
16 Toff =T - Ton ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f blocking period of
the t h y r i s t o r
17 printf ( ” \ nThe c o n d u c t i o n p e r i o d o f t h e t h y r i s t o r i s
\ t Ton=%. 3 f s ” , Ton *1 E3 ) ;
18 printf ( ” \ nThe b l o c k i n g p e r i o d o f t h e t h y r i s t o r i s \ t
T o f f=%. 3 f s ” , Toff *1 E3 ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.6 Calculate limit of current pulsation chopping frequency duty c
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 6
3 // C a l c u l a t e l i m i t o f c u r r e n t p u l s a t i o n , c h o p p i n g
f r e q u e n c y , duty c y c l e and o u t p u t v o l t a g e
4 // page −446
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =110; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
9 Ton =15; // i n ms ( c o n d u c t i o n p e r i o d o f t h e t h y r i s t o r
)
10 Toff =12; // i n ms ( b l o c k i n g p e r i o d o f t h e t h y r i s t o r )
98
11 I0_max =300; // i n A ( maximum p o s s i b l e a c c e l e r a t i n g
current )
12 I0_min =140; // i n A ( l o w e r l i m i t o f c u r r e n t
plusation )
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 limit = I0_max - I0_min ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l i m i t o f
current pulsation
15 T = Ton + Toff ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c h o p p i n g p e r i o d
16 f =1/( T *1 E -3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c h o p p i n g f r e q u e n c y
17 alpha = Ton / T ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f duty c y c l e
18 E0 = alpha * Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t v o l t a g e
19 printf ( ” \ nThe l i m i t o f c u r r e n t p u l s a t i o n i s \ t %. f A
” , limit ) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe c h o p p i n g f r e q u e n c y i s \ t \ t f=%. f Hz” ,f
);
21 printf ( ” \ nThe duty c y c l e i s \ t \ t \ t a l p h a=%. 2 f ” ,
alpha ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t E0=%. 2 f V” , E0
);
calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.7 Compute following quantities
1 //
chapter 8
2 //
example 8 . 7
3 //
Compute f o l l o w i n g q u a n t i t i e s
4 //
whether load c u r r e n t i s continuous , Average
o u t p u t c u r r e n t , maximum & minimum v a l u e s o f
s t e a d y −s t a t e o u t p u t c u r r e n t , rms v a l u e s o f 1 s t , 2
nd , 3 r d h a r m o n i c s o f l o a d c u r r e n t , A v e r a g e v a l u e
o f s o u r c e c u r r e n t , i n p u t power , power a b s o r b e d by
t h e back emf Eb and power l o s s i n t h e r e i s t o r ,
RMS v a l u e o f u o t p u t c u r r e n t
5 // page −459−460
99
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Edc =220; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
10 f =500; // i n Hz ( c h o p p i n g f r e q u e n c y )
11 alpha =0.3; // duty c y c l e
12 R =1; // i n ohm
13 L =3; // i n mH
14 Eb =23; // i n V ( back emf )
15 // c a l c u l a t e
17 tou = L / R ;
18 T =1/ f ;
19 g = Eb / Edc ;
20 w =2* %pi * f ;
21 alpha_1 =( tou / T ) * log (1+ g *( exp ( T / tou ) -1) ) ;
22 if alpha > alpha_1 then
23 printf ( ” \ nThe l o a d c u r r e n t i s c o n t i n u o u s . ” ) ;
24 else
25 printf ( ” \ nThe l o a d c u r r e n t i s d i s c o n t i n u o u s . ” ) ;
26 end
27 I0_avg =( alpha * Edc - Eb ) / R ;
28 printf ( ” \n\ nThe a v e r a g e o u t p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t \ t
I 0 a v g=%. f A” , I0_avg ) ;
29 // S i n c e a l p h a=Ton/T , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
30 Ton = alpha * T ;
31 I0_max =( Edc / R ) *((1 - exp ( - Ton / tou ) ) /(1 - exp ( - T / tou ) ) ) -
Eb / R ;
32 printf ( ” \n\ nThe maximum s t e a d y −s t a t e o u t p u t c u r r e n t
i s \ t \ t I0 max=%. 2 f A” , I0_max ) ;
33 I0_min =( Edc / R ) *(( exp ( Ton / tou ) -1) /( exp ( T / tou ) -1) ) - Eb /
R;
34 printf ( ” \n\ nThe minimum s t e a d y −s t a t e o u t p u t c u r r e n t
i s \ t \ t I 0 m i n=%. 2 f A” , I0_min ) ;
35 Value =0; // a t e m p o r a r y v a r i a b l e t o c a l c u l a t e f e w
variables
36 for n =1:3
37 Z = sqrt ( R ^2+( w * n * L ) ^2) ;
100
38 I =(2* Edc * sin ( n * %pi * alpha ) ) /( n * sqrt (2) * %pi ) / Z ;
39 printf ( ” \n\ nThe %. f t h h a r m o n i c o f s t e a d y −s t a t e
o u t p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t I % . f=%. 3 f A” ,n ,n , I ) ;
40 Value = Value + I ^2;
41 end
42 I_TAV =( Edc - Eb ) * alpha /R -( L /( R * T ) ) *( I0_max - I0_min ) ;
43 printf ( ” \n\ nThe a v e r a g e v a l u e o f s o u r c e c u r r e n t i s \
t \ t \ t I TAV=%. f 3 A” , I_TAV ) ;
44 Pin = Edc * I_TAV ;
45 P_absorbed = Eb * I0_avg ;
46 P_loss = Pin - P_absorbed ;
47 printf ( ” \n\ nThe i n p u t power i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t Pin=%. 1 f W
” , Pin ) ;
48 printf ( ” \n\ nThe power a b s o r b e d by l o a d emf i s \ t \ t \ t
P a b s o r b e d=%. f W” , P_absorbed ) ;
49 printf ( ” \n\ nThe power l o s s i n t h e r e s i s t o r i s \ t \ t \ t
P l o s s=%. 1 f W” , P_loss ) ;
50 Irms_2_3 = sqrt ( I0_avg ^2+ Value ) ;
51 printf ( ” \n\ nThe rms c u r r e n t u s i n g t h e r e s u l t o f ( i i )
and ( i i i ) i s \ t I r m s=%. 2 f A” , Irms_2_3 ) ;
52 Irms_4 = sqrt ( P_loss / R ) ;
53 printf ( ” \n\ nThe rms c u r r e n t u s i n g t h e r e s u l t o f ( i v )
i s \ t \ t I r m s=%. 2 f A” , Irms_4 ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.8 Calculate the mean values of load voltage and current
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 8
3 // C a l c u l a t e t h e mean v a l u e s o f l o a d v o l t a g e and
current
4 // page −460−462
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
101
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =80; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
9 T =2; // i n ms ( c h o p p i n g p e r i o d )
10 L =8; // i n mH
11 R =4; // i n ohm
12 Ton_Toff_1 = 1/1;
13 Ton_Toff_2 = 4/1;
14 Ton_Toff_3 = 1/4;
15 // c a l c u l a t e
17 tou = L / R ;
18 T = T *1 E -3;
19 // p a r t −a
20 // s i n c e Ton/ T o f f =1/1 t h e r e f o r e Ton=T o f f o r
21 Ton = T /2;
22 Toff = Ton ;
23 I0_max =( Edc / R ) *((1 - exp ( - Ton / tou ) ) /(1 - exp ( - T / tou ) ) ) ;
24 I0_min = I0_max * exp ( - Toff / tou ) ;
25 E0 = Edc *( Ton / T ) ;
26 I0_av = E0 / R ;
27 printf ( ” \nWhent Ton/ T o f f =1/1 , ” )
28 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe maximum o u t p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t
I0 max=%. 2 f A” , I0_max ) ;
29 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe minimum o u t p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t
I 0 m i n=%. 2 f A” , I0_min ) ;
30 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe mean v a l u e o f l o a d v o l t a g e i s \ t
E0=%. f V” , E0 ) ;
31 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe mean v a l u e o f l o a d c u r r e n t i s \ t
I 0 a v=%. f A” , I0_av ) ;
32 // p a r t −b
33 // s i n c e Ton/ T o f f =4/1 t h e r e f o r e Ton=4 T o f f and Ton+
T o f f=T o r 5∗ T o f f=T t h e r e f o r e we g e t
34 Toff = T /5;
35 Ton =4* Toff ;
38 E0 = Edc *( Ton / T ) ;
39 I0_av = E0 / R ;
102
I0 max=%. 2 f A” , I0_max ) ;
I 0 m i n=%. 2 f A” , I0_min ) ;
E0=%. f V” , E0 ) ;
I 0 a v=%. f A” , I0_av ) ;
45 // p a r t −c
46 // s i n c e Ton/ T o f f =1/4 t h e r e f o r e T o f f =4∗ T o f f and Ton+
T o f f=T o r 5∗ Ton=T t h e r e f o r e we g e t
47 Ton = T /5;
48 Toff =5* Ton ;
51 E0 = Edc *( Ton / T ) ;
52 I0_av = E0 / R ;
I0 max=%. 2 f A” , I0_max ) ;
I 0 m i n=%. 2 f A” , I0_min ) ;
E0=%. f V” , E0 ) ;
I 0 a v=%. f A” , I0_av ) ;
58
59 // Note : 1 The a n s w e r f o r I 0 m i n o f p a r t −b i s wrong
i n t h e book due t o c a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e .
60 // 2 . t h e a n s w e r s v a r i e s s l i g h t l y due t o
precise calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.9 Find the chopping frequency
103
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 9
3 // f i g . Ex . 8 . 9
4 // Find t h e c h o p p i n g f r e q u e n c y
5 // page −463
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Edc =400; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
10 L =0.05; // i n H
11 R =0; // i n ohm
13 dI0 =8; // i n A ( l o a d c u r r e n t e x c u r s i o n )
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 E0 = alpha * Edc ;
16 Eb = E0 ;
17 // S i n c e VT area=L∗ d I 0 and VT area =(Edc−Eb ) ∗Ton ,
18 // ( Edc−Eb ) ∗Ton=L∗ d I 0 o r
19 Ton = L * dI0 /( Edc - Eb ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f ON p e r i o d o f
chopper
20 // S i n c e a l p h a=Ton/T , t h e r e f o r e
21 T = Ton / alpha ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c h o p p i n g p e r i o d
22 f =1/ T ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c h o p p i n g f r e q u e n c y
23 printf ( ” \ nThe c h o p p i n g f r e q u e n c y t o l i m i t t h e l o a d
c u r r e n t e x c u r s i o n t o %. f A i s \ t f=%. 2 f Hz” ,dI0 , f
);
calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.10 Find the on period average load current magnitude of ripple c
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 1 0
3 // Find t h e on p e r i o d , a v e r a g e l o a d c u r r e n t ,
104
m a g n i t u d e o f r i p p l e c u r r e n t and i t s rms v a l u e
4 // page −464
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 f =2; // i n Khz ( c h o p p i n g f r e q u e n c y )
9 Edc =96; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
10 R =8; // i n ohm
11 tou =6; // i n ms ( t i m e c o n s t a n t )
12 E0 =57.6; // i n V ( a v e r a g e l o a d v o l t a g e )
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 f = f *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from Khz t o Hz
15 tou = tou *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from ms t o s
17 // S i n c e t o u=L/R , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
18 L = tou * R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f I n d u c t a n c e
19 // S i n c e Eo=Edc ∗ ( Ton/T) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
20 Ton =( E0 / Edc ) * T ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f ON p e r i o d o f
chopper
21 Toff =T - Ton ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f OFF p e r i o d o f c h o p p e r
22 F_L_rms = Edc * sqrt ( Ton / T ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e
of load voltage
23 I0 = E0 / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e l o a d c u r r e n t
24 del_i =( Edc - E0 ) * Ton / L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c u r r e n t
ripple
// c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum o u t p u t c u r r e n t
26 I0_min = I0_max * exp ( - Toff / tou ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
minimum o u t p u t c u r r e n t
27 Ir_rms =( I0_max - I0_min ) /(2* sqrt (3) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f rms v a l u e o f r i p p l e c u r r e n t
28 printf ( ” \ nThe ON p e r i o d o f c h o p p e r i s \ t \ t Ton=%. 1 f
ms” , Ton *1 E3 ) ;
29 printf ( ” \ nThe rms v a l u e o f l o a d v o l t a g e i s \ t %. 2 f V
” , F_L_rms ) ;
30 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e l o a d c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I 0=%. 1 f A
” , I0 ) ;
31 printf ( ” \ nThe m a g n i t u d e o f r i p p l e c u r r e n t i s \ t %. 2 f
105
A” , del_i ) ;
32 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum l o a d c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I0 max=%
. 2 f A” , I0_max ) ;
33 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum l o a d c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I 0 m i n=%
. 2 f A” , I0_min ) ;
34 printf ( ” \ nThe RMS v a l u e o f ripple current is \t
I r r m s=%. 4 f A” , Ir_rms ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.11 Compute the current in the motor
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 1 1
3 // Compute t h e c u r r e n t i n t h e motor
4 // page −464−465
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =180; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
9 Ra =0.4; // i n ohm ( a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e )
10 Eb =80; // i n V ( back emf )
11 i_a =80; // i n A( a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t )
12 La =8; // i n mH ( a r m a t u r e i n d u c t a n c e )
13 t =8; // i n ms
14 t_off =1; // i n ms
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16 La = La *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mH t o H
17 tou = La / Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e c o n s t a n t
18 t_off = t_off *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from ms t o s
19 t = t *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from ms t o s
20 i_t =(( Edc - Eb ) / Ra ) *(1 - exp ( - t_off / tou ) ) + i_a * exp ( - t_off
/ tou ) ;
21 t8 = t_off + t ; // t i m e i n s t a n t 8ms a f t e r SCR t u r n s o f f
22 i_f = i_t * exp ( - t8 / tou ) ;
106
23 printf ( ” \ nThe c u r r e n t a t t h e i n s t a n t o f T h y r i s t o r
t u r n s OFF i s \ t %. 3 f A” , i_t ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe c u r r e n t %. f ms a f t e r T h y r i s t o r t u r n s
OFF i s \ t %. 2 f A” ,t *1 E3 , i_f ) ;
25 // Note : The v a l u e o f t o u h a s b e e n c a l c u l a t e d wrong
i n t h e book due t o which a n s w e r i n t h e book a r e
wrong
Scilab code Exa 8.12 Determine the ON time of the chopper
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 1 2
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e ON t i m e o f t h e c h o p p e r
4 // page −465
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =230; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
9 F =400; // i n Hz ( c h o p p i n g f r e q u e n c y )
10 E0 =150; // i n V
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 // S i i n c e E0=a l p h a ∗ Edc , t h e r e f o r e we g e t ,
13 alpha = E0 / Edc ;
14 T =1/ F ;
15 // S i n c e a l p h a=Ton/T , t h e r e f o r e we g e t ,
16 Ton = alpha * T ;
17 printf ( ” \ nThe ON t i m e o f c h o p p e r i s \ t Ton=%. 4 f ms” ,
Ton *1 E3 ) ;
c a l c u l a t i o n upto 6 de cim al d i g i t
Scilab code Exa 8.13 Determine average and rms output voltage and form and ripple
107
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 1 3
3 // D e t e r m i n e a v e r a g e and rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e and form
and r i p p l e f a c t o r
4 // page −465
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =220; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
9 Ton =1; // i n ms (ON p e r i o d o f c h o p p e r )
10 Toff =1.5; // i n ms (OFF p e r i o d o f c h o p p e r )
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 T = Ton + Toff ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c h o p p i n g p e r i o d
13 alpha = Ton / T ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f duty c y c l e
14 E0 = alpha * Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e o u t p u t
voltage
15 E0_rms = sqrt ( alpha ) * Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms o u t p u t
voltage
16 FF = E0_rms / E0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f form f a c t o r
17 RF = sqrt ( FF ^2 -1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r i p p l e f a c t o r
18 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t E0=%. f V”
, E0 ) ;
19 printf ( ” \ nThe rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t E0 rms=%. 2 f V
” , E0_rms ) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe form f a c t o r i s \ t \ t FF=%. 2 f ” , FF ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe r i p p l e f a c t o r i s \ t \ t RF=%. 2 f ” , RF ) ;
22
c a l c u l a t i o n upto 6 d ecim al d i g i t
Scilab code Exa 8.14 Determine duty cycle for motoring regenerating mode and to ac
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 1 4
3 // D e t e r m i n e duty c y c l e f o r m o t o r i n g , r e g e n e r a t i n g
108
mode and t o a c h i e v e r e g e n e r a t i n g mode and p o w e e r
returned
4 // page −477
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =220; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
9 R =0.1; // i n ohm
10 L =10; // i n mH
11 Eb =100; // i n V ( back emf )
12 I0 =10; // i n A
13 // c a l c u l a t e
15 // s i n c e I 0 =(E0−Eb ) /R t h e r e f o r e we g e t ,
16 E0 = I0 * R + Eb ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e l o a d v o l t a g e
i n m o t o r i n g mode
17 // s i n c e E0=a l p h a ∗ Edc , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
18 alpha_1 = E0 / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f duty c y c l e f o r
m o t o r i n g mode
19 alpha_2 = Eb / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f duty c y c l e f o r
g e n e r a t i n g mode
20 alpha_3 =( Eb - I0 * R ) / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f duty c y c l e
t o a c h i e v e r e g e n e r a t i n g mode
21 P = Eb * I0 - I0 ^2* R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power r e t u r n e d t o
source during braking
22 printf ( ” \ nThe duty c y c l e f o r m o t o r i n g mode i s \ t \ t %
. 3 f ” , alpha_1 ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe c r i t i c a l duty c y c l e f o r g e n e r a t i n g
mode i s \ t %. 4 f ” , alpha_2 ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe duty c y c l e t o a c h i e v e r e g e n e r a t i n g
mode i s \ t %. 2 f ” , alpha_3 ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ nThe power r e t u r n e d t o s o u r c e d u r i n g
b r a k i n g i s \ t %. f W” ,P ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.15 Determine duty cycle for motoring regenerating mode and to ac
109
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 1 4
3 // D e t e r m i n e duty c y c l e f o r m o t o r i n g , r e g e n e r a t i n g
mode and t o a c h i e v e r e g e n e r a t i n g mode , p o w e e r
r e t u r n e d and s w i t c h i n g f r e q u e n c y
4 // page −478
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =220; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
9 R =0.1; // i n ohm
10 L =10; // i n mH
11 Eb =100; // i n V ( back emf )
12 I0 =10; // i n A
13 f =5; // i n KHz ( o u t p u t f r e q u e n c y )
14 // c a l c u l a t e
17 E0_m = I0 * R + Eb ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e l o a d v o l t a g e
i n m o t o r i n g mode
18 // s i n c e E0=(2∗ a l p h a −1) ∗ Edc , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
19 alpha_m =( E0_m / Edc +1) /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f duty c y c l e
f o r m o t o r i n g mode
20 alpha_c =1 - alpha_m ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f duty c y c l e f o r
g e n e r a t i n g mode
21 // s i n c e I 0 =(Eb−E0 ) /R d u r i n g r e g e n e r a t i o n mode ,
22 E0_r = Eb - I0 * R ;
23 // s i n c e E0=−(2∗ a l p h a r −1) ∗ Edc
24 alpha_r =(1 - E0_r / Edc ) /2;
25 P = Eb * I0 - I0 ^2* R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power r e t u r n e d t o
source during braking
26 f_s = f /2;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe duty c y c l e f o r m o t o r i n g mode i s \ t \ t
a l p h a m=%. 2 f ” , alpha_m ) ;
28 printf ( ” \ nThe c r i t i c a l duty c y c l e f o r g e n e r a t i n g
mode i s \ t a l p h a c=%. 2 f ” , alpha_c ) ;
29 printf ( ” \ nThe duty c y c l e t o a c h i e v e r e g e n e r a t i n g
110
mode i s \ t a l p h a r=%. 3 f ” , alpha_r ) ;
30 printf ( ” \ nThe power r e t u r n e d t o s o u r c e d u r i n g
b r a k i n g i s \ t P=%. f W” ,P ) ;
31 printf ( ” \ nThe s w i t c h i n g f r e q u e n c y o f t h e d e v i c e i s \
t f s =%. 1 f KHz” , f_s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.16 Determine duty cycle of chopper
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 1 6
3 // D e t e r m i n e duty c y c l e o f c h o p p e r
4 // page −480
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =200; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
9 R =0.1; // i n ohm
10 L =10; // i n mH
11 Eb1 =150 , Eb2 = -110; // i n V ( back emf )
12 I0 =10; // i n A
13 // c a l c u l a t e
16 E01 = I0 * R + Eb1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e l o a d v o l t a g e
when Eb=150 V
17 E02 = I0 * R + Eb2 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e l o a d v o l t a g e
when Eb=−110 V
18 // s i n c e E0=2∗Edc ( a l p h a − 0 . 5 ) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
19 alpha1 =( E01 /(2* Edc ) ) +0.5; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f duty
c y c l e when Eb=150 V
20 alpha2 =( E02 /(2* Edc ) ) +0.5; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f duty
c y c l e when Eb=−110 V
21 printf ( ” \ nThe duty c y c l e when Eb=%. f V i s \ t %. 3 f ” ,
Eb1 , alpha1 ) ;
22 if alpha1 >0.5 then
111
23 printf ( ” \ t \ t I t i s f o r w a r d i n g mode ” ) ;
24 else
25 printf ( ” \ t \ t I t i s r e v e r s i n g m o t o r i n g mode ” ) ;
26 end
27 printf ( ” \ nThe duty c y c l e when Eb=%. f V i s \ t %. 3 f ” ,
Eb2 , alpha2 ) ;
28 if alpha2 >0.5 then
29 printf ( ” \ t \ t I t i s f o r w a r d i n g mode ” ) ;
30 else
31 printf ( ” \ t \ t I t i s r e v e r s i n g m o t o r i n g mode ” ) ;
32 end
33 // Note : t h e a n s w e r v a r y s l i g h t l y due t o p r e c i s e
calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.17 Compute the value of commutating capacitor and inductor
1 // chapter 8
2 // example 8 . 1 7
3 // f i g . 8.26
4 // Compute t h e v a l u e o f commutating c a p a c i t o r and
inductor
5 // page −483−484
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Edc =80; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
10 Toff =20; // i n u s ( t u r n o f f t i m e o f SCR)
11 T =2000; // i n u s ( c h o p p i n g p e r i o d )
12 I0_m =80; // i n A ( s t a r t i n g c u r r e n t )
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 Toff = Toff *1 E -6;
15 T = T *1 E -6;
16 dt = Toff ; // a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e book
17 t_q = Toff + dt ;
18 C = I0_m *( t_q ) / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f commutating
112
capacitance
19 L_min = C *( Edc / I0_m ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f minimum
20 L_max =0.01* T ^2/( %pi ^2* C ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum
21 printf ( ” \ nThe commutating c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t C=%. f uF
” ,C *1 E6 ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe commutating i n d u c t a n c e l i e s i n t h e
r a n g e \ t %. f uH <= L <= %. 2 f uH” , L_min *1 E6 , L_max
*1 E6 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.18 Compute the value of commutating capacitor and inductor Maxim
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 1 8
3 // Compute t h e v a l u e o f commutating c a p a c i t o r and
i n d u c t o r , Maximum c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e , and peak
commutating c u r r e n t
4 // page −491
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =220; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
9 Toff =20; // i n u s ( t u r n o f f t i m e o f SCR)
10 I0_m =180; // i n A ( s t a r t i n g c u r r e n t )
11 x =3
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 Toff = Toff *1 E -6;
14 dt = Toff ; // a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e book
15 t_q = Toff + dt ;
16 L =( Edc * t_q ) /( x * I0_m *( %pi -2* asin (1/ x ) ) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f commutating i n d u c t a n c e
17 C = x * I0_m * t_q /( Edc *( %pi -2* asin (1/ x ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f commutating c a p a c i t a n c e
18 V_cp = Edc + I0_m * sqrt ( L / C ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f Maximum
113
capacitor voltage
19 i_cp = x * I0_m ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak commutating
current
20 printf ( ” \ nThe commutating i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t \ t L=%. 2 f
uH” ,L *1 E6 ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe commutating c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t \ t C=%. 2 f
uF” ,C *1 E6 ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e i s \ t V cp=%
. 2 f V” , V_cp ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe peak commutating c u r r e n t i s \ t i c p =%.
f A” , i_cp ) ;
24 // Note : t h e a n s w e r f o r i c p i s wrong i n t h e book
due t o u s e o f wrong v a l u e i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n
Scilab code Exa 8.19 Compute the value of commutating capacitance average output v
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 1 9
3 // Compute t h e v a l u e o f commutating c a p a c i t a n c e ,
a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e , c i r c u i t o f f −time , t o t a l
commutation i n t e r v a l
4 // page −495
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =230; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
11 f =2; // i n KHz ( c h o p p i n g f r e q u e n c y )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 f = f *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from KHz t o Hz
15 // s i n c e a l p h a=Ton/T , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
16 Ton = alpha * T ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f ON p e r i o d o f c h o p p e r
17 C = Ton * I0 /(2* Edc ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f commutating
114
capacitance
18 E0 =2* Edc ^2* C * f / I0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e o u t p u t
voltage
19 t_q = Ton /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c i r c u i t o f f −t i m e
20 T_interval =2* C * Edc / I0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t o t a l
commutation i n t e r v a l
21 printf ( ” \ nThe commutating c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t C=%
. 2 f uF” ,C *1 E6 ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t E0=%.
f V” , E0 ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe c i r c u i t t u n r − o f f t i m e f o r one SCR p a i r
i s \ t t q=%. f u s ” , t_q *1 E6 ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe t o t a l commutation i n t e r v a l i s \ t \ t %. f
u s ” , T_interval *1 E6 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.20 Compute the value of commutating capacitance and transformer
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 2 0
3 // Compute t h e v a l u e o f commutating c a p a c i t a n c e and
transformer inductances
4 // page −499
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =60; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
9 I0_m =140; // i n A ( l o a d c u r r e n t )
10 t_q =20; // i n u s
11 g =4;
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 t_q = t_q *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from u s t o s
14 Rm = Edc / I0_m ;
15 // s i n c e g =(1/Rm) ∗ s q r t ( L1 /C) and t q=s q r t ( L1 ∗C) ,
16 // M u l t i p l y i n g b o t h t h e s e e q u a t i o n s we g e t g ∗ t q =(1/
Rm) ∗ L1 o r we g e t
115
17 L1 = g * t_q * Rm ; // c a l c u l a t i o n of transformer
i n d u c t a n c e L1
18 C = t_q ^2/ L1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f commutating
capacitance
19 L2 = L1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t r a n s f o r m e r i n d u c t a n c e L2
20 printf ( ” \ nThe commutating c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t C=%. 2 f
uF” ,C *1 E6 ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe t r a n s f o r m e r i n d u c t a n c e s i s \ t L1=%. 1 f
uH \ t L2=%. 1 f uH” , L1 *1 E6 , L2 *1 E6 ) ;
22 // Note : t h e a n s w e r s v a r y s l i g h t l y due t o p r e c i s e
calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.21 Compute the inductance steady state speed and current swing
1 // chapter 8
2 // example 8 . 2 1
3 // f i g . 8.32
4 // Compute t h e i n d u c t a n c e , s t e a d y −s t a t e s p e e d and
c u r r e n t swing
5 // page −499−500
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 di_a =6; // i n A
10 n =1750; // i n rpm ( r a t e d s p e e d o f motor )
11 HP =150; // i n HP ( h o r s e power r a t i n g )
13 Eff =90; // i n p e r c e n t
14 Ea =1200; // i n V ( a r m a t u r e v o l t a g e )
15 Edc = Ea ;
16 T =2500; // i n u s ( c h o p p i n g p e r i o d )
18 L1 =125; // i n mH
19 // c a l c u l a t e
20 T = T *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from u s t o s
116
21 // s i n c e d I a / d ( a l p h a ) =(Edc /L ) ∗T∗(1 −2∗ a l p h a ) , and d I a
/ d ( a l p h a ) =0 t h e r e f o r e we g e t
22 // 1−2∗ a l p h a w o r s t =0
23 alpha_worst =1/2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f duty c y c l e f o r
w o r s t c a s e o f motor
24 // s i n c e d i a =(Edc−a l p h a w o r s t ∗ Edc ) /L , t h e r e f o r e we
get
25 L =( Edc - alpha_worst * Edc ) / di_a * alpha_worst * T ; //
calculation of inductance
26 Pin = HP *746/( Eff /100) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power i n p u t
t o t h e motor
27 Ia = Pin / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r a t e d c u r r e n t i n t h e
armature
28 Ea_rated = Edc - Ia * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a r m a t u r e
v o l t a g e under r a t e d torque
29 Va = alpha * Edc - Ia * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f v o l t a g e a t t h e
armature
30 N =( Va / Ea_rated ) * n ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s t e a d y −s t a t e
speed
31 del_i_a =( Edc - alpha * Edc ) / L * alpha * T ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
c u r r e n t swing
32 printf ( ” \ nThe i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t \ t L=%. f mH” ,L *1 E3 ) ;
33 printf ( ” \ nThe s t e a d y −s t a t e s p e e d i s \ t N=%. 2 f rpm” ,N
);
34 printf ( ” \ nThe c u r r e n t s w i n g i s \ t \ t d e l i a =%. 2 f A” ,
del_i_a ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.22 Design the jones chopper
1 // chapter 8
2 // example 8 . 2 2
3 // Design the j o n e s chopper
4 // page −500−501
117
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
10 t_q =200; // i n u s
11 safety_factor =1.5;
12 // c a l c u l a t e
14 C =( %pi /2) *( t_q / Edc ) * I0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
commutating c a p a c i t a n c e
15 V_C = safety_factor * Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r
voltage rating
16 // s i n c e t q=s q r t ( L1 ∗C) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
17 L1 = t_q ^2/ C ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f commutating i n d u c t a n c e
L1
18 L2 = L1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f commutating i n d u c t a n c e L2
19 V_BO = safety_factor * Edc ; // f o r SCR 1
20 I_T = safety_factor * I0 ; // f o r SCR 1
21 t_q2 =( %pi /2) * sqrt ( L1 * C ) ; // f o r SCR 1
22 PIV = V_BO ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f Peak i n v e r s e v o l t a g e f o r
d i o d e D1
23 I_D = I_T ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d i o d e c u r r e n t f o r d i o d e
D1
24 dV_dt_1 = I0 / C ; // dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r SCR 1
25 di_dt_1 = safety_factor * Edc / L1 ; // dynamic
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r SCR 1
26 E_peak = safety_factor * Edc ;
27 dV_dt_2 = E_peak / sqrt ( L1 * C ) ; // dynamic
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r SCR 2
28 L =2; // i n uH ( a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e book )
29 di_dt_2 = E_peak / L ; // dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r SCR
2
30 printf ( ” \ nThe commutating c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t \ t C=%. 2 f
uF” ,C *1 E6 ) ;
31 printf ( ” \n\ nThe c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e r a t i n g i s \ t V C=%
. f V” , V_C ) ;
32 printf ( ” \n\ nThe commutating i n d u c t a n c e s a r e \ t L1=%
118
. 2 f mH \ t o r L2=%. 2 f mH” , L1 *1 E3 , L2 *1 E3 ) ;
33 printf ( ” \n\ nThe c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f SCR1 a r e \ t V BO=
%. f V \ t I T=%. f A” , V_BO , I_T ) ;
34 printf ( ” \n\ nThe c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f SCR2 a r e \ t t q <=
%. f u s o r t q =250 u s \ t V BO=%. f V \ t I T=%. f A” ,
t_q2 *1 E6 , V_BO , I_T ) ;
35 printf ( ” \n\ nThe c h a r a c t e i s t i c s o f d i o d e D1 a r e \ t
PIV=%. f V \ t I D=%. f A” , V_BO , I_D ) ;
36 printf ( ” \n\ nThe dynamic c h a r a c t e i s t i c s o f SCR1 a r e \
t dV/ d t=%. 2 f V/ u s \ t d i / d t=%. 2 f A/ u s ” , dV_dt_1 *1 E
-6 , di_dt_1 *1 E -6) ;
37 printf ( ” \n\ nThe dynamic c h a r a c t e i s t i c s o f SCR2 a r e \
t dV/ d t=%. 2 f V/ u s \ t d i / d t=%. f A/ u s ” , dV_dt_2 *1 E
-6 , di_dt_2 *1 E -6) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.23 Find duty cycle filter inductance and filter capacitance
1 // chapter 8
2 // example 8 . 2 3
3 // f i g 8.43
4 // Find duty c y c l e , f i l t e r i n d u c t a n c e and f i l t e r
capacitance
5 // page −514−515
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Edc =14; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
10 E0 =6; // i n V ( a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e )
11 del_Vc =15; // mV ( peak t o peak r i p p l e v o l t a g e )
12 del_I =0.6; // i n A ( peak t o peak r i p p l e c u r r e n t )
13 f =30; // i n KHz ( s w i t c h i n g f r e q u e n c y )
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 del_Vc = del_Vc *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mV t o V
119
17 alpha = E0 / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f duty c y c l e
18 L = E0 *( Edc - E0 ) /( f * Edc * del_I ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n of
f i l t e r inductance
19 C = del_I /(8* f * del_Vc ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n of filter
capacitance
20
21 printf ( ” \ nThe duty c y c l e i s \ t \ t a l p h a=%. 4 f \ t o r %
. 2 f p e r c e n t ” , alpha , alpha *100) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe f i l t e r i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t L=%. 2 f uH” ,L *1
E6 ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe f i l t e r c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t C=%. 2 f uF” ,C
*1 E6 ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.24 Determine maximum ON period of MOSFET Battery drain current a
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 2 4
3 // D e t e r m i n e maximum ON−p e r i o d o f MOSFET, B a t t e r y
d r a i n c u r r e n t and t h e v a l u e o f c h o k e r e q u i r e d
4 // page −515
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =12; // i n V
9 Edc_max =13.5; // i n V ( maximum dc s o u r c e )
10 Edc_min =10; // i n V ( minimum dc s o u r c e )
13 f =50; // i n KHz
14 del_I =500; // i n mA ( r i p p l e c u r r e n t )
15 // c a l c u l a t e
120
17 del_I = del_I *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mA t o A
18 T =1/ f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e p e r i o d
19 alpha_max = E0 / Edc_min ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f duty c y c l e
20 // s i n c e a l p h a=Ton/T , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
21 Ton_max = alpha_max * T ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum ON−
p e r i o d o f MOSFET
22 // s i n c e Edc ∗ I s=E0∗ I0 , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
23 Is = E0 * I0 / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f B a t t e r y d r a i n
current
24 L = E0 *( Edc_min - E0 ) /( f * Edc_min * del_I ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f the value o f choke r e q u i r e d
25 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum ON−p e r i o d o f MOSFET i s \ t
Ton max=%. f u s ” , Ton_max *1 E6 ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe B a t t e r y d r a i n c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I s=%. 2 f
A” , Is ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f c h o k e r e q u i r e d i s \ t \ t L=%. f
uH” ,L *1 E6 ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.25 Determine duty cycle ripple and peak current of inductor ripp
1 // chapter 8
2 // example 8 . 2 5
3 // f i g . 8.44
4 // D e t e r m i n e duty c y c l e , r i p p l e and peak c u r r e n t o f
inductor , r i p p l e voltage
5 // page −518
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Edc =6; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
11 I0 =0.4; // i n A ( a v e r a g e l o a d c u r r e n t )
121
13 L =250; // i n uH
14 C =420; // i n uH
15 // c a l c u l a t e
17 L = L *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from uH t o H
19 // s i n c e E0=Edc /(1 − a l p h a ) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
20 alpha =1 - Edc / E0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f duty c y c l e
21 del_I = Edc *( E0 - Edc ) /( f * L * E0 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
ripple current of inductor
22 Is = I0 /(1 - alpha ) ;
23 I2 = Is + del_I /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak c u r r e n t o f
inductor
24 del_Vc = I0 * alpha /( f * C ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r i p p l e
voltage
25 printf ( ” \ nThe duty c y c l e i s \ t \ t \ t \ t a l p h a=%. 4 f \ t
o r \ t %. 2 f p e r c e n t ” , alpha , alpha *100) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe r i p p l e c u r r e n t o f i n d u c t o r i s \ t \ t
d e l I =%. 2 f A” , del_I ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe peak c u r r e n t o f i n d u c t o r i s \ t \ t I 2=%
. 1 f A” , I2 ) ;
28 printf ( ” \ nThe r i p p l e v o l t a g e o f f i l t e r c q p a c i t o r i s
\ t d e l V c=%. 2 f mV” , del_Vc *1 E3 ) ;5
calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.26 Compute average output voltage peak to peak output ripple vol
1 //
chapter 8
2 //
example 8 . 2 6
3 //
f i g . 8.45
4 Compute a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e , peak−to −peak
//
o u t p u t r i p p l e v o l t a g e , peak−to −peak c u r r e n t o f
t h e i n d u c t o r and peak c u r r e n t o f t h e d e v i c e
5 // page −522−523
122
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Edc =14; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
12 L =180; // i n uH
13 C =220; // i n uH
15 // c a l c u l a t e
19 E0 = - Edc * alpha /(1 - alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
20 del_Vc = I0 * alpha /( f * C ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak−to −
peak o u t p u t r i p p l e v o l t a g e
21 del_I = Edc * alpha /( f * L ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r i p p l e
current of inductor
22 Is = I0 * alpha /(1 - alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
input current
23 Ip = Is / alpha + del_I /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak c u r r e n t
of the device
24 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t E0=%.
f V” , E0 ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ nThe peak−to −peak o u t p u t r i p p l e v o l t a g e i s
\ t d e l V c=%. 2 f V” , del_Vc ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe peak−to −peak r i p p l e c u r r e n t o f
i n d u c t o r i s \ t d e l I =%. 2 f A” , del_I ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe peak c u r r e n t o f t h e d e v i c e i s \ t \ t I p=
%. 2 f A” , Ip ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.27 Determine range of duty cycle peak to peak choke ripple curre
123
1 // c h a p t e r 8
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . 2 7
3 // D e t e r m i n e r a n g e o f duty c y c l e , peak−to −peak c h o k e
r i p p l e c u r r e n t and a v e r a g e s u p p l y c u r r e n t
4 // page −523−524
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =24; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
10 L =500; // i n uH
12 Edc_max =26; // i n V ( maximum v o l t a g e o f dc s o u r c e )
13 Edc_min =21; // i n V ( maximum v o l t a g e o f dc s o u r c e )
14 I0 =2; // i n A ( a v e r a g e l o a d c u r r e n t )
15 // c a l c u l a t e
18 // s i n c e E0=Edc ∗ a l p h a /(1 − a l p h a ) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
19 alpha_max =1/(( Edc_min / E0 ) +1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
u p p e r l i m i t o f duty c y c l e
20 alpha_min =1/(( Edc_max / E0 ) +1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
l o w e r l i m i t o f duty c y c l e
21 alpha_normal =1/(( Edc / E0 ) +1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
n o r m a l duty c y c l e
22 del_I = Edc * alpha_normal /( f * L ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak
−to −peak c h o k e r i p p l e c u r r e n t
23 // s i n c e Edc ∗ I s=E0∗ I0 , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
24 Is = E0 * I0 / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e s u p p l y
current
25 printf ( ” \ nThe duty c y c l e v a r i e s from \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t %
. 3 f t o %. 3 f ” , alpha_min , alpha_max ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe peak−to −peak c h o k e r i p p l e c u r r e n t f o r
n o r m a l s u p p l y v o l t a g e i s \ t d e l I =%. 1 f mA” , del_I
*1 E3 ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e s u p p l y c u r r e n t drawn from
b a t t e r y i s \ t \ t \ t I s=%. 2 f A” , Is ) ;
124
calculation
Scilab code Exa 8.28 Compute average output voltage average input current peak to
1 // chapter 8
2 // example 8 . 2 8
3 // f i g . 8.46
4 // Compute a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e , a v e r a g e i n p u t
c u r r e n t , peak−to −peak c u r r e n t o f t h e i n d u c t o r s ,
peak−to −peak o u t p u t r i p p l e v o l t a g e s and peak
current of the device
5 // page −529−530
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Edc =15; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
12 L1 =250; // i n uH
13 C1 =400; // i n uH
14 L2 =380; // i n uH
15 C2 =220; // i n uH
17 // c a l c u l a t e
19 L1 = L1 *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from uH t o H
20 C1 = C1 *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from uF t o F
21 L2 = L2 *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from uH t o H
22 C2 = C2 *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from uF t o F
23 E0 = - Edc * alpha /(1 - alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
24 Is = I0 * alpha /(1 - alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
input current
25 del_I1 = Edc * alpha /( f * L1 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r i p p l e
c u r r e n t o f i n d u c t o r L1
125
26 del_Vc1 = Is *(1 - alpha ) /( f * C1 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak−
to −peak o u t p u t r i p p l e v o l t a g e o f c a p a c i t o r C1
27 del_I2 = Edc * alpha /( f * L2 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r i p p l e
c u r r e n t o f i n d u c t o r L2
28 del_Vc2 = alpha * Edc /(8* C2 * L2 * f ^2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
peak−to −peak o u t p u t r i p p l e v o l t a g e o f c a p a c i t o r
C2
29 V_DF = E0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e v o l t a g e a c r o s s
diode
30 I_L2 = I0 * E0 / V_DF ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e c u r r e n t
i n i n d u c t o r L2
31 Ip = Is + del_I1 /2+ I_L2 + del_I2 /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak
current of the device
32 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t
E0=%. f V” , E0 ) ;
33 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e i n p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t I s
=%. 2 f A” , Is ) ;
i n d u c t o r L1 i s \ t \ t d e l I 1 =%. 2 f A” , del_I1 ) ;
35 printf ( ” \ nThe peak−to −peak o u t p u t r i p p l e v o l t a g e o f
c a p a c i t o r C1 i s \ t d e l V c 1=%. 2 f mV” , del_Vc1 *1 E3 ) ;
i n d u c t o r L2 i s \ t \ t d e l I 2 =%. 2 f A” , del_I2 ) ;
37 printf ( ” \ nThe peak−to −peak o u t p u t r i p p l e v o l t a g e of
c a p a c i t o r C2 i s \ t d e l V c 2=%. 2 f mV” , del_Vc2 *1 E3 )
;
38 printf ( ” \ nThe peak c u r r e n t o f t h e d e v i c e i s \ t \ t \ t \ t
I p=%. 2 f A” , Ip ) ;
calculation
126
Chapter 9
Inverters
Scilab code Exa 9.1 Compute rms value of output voltage fundamental component of t
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 1
3 // Compute rms v a l u e o f o u t p u t v o l t a g e , f u n d a m e n t a l
component o f t h e o u t p u t −v o l t a g e waveform , f i r s t
f i v e harmonics of the output voltage , fundamental
power consumed , rms power consumed , rms v a l u e by
h a r m o n i c summation method
4 // page −544
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc_2 =96; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e a t c e n t e r t a p p e d )
9 R =10; // i n ohm
10 // c a l c u l a t e
11 Edc =2* Edc_2 ;
12 E0_rms = Edc /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e o f o u t p u t
voltage
13 printf ( ” \ nThe rms v a l u e o f o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t
E0 rms=%. f V” , E0_rms ) ;
14 E1_fund = sqrt (2) / %pi * Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
f u n d a m e n t a l component o f t h e o u t p u t −v o l t a g e
127
waveform
15 printf ( ” \n\ nThe f u n d a m e n t a l component o f t h e o u t p u t
v o l t a g e i s \ t E 1 f u n d=%. 2 f V\n ” , E1_fund ) ;
16 P0_fund = E1_fund ^2/ R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f u n d a m e n t a l
power consumed
17 P0_rms = E0_rms ^2/ R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms power
consumed
18 E0_rms_H = E1_fund ^2;
19 for n =3:2:11
20 E0 = E1_fund / n ;
21 printf ( ” \n The %. f h a r m o n i c v o l t a g e i s \ t %. 2 f V
” ,n , E0 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e o f
v o l t a g e by h a r m o n i c summation method
22 E0_rms_H = E0_rms_H + E0 ^2;
23 end
24 E0_rms_H = sqrt ( E0_rms_H ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e
by h a r m o n i c summation method
25 printf ( ” \n\ nThe f u n d a m e n t a l power consumed i s \ t \ t \ t
\ t P 0 f u n d=%. 2 f W” , P0_fund ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe rms power consumed i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t
P0 rms=%. 2 f W” , P0_rms ) ;
27 printf ( ” \n\ nThe rms v a l u e d e t e r m i n e d by h a r m o n i c
summation method i s \ t E0 rms=%. 2 f V” , E0_rms_H ) ;
28 printf ( ” \n\n The two v a l u e s o f rms v o l t a g e s a s
determined a r e almost e q u a l . ”);
calculation
Scilab code Exa 9.2 Compute fundamental output voltage first five harmonics of the
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 2
3 // Compute f u n d a m e n t a l o u t p u t −v o l t a g e , f i r s t f i v e
h a r m o n i c s o f t h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e , rms v a l u e by
d i r e c t i n t e g r a t i o n and h a r m o n i c summation method
128
, o u t p u t rms and f u n d a m e n t a l power and t r a n s i s t o r
switch ratings
4 // page −547
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =48; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
9 R =10; // i n ohm
10 // c a l c u l a t e
11 E1_fund =2* sqrt (2) / %pi * Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
f u n d a m e n t a l component o f t h e o u t p u t −v o l t a g e
waveform
12 printf ( ” \n\ nThe f u n d a m e n t a l component o f t h e o u t p u t
v o l t a g e i s \ t E 1 f u n d=%. 2 f V\n ” , E1_fund ) ;
13 E0_rms = Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e o f o u t p u t
voltage
14 printf ( ” \ nThe rms v a l u e o f o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t
E0 rms=%. f V\n ” , E0_rms ) ;
15 E0_rms_H = E1_fund ^2;
16 for n =3:2:11
17 E0 = E1_fund / n ;
18 printf ( ” \n The %. f h a r m o n i c v o l t a g e i s \ t %. 2 f V
” ,n , E0 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e o f
v o l t a g e by h a r m o n i c summation method
19 E0_rms_H = E0_rms_H + E0 ^2;
20 end
21 E0_rms_H = sqrt ( E0_rms_H ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e
by h a r m o n i c summation method
22 printf ( ” \n\ nThe rms v a l u e d e t e r m i n e d by h a r m o n i c
summation method i s \ t E0 rms=%. 2 f V” , E0_rms_H ) ;
23 P0_rms = E0_rms ^2/ R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms power
consumed
24 printf ( ” \n\ nThe rms power consumed i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t
P0 rms=%. 2 f W” , P0_rms ) ;
25 P0_fund = E1_fund ^2/ R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f u n d a m e n t a l
power consumed
26 printf ( ” \n\ nThe f u n d a m e n t a l power consumed i s \ t \ t \ t
\ t P 0 f u n d=%. 2 f W” , P0_fund ) ;
129
27 V_CE0 = Edc ;
28 I_T_peak = Edc / R ;
29 I_T_rms = Edc /( sqrt (2) * R ) ;
30 I_T_avg = Edc /(2* R ) ;
31 printf ( ” \n\ nThe t r a n s i s t o r s w i t c h r a t i n g s a r e \ t
VCE0=%. f V \ t I T p e a k=%. 1 f A \ t I T r m s=%. 3 f A \
t I T a v g=%. 1 f A” , V_CE0 , I_T_peak , I_T_rms , I_T_avg )
;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 9.3 Determine rms load current at fundamental frequency rms value
1 // chapter 9
2 // example 9 . 3
3 // f i g . 9.5
4 // D e t e r m i n e rms l o a d c u r r e n t a t f u n d a m e n t a l
f r e q u e n c y , rms v a l u e o f l o a d c u r r e n t , power
o u t p u t and a v e r a g e s u p p l y c u r r e n t
5 // page −550
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Edc =220; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
10 R =10; // i n ohm
11 L =10; // i n mH
12 C =52; // i n uF
13 f =400; // i n Hz
14 // c a l c u l a t e
17 X_L =2* %pi * f * L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e
18 X_C =1/(2* %pi * f * C ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d u c t i v e
reactance
19 I =0; // i n t i a l i s a t i o n o f v a r i a b l e f o r rms l o a d
130
current
20 // s i n c e I m p e d e n c e o f f e r e d t o t h e nth h a r m o n i c
component Zn=s q r t (Rˆ2+( n∗X L−X C/n ) ˆ 2 )
21 printf ( ” \ nn \ t \ tZn \ t \ t \ t I n ” ) ;
22 for n =1:2:9
23 Zn = sqrt ( R ^2+( n * X_L - X_C / n ) ^2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
I m p e d e n c e o f f e r e d t o t h e nth h a r m o n i c
component
24 En =0.9* Edc / n ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e o f t h e
nth h a r m o n i c component o f t h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e
25 In = En / Zn ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e o f nth
h a r m o n i c component o f t h e c u r r e n t
26 printf ( ” \n% . f \ t \t% . 2 f ohm\ t \t% . 3 f A” ,n , Zn , In ) ;
27 I = I + In ^2;
28 end
29 I = sqrt ( I ) ;
30 printf ( ” \n\ nThe rms v a l u e o f l o a d c u r r e n t i s \ t I=%
. 2 f A” ,I ) ;
31 P0 = I ^2* R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t power
32 Iav = P0 / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e s u p p l y c u r r e n t
33 printf ( ” \n\ nThe o u t p u t power i s \ t \ t \ t P0=%. 2 f W” , P0
);
34 printf ( ” \n\ nThe a v e r a g e s u p p l y c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I a v=%
. 2 f A” , Iav ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 9.4 Determine IGBT ratings THD DF and HF and DF of the lowest orde
1 //
chapter 9
2 //
example 9 . 4
3 //
f i g . 9.5
4 //
D e t e r m i n e IGBT r a t i n g s , THD, DF and HF and DF o f
the l o w e s t o r d e r harmonic
5 // page −552−554
131
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Edc =24; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
10 R =3; // i n ohm
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 I_peak =( Edc /2) / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f IGBT peak
current
13 V_BR =2*( Edc /2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak r e v e r s e
v o l t a g e o f e a c h IGBT
14 printf ( ” \ nThe IGBT r a t i n g s a r e \ t I p e a k=%. f A \ t
V BR=%. f V” , I_peak , V_BR ) ;
15 E1_rms =2* Edc /( sqrt (2) * %pi ) ;
16 E0_rms =( Edc /2) ;
17 THD = sqrt ( E0_rms ^2 - E1_rms ^2) / E1_rms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f t o t a l harmonic d i s t o r t i o n
18 printf ( ” \ nThe t o t a l h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n i s \ t THD=%
. 3 f o r \ t %. 1 f p e r c e n t ” ,THD , THD *100) ;
19 K =0;
20 for n =3:2:13
21 En_rms =2* Edc /( n * %pi * sqrt (2) ) ;
22 En_rms_n2 =( En_rms / n ^2) ^2;
23 K = K + En_rms_n2 ;
24 end
25 K = sqrt ( K ) ;
26 DF = K / E1_rms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r
27 printf ( ” \ nThe d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r i s \ t \ t DF=%. 3 f o r \
t %. 1 f p e r c e n t ” ,DF , DF *100) ;
28 E3_rms =2* Edc /(3* %pi * sqrt (2) ) ;
29 HF3 = E3_rms / E1_rms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o w e s t o r d e r o f
harmonic d i s t o r t i o n
30 printf ( ” \ nThe l o w e s t o r d e r h a r m o n i c f a c t o r i s \ t HF3
=%. 3 f o r \ t %. 2 f p e r c e n t ” ,HF3 , HF3 *100) ;
31 DF3 =( E3_rms /3^2) / E1_rms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o w e s t
order d i s t o r t i o n factor
32 printf ( ” \ nThe l o w e s t o r d e r d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r i s \ t
DF3=%. 3 f o r \ t %. 2 f p e r c e n t ” ,DF3 , DF3 *100) ;
132
calculation
Scilab code Exa 9.5 Determine transistor ratings THD DF and HF and DF of the lowes
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 5
3 // D e t e r m i n e t r a n s i s t o r r a t i n g s , THD, DF and HF and
DF o f t h e l o w e s t o r d e r h a r m o n i c
4 // page −554
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =48; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
9 R =3; // i n ohm
10 // c a l c u l a t e
11 Ip = Edc / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t r a n s i s t o r peak c u r r e n t
12 I_avg = Ip /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t r a n s i s t o r a v e r a g e
current
13 V_BR = Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak r e v e r s e v o l t a g e o f
e a c h IGBT
14 printf ( ” \ nThe t r a n s i s t o r r a t i n g s a r e \ t I p=%. f A \ t
I a v g=%. f A \ t V BR=%. f V” ,Ip , I_avg , V_BR ) ;
15 E1_rms =2* Edc /( sqrt (2) * %pi ) ;
16 E0_rms =( Edc /2) ;
17 THD = sqrt ( E0_rms ^2 - E1_rms ^2) / E1_rms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f t o t a l harmonic d i s t o r t i o n
18 printf ( ” \ nThe t o t a l h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n i s \ t THD=%
. 3 f o r \ t %. 1 f p e r c e n t ” ,THD , THD *100) ;
19 K =0;
20 for n =3:2:13
21 En_rms =2* Edc /( n * %pi * sqrt (2) ) ;
22 En_rms_n2 =( En_rms / n ^2) ^2;
23 K = K + En_rms_n2 ;
24 end
25 K = sqrt ( K ) ;
133
26 DF = K / E1_rms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r
27 printf ( ” \n\ nThe d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r i s \ t \ t DF=%. 3 f
or \ t %. 1 f p e r c e n t ” ,DF , DF *100) ;
28 E3_rms =2* Edc /(3* %pi * sqrt (2) ) ;
29 HF3 = E3_rms / E1_rms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o w e s t o r d e r o f
30 printf ( ” \n\ nThe l o w e s t o r d e r h a r m o n i c f a c t o r i s \ t
HF3=%. 3 f or \ t %. 2 f p e r c e n t ” ,HF3 , HF3 *100) ;
31 DF3 =( E3_rms /3^2) / E1_rms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o w e s t
order d i s t o r t i o n factor
32 printf ( ” \n\ nThe l o w e s t o r d e r d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r i s \ t
DF3=%. 4 f or \ t %. 3 f p e r c e n t ” ,DF3 , DF3 *100) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 9.6 Determine carrier ratio and the number of pulses per cycle Fun
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 6
3 // D e t e r m i n e c a r r i e r r a t i o and t h e number o f p u l s e s
p e r c y c l e , Fundamental o u t p u t v o l t a g e , DF and HF
o f t h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e and t h e o r d e r o f f i r s t f i v e
s i g n i f i c a n t harmonics
4 // page −569−570
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc_2 =240; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
9 fm =50; // i n Hz ( f u n d a m e n t a l o u t p u t f r e q u e n c y )
10 fc =1.2; // i n KHz ( c a r r i e r f r e q u e n c y )
11 M =0.8; // m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 fc = fc *1 E3 ;
14 Mf = fc / fm ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a r r i e r r a t i o
15 p = Mf ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f number o f p u l s e s p e r c y c l e
134
16 E0_fund =(1/ sqrt (2) ) * M * Edc_2 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
Fundamental o u t p u t v o l t a g e
17 E0_rms = Edc_2 ;
18 DF = E0_fund / E0_rms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f DF o f t h e
19 HF = sqrt (1/ DF ^2 -1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f HF o f t h e
20 printf ( ” \ nThe c a r r i e r r a t i o i s \ t \ t \ t \ t Mf=%. f ” , Mf ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe number o f p u l s e s p e r c y c l e i s \ t \ t p=%
. f ” ,p ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r o f t h e o u t p u t
v o l t a g e i s \ t DF=%. 2 f p e r c e n t ” , DF *100) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe h a r m o n i c f a c t o r o f t h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e
i s \ t HF=%. 1 f p e r c e n t ” , HF *100) ;
24 printf ( ” \n\n The o r d e r o f f i r s t f i v e h a r m o n i c s a r e \
n\ nn=” ) ;
25 for n =0:2:2
26 N1 = Mf - n ;
27 N2 = Mf + n ;
28 printf ( ”%. f , %. f , ” ,N1 , N2 ) ;
29 end
30 printf ( ” e t c \n\ nn=” ) ;
31 for n =1:2:3
32 N1 =2* Mf - n ;
33 N2 =2* Mf + n ;
34 printf ( ”%. f , %. f , ” ,N1 , N2 ) ;
35 end
36 printf ( ” e t c \n\ nn=” ) ;
37 for n =0:2:2
38 N1 =3* Mf - n ;
39 N2 =3* Mf + n ;
40 printf ( ”%. f , %. f , ” ,N1 , N2 ) ;
41 end
42 printf ( ” e t c \n\ nn=” ) ;
43 for n =1:2:3
44 N1 =4* Mf - n ;
45 N2 =4* Mf + n ;
46 printf ( ”%. f , %. f , ” ,N1 , N2 ) ;
135
47 end
48 printf ( ” e t c \n\ nn=” ) ;
49 for n =0:2:4
50 N1 =5* Mf - n ;
51 N2 =5* Mf + n ;
52 printf ( ”%. f , %. f , ” ,N1 , N2 ) ;
53 end
54 printf ( ” e t c ” ) ;
55 // Note : 1 . The a n s w e r v a r i e s s l i g h t l y due t o
precise calculation
56 // 2 . The c a l c u l a t i o n o f o r d e r o f f i r s t f i v e
s i g n i f i c a n t h a r m o n i c s i s wrong i n t h e book due t o
c a l c u l a t i o n mistake
Scilab code Exa 9.7 Compute DC and switch voltage ratings
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 7
3 // Compute DC and s w i t c h v o l t a g e r a t i n g s
4 // page −570
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E0_rms =220; // i n V ( Fundamental o u t p u t v o l t a g e )
10 // c a l c u l a t e
11 // s i n c e E0 rms=s q r t ( 1 / 2 ) ∗M∗ ( Edc 2 ) , t h e r e f o r e we
get
12 Edc_2 = E0_rms /( sqrt (1/2) * M ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f DC
voltage ratings
13 V_CEO =2* Edc_2 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s w i t c h v o l t a g e
ratings
14 printf ( ” \ nThe DC v o l t a g e r a t i n g s i s \ t %. 2 f V” , Edc_2
);
15 printf ( ” \ nThe s w i t c h v o l t a g e r a t i n g s i s \ t %. f V” ,
136
V_CEO ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 9.8 Compute Total rms output voltage fundamental output voltage DF
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 8
3 // Compute T o t a l rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e , f u n d a m e n t a l
o u t p u t v o l t a g e , DF and HF and g a i n o f t h e
invertor
4 // page −572
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =240; // i n V ( b a t t e r y v o l t a g e )
10 // c a l c u l a t e
11 E0_rms = Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e
12 E0_fund = M * Edc / sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f Fundamental
13 DF = M / sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r
14 HF = sqrt (2/ M ^2 -1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f h a r m o n i c f a c t o r
15 G = M / sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f g a i n o f t h e i n v e r t o r
16
17 printf ( ” \ nThe rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t E0 rms=%. f
V” , E0_rms ) ;
18 printf ( ” \ nThe Fundamental o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t
E 0 f u n d=%. f V” , E0_fund ) ;
19 printf ( ” \ nThe d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r i s \ t \ t DF=%. 4 f ” , DF
);
20 printf ( ” \ nThe h a r m o n i c f a c t o r i s \ t \ t \ t HF=%. 3 f ” , HF
);
21 printf ( ” \ nThe g a i n o f t h e i n v e r t o r i s \ t \ t G=%. 4 f ” ,
G);
137
calculation
Scilab code Exa 9.9 What should be te amplitude of modulation index
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 9
3 // What s h o u l d be t e a m p l i t u d e o f m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x
4 // page −572
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
9 K =1/3; // t r a n s f o r m e r t u r n r a t i o
10 E01_rms =210; // i n V ( Fundamental o u t p u t v o l t a g e o f
secondary )
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 E0_fund = E01_rms * K ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f Fundamental
v o l t a g e component a t p r i m a r y o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r
13 // s i n c e E 0 f u n d=M∗ Edc / s q r t ( 2 ) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
14 M = E0_fund * sqrt (2) / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a m p l i t u d e
of modulation index
15 printf ( ” \ nThe a m p l i t u d e o f m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x i s \ t M=
%. 2 f ” ,M ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 9.10 Determine fundamental output voltage and first five dominant
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 1 0
3 // D e t e r m i n e f u n d a m e n t a l o u t p u t v o l t a g e and f i r s t
f i v e dominant h a r m o n i c s
138
4 // page −574
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
10 Mf =24; // c a r r i e r r a t i o
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 E0_fund = M * Edc / sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f Fundamental
13 printf ( ” \ nThe Fundamental o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t
E0 rms=%. 2 f V” , E0_fund ) ;
14 printf ( ” \n\ nThe f i r s t f i v e dominant h a r m o n i c s a r e \ t
n= ” )
15 for n =2:2:6
16 N1 = n * Mf -1;
17 N2 = n * Mf +1;
18 printf ( ”%. f , %. f , ” ,N1 , N2 ) ;
19 end
20 printf ( ” . . . e t c ” ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 9.12 Determine rms value of the output line and phase voltages rms
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 1 2
3 // D e t e r m i n e rms v a l u e o f t h e o u t p u t l i n e and p h a s e
v o l t a g e s , rms v a l u e o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l component
o f t h e l i n e and p h a s e v o l t a g e
4 // page −582
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
139
9 // c a l c u l a t e
10 E_line_rms = sqrt (2/3) * Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms
value of the output l i n e v o l t a g e
11 E_phase_rms = E_line_rms / sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
rms v a l u e o f t h e p h a s e v o l t a g e
12 E_line_fund =4* Edc * cosd (30) /( sqrt (2) * %pi ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l
component o f t h e l i n e v o l t a g e
13 E_phase_fund = E_line_fund / sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
rms v a l u e o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l component o f t h e
phase v o l t a g e
14 printf ( ” \ nThe rms v a l u e o f t h e o u t p u t l i n e v o l t a g e
i s \ t \ t \ t \ t E l i n e r m s=%. f V” , E_line_rms ) ;
15 printf ( ” \ nThe rms v a l u e o f t h e p h a s e v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t
\ t \ t \ t E p h a s e r m s=%. 2 f V” , E_phase_rms ) ;
16 printf ( ” \ nThe rms v a l u e o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l component
o f t h e l i n e v o l t a g e i s \ t E l i n e f u n d=%. f V” ,
E_line_fund ) ;
o f t h e l i n e v o l t a g e i s \ t E p h a s e f u n d=%. 2 f V” ,
E_phase_fund ) ;
c a l c u l a t i o n s and t h e a n s w e r i n t h e book i s
rounded o f f
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 1 4
3 // D e t e r m i n e rms l i n e and p h a s e v o l t a g e , rms l i n e
and p h a s e v o l t a g e a t f u n d a m e n t a l f r e q u e n c y , THD,
DR, HF and DF o f l o w e s t o r d e r harmonic , l o a d
power and a v e r a g e and rms s w i t c h c u r r e n t
4 // page −584−585
5 clear ;
140
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
9 R =10; // i n ohm
10 L =20; // i n mH
11 f0 =50; // i n Hz ( i n v e r t o r f r e q u e n c y )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
14 w =2* %pi * f0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y
15 E_L = sqrt (2/3) * Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e o f
the output l i n e v o l t a g e
16 E_P = E_L / sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e o f t h e
phase v o l t a g e
17 E_L1 =4* Edc * cosd (30) /( sqrt (2) * %pi ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
rms v a l u e o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l component o f t h e
line voltage
18 E_P1 = E_L1 / sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e o f
t h e f u n d a m e n t a l component o f t h e p h a s e v o l t a g e
19 printf ( ” \ nThe rms v a l u e o f t h e o u t p u t l i n e v o l t a g e
i s \ t \ t \ t \ t E L=%. 2 f V” , E_L ) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe rms v a l u e o f t h e p h a s e v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t
\ t \ t \ t E P=%. 2 f V” , E_P ) ;
o f t h e l i n e v o l t a g e i s \ t E L1=%. 2 f V” , E_L1 ) ;
o f t h e l i n e v o l t a g e i s \ t E P1=%. 2 f V” , E_P1 ) ;
23 E1_rms =2* Edc /( sqrt (2) * %pi ) ;
24 E0_rms =( Edc /2) ;
25 THD = sqrt ( E_L ^2 - E_L1 ^2) / E_L1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t o t a l
26 printf ( ” \\ nnThe t o t a l h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n i s \ t THD=
%. 4 f o r \ t %. 2 f p e r c e n t ” ,THD , THD *100) ;
27 K =0;
28 for n =5:2:11
29 E_Ln =4* Edc * cos ( n * %pi /6) /( n * %pi * sqrt (2) ) ;
30 E_Ln_n2 =( E_Ln / n ^2) ^2;
31 K = K + E_Ln_n2 ;
32 end
141
33 K = sqrt ( K ) ;
34 DF = K / E_L1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r
35 printf ( ” \ nThe d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r i s \ t \ t DF=%f o r \ t
%. 3 f p e r c e n t ” ,DF , DF *100) ;
36 E_L5 =4* Edc * cos (5* %pi /6) /(5* %pi * sqrt (2) ) ;
37 HF5 = abs ( E_L5 / E_L1 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o w e s t o r d e r
o f harmonic f a c t o r
38 DF5 = abs (( E_L5 /5^2) / E_L1 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n of lowest
order of d i s t o r t i o n factor
39 printf ( ” \ nThe l o w e s t o r d e r h a r m o n i c f a c t o r i s \ t HF5
=%. 3 f o r \ t %. 2 f p e r c e n t ” ,HF5 , HF5 *100) ;
40 printf ( ” \ nThe l o w e s t o r d e r d i s t o r t i o n f a c t o r i s \ t
DF5=%. 3 f o r \ t %. 2 f p e r c e n t ” ,DF5 , DF5 *100) ;
41 I =0; // i n i t i a l i s a t i o n
42 for n =1:2:17
43 Z_L = sqrt ( R ^2+( n * w * L ) ^2) ;
44 theta = atand ( n * w * L / R ) ;
45 I_L =4* Edc * cos ( n * %pi /6) /( n * %pi * Z_L ) ;
46 I = I + I_L ^2;
47 end
48 I = sqrt ( I ) / sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d c u r r e n t
49 P0 =3* I ^2* R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d power
50 Is = P0 / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e s u p p l y c u r r e n t
51 I_T_avg = Is /3; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e s w i t c h
current
52 I_T_rms = I / sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms s w i t c h
current
53 printf ( ” \n\ nThe l o a d power i s \ t \ t P0=%. 2 f kW” , P0 *1 E
-3) ;
54 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e s w i t c h c u r r e n t i s \ t I T a v g=%
. 2 f A” , I_T_avg ) ;
55 printf ( ” \ nThe rms s w i t c h c u r r e n t i s \ t I T r m s=%. 2 f
A” , I_T_rms ) ;
56 // Note : 1 . There i s c a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e w h i l e
c a l c u l a t i n g l o a d c u r r e n t and h e n c e t h e a n s w e r s
f o r P0 , I T a v g , I T r m s a r e wrong i n t h e book
57 // 2 . The a n s w e r v a r i e s s l i g h t l y due t o p r e c i s e
c a l c u l a t i o n s and t h e a n s w e r i n t h e book i s
142
rounded o f f
Scilab code Exa 9.17 Determine dc voltage rms line and phase voltages and Device v
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 1 7
3 // D e t e r m i n e dc v o l t a g e , rms l i n e and p h a s e v o l t a g e s
and D e v i c e v o l t a g e r a t i n g s
4 // page −591
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E1_line =415; // f u n d a m e n t a l l i n e v o l t a g e
9 // c a l c u l a t e
10 // s i n c e E 1 l i n e =( s q r t ( 2 ) / %pi ) ∗ Edc ∗ 1 . 5 , t h e r e f o r e we
get
11 Edc = E1_line *( %pi /( sqrt (2) *1.5) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
dc v o l t a g e
12 E_rms_line = Edc / sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms l i n e
voltage
13 E_rms_phase = E_rms_line / sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
rms p h a s e v o l t a g e
14 V_CEO =1.5* Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f D e v i c e v o l t a g e
ratings
15 printf ( ” \ nThe dc v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t Edc=%. f V” , Edc ) ;
16 printf ( ” \ nThe rms l i n e v o l t a g e i s \ t E r m s l i n e=%. 2 f
V” , E_rms_line ) ;
17 printf ( ” \ nThe rms p h a s e v o l t a g e i s \ t E r m s p h a s e=%
. 2 f V” , E_rms_phase ) ;
18 printf ( ” \ nThe D e v i c e v o l t a g e r a t i n g s i s \ t V CEO=%. 1
f V” , V_CEO ) ;
calculations
143
Scilab code Exa 9.18 Design a series invertor circuit
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 1 8
3 // D e s i g a s e r i e s i n v e r t o r c i r c u i t
4 // page −606
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 f0 =1 , fr =5; // i n KHz ( r a n g e o f f r e q u e n c y o f
operation )
9 Rmin =25 , Rmax =100; // i n ohm ( r a n g e o f l o a d
resistance )
10 Ip =3; // i n A
11 Edc =100; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
12 AF =0.5; // a t t e n u a t i o n f a c t o r ( a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n
t h e book )
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 f0 = f0 *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from KHz t o Hz
15 fr = fr *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from KHz t o Hz
16 wr =2* %pi * fr ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f u p p e r l i m i t o f
angular v eloci ty
17 w0 =2* %pi * f0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o w e r l i m i t o f
angular v eloci ty
18 L = - Rmax /(8* fr * log ( AF ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d u c t a n c e
19 C =(1/ L ) *(1/( wr ^2+( Rmax /(2* L ) ) ^2) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
capacitance
20 Ec = Edc *( exp ( - Rmin * %pi /(2* wr * L ) ) /(1 - exp ( - Rmin * %pi /(2*
wr * L ) ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e
21 I_peak =( Ec + Edc ) /( wr * L ) * exp ( - Rmin * %pi /(4* wr * L ) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak c u r r e n t
22 // s i n c e V BO>=Ec+Edc , t h e r e f o r e
23 V_BO = Ec + Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f o r w a r d b l o c k i n g
voltage rating
144
24 // s i n c e I T>=I−peak , t h e r e f o r e
25 I_T =( I_peak +1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f T h y r i s t o r current
26 Toff = %pi *((1/ w0 ) -(1/ wr ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
T h y r i s t o r o f f −t i m e
27 // s i n c e I T>=I−peak , t h e r e f o r e
28 tq = Toff *1 E3 -0.1; // c a l c u l a t i o n of i n v e r t o r trun off
−t i m e
29 printf ( ” \ nThe i n d u c t a n c e \ t \ t \ t L=%. 1 f mH” ,L *1 E3 ) ;
30 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e \ t \ t C=%. 2 f uF” ,C *1 E6 ) ;
31 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e \ t \ t Ec=%. 2 f V” , Ec ) ;
32 printf ( ” \ nThe peak c u r r e n t \ t \ t I p e a k=%. 2 f A” ,
I_peak ) ;
33 printf ( ” \ nThe f o r w a r d b l o c k i n g v o l t a g e \ t V BO>=%. f
V” , V_BO ) ;
34 printf ( ” \ nThe T h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t \ t \ t I T=%. f A” , I_T )
;
35 printf ( ” \ nThe T h y r i s t o r t u r n − o f f t i m e \ t T o f f=%. 1 f
ms” , Toff *1 E3 ) ;
36 printf ( ” \ nThe i n v e r t o r t u r n − o f f t i m e \ t t q=%. 1 f ms” ,
tq ) ;
c a l c u l a t i o n s and round o f f a s done i n t h e book
Scilab code Exa 9.19 Design a self commutated invertor circuit and compute output
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 1 9
3 // D e s i g n a s e l f −commutated i n v e r t o r c i r c u i t and
compute o u t p u t power
4 // page −608−609
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 f0 =3; // i n KHz
145
10 L =5; // i n mH
11 Edc =100; // i n V ( dc s o u r c e )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
14 fr =1.35* f0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y
16 w0 =2* %pi * f0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f n o r m a l a n g u l a r
frequency
17 wr =2* %pi * fr ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s o n a n t a n g u l a r
velocity
18 // s i n c e L/ L1 =200 , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
19 L1 = L /200; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d u c t a n c e L1
20 // s i n c e f r =1/(2∗ %pi ∗ s q r t ( 2 ∗ L1 ∗C) ) , t h e r e f o r e we
get
21 C =(1/(2* %pi * fr ) ) ^2/(2* L1 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
capacitance
22 tou = R * C ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e c o n s t a n t
23 T =1/ f0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e p e r i o d
24 K = exp ( - T /(2* tou ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a t t e n u a t i o n
factor
25 Z0 =( R * %i * w0 * L ) /(( R +( %i * w0 * L ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
output impedence
26 Z0_magnitude = abs ( Z0 ) ;
27 I =( Edc / Z0_magnitude ) *(1/(1 -4* tou *((1 - K ) /(1+ K ) ) ) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n of current f l o w i n g through Thyristor
28 E0_max = I * Z0_magnitude *(1 -2* K /(1+ K ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f maximum o u t p u t v l t a g e
29 E0_rms = E0_max / sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms o u t p u t
voltage
30 V_BO =2*( Edc + E0_max ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f o r w a r d
blocking voltage rating
31 I_T =2* I ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f T h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t
32 tq = tou * log (2/(1+ K ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n v e r t o r t r u n
o f f −t i m e
33 Vc =2* E0_max ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e
34 P0 =( E0_max * E0_rms / R ) * cosd ( atand ( imag ( Z0 ) , real ( Z0 ) ) ) ;
// c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t power
35 printf ( ” \ nThe r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y i s \ t \ t \ t f r =%. 2 f
146
KHz” , fr *1 E -3) ;
36 printf ( ” \ nThe i n d u c t a n c e L1 i s \ t \ t \ t \ t L1=%. f uH” ,
L1 *1 E6 ) ;
37 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t \ t C=%. f uF” ,C *1
E6 ) ;
38 printf ( ” \ nThe c u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h T h y r i s t o r i s \
t I=%. f A” ,I ) ;
39 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t
E0 max=%. 2 f V” , E0_max ) ;
40 printf ( ” \ nThe rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t E0 rms=%
. 2 f V” , E0_rms ) ;
41 printf ( ” \ nThe f o r w a r d b l o c k i n g v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t V BO
>=%. 2 f V” , V_BO ) ;
42 printf ( ” \ nThe T h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I T=%. f A”
, I_T ) ;
43 printf ( ” \ nThe i n v e r t o r t u r n − o f f t i m e i s \ t \ t \ t t q=%
. 1 f u s ” , tq *1 E6 ) ;
44 printf ( ” \ nThe o u t p u t power i s \ t \ t \ t \ t P0=%. 2 f W” , P0
);
Scilab code Exa 9.20 Design a parallel invertor
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 2 0
3 // D e s i g n a p a r a l l e l i n v e r t o r
4 // page −614
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 f =50; // i n Hz
9 E =200; // i n V
10 Edc =40; // i n V
11 I_L =2; // i n A
147
12 tq =40; // i n u s ( a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e book )
13 E_amplitude =415; // i n V ( f u n d a m e n t a l f r e q u e n c y
a m p l i t u d e o f v o l t a g e a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e
book )
14 Bmax =1; // i n Wb/mˆ2 ( a s s u m p t i o n f o r f l u x d e n s i t y a s
done i n t h e book )
15 A =25; // i n cmˆ2 ( a s s u m p t i o n f o r c r o s s −s e c t i o n a r e a
a s done i n t h e book )
16 // c a l c u l a t e
17 tq = tq *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from u s t o s
18 A = A *1 E -4; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from cmˆ2 t o mˆ2
19 // s i n c e Edc ∗ s q r t (C/L )=I L and s q r t (C∗L ) =3∗ t q / %pi ,
t h e r e f o r e m u l t i p l y i n g b o t h we g e t
20 // Edc ∗C=I L ∗3∗ t q / %pi , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
21 C =( I_L *3* tq / %pi ) / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t a n c e
22 L =(1/( I_L / Edc ) ^2) * C ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d u c t a n c e
23 Vc =2* Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e
24 N2 = E_amplitude /( sqrt (2) *4.44* f * A ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
number o f t u r n s i n s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g
25 // s i n c e N2 / ( 1 / 2 ∗ N1 ) =6 , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
26 N1 =2* N2 /6; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f number o f t u r n s i n
primary winding
27 V_BO =2* Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f o r w a r d b l o c k i n g
voltage rating
28 I_T =2* E / Edc * I_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f T h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t
29 printf ( ” \ nThe i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t \ t L=%. 1 f uH” ,L *1
E6 ) ;
30 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t \ t C=%. 1 f uF” ,C *1
E6 ) ;
31 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t o r v o l t g a e i s \ t \ t \ t Vc=%. f V” ,
Vc )
32 printf ( ” \ nThe number o f t u r n s i n s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g
i s \ t N2=%. f ” , N2 ) ;
33 printf ( ” \ nThe number o f t u r n s i n p r i m a r y w i n d i n g i s
\ t N1=%. f ” , N1 ) ;
34 printf ( ” \ nThe f o r w a r d b l o c k i n g v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t V BO
>=%. f V” , V_BO ) ;
35 printf ( ” \ nThe T h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I T>=%. f A
148
” , I_T ) ;
36 // Note : 1 . The a n s w e r f o r L and C i s wrong i n t h e
book due t o c a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e .
37 // 2 The a n s w e r v a r y s l i g h t l y due t o p r e c i s e
Scilab code Exa 9.21 Calculate rms output voltage at fundamental frequency output
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a p m l e 9 . 2 1
3 // C a l c u l a t e rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e a t f u n d a m e n t a l
f r e q u e n c y , o u t p u t power , a v e r a g e and peak c u r r e n t
and peak r e v e r s e −b l o c k i n g v o l t a g e
4 // page −618
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
9 R =3; // i n ohm
10 D =50; // i n p e r c e n t ( u n i v e r s a l f o r t h e c i r c u i t u s e d )
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 E1 =2* Edc /( sqrt (2) * %pi ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms o u t p u t
v o l t a g e at fundamental frequency
13 E_L = Edc /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms l i n e v o l t a g e
14 P0 = E_L ^2/ R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t power
15 I_peak =( Edc /2) / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak c u r r e n t
16 I_av =( D /100) * I_peak ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
current
17 V_BR =2* Edc /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak r e v e r s e −
blocking voltage
18 printf ( ” \ nThe rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e a t f u n d a m e n t a l
f r e q u e n c y i s \ t E1=%. 1 f V” , E1 ) ;
19 printf ( ” \ nThe o u t p u t power i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t P0=%. 2 f W” ,
P0 ) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe peak c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t I p e a k=%. 2 f
149
A” , I_peak ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t I a v=%. 3
f A” , I_av ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe peak r e v e r s e −b l o c k i n g v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \
t V BR=%. f V” , V_BR ) ;
23 // Note : The a n s w e r v a r y s l i g h t l y due t o p r e c i s e
Scilab code Exa 9.22 Calculate rms output voltage at fundamental frequency output
1 // chapter 9
2 // example 9 . 2 2
3 // f i g . 9.43 (a)
4 // C a l c u l a t e rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e a t f u n d a m e n t a l
f r e q u e n c y , o u t p u t power , a v e r a g e and peak c u r r e n t
and peak r e v e r s e −b l o c k i n g v o l t a g e
5 // page −620
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
10 R =3; // i n ohm
11 D =50; // i n p e r c e n t ( u n i v e r s a l f o r t h e c i r c u i t u s e d )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 E1 =4* Edc /( sqrt (2) * %pi ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms o u t p u t
v o l t a g e at fundamental frequency
14 E_L = sqrt (2* Edc ^2* integrate ( ’ 1 ’ , ’ t ’ ,0 ,1/2) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms l i n e v o l t a g e
15 P0 = Edc ^2/ R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t power
16 I_peak = Edc / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak c u r r e n t
17 I_av =( D /100) * I_peak ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
current
18 V_BR = Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak r e v e r s e −b l o c k i n g
voltage
19 printf ( ” \ nThe rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e a t f u n d a m e n t a l
150
f r e q u e n c y i s \ t E1=%. 1 f V” , E1 ) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe o u t p u t power i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t P0=%. 2 f W” ,
P0 ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe peak c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t I p e a k=%. 2 f
A” , I_peak ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t I a v=%. 3
f A” , I_av ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe peak r e v e r s e −b l o c k i n g v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \
t V BR=%. f V” , V_BR ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.23 What value of C should the load have in order to obtain load
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 2 3
3 // What v a l u e o f C s h o u l d t h e l o a d have i n o r d e r t o
o b t a i n l o a d commutation o f SCR
4 // page −620
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
9 R =3; // i n ohm
10 wL =12; // i n ohm
11 T =0.2; // i n ms ( t i m e p e r i o d )
12 tq =12; // i n u s
13 Toff =1.5* tq ;
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 T = T *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from ms t o s
16 Toff = Toff *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from u s t o s
17 phi_w = Toff ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f p h i /w
18 f =1/ T ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f r e q u e n c y
19 w =2* %pi * f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y
20 phi = phi_w * w ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f p h a s e a n g l e
151
21 X_L = wL ;
22 // s i n c e Tan ( p h i ) =(X C−X L ) /R , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
23 X_C =( tan ( phi ) * R ) + X_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t i v e
reactance
24 // s i n c e X c =1/(w∗C) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
25 C =1/( X_C * w ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e q u i r e d c a p a c i t a n c e
26 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f C t h a t t h e l o a d s h o l u d have
i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n l o a d commutation o f SCR i s \ t
C=%. 2 f uF” ,C *1 E6 ) ;
27 // Note : The a n s w e r i n t h e book i s wrong due t o
c a l c u l a t i o n mistake in c a l c u l a t i n g the v a r i a b l e
phi w
Scilab code Exa 9.24 Obtain the value of commutating components L and C
1 // chapter 9
2 // example 9 . 2 4
3 // f i g . 9.45
4 // O b t a i n t h e v a l u e o f commutating c o m p o n e n t s L and
C
5 // page −626
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 I_L_max =80; // i n A ( maximum l o a d c u r r e n t )
10 Edc_min =200; // i n V ( minimum s o u r c e v o l t a g e )
11 tq =40; // i n u s ( t u r n − o f f t i m e o f SCRs )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
14 Toff =1.5* tq ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c i r c u i t t u r n − o f f t i m e
15 C =0.893* Toff * I_L_max / Edc_min ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e
v a l u e o f commutating c a p a c i t a n c e
16 L =0.397* Edc_min * Toff / I_L_max ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e
v a l u e o f commutating i n d u c t a n c e
17 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f commutating c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t
152
C=%. 2 f uF” ,C *1 E6 ) ;
18 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f commutating i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t \
t L=%. 2 f uH” ,L *1 E6 ) ;
19 // Note : The a n s w e r i n t h e book f o r C and L i s wrong
due t o c a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e
Scilab code Exa 9.25 Obtain the value of commutating components and the value of r
1 // chapter 9
2 // example 9 . 2 5
3 // f i g . 9.47
4 // O b t a i n t h e v a l u e o f commutating c o m p o n e n t s and
the value of r e s i s t a n c e
5 // page −628
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
10 neta =15; // i n p e r c e n t ( v a r i a t i o n o f maximum and
minimum dc v o l t a g e from dc s o u r c e v o l t a g e )
11 I_L_max =100; // i n A ( maximum l o a d c u r r e n t )
12 I_L_min =20; // i n A ( minimum l o a d c u r r e n t )
13 tq =20; // i n u s ( t u r n − o f f t i m e o f SCRs )
14 safety_factor =2; // a s s u m p t i o n
15 // c a l c u l a t e
17 Toff =2* tq ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c i r c u i t t u r n − o f f t i m e
18 Edc_min = Edc *(1 - neta /100) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f minimum
dc v o l t a g e
19 Edc_max = Edc *(1+ neta /100) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum
dc v o l t a g e
20 C =0.893* Toff * I_L_max / Edc_min ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e
v a l u e o f commutating c a p a c i t a n c e
21 L =0.397* Edc_min * Toff / I_L_max ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e
v a l u e o f commutating i n d u c t a n c e
153
22 R =2* sqrt ( L / C ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n of the value of
resistance
23 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f commutating c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t
C=%. f uF” ,C *1 E6 ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f commutating i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t \
t L=%. 1 f uH” ,L *1 E6 ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ n t h e v a l u e o f r e s i s t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t R=%. 1 f
ohm” ,R ) ;
26 // Note : The a n s w e r i n t h e book f o r C and L i s wrong
due t o c a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e
Scilab code Exa 9.26 Find the rms load current load power and thyristor ratings
1 // chapter 9
2 // example 9 . 2 6
3 // f i g . Ex . 9 . 2 6 ( a ) and Ex . 9 . 2 6 ( b )
4 // Find t h e rms l o a d c u r r e n t , l o a d −power and
thyristor ratings
5 // page −628−630
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
10 R =15; // i n ohm ( r e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 // p a r t −a
14 Ip = Edc /(2* R ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d c u r r e n t
amplitude
15 Irms = sqrt ((1/(2* %pi ) ) * Ip ^2*( integrate ( ’ 1 ’ , ’ t h e t a ’
,0 ,( alpha1 *( %pi /180) ) ) + integrate ( ’ 1 ’ , ’ t h e t a ’ ,(
alpha2 *( %pi /180) ) ,(5* %pi /3) ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
rms l o a d c u r r e n t
16 P0 =3* Irms ^2* R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d −power
17 I_T_rms = sqrt ( Ip ^2/3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h y r i s t o r
154
rms c u r r e n t
18 printf ( ” \ nFor %. f d e g r e e c o n d u c t i o n , \n ” , alpha1 ) ;
19 printf ( ” \ nThe rms l o a d c u r r e n t i s \ t I r m s=%. 2 f A” ,
Irms ) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe l o a d −power i s \ t \ t P0=%. f kW” , P0 *1 E -3)
;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe t h y r i s t o r rms c u r r e n t i s \ t I T r m s=%
. 1 f A” , I_T_rms ) ;
22 // p a r t −b
23 R0 = R + R /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d on i n v e r t o r
24 I1 = Edc / R0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c u r r e n t I 1
25 I2 = I1 /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c u r r e n t I 2
26 Irms1 = sqrt ((1/(2* %pi ) ) *( I2 ^2* integrate ( ’ 1 ’ , ’ t h e t a ’
,0 ,( alpha1 * %pi /180) ) + I1 ^2* integrate ( ’ 1 ’ , ’ t h e t a ’ ,(
alpha1 * %pi /180) ,(4* %pi /3) ) + I2 ^2* integrate ( ’ 1 ’ , ’
t h e t a ’ ,(4* %pi /3) ,(2* %pi ) ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
rms l o a d c u r r e n t I r m s 1
27 Irms2 = I1 /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms l o a d c u r r e n t I r m s 2
28 P0 =3* Irms1 ^2* R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d −power
29 printf ( ” \n\ nFor %. f d e g r e e c o n d u c t i o n , \n ” , alpha2 ) ;
30 printf ( ” \ nThe rms l o a d c u r r e n t s a r e \ t I r m s 1=%. 2 f A
\ t I r m s 2=%. 2 f A” , Irms1 , Irms2 ) ;
31 printf ( ” \ nThe l o a d −power i s \ t \ t P0=%. 2 f kW” , P0 *1 E
-3) ;
32 // Note : 1 . The wrong v a l u e s o f a n g l e t h e t a h a s b e e n
u s e d i n t h e book f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e rms l o a d
c u r r e n t i n b o t h c a s e s . But t h e a n s w e r i n t h e book
i s r i g h t . So I have u s e d c o r r e c t v a l u e s and t h e
a n s w e r i s same a s i n t h e book w i t h l i t t l e
v a r i a t i o n due t o p r e c i s e c a l c u l a t i o n
Scilab code Exa 9.27 Determine commutating capacitor load current Fcritical and Rc
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 2 7
155
3 // D e t e r m i n e commutating c a p a c i t o r , l o a d c u r r e n t ,
F c r i t i c a l and R c r i t i c a l
4 // page −649−650
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 f =50; // i n Hz
9 tq =62; // i n u s ( T h y r i s t o r t u r n − o f f t i m e )
10 R =5; // i n ohm
11 I =1; // i n A ( l e t u s assume t h i s v a l u e f o r c u r r e n t
source for c a l c u l a t i o n of load current )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
14 Toff =5* tq ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c i r c u i t t u r n − o f f t i m e
15 T =1/ f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e p e r i o d
16 // s i n c e T o f f =0. 69 ∗R∗C , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
17 C = Toff /(0.69* R ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f commutating
capacitor
18 I1 = I *((1 - exp ( - T /(2* R * C ) ) ) /(1+ exp ( - T /(2* R * C ) ) ) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n of load current
19 Toff_critical =1.5* tq ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c r i t i c a l
c i r c u i t turn−o f f time
20 // s i n c e T o f f=R∗C∗ l o g ( 2 / ( 1 + exp (−T/ ( 2 ∗R∗C) ) ) ) ,
21 Tcritical =2* R * C * log (2/( exp ( Toff_critical /( R * C ) ) -1) ) ;
// c a l c u l a t i o n o f c r i t i c a l t i m e p e r i o d
22 Fcritical =1/ Tcritical ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c r i t i c a l
frequency
23 // s i n c e T o f f =0. 69 ∗R∗C , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
24 Rcritical = Toff_critical /(0.69* C ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
critical resistance
25 printf ( ” \ nThe commutating c a p a c i t o r i s \ t C=%. 2 f uF”
,C *1 E6 ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe l o a d c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I 1=I=%. f A” , I1 ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe c r i t i c a l f r e q u e n c y i s \ t F c r i t i c a l =%. 1
f Hz” , Fcritical ) ;
28 printf ( ” \ nThe c r i t i c a l r e s i s t a n c e i s \ t R c r i t i c a l =%
. 2 f ohm” , Rcritical ) ;
156
29 // Note : 1 . The a n s w e r v a r i e s s l i g h t l y a s from
c a l c u l a t e d from t h e book due t o p r e c i s e
calculation .
30 // 2. f o r c a l c u l a t i n g other variables , author
h a s u s e s t a n d a r d v a l u e o f C ( 1 0 0 uF ) f o r f u r t h e r
c a l c u l a t i o n but I have u s e d t h e v a l u e which i s
calculated .
Scilab code Exa 9.28 Design an OTT filter
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 2 8
3 // D e s i g n an OTT− f i l t e r
4 // page −662
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E_L =230; // i n V ( o u t p u t v o l t a g e )
9 f =50; // i n Hz
10 I_L =1.5; // i n A ( l o a d c u r r e n t )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 W_D =2* %pi * f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d e s i g n r a d i a n
frequency
14 Z_L = E_L / I_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d i m p e d e n c e
15 Z_D = abs ( Z_L ) /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f i l t e r d e s i g n
impedence
16 C1 =1/(6* Z_D * W_D ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t a n c e C1
18 L1 =9* Z_D /(2* W_D ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d u c t a n c e L1
19 L2 = Z_D / W_D ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d u c t a n c e L1
20 printf ( ” \ nThe d e s i g n r a d i a n f r e q u e n c y i s \ t W D=%. f
r a d / s ” , W_D ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe l o a d i m p e d e n c e i s \ t \ t Z L=%. 2 f ohm” ,
Z_L ) ;
157
22 printf ( ” \ nThe f i l t e r d e s i g n i m p e d e n c e i s \ t Z D=%. 2 f
ohm” , Z_D ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e C1 i s \ t \ t C1=%. 2 f uF” , C1
*1 E6 ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e C2 i s \ t \ t C2=%. 2 f uF” , C2
*1 E6 ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e L1 i s \ t \ t L1=%. 3 f H” , L1 ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e L2 i s \ t \ t L1=%. 3 f H” , L2 ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 9.29 Design a 400 Hz parallel invertor
1 // c h a p t e r 9
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . 2 9
3 // D e s i g n a 400 Hz p a r a l l e l i n v e r t o r
4 // page −663−664
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 P0 =360; // i n W ( o u t p u t power )
9 E_L =120; // i n V ( o u t p u t v o l t a g e )
10 f =400; // i n Hz
11 PF =0.7; // ( l a g g i n g ) ( power f a c t o r )
13 Zin =80 -23* %i ; // f i l t e r i n p u t i m p e d e n c e ( a s s u m p t i o n
14 neta =85; // i n p e r c e n t ( a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e
book )
15 Toff =12; // i n u s ( a s s u m p t i o n f o r c i r c u i t t u r n − o f f
t i m e a s done i n t h e book )
16 Ip_SCR =14; // i n A ( a s s u m p t i o n f o r SCR peak c u r r e n t
17 // c a l c u l a t e
18 R_L = E_L ^2* PF ^2/ P0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d r e s i s t a n c e
158
19 X_L =( R_L / PF ) * sqrt (1 - PF ^2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n of load
reactance
20 Z_L_magnitude = sqrt ( R_L ^2+ X_L ^2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
load impedence
21 Z_L_phase = acosd ( PF ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d
impedence phase
22 Z_D = abs ( Z_L_magnitude ) /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f i l t e r
d e s i g n impedence
23 W_D =2* %pi * f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d s i g n r a d i a n
frequency
26 L1 =9* Z_D /(2* W_D ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d u c t a n c e L1
27 L2 = Z_D / W_D ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d u c t a n c e L1
28 Rin = real ( Zin ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f i l t e r i n p u t
resistance
29 Xin = abs ( imag ( Zin ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f i l t e r i n p u t
reactance
30 Zin_magnitude = abs ( Zin ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f i l t e r
input impedence magnitude
31 E_SQ =( sqrt (2) /4) * %pi * Zin_magnitude *( P0 / Rin ) ^0.5 //
c a l c u l a t i o n of input voltage to f i l t e r
32 n = E_SQ / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t r a n s f r o m e r t u r n s
ratio
33 Pi = P0 /( neta /100) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n p u t power
34 I_T_av = P0 * Zin_magnitude /(2* Edc * Rin ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
of average t h y r i s t o r current
35 V_BO =2.5* Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f b l o c k i n g v o l t a g e
36 L =6* Edc * Toff /( %pi * Ip_SCR ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
37 C =3* Toff * Ip_SCR /(8* %pi * Edc ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
commutating c a p a c i t a n c e
38 di_dt =2* Edc / L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r a t e o f c h a n g e o f
current
39 printf ( ” \ nThe l o a d r e s i s t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t \ t R L=%. f
ohm” , R_L ) ;
40 printf ( ” \ nThe l o a d r e a c t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t \ t X L=%. f ohm
” , X_L ) ;
159
41 printf ( ” \ nThe m a g n i t u d e o f l o a d i m p e d e n c e i s \ t \ t
Z L m a g n i t u d e=%. 1 f ohm” , Z_L_magnitude ) ;
42 printf ( ” \ nThe p h a s e o f l o a d i m p e d e n c e i s \ t \ t \ t
Z L p h a s e=%. f d e g r e e ” , Z_L_phase ) ;
43 printf ( ” \ nThe f i l t e r d e s i g n i m p e d e n c e i s \ t \ t \ t Z D=
%. 2 f ohm” , Z_D ) ;
44 printf ( ” \ nThe d e s i g n r a d i a n f r e q u e n c y i s \ t \ t \ t W D=
%. f r a d / s ” , W_D ) ;
45 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e C1 i s \ t \ t \ t \ t C1=%. 1 f uF”
, C1 *1 E6 ) ;
46 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e C2 i s \ t \ t \ t \ t C2=%. 1 f uF”
, C2 *1 E6 ) ;
47 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e L1 i s \ t \ t \ t \ t L1=%. 1 f mH”
, L1 *1 E3 ) ;
48 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e L2 i s \ t \ t \ t \ t L1=%. f mH” ,
L2 *1 E3 ) ;
49 printf ( ” \ nThe f i l t e r i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t Rin=
%. f ohm” , Rin ) ;
50 printf ( ” \ nThe f i l t e r i n p u t r e a c t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t Xin=%
. f ohm” , Xin ) ;
51 printf ( ” \ nThe m a g n i t u d e o f f i l t e r i n p u t i m p e d e n c e i s
\ t Z i n m a g n i t u d e=%. f ohm” , Zin_magnitude ) ;
52 printf ( ” \ nThe i n p u t v o l t a g e t o f i l t e r i s \ t \ t \ t E SQ
=%. f V” , E_SQ ) ;
53 printf ( ” \ nThe t r a n s f r o m e r t u r n s r a t i o i s \ t \ t \ t n=%.
f ” ,n ) ;
54 printf ( ” \ nThe i n p u t power i s \ t \ t \ t \ t Pin=%. f W” , Pi )
;
55 printf ( ” \ nThe v e r a g e t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t
I T a v=%. 1 f A” , I_T_av ) ;
56 printf ( ” \ nThe b l o c k i n g v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t V BO=%. f V”
, V_BO ) ;
57 printf ( ” \ nThe commutating i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t L=%. 1
f uH” ,L ) ;
58 printf ( ” \ nThe commutating c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t C=%
. 2 f uF” ,C ) ;
59 printf ( ” \ nThe r a t e o f c h a n g e o f c u r r e n t a t t =0 s i s
\ t d i / d t=%. 2 f A/ u s ” , di_dt ) ;
160
60 // Note : 1 . The a n s w e r v a r i e s s l i g h t l y due t o
precise calculation .
61 // 2 . Most o f t h e a n s w e r s have b e e n r o u n d e d
o f f i n t h e book and t h e n u s e d f o r f u r t h e r
c a l c u l a t i o n . I have u s e d t h e e x a c t v a l u e s f o r t h e
calculations
161
Chapter 10
Cycloconverters
Scilab code Exa 10.1 Determine required supply voltage thyristor rating and power
1 // c h a p t e r 10
2 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1
3 // D e t e r m i n e r e q u i r e d s u p p l y v o l t a g e , t h y r i s t o r
r a t i n g and power f a c t o r o f t h e s u p p l y c u r r e n t
4 // page −698−699
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 m =3; // number o f p h a s e s
9 PF =0.7; // power f a c t o r ( l a g g i n g )
10 Edc =190; // i n V ( l o a d v o l t a g e )
11 I_L =45; // i n A
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 // s i n c e Edc=(m/ %pi ) ∗Eph∗ s i n ( %pi /m) , t h e r e f o r e we
get
14 Eph = Edc /(( m / %pi ) * sin ( %pi / m ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
required supply voltage
15 Eph_max = Eph * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e q u i r e d
s u p p l y v o l t a g e maximum v a l u e
16 Imax = I_L * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum v a l u e o f
cycloconvertor current
162
17 Irms = Imax / sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h y r i s t o r rms
current
18 PIV = sqrt (3) * Eph_max ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak i n v e r s e
voltage
19 Irms_1_3 = sqrt ( I_L ^2/3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms
c u r r e n t f o r one−t h i r d c y c l e
20 Pin =(1/3) * Edc * I_L * PF ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n p u t power
per phase
21 pf = Pin /( Eph * Irms_1_3 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power
f a c t o r of the supply current
22 printf ( ” \ nThe r e q u i r e d s u p p l y v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t Eph=
%. 2 f V” , Eph ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe t h y r i s t o r r a t i n g s a r e \ t \ t \ t I r m s==%. 2
f A \ t PIV=%. 2 f V” , Irms , PIV ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe power f a c t o r o f t h e s u p p l y c u r r e n t i s
\ t p f=%. 2 f ” , pf ) ;
25 // Note : 1 . The a n s w e r s v a r y s l i g h t l y due t o p r e c i s e
calculation .
Scilab code Exa 10.2 Estimate peak and rms value of load voltage
1 // c h a p t e r 10
2 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . 2
3 // E s t i m a t e peak and rms v a l u e o f l o a d v o l t a g e
4 // page −699−700
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E =600; // i n V ( l i n e v o l t a g e )
10 Ls =1.46; // i n mH ( i n d u c t a n c e p e r p h a s e )
11 I_L =28; // i n A ( l o a d c u r r e n t )
12 p =6; // number o f p u l s e s
13 alpha1 =0 , alpha2 =30 , alpha3 =60; // i n d e g r e e s ( f i r i n g
angles )
163
14 // c a l c u l a t e
16 Em = E * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v a l u e o f s u p p l y
voltage
17 w =2* %pi * f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n of angular frequency in
radian
18 // s i n c e Epeak =(p/ %pi ) ∗Em∗ s i n ( %pi / p ) ∗ c o s d ( a l p h a ) −(p∗
w∗ Ls ∗ I L / ( 2 ∗ %pi ) ) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
19 for alpha =0:30:60
20 Epeak =( p / %pi ) * Em * sin ( %pi / p ) * cosd ( alpha ) -( p * w * Ls *
I_L /(2* %pi ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v a l u e o f
load voltage
21 Erms = Epeak / sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e
of load voltage
22 printf ( ” \n\ nFor a l p h a=%. f d e g r e e , ” , alpha ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe peak v a l u e o f l o a d v o l t a g e i s \ t
Epeak=%. 1 f V” , Epeak ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe rms v a l u e o f l o a d v o l t a g e i s \ t
Erms=%. 1 f V” , Erms ) ;
25 end
26 // Note : 1 . The v a l u e o f E u s e d i n c a l c u l a t i o n i n
t h e book i s 660 V w h i l e t h e v a l u e g i v e n i s 600 V .
So i have u s e d 600 V f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n a s g i v e n
in the question statement . Therefore the answers
do n o t match .
calculation .
Scilab code Exa 10.3 Determine the value of fundamental rms output voltage rms out
1 // c h a p t e r 10
2 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . 3
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e v a l u e o f f u n d a m e n t a l rms o u t p u t
v o l t a g e , rms o u t p u t c u r r e n t and o u t p u t power
4 // page −700
164
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 n =3/1; // t r a n s f o r m e r t u r n r a t i o
9 wL =3; // i n ohm ( i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e )
12 E =410; // i n V ( i n p u t v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e )
14 m =3; // number o f p h a s e s
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16 Eph = E /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f p e r p h a s e v o l t a g e t o
convertor
17 r = cosd (180 - alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f v o l t a g e
reduction factor
18 Eor = r * Eph *( m / %pi ) * sin ( %pi / m ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
f u n d a m e n t a l rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e ,
19 Ior_magnitude = Eor / sqrt ( R_L ^2+ wL ^2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f rms o u t p u t c u r r e n t m a g n i t u d e
20 Ior_phase = - atand ( wL / R_L ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms
output c u r r e n t phase
21 P0 = Ior_magnitude ^2* R_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t
power
22 printf ( ” \ nThe f u n d a m e n t a l rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t
Eor=%. 2 f V” , Eor ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe rms o u t p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t I o r=%. 2 f A \
t and p h a s e i s \ t %. 2 f d e g r e e ” , Ior_magnitude ,
Ior_phase ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe o u t p u t power i s \ t P0=%. 2 f W” , P0 ) ;
calculation .
Scilab code Exa 10.4 Determine the value of fundamental rms output voltage rms out
1 // c h a p t e r 10
165
2 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . 4
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e v a l u e o f f u n d a m e n t a l rms o u t p u t
v o l t a g e , rms o u t p u t c u r r e n t and o u t p u t power
4 // page −700−701
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 n =3/1; // t r a n s f o r m e r t u r n r a t i o
12 E =410; // i n V ( i n p u t v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e )
14 m =6; // number o f p u l s e s
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16 Eph = E /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f p e r p h a s e v o l t a g e t o
convertor
17 E_line = Eph * sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n p u t t o
bridge invertor
18 r = cosd (180 - alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f v o l t a g e
reduction factor
19 Eor = r * E_line *( m / %pi ) * sin ( %pi / m ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
f u n d a m e n t a l rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e ,
20 Ior_magnitude = Eor / sqrt ( R_L ^2+ wL ^2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f rms o u t p u t c u r r e n t m a g n i t u d e
21 Ior_phase = - atand ( wL / R_L ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms
output c u r r e n t phase
22 P0 = Ior_magnitude ^2* R_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t
power
23 printf ( ” \ nThe f u n d a m e n t a l rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t
Eor=%. 2 f V” , Eor ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe rms o u t p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t I o r=%. 2 f A \
t and p h a s e i s \ t %. 2 f d e g r e e ” , Ior_magnitude ,
Ior_phase ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ nThe o u t p u t power i s \ t P0=%. 2 f W” , P0 ) ;
calculation .
166
Scilab code Exa 10.5 Determine the input current to the convertors
1 // c h a p t e r 10
2 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . 5
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e i n p u t c u r r e n t t o t h e c o n v e r t o r s
4 // page −701
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 m =6; // number o f p u l s e s
9 Pi =50; // i n kVA ( ) power o f c y c l o c o n v e r t o r )
10 E =415; // i n V
11 theta =45; // i n d e g r e e ( f i r i n g a n g l e )
12 alpha0 =0.8; // power f a c t o r
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 Pi = Pi *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from kVA t o VA
15 // s i n c e Pi =3∗E∗ I m p h a s e =3∗E∗ I ∗ ( c o s ( t h e t a ) / s q r t ( 2 ) ) ∗
a l p h a 0 , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
16 I = Pi /(3* E *( cosd ( theta ) / sqrt (2) ) * alpha0 ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n of input current to the convertors
17 printf ( ” \ nThe i n p u t c u r r e n t t o t h e c o n v e r t o r s i s \ t
I=%. 2 f A” ,I ) ;
167
Chapter 11
A C Regulators
1 // c h a p t e r 11
2 // e x a m p l e 1 1 . 1
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e peak v a l u e s o f a v e r a g e and rms
t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t s , minimum c i r c u i t t u r n − o f f time
, the r a t i o o f t h i r d harmonic v o l t a g e to
f u n d a m e n t a l v o l t a g e , maximum v a l u e o f d i / d t and
t h e a n g l e a t which g r e a t e s t f o r w a r d o r r e v e r s e
voltage is applied .
4 // page −718−719
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 R =4; // i n ohm
10 f =50; // i n Hz
11 alpha = %pi /3; // i n d e g r e e
12 n =3
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 Em = E * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak i n p u t v o l t a g e
15 I_T_av_m = Em /( %pi * R ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v a l u e o f
average t h y r i s t o r current
168
16 I_T_rms_m = Em /(2* R ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v a l u e rms
thyristor current
17 w =2* %pi * f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a n g l u a r f r e q u e n c y
18 Toff = %pi / w ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f minimum c i r c u i t t u r n −
o f f time
19 A3 =( Em / %pi ) *( sin (( n +1) * alpha ) /( n +1) - sin (( n -1) * alpha )
/( n -1) ) ;
20 B3 =( Em / %pi ) *(( cos (( n +1) * alpha ) -1) /( n +1) -( cos (( n -1) *
alpha ) -1) /( n -1) ) ;
21 E_3m = sqrt ( A3 ^2+ B3 ^2) ;
22 E_1m =( Em / %pi ) * sqrt (( sin (( n -1) * alpha ) /2+( %pi - alpha ) )
^2+(( cos (( n -1) * alpha ) -1) /( n -1) ) ^2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
of
23 ratio = E_3m / E_1m ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e r a t i o o f t h i r d
harmonic v o l t a g e to fundamental v o l t a g e
24 di_dt = %inf // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum v a l u e o f d i / d t
25 alpha2 = %pi /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e a n g l e a t which
g r e a t e s t forward or r e v e r s e voltage i s applied .
26 Em_max = sqrt (2) * E ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f m a g n i t u d e o f
maximum v o l t a g e
27 printf ( ” \ nThe peak v a l u e o f a v e r a g e t h y r i s t o r
c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t \ t I T a v m=%. 2 f A” , I_T_av_m ) ;
28 printf ( ” \ nThe peak v a l u e rms t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t i s \ t
\ t \ t \ t I T r m s m=%. 2 f A” , I_T_rms_m ) ;
29 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum c i r c u i t t u r n − o f f t i m e i s \ t \ t \
t \ t \ t T o f f m=%. f ms” , Toff *1 E3 ) ;
30 printf ( ” \ nThe r a t i o o f t h i r d h a r m o n i c v o l t a g e t o
f u n d a m e n t a l v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t %. 3 f ” , ratio ) ;
31 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum v a l u e o f d i / d t i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t
d i / d t=%f A/ s ” , di_dt ) ;
32 printf ( ” \ nThe a n g l e a t which g r e a t e s t f o r w a r d o r
r e v e r s e v o l t a g e i s a p p l i e d i s \ t a l p h a=%. 2 f
r a d i a n ” , alpha2 ) ;
33 printf ( ” \ nThe m a g n i t u d e o f maximum v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t
\ t \ t Em max=%. 2 f V” , Em_max ) ;
169
Scilab code Exa 11.2 Determine rms value of output voltage input power factor and
1 // c h a p t e r 11
2 // example 1 1 . 2
3 // f i g . Ex . 11.2
4 // D e t e r m i n e rms v a l u e o f o u t p u t v o l t a g e , i n p u t
power f a c t o r and a v e r a g e i n p u t c u r r e n t
5 // page −719−721
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 R =6; // i n ohm
11 f =50; // i n Hz
12 alpha = %pi /2; // i n d e g r e e
13 n =3
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 E0_rms = sqrt ((2* Es ^2/(4* %pi ) ) *( integrate ( ’ 1− c o s ( 2 ∗ wt )
’ , ’ wt ’ , alpha , %pi ) + integrate ( ’ 1− c o s ( 2 ∗ wt ) ’ , ’ wt ’ ,
%pi ,(2* %pi ) ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e o f
16 I0_rms = E0_rms / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms v a l u e o f
output cu r r en t
17 P0 = I0_rms ^2* R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d power
18 Ea = Es * I0_rms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n p u t v o l t a g e −ampere
rating
19 pf = P0 / Ea ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n p u t power f a c t o r
20 Edc =(1/(2* %pi ) ) *( sqrt (2) * Es * integrate ( ’ s i n ( wt ) ’ , ’ wt ’
, alpha , %pi ) + sqrt (2) * Es * integrate ( ’ s i n ( wt ) ’ , ’ wt ’ ,
%pi ,(2* %pi ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e o u t p u t
voltage
21 Idc = Edc / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e i n p u t c u r r e n t
22 printf ( ” \ nThe rms v a l u e o f o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t
E0 rms=%. 2 f V” , E0_rms ) ;
170
23 printf ( ” \ nThe i n p u t power f a c t o r i s \ t \ t p f=%. 3 f ” ,
pf ) ;
24 if pf >0 then
25 printf ( ” ( l a g g i n g ) ” ) ;
26 else
27 printf ( ” ( l e a d i n g ) ” ) ;
28 end
29 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e i n p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I d c=%. 2 f
A” , Idc ) ;
1 // c h a p t e r 11
2 // e x a m p l e 1 1 . 3
3 // D e t e r m i n e c o n t r o l r a n g e o f f i r i n g a n g l e , maximum
v a l u e o f rms l o a d c u r r e n t , maximum power and
power f a c t o r , maximum v a l u e s o f a v e r a g e and rms
t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t , maximum p o s s i b l e o f d i / d t and
t h e c o n d u c t i o n a n g l e f o r a l p h a =0 and a l p h a =120
4 // page −721−722
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 R =4; // i n ohm
10 f =50; // i n Hz
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 w =2* %pi * f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y
15 Em = Es * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v a l u e o f i n p u t
voltage
16 alpha_min = atand ( wL / R ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f minimum
f i r i n g angle
17 alpha_max =180; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum f i r i n g a n g l e
171
18 Z = sqrt ( R ^2+ wL ^2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i m p e d e n c e
19 I0_rms_m = Es / Z ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum v a l u e o f rms
load current
20 P0 = I0_rms_m ^2* R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum power
21 pf = P0 /( Es * I0_rms_m ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power f a c t o r
22 I_T_av =( Em /( %pi * Z ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum v a l u e s
23 I_T_rms = Em /(2* Z ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum v a l u e s o f
rms t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t
24 di_dt = w * Em / Z ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum p o s s i b l e o f
d i / dt
25 gama1 =180; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e c o n d u c t i o n a n g l e f o r
a l p h a =0
26 gama2 =95; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e c o n d u c t i o n a n g l e f o r
a l p h a =120
27 printf ( ” \ nThe c o n t r o l r a n g e o f f i r i n g a n g l e i s \ t %
. 2 f d e g r e e <= a l p h a <= %. 2 f d e g r e e ” , alpha_min
, alpha_max ) ;
28 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum v a l u e o f rms l o a d c u r r e n t i s \
t \ t I 0 r m s m=%. f A” , I0_rms_m ) ;
29 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum power i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t P0=%. f W” ,
P0 ) ;
30 printf ( ” \ nThe power f a c t o r i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t p f=%. 1 f ” , pf
);
31 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum v a l u e s o f a v e r a g e t h y r i s t o r
c u r r e n t i s \ t I T a v=%. 3 f A” , I_T_av ) ;
32 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum v a l u e s o f rms t h y r i s t o r
c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I T r m s=%. 3 f A” , I_T_rms ) ;
33 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum p o s s i b l e o f d i / d t i s \ t \ t \ t d i
/ d t=%1E A/ s ” , di_dt ) ;
34 printf ( ” \ nThe c o n d u c t i o n a n g l e f o r a l p h a =0 i s \ t \ t \ t
gama1=%. f d e g r e e ” , gama1 ) ;
35 printf ( ” \ nThe c o n d u c t i o n a n g l e f o r a l p h a =120 i s \ t \ t
\ t gama2=%. f d e g r e e ” , gama2 ) ;
172
Scilab code Exa 11.4 Plot a curve of load power against firing delay angle and det
1 // c h a p t e r 11
2 // e x a m p l e 1 1 . 4
3 // P l o t a c u r v e o f l o a d power a g a i n s t f i r i n g d e l a y
a n g l e and d e t e r m i n e r e q u i r e d t h y r i s t o r r a t i n g
4 // page −722
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 clf ;
8 // g i v e n
9 R =10; // i n ohm
10 E1 =100; // i n V
11 E2 =70.7; // i n V
12 f =50; // i n Hz ( u s e d by t h e a u t h o r )
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 w =2* %pi * f ;
15 alpha =[0:0.1: %pi ];
16 P0 =1000 -(500* alpha -250* sin (2* alpha ) ) / %pi ;
17 plot2d ( alpha , P0 , nax =[2 ,3 ,2 ,3] , rect =[0 ,0 , %pi ,1000]) ;
18 PRV_12 = E1 * sqrt (2) ;
19 PRV_34 = E2 * sqrt (2) ;
20 printf ( ” \nTHe peak r e v e r s e v o l t a g e f o r t h y r i s t o r T1
and T2 i s \ t PRV=%. f V” , PRV_12 ) ;
21 printf ( ” \nTHe peak r e v e r s e v o l t a g e f o r t h y r i s t o r T3
and T3 i s \ t PRV=%. f V” , PRV_34 ) ;
22 I_T_max_12 = E1 * sqrt (2) / R ;
23 I_T_max_34 = E2 * sqrt (2) / R ;
24 I_T_rms_12 = I_T_max_12 /2;
25 I_T_rms_34 = I_T_max_34 /2;
26 printf ( ” \nTHe maximum c u r r e n t f o r t h y r i s t o r T1 and
T2 i s \ t I T 1 2=%. 1 f A” , I_T_max_12 ) ;
27 printf ( ” \nTHe maximum c u r r e n t f o r t h y r i s t o r T3 and
T3 i s \ t I T 3 4=%. 1 f A” , I_T_max_34 ) ;
28 printf ( ” \nTHe rms c u r r e n t f o r t h y r i s t o r T1 and T2 i s
\ t I T 1 2=%. 1 f A” , I_T_rms_12 ) ;
29 printf ( ” \nTHe rms c u r r e n t f o r t h y r i s t o r T3 and T3 i s
\ t I T 3 4=%. 1 f A” , I_T_rms_34 ) ;
173
Scilab code Exa 11.5 Determine rms current of tyristor T1 and T2 rms current of Th
1 // c h a p t e r 11
2 // example 1 1 . 5
3 // f i g . 11.9
4 // D e t e r m i n e rms c u r r e n t o f t y r i s t o r T1 and T2 , rms
c u r r e n t o f T h y r i s t o r T3 and T4 and i n p u t power
factor
5 // page −722−723
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 e1 =130; // i n V
10 e2 =130; // i n V
11 Ep =260; // i n V
12 E0 =195; // i n V
13 R =6; // i n ohm
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16 I1 = sqrt ((1/(2* %pi * R ^2) ) *2*( e1 + e2 ) ^2* integrate ( ’ ( s i n (
wt ) ) ˆ2 ’ , ’ wt ’ , alpha , %pi ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms
c u r r e n t o f t y r i s t o r T1 and T2
17 I2 = sqrt ((1/(2* %pi * R ^2) ) *2*( e1 ^2) * integrate ( ’ ( s i n ( wt
) ) ˆ2 ’ , ’ wt ’ ,0 , alpha ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms
c u r r e n t o f T h y r i s t o r T3 and T4
18 Iw2 = sqrt (2) * I1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms c u r r e n t o f
second winding
19 Iw1 = sqrt (( sqrt (2) * I1 ) ^2+( sqrt (2) * I2 ) ^2) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms c u r r e n t o f f i r s t w i n d i n g
20 Ea = e1 * Iw1 + e2 * Iw2 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f v o l t −ampere
rating
21 P0 = E0 ^2/ R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum power
22 PF = P0 / Ea ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power f a c t o r
23 printf ( ” \ nThe rms c u r r e n t o f t y r i s t o r T1 and T2 i s \
174
t I 1=%. 2 f A” , I1 ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe rms c u r r e n t o f T h y r i s t o r T3 and T4 i s
\ t I 2=%. 2 f A” , I2 ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ nThe power f a c t o r i s \ t \ t \ t p f=%. 3 f ” , PF ) ;
26 if PF >0 then
27 printf ( ” ( l a g g i n g ) ” ) ;
28 else
29 printf ( ” ( l a e d i n g ) ” ) ;
30 end
Scilab code Exa 11.6 Determine rms output phase voltage input power factor
1 // c h a p t e r 11
2 // e x a m p l e 1 1 . 6
3 // D e t e r m i n e rms o u t p u t p h a s e v o l t a g e , i n p u t power
factor
4 // page −741−742
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E_L =210; // i n V
9 R =5; // i n ohm
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 Es = E_L / sqrt (3) ;
13 E0 = sqrt ((2* Es ^2/(4* %pi ) ) *( integrate ( ’ 1− c o s ( 2 ∗ wt ) ’ , ’
wt ’ , alpha , %pi ) + integrate ( ’ 1− c o s ( 2 ∗ wt ) ’ , ’ wt ’ ,%pi
,(2* %pi ) ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms o u t p u t p a h s e
voltage
14 Ia = E0 / R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms c u r r e n t
15 P0 =3* Ia ^2* R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum power
16 I_L = Ia ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d c u r r e n t
17 EA =3* Es * I_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f v o l t −ampere r a t i n g
18 pf = P0 / EA ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power f a c t o r
19 printf ( ” \ nThe rms o u t p u t p h a s e v o l t a g e i s \ t E0=%. 3 f
175
V” , E0 ) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe power f a c t o r i s \ t \ t \ t p f=%. 3 f ” , pf ) ;
21 if pf >0 then
22 printf ( ” ( l a g g i n g ) ” ) ;
23 else
24 printf ( ” ( l a e d i n g ) ” ) ;
25 end
26 // Note p a r t −c o f t h i s q u e s t i o n i s a d e r i v a t i o n t y p e
which i h a v e n o t done
Scilab code Exa 11.7 Determine required ratings of triacs and thyrstors
1 // c h a p t e r 11
2 // e x a m p l e 1 1 . 7
3 // D e t e r m i n e r e q u i r e d r a t i n g s o f t r i a c s and
thyrstors
4 // page −742
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Es =415; // i n V
9 P0 =15; // i n kW
10 // c a l c u l a t e
11 P0 = P0 *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from kW t o W
12 E_line = Es * sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l i n e v o l t a g e
13 I_line_rms = P0 / E_line ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms l i n e
current for traics
14 V_offstate = Es * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak
offstate voltage for traics
15 I_rms = I_line_rms / sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e q u i r e d
rms c u r r e n t r a t i n g f o r t h y r i s t o r
16 printf ( ” \n For T r a i c s ” ) ;
17 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe rms l i n e c u r r e n t i s \ t I l i n e r m s =
%. 1 f A” , I_line_rms ) ;
18 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe peak o f f s t a t e v o l t a g e i s \ t
176
V o f f s t a t e =%. f V” , V_offstate ) ;
19 printf ( ” \n\n For t h y r i s t o r s ” ) ;
20 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe r e q u i r e d rms c u r r e n t r a t i n g i s \ t \
t I r m s=%. 1 f A” , I_rms ) ;
21 printf ( ” \n\ t \ tThe v o l t a g e r e q u i r e m e n t w i l l be same
a s t h a t o f t r i a c s %. f V” , V_offstate ) ;
177
Chapter 12
Resonant Convertors
Scilab code Exa 12.1 Determine circuit turn off time maximum possible output frequ
1 // c h a p t e r 12
2 // e x a m p l e 1 2 . 1
3 // D e t e r m i n e c i r c u i t t u r n − o f f time , maximum p o s s i b l e
o u t p u t f r e q u e n c y , c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e , rms l o a d
c u r r e n t , o u t p u t power and a v e r a g e and rms SCR
currents
4 // page −755−756
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =200; // i n V ( dc i n p u t )
9 Lr =40; // i n uH ( r e s o n a n t i n d u c t o r )
10 Cr =6.8; // i n uF ( r e s o n a n t c a p a c i t o r )
11 F =6; // i n Khz ( f r e q u e n c y o f o u t p u t v o l t a g e )
12 t_q =15; // i n u s (SCR t u r n − o f f t i m e )
13 R =3; // i n ohm
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 Lr = Lr *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from uH t o H
16 Cr = Cr *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from uF t o F
18 F = F *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from KHz t o Hz
178
19 wr = sqrt ((1/( Lr * Cr ) ) -R ^2/(4* Lr ^2) ) ;
20 // s i n c e wr=2∗%pi ∗ f r , t h e r e f o r e we g e t ,
21 fr = wr /(2* %pi ) ;
22 w0 =2* %pi * F ;
23 Toff =( %pi / w0 ) -( %pi / wr ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f circuit
turn−o f f time
24 Fmax =1/(2*( t_q +( %pi / wr ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum
p o s s i b l e output frequency
25 Ec = Edc *(( exp ( R * %pi /(2* Lr * wr ) ) +1) /( exp ( R * %pi /(2* Lr * wr
) ) -1) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e
26 I_L_rms =(( Edc + Ec ) /( wr * Lr ) ) * sqrt ( F *(1 - exp ( - R * %pi /(2*
wr * Lr ) ) ) *(( Lr / R ) -( R / Lr ) *(1/((2* wr ) ^2+( R / Lr ) ^2) ) ) )
; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms l o a d c u r r e n t
27 P0 = I_L_rms ^2* R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t power
28 I_rms_SCR = I_L_rms / sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms SCR
current
29 I_L_avg =(2* F *( Edc + Ec ) /(( wr ^2+( R /(2* Lr ) ^2) ) * Lr ) ) *1+
exp ( - R * %pi /(4* wr * Lr ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e
load current
30 I_avg_SCR = I_L_avg /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e SCR
current
31 printf ( ” \ nThe c i r c u i t t u r n − o f f t i m e i s \ t \ t \ t T o f f=%
. 1 f u s ” , Toff *1 E6 ) ;
32 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum p o s s i b l e o u t p u t f r e q u e n c y i s \
t Fmax=%. 3 f KHz” , Fmax *1 E -3) ;
33 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t Ec=%. 2 f V”
, Ec ) ;
34 printf ( ” \ nThe rms l o a d c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I L r m s=%. 2
f A” , I_L_rms ) ;
35 printf ( ” \ nThe o u t p u t power i s \ t \ t \ t \ t P0=%. 2 f W” , P0
);
36 printf ( ” \ nThe rms SCR c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t \ t I rms SCR=
%. 2 f A” , I_rms_SCR ) ;
37 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e SCR c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t
I a v g S C R=%. 3 f A” , I_avg_SCR ) ;
calculation
179
Scilab code Exa 12.2 Determine resonant frequency maximum operating frequency Peak
1 // c h a p t e r 12
2 // example 1 2 . 2
3 // f i g . 12.8
4 // D e t e r m i n e r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y , maximum o p e r a t i n g
f r e q u e n c y , Peak t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t , a v e r a g e
t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t , rms t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t , rms
l o a d c u r r e n t and a v e r a g e s u p p l y c u r r e n t
5 // page −760−762
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 C1 =4; // i n uF
10 C2 =4; // i n uF
11 Lr =40; // i n uH
12 R =2; // i n ohm
15 // c a l c u l a t e
18 Ceq = C1 + C2 ;
19 Ceq = Ceq *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from uF t o F
20 wr = sqrt ((1/( Lr * Ceq ) ) -R ^2/(4* Lr ^2) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
of resonant angular frequency
21 fr = wr /(2* %pi ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y
22 tr =1/ fr ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s o n a n t time −p e r i o d
23 fr_max =1/(2* t_q ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum
frequency
24 f0 =0.4* fr ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t f r e q u e n c y
25 T0 =1/ f0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t p e r i o d
26 td = T0 /2 - tr ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d e l a y t i m e
27 tp =(1/ wr ) * atan (2* wr * Lr / R ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e a t
180
which peak c u r r e n t i s o b t a i n e d
28 Ec1 = Edc /( exp ( R *2* %pi /(2* Lr * wr ) ) +1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
of i n i t i a l capacitor voltage
29 Ip =( Edc + Ec1 ) /( wr * Lr ) * sin ( wr * tp ) * exp ( - R * tp /(2* Lr ) ) ;
// c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak c u r r e n t
30 I_av_SCR =( Edc + Ec1 ) /( wr * Lr ) *(1/ T0 ) * integrate ( ’ s i n ( wr ∗
t ) ∗ exp (−R∗ t / ( 2 ∗ Lr ) ) ’ , ’ t ’ ,0 , tr /2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
31 I_rms_SCR =( Edc + Ec1 ) /( wr * Lr ) * sqrt ((1/ T0 ) *( integrate ( ’
( s i n ( wr ∗ t ) ) ˆ2∗ exp (−R∗ t / Lr ) ’ , ’ t ’ ,0 , tr /2) ) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t
32 I0 =2* I_rms_SCR ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms l o a d c u r r e n t
33 P0 = I0 ^2* R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t power
KHz” , fr *1 E -3) ;
36 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum p o s s i b l e o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y
i s \ t f r m a x=%. f KHz” , fr_max *1 E -3) ;
37 printf ( ” \ nThe Peak t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I p=%
. 2 f A” , Ip ) ;
38 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t
I av SC R=%. 3 f A” , I_av_SCR ) ;
39 printf ( ” \ nThe rms t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t
I rms SCR=%. 2 f A” , I_rms_SCR ) ;
40 printf ( ” \ nThe rms l o a d c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I 0=%. 1 f A” ,
I0 ) ;
41 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e s u p p l y c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I s=%
. 2 f A” , Is ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 12.3 Determine resonant frequency maximum operating frequency Peak
1 // c h a p t e r 12
2 // e x a m p l e 1 2 . 3
181
3 // D e t e r m i n e r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y , maximum o p e r a t i n g
f r e q u e n c y , Peak t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t , a v e r a g e
t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t , rms t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t , rms
l o a d c u r r e n t and a v e r a g e s u p p l y c u r r e n t
4 // page −765−767
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Cr =8; // i n uF
9 Lr =40; // i n uH
10 R =2; // i n ohm
13 // c a l c u l a t e
16 Cr = Cr *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from uF t o F
17 wr = sqrt ((1/( Lr * Cr ) ) -R ^2/(4* Lr ^2) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
resonant angular frequency
18 fr = wr /(2* %pi ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y
19 f0 =0.4* fr ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t f r e q u e n c y
20 tr =1/ fr ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s o n a n t time −p e r i o d
21 T0 =1/ f0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t p e r i o d
22 td = T0 /2 - tr ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d e l a y t i m e
23 fr_max =1/(2* t_q ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum
frequency
24 f0_max = fr_max /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum f o u t p u t
frequency
25 tp =(1/ wr ) * atan (2* wr * Lr / R ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e a t
which peak c u r r e n t i s o b t a i n e d
26 Ec1 = Edc *((1 - exp ( - R * %pi /( Lr * wr ) ) ) /(1+ exp ( - R * %pi /( Lr *
wr ) ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n i t i a l capacitor
voltage
27 Ip =( Edc + Ec1 ) /( wr * Lr ) * sin ( wr * tp ) * exp ( - R * tp /(2* Lr ) ) ;
// c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak c u r r e n t
28 I_avg_SCR =( Edc + Ec1 ) /( wr * Lr ) *(1/ T0 ) * integrate ( ’ s i n ( wr
∗ t ) ∗ exp (−R∗ t / ( 2 ∗ Lr ) ) ’ , ’ t ’ ,0 , tr /2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
182
29 I_rms_SCR =( Edc + Ec1 ) /( wr * Lr ) * sqrt ((1/ T0 ) *( integrate ( ’
( s i n ( wr ∗ t ) ) ˆ2∗ exp (−R∗ t / Lr ) ’ , ’ t ’ ,0 , tr /2) ) ) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t
30 I0 =2* I_rms_SCR ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms l o a d c u r r e n t
31 P0 = I0 ^2* R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t power
KHz” , fr *1 E -3) ;
34 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum p o s s i b l e o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y
i s \ t f r m a x=%. f KHz” , fr_max *1 E -3) ;
35 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum p o s s i b l e o u t p u t f r e q u e n c y i s \
t f 0 m a x=%. 1 f KHz” , f0_max *1 E -3) ;
36 printf ( ” \ nThe Peak t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I p=%
. 3 f A” , Ip ) ;
37 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t
I a v g S C R=%. 3 f A” , I_avg_SCR ) ;
38 printf ( ” \ nThe rms t h y r i s t o r c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t
I rms SCR=%. 2 f A” , I_rms_SCR ) ;
39 printf ( ” \ nThe rms l o a d c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I 0=%. 1 f A” ,
I0 ) ;
40 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e s u p p l y c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I s=%
. 2 f A” , Is ) ;
41 // Note : 1 . The a n s w e r f o r I avg SCR , I rms SCR , I0
, P0 and I s a r e wrong i n t h e book due t o t h e u s e
o f wrong v a l u e o f Ec1 i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n
calculation
Scilab code Exa 12.4 Design E class resonant invertor
1 // c h a p t e r 12
2 // e x a m p l e 1 2 . 4
3 // D e s i g n E− c l a s s r e s o n a n t i n v e r t o r
4 // page −769−770
5 clear ;
183
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 R =12; // i n ohm
9 Edc =24; // i n V (DC v o l t a g e )
10 fs =20; // i n KHz ( s w i t c h i n g f r e q u e n c y )
11 Q =7; // a s s u m p t i o n f o r q u a l i t y f a c t o r a s done i n t h e
book
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 fs = fs *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from KHz t o Hz
14 ws =2* %pi * fs ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s w i t c h i n g a n g u l a r
frequency
15 Ldc =0.4* R / ws ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s o u r c e i n d u c t a n c e
16 C1 =2.165/( R * ws ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s o n a n c e e l e m e n t
17 // s i n c e Q=ws ∗ Lr /R , t h e r e f o r e we g e t ,
18 Lr = Q * R / ws ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d u c t a n c e from s e r i e s
resonance
19 // s i n c e ws ∗ Lr −1/( ws ∗ Cr ) = 0 . 3 5 3 ∗R , t h e r e f o r e we g e t ,
20 Cr =(1/( ws * Lr -0.353* R ) ) / ws ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
c a p a c i t a n c e from s e r i e s r e s o n a n c e
21 e =( R /2) * sqrt ( Cr / Lr ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f damping
factor
22 f0 =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( Lr * Cr ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
resonance frequency
23 printf ( ” \ nThe s o u r c e i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t Ldc=%. 1 f
uH” , Ldc *1 E6 ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe r e s o n a n c e e l e m e n t i s \ t \ t \ t C1=%. 1 f uF
” , C1 *1 E6 ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ nThe i n d u c t a n c e from s e r i e s r e s o n a n c e i s \ t
Lr=%. 1 f uH” , Lr *1 E6 ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e from s e r i e s r e s o n a n c e i s \
t Cr=%. 2 f uF” , Cr *1 E6 ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe r e s o n a n c e f r e q u e n c y i s \ t \ t \ t f 0=%. 2 f
KHz” , f0 *1 E -3) ;
calculation
184
Scilab code Exa 12.5 Determine values of resonant components Lr and Cr peak switch
1 // c h a p t e r 12
2 // e x a m p l e 1 2 . 5
3 // D e s t e r m i n e v a l u e s o f r e s o n a n t c o m p o n e n t s Lr and
Cr , peak s w i t c h i n g c u r r e n t , peak v o l t a g e r a t i n g
of the resonant c a p a c i t o r
4 // page −778−780
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =18; // i n V ( u n r e g u l a t e d DC v o l t a g e )
9 E0 =12; // i n V ( o u t p u t v o l t a g e )
10 fr =1; // i n MHz
11 P0 =12; // i n W
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 fr = fr *1 E6 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from MHz t o Hz
14 // s i n c e P0=E0∗ I0 , t h e r e f o r e we g e t ,
15 I0 = P0 / E0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d c u r r e n t
16 Zr = Edc / I0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d i m p e d a n c e
17 // s i n c e Zr=s q r t ( Lr / Cr ) and f r =1/(2∗ %pi ∗ s q r t ( Lr ∗ Cr ) )
, m u l t i p l y i n g two e q u a t i o n s , we g e t
18 // Zr ∗ f r =1/(2∗ %pi ∗ Cr ) , t h e r e f o r e
19 Cr =1/(2* %pi * Zr * fr ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s o n a n t
capacitance
20 Lr = Zr ^2* Cr ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s o n a n t i n d u c t a n c e
21 is_p = I0 + Edc * sqrt ( Cr / Lr ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak
switch current
22 Vc_peak =2* Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e r a t i n g
of capacitor
23 printf ( ” \ nThe r e s o n a n t c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t Cr=%. 5 f
uF” , Cr *1 E6 ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe r e s o n a n t i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t Lr=%. 2 f
uH” , Lr *1 E6 ) ;
185
25 printf ( ” \ nThe peak s w i t c h c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t i s p =%. 2
f A” , is_p ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe peak v o l t a g e r a t i n g o f c a p a c i t o r i s \ t
V c p e a k=%. f V” , Vc_peak ) ;
27 // Note : The a n s w e r i n t h e book a r e wrong due t o
c a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e w h i l e c a l c u l a t i n g Cr and
h e n c e a l l o t h e r a n s w e r a r e a l s o wrong
Scilab code Exa 12.6 Determine values of resonant components Lr and Cr peak voltag
1 // c h a p t e r 12
2 // e x a m p l e 1 2 . 6
3 // D e t e r m i n e v a l u e s o f r e s o n a n t c o m p on e n t s Lr and Cr
, peak v o l t a g e r a t i n g o f t h e r e s o n a n t c a p a c i t o r
and c h a r g i n g and d i s c h a r g i n g p e r i o d o f c a p c a i t o r
4 // page −785−786
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =35; // i n V
10 fr =500; // i n KHz
11 P0 =24; // i n W
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 fr = fr *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from KHz t o Hz
14 // s i n c e P0=E0∗ I0 , t h e r e f o r e we g e t ,
15 I0 = P0 / E0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d c u r r e n t
16 Zr = Edc / I0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d i m p e d a n c e
17 // s i n c e Zr=s q r t ( Lr / Cr ) and f r =1/(2∗ %pi ∗ s q r t ( Lr ∗ Cr ) )
, m u l t i p l y i n g two e q u a t i o n s , we g e t
18 // Zr ∗ f r =1/(2∗ %pi ∗ Cr ) , t h e r e f o r e
19 Cr =1/(2* %pi * Zr * fr ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s o n a n t
capacitance
20 Lr = Zr ^2* Cr ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s o n a n t i n d u c t a n c e
21 Vs_p = Edc + I0 * Zr ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
186
rating of capacitor
22 t1 = Edc * Cr / I0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c h a r g i n g p e r i o d o f
capcaitor
23 t3 = sqrt ( Lr * Cr ) * asin ( Edc * sqrt ( Cr / Lr ) / I0 ) ; //
calculation of discharging period of capcaitor
24 printf ( ” \ nThe r e s o n a n t c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t Cr=%. 4 f
uF” , Cr *1 E6 ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ nThe r e s o n a n t i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t \ t \ t Lr=%. 2 f
uH” , Lr *1 E6 ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe peak v o l t a g e r a t i n g o f c a p a c i t o r i s \ t
Vs p=%. f V” , Vs_p ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe c h a r g i n g p e r i o d o f c a p c a i t o r i s \ t \ t
t 1=%. 3 f u s ” , t1 *1 E6 ) ;
28 printf ( ” \ nThe d i s c h a r g i n g p e r i o d o f c a p c a i t o r i s \ t \
t t 3=%. 3 f u s ” , t3 *1 E6 ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 12.7 Design a ZVS three level PWM convertor
1 // c h a p t e r 12
2 // e x a m p l e 1 2 . 7
3 // D e s i g n a ZVS t h r e e − l e v e l PWM c o n v e r t o r
4 // page −791−792
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =300; // i n V
10 I0 =10; // i n A
11 fs =120; // i n KHz
12 Deff =0.5; // e f f e c t i v e duty r a t i o
13 del_D =25; // a s s u m p t i o n f o r r e d u c t i o n i n duty r a t i o
i n p e r c e n t a g e o f duty r a t i o a s done i n t h e book
14 TLI =3.46; // i n uH ( a s s u m i n g t r a n s f o r m e r l e a k a g e
187
i n d u c t a n c e a s done i n t h e book )
15 C =500; // i n pF ( a s s u m i n g i n t r i n s i c c a p a c i t a n c e o f
MOSFET a s done i n t h e book )
16 // c a l c u l a t e
17 fs = fs *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from KHz t o Hz
18 TLI = TLI *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from uH t o H
19 C = C *1 E -12; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from pF t o F
20 // s i n c e D e f f =2∗n∗E0/ Edc , t h e r e f o r e we g e t ,
21 n = Deff * Edc /(2* E0 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t r a n s f o r m e r
turns ratio
22 // s i n c e D e f f=D−d e l D ∗D, t h e r e f o r e we g e t ,
23 D = Deff /(1 - del_D /100) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f duty r a t i o
24 Lr =(( del_D * D /100) * Edc /2) /(4*( I0 / n ) * fs ) ; //
calculation of resonant inductance
25 Lr_eff = Lr + TLI ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f e f f e c i v e i n d u c t a n c e
26 I0_min =( n * Edc /2) * sqrt (1.5* C / Lr_eff ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f minimum l o a d c u r r e n t
27 I_Lr = I0 / n ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d u c t o r c u r r e n t
28 X_Lr =2* %pi * fs * Lr_eff ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d u c t i v e
reactance
29 V_Lr = I_Lr * X_Lr ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f v o l t a g e d r o p
a c r o s s Lr
30 // s i n c e E0=D e f f ∗ Es , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
31 Es = E0 / Deff ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e
32 Ep = n * Es ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f p r i m a r y v o l t a g e
33 VA = Ep * I_Lr ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t r a n s f o r m e r v o l t −
ampere
34 printf ( ” \ nThe duty r a t i o i s \ t \ t D=%. 2 f ” ,D ) ;
35 printf ( ” \ nThe r e s o n a n t i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t Lr=%. 2 f uH” ,
Lr *1 E6 ) ;
36 printf ( ” \ nThe e f f e c t i v e i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t L r e f f =%. f
uH” , Lr_eff *1 E6 ) ;
37 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum l o a d c u r r e n t i s \ t I 0 m i n=%. 2 f
A” , I0_min ) ;
38 printf ( ” \ nThe i n d u c t o r c u r r e n t i s \ t I L r=%. f A” ,
I_Lr ) ;
39 printf ( ” \ nThe v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s Lr i s \ t V Lr=%. 2 f
V” , V_Lr ) ;
188
40 printf ( ” \ nThe s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e i s \ t Es=%. f V” , Es ) ;
41 printf ( ” \ nThe p r i m a r y v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t Ep=%. f V” , Ep ) ;
42 printf ( ” \ nThe t r a n s f o r m e r v o l t −ampere i s \ t VA=%. f
VA” , VA ) ;
43 // Note : The a n s w e r v a r y s l i g h t l y due to p r e c i s e
calculation
189
Chapter 13
Protection and Cooling of

Power Switching Devices
Scilab code Exa 13.1 Compute the values of di dt inductor and the snubber circuit
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // example 1 3 . 1
3 // f i g . 13.11
4 // Compute t h e v a l u e s o f d i / d t i n d u c t o r and t h e
s n u b b e r c i r c u i t component Rs and Cs
5 // page −807−808
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 E =400; // i n V
10 di_dt =50; // i n A/ u s
11 dv_dt =200; // i n V/ u s
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 // s i n c e d i / d t=E/L , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
14 L = E / di_dt ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
15 // s i n c e dV/ d t=Rs ∗ d i / dt , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
16 Rs = dv_dt / di_dt ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
17 Rs =10; // a s s u m i n g t h e d e s i r e d v a l u e s
18 Cs =0.1; // i n uF a s s u m i n g t h e d e s i r e d v a l u e
190
19 L = E * Rs /( dv_dt ) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f d i / d t i n d u c t o r
i s \ t \ t L=%. f
uH” ,L ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe s n u b b e r c i r c u i t component a r e \ t Rs=%.
f ohm \ t Cs=%. 1 f uF” ,Rs , Cs ) ;
Scilab code Exa 13.2 Compute the required parameters snubber circuit
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 2
3 // Compute t h e r e q u i r e d p a r a m e t e r s s n u b b e r c i r c u i t
4 // page −809
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Em =380; // i n V
9 dv_dt =50; // i n V/ u s
10 L =0.1; // i n mH
11 sigma =0.65; // a s s u m p t i o n f o r damping f a c t o r a s done
i n t h e book
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 dv_dt = dv_dt /1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from V/ u s t o V/ s
15 C =(1/(2* L ) ) *(0.564* Em / dv_dt ) ^2;
16 R =2* sigma * sqrt ( L / C ) ;
17 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t C=%. 3 f uF” ,C *1 E6 ) ;
18 printf ( ” \ nThe r e s i s t a n c e i s \ t R=%. 2 f ohm” ,R ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 13.3 Design a snubber circuit
1 // c h a p t e r 13
191
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 3
3 // D e s i g n a s n u b b e r c i r c u i t
4 // page −809
5 clc ;
6 clear ;
7 // g i v e n
8 VA =5; // i n kVA
9 Es =120; // i n V ( s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e )
10 f =400; // i n Hz ( s w i t c h i n g f r e q u e n c y )
11 L =100; // i n uH
12 Ep =200; // i n V ( peak t r a n s i e n t v o l t a g e )
13 sigma =0.75; // a s s u m p t i o n f o r damping f a c t o r a s done
i n t h e book
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 VA = VA *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from kVA t o VA
17 C =10* VA *60/( Es ^2* f ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t a n c e
i n uF
18 Esp = Es * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak s w i t c h i n g
voltage ratio
19 Ep_Esp = Ep / Esp ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak t r a n s i e n t
v o l t a g e Vs peak s w i t c h i n g v o l t a g e r a t i o
20 R =2* sigma * sqrt ( L /( C *1 E -6) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
resistance
21 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t C=%. 2 f uF” ,C ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe peak t r a n s i e n t v o l t a g e Vs peak
s w i t c h i n g v o l t a g e r a t i o i s \ t %. 2 f ” , Ep_Esp ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 13.4 Compute initial capacitor voltage magnetizing current and cap
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 4
192
3 // f i g . 1 3 . 1 3
4 // Compute i n i t i a l c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e , m a g n e t i z i n g
c u r r e n t and c a p a c i t o r v a l u e t o l i m i t t h e
t r a n s i e n t c a p c a i t o r v o l t a g e t o Ep=330 V
5 // page −809−810
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Es =140; // i n V
10 f =50; // i n Hz
11 Lm =3; // i n mH
12 theta =180; // i n d e g r e e
13 Ep =330; // i n V
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 Lm = Lm *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mH t o H
16 Em = sqrt (2) * Es ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
17 Vc_0 = Em * sind ( theta ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n i t i a l
capacitor voltage
18 w =2* %pi * f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y
19 Im =( - Em /( w * Lm ) ) * cosd ( theta ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
magnetizing current
20 C = Im * Em /( Ep ^2* w ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r v a l u e
to l i m i t the t r a n s i e n t c a p c a i t o r voltage
21 printf ( ” \ nThe i n i t i a l c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \
t \ t Vc 0= %. f V” , abs ( Vc_0 ) ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe m a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t
Im= %. f A” , Im ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t o r v a l u e t o l i m i t t h e t r a n s i e n t
c a p c a i t o r v o l t a g e t o Ep=%. f V i s \ t C= %. 1 f uF” ,
Ep , C *1 E6 ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 13.5 Determine the snubber component values for critical damping v
193
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // example 1 3 . 5
3 // f i g . 13.14
4 // D e t e r m i n e t h e s n u b b e r component v a l u e s f o r
c r i t i c a l damping , v a l u e o f R and power l o s s
5 // page −810−811
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Edc =30; // i n V
10 fs =40; // i n kHz
11 i_L =30; // i n A ( l o a d c u r r e n t )
12 t_r =80; // i n n s ( r i s e t i m e )
13 t_f =30; // i n n s ( f a l l t i m e )
14 neta =10; // i n % ( r a t i o o f maximum d i s c h a r g e c u r r e n t
to load current )
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16 fs = fs *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from kHz t o Hz
17 t_r = t_r *1 E -9; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from n s t o s
18 t_f = t_f *1 E -9; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from n s t o s
19 L = Edc * t_r / i_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d u c t a n c e
20 C = i_L * t_f / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t a n c e
21 R = sqrt (4* L / C ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s i s t a n c e f o r
c r i t i c a l damping
22 R1 = Edc /(( neta /100) * i_L ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
r e s i s t a n c e i f maximum d i s c h a r g e c u r r e n t i s
l i m i t e d t o 10 % o f l o a d c u r r e n t
23 Ploss =(1/2) * C * Edc ^2* fs ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power l o s s
24 printf ( ” \ nThe i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t L=%. f nH” ,L *1 E9 ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t C=%. f nF” ,C *1 E9 ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe r e s i s t a n c e i f maximum d i s c h a r g e
c u r r e n t i s l i m i t e d t o 10 %% o f l o a d c u r r e n t i s \ t
R=%. f ohm” , R1 ) ;
28 printf ( ” \ nThe power l o s s due t o RC s n u b b e r c i r c u i t
i s \ t P l o s s=%. 2 f W” , Ploss ) ;
calculation
194
Scilab code Exa 13.6 Design a suitable selenium voltage protection circuit and com
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 6
3 // D e s i g n a s u i t a b l e s e l e n i u m v o l t a g e p r o t e c t i o n
c i r c u i t and compute e n e r g y d i s s i p a t e d p e r p l a t e
4 // page −814
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =440; // i n V
9 Imax =120; // i n A
10 R =0.175; // i n ohm
11 T =25; // i n ms ( t i m e c o n s t a n t )
12 V =40; // i n V
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 T = T *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from ms t o s
15 n = Edc / V ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f number o f p l a t e s i n e a c h
branch
16 N =3* n ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t o t a l number o f p l a t e s
17 L = T * R ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a r m a t u r e c i r c u i t i n d u c t a n c e
18 E_stored =(1/2) * L * Imax ^2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f e n e r g y
s t o r e d in armature
19 E_dissipated = E_stored /11; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f e n e r g y
d i s s i p a t e d per p l a t e
20 printf ( ” \ nThe number o f p l a t e s i n e a c h b r a n c h i s \ t
n=%. f ” ,n ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe t o t a l number o f p l a t e s i s \ t N=%. f ” ,N )
;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe a r m a t u r e c i r c u i t i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t L=%
. 2 f mH” ,L *1 E3 ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe e n e r g y s t o r e d i n a r m a t u r e i s \ t
E s t o r e d=%. 1 f W” , E_stored ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe e n e r g y d i s s i p a t e d p e r p l a t e i s \ t
195
E d i s s i p a t e d=%. 2 f W” , E_dissipated ) ;
25 // Note : The v a l u e o f time constant given in the
book i s 25 ms but in c a l c u l a t i o n the author has
u s e d 30 ms . Thats why a n s w e r s i n t h e book a r e
wrong
Scilab code Exa 13.7 Design a suitable circuit
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 7
3 // D e s i g n a s u i t a b l e c i r c u i t
4 // page −814
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc =200; // i n V
9 V =30; // i n V
10 // c a l c u l a t e
11 n = Edc / V ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f number o f p l a t e s i n e a c h
branch
12 printf ( ” \ nThe number o f p l a t e s i s \ t n=%. f i s s e r i e s
” ,n ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 13.8 Calculate the peak value of the fault current
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 8
3 // C a l c u l a t e t h e peak v a l u e o f t h e fault current
4 // page −825−826
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
196
7 // g i v e n
8 I_2_t =150; // i n Aˆ2 s e c
9 f =50; // i n Hz
10 tc =6; // i n ms
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 tc = tc *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from ms t o s
13 // s i n c e t c =3∗ I ˆ2∗ t / I p ˆ 2 , t h e r e f o r e we g e t ,
14 Ip = sqrt (3* I_2_t / tc ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v a l u e o f
the f a u l t current
15 printf ( ” \ nThe peak v a l u e o f t h e f a u l t c u r r e n t i s \ t
I p=%. 2 f A” , Ip ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 13.9 Compute the required fusing time
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 9
3 // Compute t h e r e q u i r e d f u s i n g t i m e
4 // page −826−827
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 I =250; // i n A ( non− r e p e t i t i v e s u r g e c u r r e n t )
9 f =50; // i n Hz
10 Ip =400; // i n A ( peak s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t )
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 t =1/ f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e p e r i o d
13 I_subcycle = sqrt ( I ^2*(1/100) / t ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
subcycle surge current rating
14 tc =3* I_subcycle ^2/ Ip ^2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e q u i r e d
f u s i n g time
15 printf ( ” \ nThe r e q u i r e d f u s i n g t i m e i s \ t t c=%. 2 f ms”
, tc *1 E3 ) ;
16 // Note : The f o r m u l a u s e d i n t h e book i s wrong . The
197
v a l u e o f I s u b c y c l e a l s o n e e d s t o be s q u a r e d but
i s n o t done i n t h e book . Thats why t h e a n s w e r i n
t h e book i s wrong .
Scilab code Exa 13.10 What is the minimum value of load inductance and what will b
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 1 0
3 // What i s t h e minimum v a l u e o f l o a d i n d u c t a n c e and
what w i l l be t h e new v a l u e o f L
4 // page −827
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 di_dt =15; // i n A/ u s
9 Edc =150; // i n V
10 R =620; // i n ohm
11 R_L =62; // i n ohm
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 di_dt = di_dt /1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from A/ u s t o A/ s
14 L = Edc / di_dt ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f minimum v a l u e o f l o a d
inductance
15 L1 = Edc *(( R + R_L ) / R ) / di_dt ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f new
value of L
16 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum v a l u e o f l o a d i n d u c t a n c e t h a t
w i l l p r o t e c t t h e d e v i c e i s \ t L=%. f uH” ,L *1 E6 ) ;
17 printf ( ” \ nThe r e q u i r e d new v a l u e o f i n d u c t a n c e \ t \ t \
t \ t \ t L=%. f uH” , L1 *1 E6 ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 13.11 Compute the values of RF filter components
198
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 1 1
3 // Compute t h e v a l u e s o f RF f i l t e r c o m p o n e n t s
4 // page −833
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 R_L =120; // i n ohm
9 f0 =50; // i n KHz
10 // c a l c u l a t e
12 L = R_L /(2* %pi * f0 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d u c t a n c e
13 C =1/(2* %pi * R_L * f0 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t a n c e
14 printf ( ” \ nThe i n d u c t a n c e i s \ t L=%. 2 f uH” ,L *1 E6 ) ;
15 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e i s \ t C=%. 3 f uF” ,C *1 E6 ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 13.12 Determine the value of thermal resistance heat sink and temp
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 1 2
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e v a l u e o f t h e r m a l r e s i s t a n c e , h e a t
s i n k and t e m p e r a t u r e a t b a s e
4 // page −840
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Pa =30; // i n W ( power l o s s )
9 Tc =125; // i n d e g r e e C ( j u n c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e )
10 Ta =40; // i n d e g r e e C ( a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e )
11 theta_CJ =0.7; // i n d e g r e e C/W ( j u n c t i o n t o h e a t −
sink thermal r e s i s t a n c e )
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 theta_CA =( Tc - Ta ) / Pa ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t o t a l t h e r m a l
199
resistance
14 theta_CS = theta_CA - theta_CJ ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
thermal r e s i s t a n c e of heat sink
15 T_base = Ta +( Pa * theta_CS ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
temperature at base
16 printf ( ” \ nThe t o t a l t h e r m a l r e s i s t a n c e i s \ t \ t
t h e t a C A=%. 2 f d e g r e e C/W” , theta_CA ) ;
17 printf ( ” \ nThe t h e r m a l r e s i s t a n c e o f h e a t s i n k i s \ t
t h e t a C S=%. 2 f d e g r e e C/W” , theta_CS ) ;
18 printf ( ” \ nThe t e m p e r a t u r e a t b a s e i s \ t \ t \ t T b a s e=%
. f d e g r e e C” , T_base ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 13.13 Determine junction temperature
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 1 3
3 // D e t e r m i n e j u n c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e
4 // page −840
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E =440; // i n V
9 I0 =960; // i n A
10 Ta =80; // i n a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e
11 Pa =150; // i n W ( on s t a t e power l o s s )
12 Q_JC =0.15; // i n d e g r e e C/W
13 Q_CS =0.075; // i n d e g r e e C/W
14 Q_SA =0.45; // i n d e g r e e C/W
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16 T_J = Ta + Pa *( Q_JC + Q_CS + Q_SA ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
junction temperature
17 printf ( ” \ nThe j u n c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i s \ t T J=%. 2 f
d e g r e e C” , T_J ) ;
200
calculation
Scilab code Exa 13.14 Determine total average power loss and percentage increase i
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 1 4
3 // D e t e r m i n e t o t a l a v e r a g e power l o s s and p e r c e n t a g e
increase in deivce rating
4 // page −840−841
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 T_J =150; // i n d e g r e e C ( maximum j u n c t i o n
temperature )
9 Q_JC =0.015; // i n d e g r e e C/W
10 Q_CS =0.08; // i n d e g r e e C/W
11 Ta_1 =60; // i n d e g r e e ( h e a t s i n k t e m p e r a t u r e 1 )
12 Ta_2 =50 // i n d e g r e e ( h e a t s i n k t e m p e r a t u r e 2 )
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 Pav1 =( T_J - Ta_1 ) /( Q_JC + Q_CS ) ;
15 Pav2 =( T_J - Ta_2 ) /( Q_JC + Q_CS ) ;
16 percent_increase =(( sqrt ( Pav2 ) - sqrt ( Pav1 ) ) / sqrt ( Pav1 )
) *100;
17 printf ( ” \ nThe t o t a l a v e r a g e power l o s s i s \ t \ t \ t
Pav1=%. 2 f W” , Pav1 ) ;
18 printf ( ” \ nThe r e q u i r e d p e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e i n d e i v c e
r a t i n g i s \ t %. 2 f %%” , percent_increase ) ;
19
calculation
Scilab code Exa 13.15 Plot instantaneous junction temperature
201
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 1 5
3 // f i g . 1 3 . 4 0
4 // P l o t i n s t a n t a n e o u s j u n c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e
5 // page −841−842
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 clf ;
9 // g i v e n
10 P2 =0 , P4 =0 , P6 =0; // i n W
11 P1 =1000 , P3 =1400 , P5 =700; // i n W
12 t1 =1 , t3 =1 , t5 =1; // i n ms
13 theta1 =0.035 , theta3 =0.035 , theta5 =0.035; // i n
d e g r e e C/W
14 t2 =0.5 , t4 =0.5 , t6 =0.5; // i n ms
15 theta2 =0.025 , theta4 =0.025 , theta6 =0.025; // i n
d e g r e e C/W
16 // c a l c u l a t e
17 del_TJ1 = theta1 * P1 ;
18 del_TJ1_5 = del_TJ1 - theta2 * P1 ;
19 del_TJ2_5 = del_TJ1_5 + theta3 * P3 ;
20 del_TJ3 = del_TJ2_5 - theta4 * P3 ;
21 del_TJ4 = del_TJ3 + theta5 * P5 ;
22 del_TJ4_5 = del_TJ4 - theta6 * P5 ;
23 printf ( ” \n\ n d e l T J 1=%. f d e g r e e C” , del_TJ1 ) ;
24 printf ( ” \n\ n d e l T J 1 5=%. f d e g r e e C” , del_TJ1_5 ) ;
29 del_TJ =[ del_TJ1 del_TJ1_5 del_TJ2_5 del_TJ3 del_TJ4
del_TJ4_5 ];
30 plot2d ( del_TJ , nax =[1 ,6 ,1 ,7] , rect =[0 ,0 ,5 ,60]) ;
31 xlabel ( ” t ( ms ) ” ) ;
32 ylabel ( ” d e l T J ( d e g r e e C) ” ) ;
33 title ( ” J u n c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e p l o t ” ) ;
w h i l e c a l c u l a t i n g d e l T J 3 and h e n c e a l l o t h e r
202
v a l u e s a r e a l s o a f f e c t e d . Thats why a n s w e r s i n
t h e book a r e wrong
Scilab code Exa 13.16 Determine the heat sink required
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 1 6
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e h e a t −s i n k r e q u i r e d
4 // page −841−842
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Vcc =100; // i n V
9 V_CE_on =1; // i n V
10 I_on =20; // i n A
11 t_on =1; // i n u s
12 t_off =2; // i n u s
13 fs =10; // i n kHz
14 del =0.9; // duty c y c l e
15 T_A =35; // i n d e g r e e C
16 T_J_max =125; // i n d e g r e e C
17 theta_JC =0.7; // i n d e g r e e C/W
18 theta_CS =0.1; // i n d e g r e e C/W
19 // c a l c u l a t e
20 t_on = t_on *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from u s t o s
21 t_off = t_off *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from u s t o s
23 P_cond = V_CE_on * I_on * del ; // c a l c u l t i o n o f a v e r a g e
power
24 P_loss = Vcc * I_on *( t_on + t_off ) * fs /2; // c a l c u l t i o n o f
s w i t c h i n g power l o s s
25 P_diss = P_cond + P_loss ; // c a l c u l t i o n o f t o t a l power
loss
26 // s i n c e P d i s s =(T J max−T A ) / ( t h e t a J C+t h e t a C S+
t h e t a S A ) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
203
27 theta_SA =(( T_J_max - T_A ) / P_diss ) - theta_JC - theta_CS ;
// c a l c u l t i o n o f h e a t −s i n k r e q u i r e d
28 printf ( ” \ nThe r e q u i r e d h e a t s i n k i s \ t t h e t a S A=%. 1 f
d e g r e e C/W” , theta_SA ) ;
29
calculation
Scilab code Exa 13.17 Determine the thermal resistance of the heat sink
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 1 7
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e t h e r m a l r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e h e a t s i n k
4 // page −842−843
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 I_D =20; // i n A
9 t_on =10; // i n u s
10 del =0.1; // i n % ( duty c y c l e )
11 T_A =40; // i n d e g r e e C
12 T_J_max =150; // i n d e g r e e C
13 theta_JC =1.5; // i n d e g r e e C/W
14 R_ds_on =5; // i n ohm
15 T_pr =0.03; // a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e book
16 // c a l c u l a t e
17 t_on = t_on *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from u s t o s
18 P_cond = I_D ^2* R_ds_on ;
19 P_peak = P_cond ;
20 // s i n c e P peak =(T J max−T C ) / ( T pr ∗ t h e t a J C ) ,
21 T_C = T_J_max - P_peak * T_pr * theta_JC ;
22 P_diss =( del /100) * P_peak ;
23 // s i n c e P d i s s =(T C−T A ) / theta CA , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
24 theta_CA =( T_C - T_A ) / P_diss ;
204
25 printf ( ” \ nThe t h e r m a l r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e h e a t s i n k i s
\ t t h e t a C A=%. f d e g r e e C/W” , theta_CA ) ;
26
calculation
Scilab code Exa 13.18 Determine the maximum power disspation
1 // c h a p t e r 13
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 1 8
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e maximum power d i s s p a t i o n
4 // page −843
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Cs =0.2; // i n J / d e g r e e C ( t h e r m a l c a p a c i t y )
9 theta =0.7; // i n d e g r e e C/W ( t h e r m a l r e s i s t a n c e )
10 T_J =40; // i n d e g r e e C ( j u n c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e )
11 t =0.1; // i n s
12 // c a l c u l a t e
13 power_diss_per_degreeC =1/ theta ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
power d i s s i p a t i o n p e r d e g r e e C e l s i u s r i s e
14 tou = Cs / power_diss_per_degreeC ; // calculation of
thermal time constant
15 // s i n c e T J=T J max ∗(1 − exp (− t / t o u ) ) , t h e r e f o r e we
get
16 T_J_max = T_J /(1 - exp ( - t / tou ) ) ; // calculation of
maximum j u n c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e
17 P_max_diss = T_J_max * power_diss_per_degreeC ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum power d i s s p a t i o n
18 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum power d i s s p a t i o n i s \ t
P m a x d i s s=%. f W” , P_max_diss ) ;
calculation
205
Chapter 14
Control of D C Drives
Scilab code Exa 14.1 Determine motor terminal voltage and the value of flux as a p
1 // c h a p t e r 14
2 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . 1
3 // D e t e r m i n e motor t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e and t h e v a l u e o f
f l u x as a percentage of rated f l u x
4 // page −862−863
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E =220; // i n V
9 N1 =960; // i n rpm
10 Ia =80; // i n A ( a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t )
12 N2 =620; // i n rpm
13 N3 =1200; // i n rpm
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 Eb1 =E - Ia * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f bcak emf a t 960 rpm
16 w1 = N1 *2* %pi /60; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r a t e d s p e e d
17 // s i n c e K1∗ p h i 1 ∗w1=Eb1 , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
18 K1_phi1 = Eb1 / w1 ;
19 // s i n c e Eb1 / Eb2=N1/N2 , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
20 Eb2 =( N2 / N1 ) * Eb1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f back emf a t 620
206
21 Em = Eb2 + Ia * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f motor t e r m i n a l
voltage
22 w3 = N3 *2* %pi /60;
23 // s i n c e Eb3=Ka∗ p h i 2 ∗w3 and p h i 2=k ∗ p h i 1 , therefore
we g e t
24 // Eb3=K∗ p h i 1 ∗w3 ( i )
25 // s i n c e T1=T2 o r Ka∗ p h i 1 ∗ I a 1=Ka∗ p h i 2 ∗ I a 2 o r I a 2 =(
phi1 / phi2 ) ∗ Ia1 or
26 // I a 2=I a 1 /K ( ii )
27 // s i n c e E=Eb3+I a 2 ∗Ra , t h e r e f o r e I a 2 =(E−Eb3 ) /Ra
( iii )
28 // from ( i ) ( i i ) and ( i i i ) , we g e t E=K∗ K 1 p h i 1 ∗w3+(
I a 1 /K) ∗Ra
29 // and h e n c e s o l v i n g f o r K we g e t a q u a d r a t i c
e q u a t i o n ( K 1 p h i 1 ∗w3 )Kˆ2 −(E)K+I a ∗Ra=0
30 // s o l v i n g t h e q u a d r a t i c e q u a t i o n
31 K1 =( -( - E ) + sqrt (( - E ) ^2 -4* K1_phi1 * w3 * Ia * Ra ) ) /(2*
K1_phi1 * w3 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f v a l u e o f f l u x 1
32 K2 =( -( - E ) - sqrt (( - E ) ^2 -4* K1_phi1 * w3 * Ia * Ra ) ) /(2*
K1_phi1 * w3 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f v a l u e o f f l u x 2
33 printf ( ” \ nThe motor t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e i s \ t Em=%. 2 f V
” , Em ) ;
34 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f f l u x i s \ t K1=%. 1 f ” , K1 ) ;
35 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f f l u x i s \ t K2=%. 3 f ” , K2 ) ;
36 printf ( ” \ nThe f e a s i b l e v a l u e o f K i s %. 1 f ” , K1 )
calculation
Scilab code Exa 14.2 Compute the speed at which motor can hold the load by regener
1 // c h a p t e r 14
2 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . 2
3 // Compute t h e s p e e d a t which motor can h o l d t h e
l o a d by r e g e n e r a t i v e b r a k i n g
4 // page −863−864
207
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 T =100; // i n Nm ( t o r q u e )
9 E =220; // i n V
10 N1 =960; // i n rpm
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 Eb1 =E - Ia * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f bcak emf a t 960 rpm
15 w1 = N1 *2* %pi /60; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r a t e d s p e e d
16 T1 = Eb1 * Ia / w1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r a t e d motor t o r q u e
17 // s i n c e T=Ka∗ p h i ∗ Ia , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
18 Ka_phi = T1 / Ia ;
19 Ia2 = T / Ka_phi ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t a t
T=100 Nm
20 Eb2 = E + Ia2 * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c o r r e s p o n d i n g back
emf
21 w2 =( Eb2 / Eb1 ) * w1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s p e e d a t which
motor can h o l d t h e l o a d by r e g e n e r a t i v e b r a k i n g
22 N2 = w2 *(60/(2* %pi ) ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe s p e e d a t which motor can h o l d t h e l o a d
by r e g e n e r a t i v e b r a k i n g i s \ t w2=%. 2 f r a d / s o r \
t N2=%. f rpm” ,w2 , N2 )
24 // Note : The v a l u e o f t o r q u e g i v e n i s T=100 Nm but
t h e a u t h o r h a s u s e d T=1000 Nm i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n .
Thats why t h e a n s w e r i n t h e book i s wrong
Scilab code Exa 14.3 Compute the field current firing angle of the convertor and t
1 // c h a p t e r 14
2 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . 3
3 // Compute t h e f i e l d c u r r e n t , f i r i n g a n g l e o f t h e
c o n v e r t o r and t h e i n p u t power f a c t o r
4 // page −864−865
208
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E =230; // i n V
9 f =50; // i n Hz
10 La =0.06; // i n H ( a r m a t u r e i n d u c t a n c e )
12 Ka =0.9; // i n V/A r a d / s ( motor v o l t a g e c o n s t a n t )
13 Rf =104; // i n ohm ( f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e )
14 T_L =50; // i n Nm ( l o a d t o r q u e )
15 N =800; // i n rpm ( s p e e d )
16 alpha0 =0; // i n r a d i a n ( f i r i n g a n g l e f o r maximum
f i e l d voltage )
17 // c a l c u l a t e
19 Ef =( Em / %pi ) *(1+ cos ( alpha0 ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
maximum f i e l d v o l t a g e
20 If = Ef / Rf ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f i e l d c u r r e n t
21 Ia = T_L /( Ka * If ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
22 w = N *(2* %pi /60) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a n g u l a r s p e e d
23 Eb = Ka * w * If ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f back emf
24 Ea = Eb + Ia * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a r m a t u r e v o l t a g e
25 // s i n c e Ea=(Em/ %pi ) ∗(1+ c o s ( a l p h a ) ) , t h e r e f o r e we
get
26 alpha = acosd ( Ea *( %pi / Em ) -1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f i r i n g
angle
27 P0 = Ea * Ia ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f o u t p u t power
28 Pa = P0 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power from s u p p l y
29 Irms = sqrt ((2/(2* %pi ) ) * Ia ^2* integrate ( ’ 1 ’ , ’ wt ’ , alpha
*( %pi /180) , %pi ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms c u r r e n t
30 EI = E * Irms ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f v o l t −ampere r a t i n g
31 Pf = Pa /( EI ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power f a c t o r
32 printf ( ” \ nThe f i e l d c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t \ t I f =%. 2 f A” , If )
;
33 printf ( ” \ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e o f t h e c o n v e r t o r i s \ t
a l p h a=%. f d e g r e e ” , alpha ) ;
34 printf ( ” \ nThe power f a c t o r i s \ t \ t \ t Pf=%. 2 f ” , Pf ) ;
35 if Pf >0 then
209
36 printf ( ” ( l a g g i n g ) ” ) ;
37 else
38 printf ( ” ( l e a d i n g ) ” ) ;
39 end
Scilab code Exa 14.4 Determine motor torque speed of the motor supply power factor
1 // c h a p t e r 14
2 // example 1 4 . 4
3 // f i g . 14.13
4 // D e t e r m i n e motor t o r q u e , s p e e d o f t h e motor ,
s u p p l y power f a c t o r , f i r i n g a n g l e and power f e d
back t o t h e s u p p l y
5 // page −865−866
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 HP =10; // i n HP ( power o f motor )
10 E =210; // i n V
11 N =1000; // i n rpm ( s p e e d )
15 Ka_phi =0.172; // i n V/rpm ( motor v o l t a g e c o n s t a n t )
16 alpha =45; // i n d e g r e e
17 // c a l c u l a t e
18 Em = Es * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
19 // p a r t − ( a )
20 Ka_phi_rad = Ka_phi *(60/(2* %pi ) ) ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t
from V/rpm t o V/ r a d / s
21 T = Ka_phi_rad * Ia ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f motor t o r q u e
22 Ea =(2* Em / %pi ) * cosd ( alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
armature v o l t a g e
23 Eb = Ea - Ia * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f back emf
24 N = Eb / Ka_phi ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s p e e d
210
25 EI = Es * Ia ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f v o l t −ampere r a t i n g
26 Ps = Ea * Ia ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s u p p l i e d power
27 Pf = Ps / EI ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power f a c t o r
28 printf ( ” \ nThe motor t o r q u e i s \ t \ t T=%. 1 f Nm” ,T ) ;
29 printf ( ” \ nThe s p e e d o f t h e motor i s \ t N=%. 2 f rpm” ,N
);
30 printf ( ” \ nThe s u p p l y power f a c t o r i s \ t Pf=%. 2 f ” , Pf )
;
31 // p a r t ( b )
32 Ea2 = - Eb + Ia * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f back emf when i n
r e g e n e r a t i v e a c t i o n Here minus s i g n i n d i c a t e s
regenerative action
33 // s i n c e Ea=(2∗Em/ %pi ) ∗ c o s d ( a l p h a ) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
34 alpha2 = acosd ( Ea2 *( %pi /(2* Em ) ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
corresponding f i r i n g angle
35 Pg = Eb * Ia ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power from dc machine
36 Pr = Ia ^2* Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f power l o s t i n a r m a t u r e
resistance
37 Ps = Pg - Pr ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s u p p l i e d power
38 printf ( ” \n\ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e t o k e e p t h e motor
c u r r e n t a t i t s r a t e d v a l u e i s \ t a l p h a 2=%. 2 f
39 printf ( ” \ nThe f p o w e r f e d back from t h e s u p p l y i s \ t
Ps=%. 1 f W” , Ps ) ;
40 // Note : The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o p r e c i s e
calculations
Scilab code Exa 14.5 What should be firing angle different speeds and calculate th
1 // c h a p t e r 14
2 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . 5
3 // What s h o u l d be f i r i n g a n g l e d i f f e r e n t s p e e d s and
c a l c u l a t e t h e motor s p e e d
4 // page −866−867
5 clear ;
211
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Ea =210; // i n V
9 N =1200; // i n rpm ( s p e e d )
13 N1 =800; // i n rpm ( r a t e d t o r q u e )
14 N2 =1200; // i n rpm ( b r a k i n g t o r q u e )
15 alpha3 =165; // i n d e g r e e
16 // c a l c u l a t e
17 Em = Es * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e
18 Eb = Ea - Ia * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r a t e d back emf
19 w = abs ( N2 ) *(2* %pi /60) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r a t e d
angular speed
20 Ka_phi = Eb / w ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f motor v o l t a g e
constant
21 Eb1 =( N1 / N2 ) * Eb ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f back emf a t s p e e d
N1
22 Ea1 = Eb1 + Ia * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a r m a t u r e v o l t a g e a t
s p e e d N1
23 // s i n c e Ea=(2∗Em/ %pi ) ∗ c o s d ( a l p h a ) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
f i r i n g a n g l e a t s p e e d N1
25 Ea2 = - Eb + Ia * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a r m a t u r e v o l t a g e a t
s p e e d N2
f i r i n g a n g l e a t s p e e d N2
27 Ea3 =(2* Em / %pi ) * cosd ( alpha3 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
armature v o l t a g e at aplha3
28 Eb3 = Ea3 - Ia * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f back emf a t a l p h a 3
29 w3 = abs ( Eb3 / Ka_phi ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s p e e d a t
alpha3
30 N3 = w3 *(60/(2* %pi ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s p e e d i n rpm
31 printf ( ” \ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e a t N1=%. f rpm i s \ t
a l p h a 1=%. 2 f d e g r e e ” ,N1 , alpha1 ) ;
32 printf ( ” \ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e a t N2=%. f rpm i s \ t
a l p h a 2=%. 2 f d e g r e e ” ,N2 , alpha2 ) ;
212
33 printf ( ” \n\ nThe s p e e d o f t h e motor i s \ t w3=%. 2 f r a d
/ s o r \ t N3=%. 1 f rpm” ,w3 , N3 ) ;
calculations
Scilab code Exa 14.6 Determine the motor speed
1 // c h a p t e r 14
2 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . 6
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e motor s p e e d
4 // page −867−868
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E =240; // i n V
9 alpha1 =110; // i n d e g r e e ( t r i g g e r i n g a n g l e )
10 alpha2 =50; // i n d e g r e e
11 T =1.8; // i n Nm ( t o r q u e )
12 Ka_phi =1; // i n Nm/A ( t o r q u e motor c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s )
13 Ra =6; // i n ohm ( a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e )
14 // c a l c u l a t e
16 Ia = T / Ka_phi ;
17 VARIABLE =(1/ %pi ) * Em * integrate ( ’ s i n ( wt ) ’ , ’ wt ’ , alpha1
*( %pi /180) , %pi ) ;
18 // s i n c e Ea=(VARIABLE+Eb∗ %pi ∗ ( a l p h a 1 −a l p h a 2 ) / ( %pi
∗ 1 8 0 ) ) and Eb=Ea−I a ∗Ra , p u t t i n g t h e v a l u e i n i t ,
we g e t
19 // Eb=VARIABLE+Eb ∗ ( a l p h a 1 −a l p h a 2 ) / 1 8 0 )−I a ∗Ra , o r
20 // Eb−Eb ∗ ( a l p h a 1 −a l p h a 2 ) /180=VARIABLE/ %pi−I a ∗Ra o r
21 Eb =( VARIABLE - Ia * Ra ) /(1 -( alpha1 - alpha2 ) /180) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f back emf
22 w = Eb / Ka_phi ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f motor s p e e d i n r a d / s
23 N = w *(60/(2* %pi ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f motor s p e e d i n
rpm
213
24 printf ( ” \n\ nThe motor s p e e d i s \ t w=%. 2 f r a d / s o r \ t
N=%. f rpm” ,w , N ) ;
Scilab code Exa 14.7 Determine the triggering angle of the convertor
1 // c h a p t e r 14
2 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . 7
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e t r i g g e r i n g a n g l e o f t h e c o n v e r t o r
4 // page −868
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 P =80; // i n kW ( power r a t i n g o f motor )
9 E =440; // i n V
10 N1 =800; // i n rpm
11 N2 =600; // i n rpm
12 neta =75; // i n % (% t o r q u e w i t h r e s p e c t t o r a t e d
torque )
13 Eb1 =410; // i n V ( back emf )
14 Eac =415; // i n V ( t h r e e −p h a s e i n p u t )
15 // c a l c u l a t e
17 Em = sqrt (2/3) * Eac ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v a l u e o f
input voltage
18 // s i n c e Eb1 / Eb2=N1/N2 , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
19 Eb2 = Eb1 *( N2 / N1 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f back emf
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o N2=600 rpm
20 Ia = P / E ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
21 // s i n c e Eb1=E−I a ∗Ra , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
22 Ra =( E - Eb1 ) / Ia ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e
23 Ea = Eb2 +(( neta /100) * Ia * Ra ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
armature volage
24 // s i n c e Ea=(3∗ s q r t ( 3 ) / %pi ) ∗Em∗ c o s d ( a l p h a ) ,
25 alpha = acosd (( Ea / Em ) *( %pi /(3* sqrt (3) ) ) ) ; //
214
c a l c u l a t i o n of t r i g g e r i n g angle of the convertor
26 printf ( ” \n\ nThe t r i g g e r i n g a n g l e o f t h e c o n v e r t o r
i s \ t a l p h a=%. 2 f r d e g r e e ” , alpha ) ;
calculations
Scilab code Exa 14.8 Determine no load speeds firing angle supply power factor and
1 // c h a p t e r 14
2 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . 8
3 // D e t e r m i n e no l o a d s p e e d s , f i r i n g a n g l e , s u p p l y
power f a c t o r and t h e s p e e d r e g u l a t i o n
4 // page −868−870
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 P =150; // i n HP ( power r a t i n g o f motor )
9 E0 =650; // i n V ( v o l t g a e r a t i n g o f motor )
10 N1 =1750; // i n rpm
11 Eac =460; // i n V ( t h r e e −p h a s e i n p u t )
12 Ia =170; // i n A ( r a t e d a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t )
14 La =0.73; // i n mH ( a r m a t u r e i n d u c t a n c e )
15 Ka_phi =0.33; // i n V/rpm ( motor v o l t a g e c o n s t a n t )
16 alpha1 =0 , alpha2 =30; // i n d e g r e e s ( f i r i n g a n g l e )
17 neta =10; // i n % ( a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t a t no l o a d a s a
percentage o f rated armature c u r r e n t )
18 // c a l c u l a t e
19 E = Eac / sqrt (3) ;
20 Em = E * sqrt (2) ;
21 Ea1 =(3* sqrt (3) / %pi ) * Em * cosd ( alpha1 ) ;
22 Eb1 = Ea1 - Ia * Ra ;
23 N_NL1 = Eb1 / Ka_phi ;
24 Ea2 =(3* sqrt (3) / %pi ) * Em * cosd ( alpha2 ) ;
25 Eb2 = Ea2 - Ia * Ra ;
215
27 Eb3 = Ka_phi * N1 ;
28 Ea3 = Eb3 + Ia * Ra ;
29 // s i n c e Ea=(3∗ s q r t ( 3 ) / %pi ) ∗Em∗ c o s d ( a l p h a ) ,
30 alpha3 = acosd (( Ea3 / Em ) *( %pi /(3* sqrt (3) ) ) ) ;
31 I_A = sqrt ((1/ %pi ) * Ia ^2*(2* %pi /3) ) ;
32 VA =3* E * I_A ;
33 Ps = Ea3 * Ia ;
34 PF = Ps / VA ;
35 Eb4 = Ea3 -(( neta /100) * Ia * Ra ) ;
37 SR =(( N_NL3 - N1 ) / N1 ) *100;
38 printf ( ” \ nThe no l o a d s p e e d s a r e ” ) ;
39 printf ( ” \n\ t \ t \ t For a l p h a=%. f d e g r e e , N NL= %. 2 f
rpm” , alpha1 , N_NL1 ) ;
40 printf ( ” \n\ t \ t \ t For a l p h a=%. f d e g r e e , N NL= %. 2 f
rpm” , alpha2 , N_NL2 ) ;
41 printf ( ” \n\ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e t o o b t a i n a s p e e d o f N=
%. f rpm i s \ t a l p h a= %. 2 f d e g r e e ” ,N1 , alpha3 ) ;
42 printf ( ” \ nThe s u p p l y power f a c t o r i s \ t \ t \ t \ t PF= %
. 2 f ” , PF ) ;
43 printf ( ” \ nThe s p e e d r e g u l a t i o n i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t SR= %. 2
f %%” , SR ) ;
calculations
Scilab code Exa 14.9 Determine motor torque motor current and supply power factor
1 // c h a p t e r 14
2 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . 9
3 // D e t e r m i n e motor t o r q u e , motor c u r r e n t and s u p p l y
power f a c t o r
4 // page −878−879
5 clear ;
216
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
10 N =1000; // i n rpm
12 K_af =0.03; // i n NmAˆ2
13 K_res =0.075; // i n Vs / r a d
16 // c a l c u l a t e
17 Em = sqrt (2) * Es ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v a l u e o f
supply voltage
18 // p a r t − ( a ) // s e m i c o n v e r t o r c o n t r o l l e d dc d r i v e
19 w = N *(2* %pi /60) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a n g u l a r s p e e d
20 T = K_af *(((( Em / %pi ) *(1+ cosd ( alpha ) ) ) - K_res * w ) /( Ra +
K_af * w ) ) ^2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f motor t o r q u e
21 Ia = sqrt ( T / K_af ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f motor c u r r e n t
22 Ea =( sqrt (2) * Es / %pi ) *(1+ cosd ( alpha ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f motor t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
23 Ps = Ea * Ia ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n p u t power
24 VA = Es * Ia * sqrt (5/6) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n p u t v o l t −
ampere
25 PF = Ps / VA ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s u p p l y power f a c t o r
26 printf ( ” \ nFor s e m i c o n v e r t o r c o n t r o l l e d DC d r i v e s ” ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe motor t o r q u e i s \ t \ t T= %. 2 f Nm” ,T ) ;
28 printf ( ” \ nThe motor c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I a= %. 2 f A” , Ia ) ;
29 printf ( ” \ nThe s u p p l y power f a c t o r i s \ t PF= %. 2 f ” , PF
);
30 // p a r t ( b )
31 T = K_af *((((2* Em / %pi ) * cosd ( alpha ) ) - K_res * w ) /( Ra + K_af *
w ) ) ^2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f motor t o r q u e
32 Ia = sqrt ( T / K_af ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f motor c u r r e n t
33 Ea =(2* sqrt (2) * Es / %pi ) * cosd ( alpha ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
motor t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
34 Ps = Ea * Ia ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n p u t power
35 VA = Es * Ia ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n p u t v o l t −ampere
36 PF = Ps / VA ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s u p p l y power f a c t o r
217
37 printf ( ” \n\ nFor f u l l c o n v e r t o r c o n t r o l l e d DC d r i v e s ” )
;
38 printf ( ” \ nThe motor t o r q u e i s \ t \ t T= %. 2 f Nm” ,T ) ;
39 printf ( ” \ nThe motor c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I a= %. 2 f A” , Ia ) ;
40 printf ( ” \ nThe s u p p l y power f a c t o r i s \ t PF= %. 2 f ” , PF
);
calculations
Scilab code Exa 14.10 Determine the firing angle of the armature convertor speed o
1 // c h a p t e r 14
2 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . 1 0
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e f i r i n g a n g l e o f t h e a r m a t u r e
c o n v e r t o r , s p e e d o f t h e motor and f i r i n g a n g l e o f
the f i e l d convertor
4 // page −885−886
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
10 N =960; // i n rpm
11 Eac =210; // i n V ( a c i n p u t v o l t a g e )
14 K_a =1.2; // i n V/A r a d / s ( motor v o l t a g e c o n s t a n t )
15 T =110; // i n Nm ( t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d )
16 alpha_a =0; // i n d e g r e e ( f i r i n g a n g l e f o r a r m a t u r e
convertor )
17 N2 =1750; // i n rpm
18 // c a l c u l a t e
19 Ep = Eac / sqrt (3) ;
20 Em = sqrt (2) * Ep ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v a l u e o f p h a s e
voltage
218
21 Ef =(3* sqrt (3) * Em / %pi ) * cosd ( alpha_a ) ;
22 If = Ef / Rf ;
23 // s i n c e T=I a ∗Ka∗ I f , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
24 Ia = T /( K_a * If ) ;
25 w = N *(2* %pi /60) ;
26 Eb = K_a * If * w ;
27 Ea = Eb + Ia * Ra ;
28 // s i n c e Ea=(3∗ s q r t ( 3 ) ∗Em/ %pi ) ∗ c o s d ( a l p h a ) ,
29 alpha = acosd (( Ea / Em ) *( %pi /(3* sqrt (3) ) ) ) ;
30 Ea1 =(3* sqrt (3) * Em / %pi ) * cosd ( alpha_a ) ;
31 Eb1 = Ea1 - Ia * Ra ;
32 w1 = Eb1 /( K_a * If ) ;
33 N1 = w1 *(60/(2* %pi ) ) ;
34 w2 = N2 *(2* %pi /60) ;
35 // s i n c e Eb=K a ∗ I f ∗w , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
36 If = Eb1 /( K_a * w2 ) ;
37 Ef = If * Rf ;
38 // s i n c e Ef =(3∗ s q r t ( 3 ) ∗Em/ %pi ) ∗ c o s d ( a l p h a f ) ,
39 alpha_f = acosd (( Ef / Em ) *( %pi /(3* sqrt (3) ) ) ) ;
40 printf ( ” \ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e o f t h e a r m a t u r e c o n v e r t o r
i s \ t a l p h a= %. 2 f d e g r e e ” , alpha ) ;
41 printf ( ” \ nThe s p e e d o f t h e motor i s \ t \ t \ t N1= %. 2 f
rpm” , N1 ) ;
42 printf ( ” \ nThe f i r i n g a n g l e o f t h e f i e l d c o n v e r t o r i s
\ t a l p h a f= %. 2 f ” , alpha_f ) ;
calculations
Scilab code Exa 14.11 Determine the firing angle power factor active power and rea
1 // c h a p t e r 14
2 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . 1 1
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e f i r i n g a n g l e , power f a c t o r , a c t i v e
219
power and r e a c t i v e power a t r a t e d s p e e d and i t s
10 % and t h e i r r a t i o
4 // page −886−887
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 P =100; // i n kW ( power r a t i n g o f motor )
9 N =1000; // i n rpm
10 Ea =460; // i n V
11 I =300; // i n A
12 E =415; // i n V ( 3 p h a s e i n p u t v o l t a g e )
13 neta =10; // i n % (% o f r a t e d s p e e d f o r new s p e e d )
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 P = P *1 E3 ;
16 Em = sqrt (2/3) * E ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak v a l u e o f
phase v o l t a g e
17 // s i n c e Ea=(3∗ s q r t ( 3 ) ∗Em/ %pi ) ∗ c o s d ( a l p h a ) ,
18 alpha1 = acosd (( Ea / Em ) *( %pi /(3* sqrt (3) ) ) ) ;
19 PF1 = cosd ( alpha1 ) ;
20 Ea_alpha =( neta /100) * Ea ;
21 alpha2 = acosd (( Ea_alpha / Em ) *( %pi /(3* sqrt (3) ) ) ) ;
22 PF2 = cosd ( alpha2 ) ;
23 Ia = P / Ea ;
24 I = sqrt (2/3) * Ia ;
25 P_active1 = sqrt (3) * E * I * cosd ( alpha1 ) ;
26 P_reactive1 = sqrt (3) * E * I * sind ( alpha1 ) ;
27 P_active2 = sqrt (3) * E * I * cosd ( alpha2 ) ;
28 P_reactive2 = sqrt (3) * E * I * sind ( alpha2 ) ;
29 ratio = P_reactive2 / P_reactive1 ;
30 printf ( ” \ nAt r a t e d s p e e d , t h e f i r i n g a n g l e i s \ t
a l p h a=%. 2 f d e g r e e and t h e power f a c t o r i s \ t PF=%
. 2 f ” , alpha1 , PF1 ) ;
31 printf ( ” \n\ nAt %. f %% r a t e d s p e e d , t h e f i r i n g a n g l e
i s \ t a l p h a=%. 2 f d e g r e e and t h e power f a c t o r i s \
t PF=%. 3 f ” , neta , alpha2 , PF2 ) ;
32 printf ( ” \n\ nAt r a t e d s p e e d , t h e a c t i v e power i s \ t
P a c t i v e=%. 1 f kW and r e a c t i v e power i s \ t
220
P r e a c t i v e=%. 2 f kVAR” , P_active1 *1 E -3 , P_reactive1
*1 E -3) ;
33 printf ( ” \n\ nAt %. f %% r a t e d s p e e d , t h e a c t i v e power
i s \ t P a c t i v e=%. 2 f kW and r e a c t i v e power i s \ t
P r e a c t i v e=%. 2 f kVAR” , neta , P_active2 *1 E -3 ,
P_reactive2 *1 E -3) ;
34 printf ( ” \n\ nThe r a t i o o f r e a c t i v e power a t %. f %%
r a t e d s p e e d and r a t e d s p e e d i s %. 2 f ” , neta , ratio ) ;
calculations
Scilab code Exa 14.12 Determine the range of frequencies of the chopper
1 // c h a p t e r 14
2 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . 1 2
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e r a n g e o f f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e c h o p p e r
4 // page −893
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 I =80; // i n A
9 E =480; // i n V
10 N =960; // i n rpm
13 N1 =400 , N2 =750; // i n rpm ( r a n g e o f s p e e d )
14 Ton =3; // i n ms
15 Ef =480; // i n V
16 // c a l c u l a t e
17 Ton = Ton *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from ms t o s
18 If = E / Rf ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f i e l d c u r r e n t
19 Ia =I - If ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
20 Eb =E - Ia * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f back emf
21 Eb1 =( N1 / N ) * Eb ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f back emf
221
22 Ea1 = Eb1 + Ia * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n of terminal voltage
23 T1 =( E / Ea1 ) * Ton ; // c a l c u l a t i o n of chopping period
24 F1 =1/ T1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n of frequency corresponding
t o N1=400 rpm
25 Eb2 =( N2 / N ) * Eb ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f back emf
26 Ea2 = Eb2 + Ia * Ra ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
27 T2 =( E / Ea2 ) * Ton ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c h o p p i n g p e r i o d
28 F2 =1/ T2 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f r e q u e n c y c o r r e s p o n d i n g
t o N2=400 rpm
29 printf ( ” \n\ nThe r a n g e o f f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e c h o p p e r
i s \ t %. 2 f Hz <= f <= %. 2 f Hz” ,F1 , F2 ) ;
calculations
222
Chapter 15
Control of A C Drives
Scilab code Exa 15.1 Determine the new value of torque developed by motor
1 // c h a p t e r 15
2 // e x a m p l e 1 5 . 1
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e new v a l u e o f t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d by
motor
4 // page −912
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 T1 =1500; // i n s y n c Watts
9 f1 =50; // i n Hz
10 N =1440; // i n rpm
11 NS =1500; // i n rpm ( s y n c h r o n o o u s s p e e d )
12 f2 =75; // i n Hz
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 // s i n c e T1/T2=f 2 / f 1 , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
15 T2 =( f1 / f2 ) * T1 ;
16 printf ( ” \n\ nThe new v a l u e o f t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d by
motor i s \ t T2=%. 2 f s y n c . w a t t s ” , T2 ) ;
calculations
223
Scilab code Exa 15.2 Determine the angle of firing advance in different cases volt
1 // c h a p t e r 15
2 // e x a m p l e 1 5 . 2
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e a n g l e o f f i r i n g a d v a n c e i n
d i f f e r e n t c a s e s , v o l t a g e r a t i o and power f l o w
4 // page −958−959
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 P =6; // number o f p o l e s
9 f =50; // i n Hz
10 N1 =600 , N2 =800; // i n rpm
11 E =600; // i n V open c i r c u i t s t a n d s t i l l s l i p −r i n g
voltage
13 gama1 =10; // i n d e g r e e ( o v e r l a p a n g l e i n r e c t i f i e r )
14 gama2 =5; // i n d e g r e e ( o v e r l a p a n g l e i n i n v e r t o r )
15 V_diode =1.5; // i n V ( v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s SCR)
16 V_SCR =0.7; // i n V ( v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s SCR)
17 alpha =0; // i n d e g r e e ( u s e d by t h e a u t h o r i n t h e
book )
18 Pin =100; // a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e book
19 // c a l c u l a t e
20 Ns =( f / P ) *120; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d
21 S1 =( Ns - N1 ) / Ns ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s l i p c o r r e s p o n d i n g
t o N1=600
22 Er1 = N1 * S1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r o t o r v o l t a g e
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o N1=600
23 Edc1 =( P * Er1 * sqrt (2) / %pi ) * sin ( %pi / P ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f dc l i n k v o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o N1=600
24 Edc_inv1 = Edc1 ;
25 Emax = Es * sqrt (2) ;
26 // s i n c e E d c i n v =(P∗Emax / ( 2 ∗ %pi ) ) ∗ s i n ( %pi /P) ∗ ( c o s (
224
Beta )+c o s ( Beta−gama ) ) , and gama =0 , t h e r e f o r e we
get
27 Beta1 =( acosd ((2* %pi /( P * Emax * sin ( %pi / P ) ) ) * Edc_inv1 /2)
) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a n g l e o f f i r i n g a d v a n c e
28 S2 =( Ns - N2 ) / Ns ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s l i p c o r r e s p o n d i n g
t o N2=800
29 Er2 = N2 * S2 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r o t o r v o l t a g e
30 Edc2 =( P * Er2 * sqrt (2) / %pi ) * sin ( %pi / P ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
o f dc l i n k v o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o N2=800
31 Edc_inv2 = Edc2 ;
32 // s i n c e E d c i n v =(P∗Emax / ( 2 ∗ %pi ) ) ∗ s i n ( %pi /P) ∗ ( c o s (
Beta )+c o s ( Beta−gama ) ) , and gama =0 , t h e r e f o r e we
get
33 Beta2 =( acosd ((2* %pi /( P * Emax * sin ( %pi / P ) ) ) * Edc_inv2 /2)
) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a n g l e o f f i r i n g a d v a n c e
34 Edc3 =( P * Emax /(2* %pi ) ) * sin ( %pi / P ) *( cos ( alpha ) + cos (
alpha + gama1 ) ) -2* V_SCR ;
35 Beta3 = acosd (((2* %pi /( P * Emax * sin ( %pi / P ) ) ) *( Edc3 -2*
V_diode ) ) /(2* cosd ( gama2 /2) ) ) + gama2 /2;
36 K = Es / Er1 ;
37 P0_rotor = Pin * S1 ;
38 P0_shaft = Pin - P0_rotor ;
39 printf ( ” \n\ nThe a n g l e o f f i r i n g a d v a n c e
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o N1=%. f rpm i s \ t Beta1=%. 1 f
d e g r e e ” ,N1 , Beta1 ) ;
40 printf ( ” \ nThe a n g l e o f f i r i n g a d v a n c e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
t o N2=%. f rpm i s \ t Beta2=%. 1 f d e g r e e ” ,N2 , Beta2 ) ;
41 printf ( ” \ nThe a n g l e o f f i r i n g a d v a n c e i n o v e r l a p p i n g
c a s e i s \ t \ t Bet a3=%. 1 f d e g r e e ” , Beta3 ) ;
42 printf ( ” \n\ nThe t r a n s f r o m e r r a t i o i s \ t K=%. 2 f ” ,K ) ;
43 printf ( ” \n\ nThe power o u t o f t h e r o t o r i s \ t
P 0 r o t o r=%. f %% o f power i n p u t t o t h e s t a t o r ” ,
P0_rotor ) ;
44 printf ( ” \ nThe s h a f t o u t p u t power i s \ t P 0 s h a f t=%. f
%% o f power i n p u t t o t h e s t a t o r ” , P0_shaft ) ;
225
45 // Note : The a n s w e r i n t h e book i s wrong f o r Beta3
due t o u s e o f wrong v a l u e s o f Emax and gama1 i n
t h e c a l c u l a t i o n . I have u s e d t h e c o r r e c t v a l u e s
Scilab code Exa 15.3 Determine the input voltage armature current excitation volta
1 // c h a p t e r 15
2 // e x a m p l e 1 5 . 3
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e i n p u t v o l t a g e , a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t ,
e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e , t o r q u e a n g l e and p u l l −o u t
torque
4 // page −977−978
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 P =6; // number o f p o l e s
9 f =50; // i n Hz
10 E =400; // i n V
11 Xs = %i *2; // i n ohm ( r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e )
12 T_L =300; // i n Nm
13 N =1000; // i n rpm
14 f_inv =40; // i n Hz ( i n v e r t o r f r e q u e n c y )
15 Nm =560; // i n rpm ( motor s p e e d )
16 phi =0; // i n d e g r e e ( u s e d i n t h e book )
17 // c a l c u l a t e
18 Pf = cosd ( phi ) ;
19 Es = E / sqrt (3) ;
20 Eb = Es ;
21 Ea_rated = Es ;
22 w =2* %pi * f ;
23 ws =2* w / P ;
24 wb = ws ;
25 Ns =(60/(2* %pi ) ) * ws ;
26 K = Eb / wb ;
27 T_L1 = T_L *( Nm / N ) ^2;
226
28 wm1 = Nm *(2* %pi /60) ;
29 ws1 = wm1 ;
30 P0 = T_L1 * wm1 ;
31 Ea = K * ws1 ;
32 // s i n c e P0=3∗Ea∗ I a ∗ Pf , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
33 Ia = P0 /(3* Ea * Pf ) ;
34 Ef = Ea - Ia *( Xs ) ;
35 Ef_abs = abs ( Ef ) ;
36 Ef_phase = atand ( imag ( Ef ) / real ( Ef ) ) ;
37 del = Ef_phase ;
38 T_P =3* Ea * Ef_abs /(2* wm1 ) ;
39 printf ( ” \ nThe i n p u t v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t Ea=%. 2 f V” , Ea ) ;
40 printf ( ” \ nThe a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t i s \ t I a=%. 2 f A” , Ia ) ;
41 printf ( ” \ nThe e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e i s \ t Ef=%. 2 f V <%
. 2 f d e g r e e ” , Ef_abs , Ef_phase ) ;
42 printf ( ” \ nThe t o r q u e a n g l e i s \ t \ t %. 2 f d e g r e e ” , del )
;
43 printf ( ” \ nThe p u l l −o u t t o r q u e i s \ t \ t T P=%. 2 f Nm” ,
T_P ) ;
44 // Note : 1 . I n t h e book , t h e v a l u e o f N g i v e n i s N
=100 rpm , but h t e a u t h o r h a s e u s e d N=1000 rpm
w h i l e s o l v i n g . I have a l s o u s e d N=1000 rpm t o
make t h e a n s w e r s t o have p r a c t i c a l v a l u e s .
45 // 2 . The a n s w e r s i n t h e book v a r y s l i g h t l y
due t o p r e c i s e c a l c u l a t i o n s
227
Chapter 16
Power Electronic Applications
Scilab code Exa 16.1 Determine kVA rating of invertor Wattage of the rectifier and
1 // c h a p t e r 16
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 1
3 // D e t e r m i n e kVA r a t i n g o f i n v e r t o r , Wattage o f t h e
r e c t i f i e r and A−H r a t i n g o f battery
4 // page −996
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Load =600; // i n W
9 PF =0.8; // ( l a g g i n g power f a c t o r )
10 efficiency =80; // i n %
11 Edc =24; // i n V
12 backup_time =30; // i n min
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 // s i n c e PF=Load / k V A r a t i n g , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
15 kVA_rating = Load / PF ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f kVA r a t i n g o f
invertor
16 wattage = kVA_rating * PF /( efficiency /100) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f Wattage o f t h e r e c t i f i e r
17 Idc = kVA_rating / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f dc c u r r e n t
18 AH_rating = Idc * backup_time /60; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f A−H
228
rating of battery
19 printf ( ” \ nThe kVA r a t i n g o f i n v e r t o r i s \ t \ t %. 2 f kW
” , kVA_rating *1 E -3) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe Wattage o f t h e r e c t i f i e r i s \ t %. 2 f kW
” , wattage *1 E -3) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe A−H r a t i n g o f b a t t e r y i s \ t \ t %. 2 f AH
” , AH_rating ) ;
22 // The b a t t e r y v o l t a g e i s g i v e n a s Edc=24 V but t h e
a u t h o r h a s u s e d Edc=48 V . Thats why t h e a n s w e r
i n t h e book f o r A H r a t i n g i s wrong .
Scilab code Exa 16.2 Select a suitable battery
1 // c h a p t e r 16
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 2
3 // S e l e c t a s u i t a b l e b a t t e r y
4 // page −996−997
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 UPS_rating =20; // i n kVA
9 backup_time =15; // i n min
10 efficiency =85; // i n %
11 PF =0.8; // ( l a g g i n g power f a c t o r )
12 Edc1 =147 , Edc2 =190; // i n V ( B a t t e r y v o l t a g e r a n g e )
13 V_cell =1.75; // i n V ( v o l t a g e p e r c e l l )
14 N =6; // i n c e l l g r o u p s p e r j a r
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16
17 Battery_kW = UPS_rating * PF /( efficiency /100) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f b a t t e r y power
18 num_cell = Edc1 / V_cell ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f number o f
cells
19 num_jar = num_cell / N ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f number o f j a r s
20 cell_size_kW = Battery_kW / num_cell // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
229
cell size
21 printf ( ” \ nThe b a t t e r y power i s \ t %. 2 f kW” ,
Battery_kW ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe number o f c e l l s i s \ t %. f ” , num_cell ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe number o f j a r s i s \ t %. f ” , num_jar ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe c e l l s i z e i s \ t %. 3 f kW” , cell_size_kW )
;
25 printf ( ” \n\ nBased on t h i s data , we can c h o o s e 90 A−H
b a t t e r y which h a s 0 . 2 5 5 kW d i s c h a r g e r a t e a t %. f
min back−up t i m e ” , backup_time ) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.3 Determine AH efficiency and WH efficiency
1 // c h a p t e r 16
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 3
3 // D e t e r m i n e AH e f f i c i e n c y and WH e f f i c i e n c y
4 // page −997
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 V_cell =2; // i n V ( v o l t a g e o f l e a d a c i d c e l l )
9 I_discharge =35; // i n A ( d i s c h a r g e c u r r e n t )
10 T_discharge =5; // i n Hrs
11 Eavg =1.95; // i n V
12 I_charge =45; // i n A ( 4 c h a r g e c u r r e n t )
13 T_charge =4; // i n Hrs
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 AH_efficiency =(( I_discharge * T_discharge ) /( I_charge *
T_charge ) ) *100; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f AH e f f i c i e n c y
16 WH_efficiency = AH_efficiency * Eavg / V_cell ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f WH e f f i c i e n c y
17
18 printf ( ” \ nThe AH e f f i c i e n c y i s \ t %. 2 f %%” ,
AH_efficiency ) ;
19 printf ( ” \ nThe WH e f f i c i e n c y i s \ t %. 2 f %%” ,
230
WH_efficiency ) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.4 Determine dc supply voltage and charging current
1 // c h a p t e r 16
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 4
3 // D e t e r m i n e dc s u p p l y v o l t a g e and c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t
4 // page −997
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 num_cell =18; // number o f c e l l s
9 AH_output =90; // i n AH (AH o u t p u t p e r c e l l )
10 T =10; // i n Hrs
11 charging_time =8; // i n Hrs
12 AH_efficiency =85; // i n %
13 V_cell =2.4; // i n V ( v o l t a g e p e r c e l l )
14 r =0.1; // i n ohm ( i n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e o f b a t t e r y )
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16 // s i n c e A H e f f i c i e n c y=AH output / AH input , t h e r e f o r e
we g e t
17 AH_input = AH_output /( AH_efficiency /100) ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n p u t AH p e r c e l l
18 // s i n c e AH input=c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t ∗ c h a r g i n g t i m e ,
19 charging_current = AH_input / charging_time ; //
calculation of charging current
20 V_total = num_cell * V_cell ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t o t a l
t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e o f 18 c e l l s
21 V_drop = r * charging_current ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f v o l t a g e
drop a c r o s s i n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e
22 Edc = V_total + V_drop ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f dc s u p p l y
voltage
23 printf ( ” \ nThe c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t i s \ t %. 2 f A” ,
charging_current ) ;
231
24 printf ( ” \ nThe dc s u p p l y v o l t a g e i s \ t %. 3 f V” , Edc ) ;
calculation
Scilab code Exa 16.5 Calculate back up time and charger peak output power
1 // c h a p t e r 16
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 5
3 // C a l c u l a t e back−up t i m e and c h a r g e r peak o u t p u t
power
4 // page −997−998
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 VA_rating =6; // i n kVA
9 V =230; // i n V
10 E =144; // i n V
11 PF =0.8;
12 neta =0.85; // i n v e r t o r e f f i c i e n c y
13 AH_rating =500; // i n AH
14 E1 =10.6 , E2 =13.4; // i n V ( r a n g e o f b a t t e r y v o l t a g e )
15 E_normal =12; // i n V ( n o r m a l b a t t e r y v o l t a g e )
16 T =4; // i n Hrs ( c h a r g i n g t i m e )
17 t =8; // i n Hrs
18 capacity_derating =0.5;
19 // c a l c u l a t e
20 VA_rating = VA_rating *1 E3 ;
21 Battery_kW = VA_rating * PF / neta ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
b a t t e r y power
22 num_Battery = E / E_normal ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f number o f
batteries
23 // c o n s i d e r i n g w o r s t c a s e f o r c a l c u l a t i o n o f
discharge current
24 Total_battery_voltage = E1 * num_Battery ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
of total battery voltage
232
25 // s i n c e Battery kW=T o t a l b a t t e r y v o l t a g e ∗ I d c ,
t h e r e f o r e we g e t ,
26 I_dc = Battery_kW / Total_battery_voltage ; //
calculation of battery discharge current
27 T_backup = AH_rating * capacity_derating / I_dc ; //
c a l c u l a t i o n o f back−up t i m e
28 Ic = AH_rating * capacity_derating / T ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
charging current
29 P_peak = E * Ic ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c h a r g i n g peak power
30 printf ( ” \ nThe back−up t i m e i s \ t \ t %. 3 f h o u r s ” ,
T_backup ) ;
31 printf ( ” \ nThe c h a r g i n g peak power i s \ t %. f kW” ,
P_peak *1 E -3) ;
w h i l e c a l c u l a t i n g T backup . Thats why a n s w e r i n
t h e book i s wrong
Scilab code Exa 16.6 Determine maximum duty cycle and flyback convertor turns rati
1 // c h a p t e r 16
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 6
3 // D e t e r m i n e maximum duty c y c l e and f l y b a c k
convertor turns ratio
4 // page −1007
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 fs =60; // i n kHz ( s w i t c h i n g f r e q u e n c y )
9 Esp =180; // i n V ( s p i k e v o l t a g e )
10 Mains =230; // i n V ( mains s u p p l y )
12 E0 =12; // i n V
13 E_DS =1200; // i n V ( u s e d i n t h e book , v o l t a g e a c r o s s
MOSFET)
14 // c a l c u l a t e
233
15 Edc = Mains * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak mains
voltage
16 // s i n c e E DS=(Edc /(1 − a l p h a m a x )+Esp , t h e r e f o r e we
get
17 alpha_max =1 -( Edc /( E_DS - Esp ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
maximum duty c y c l e
18 // s i n c e E0=( a l p h a m a x /(1 − a l p h a m a x ) ) ∗ ( N2/N1 ) ∗ Edc ,
19 K =( Edc / E0 ) *( alpha_max /(1 - alpha_max ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
of flyback convertor turns ratio
20 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum duty c y c l e i s \ t \ t a l p h a m a x=%
. 2 f ” , alpha_max ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe f l y b a c k c o n v e r t o r t u r n s r a t i o i s \ t N2
/N1=%. 1 f ” ,K ) ;
22 // Note : t h e a n s w e r v a r y s l i g h t l y due t o p r e c i s e
calculations
Scilab code Exa 16.7 Determine average input power and current ratings of the tras
1 // c h a p t e r 16
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 7
3 // D e t e r m i n e a v e r a g e i n p u t power and c u r r e n t ,
r a t i n g s of the t r a s i s t o r , primary winding
i n d u t a n c e and number o f t u r n s , and r a t i n g s o f t h e
diode
4 // page −1007 −1009
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Edc_min =14 , Edc_max =30; // i n V ( r a n g e o f s u p p l y
voltage )
9 V1 =12 , V2 = -12 , // i n V ( o u t p u t v o l t a g e s )
10 I1 =0.6 , I2 =0.6; // i n A ( o u t p u t c u r r e n t )
11 i_1 =0.1 , i_2 =0.5; // i n A ( r a n g e o f l o a d c u r r e n t )
12 neta =80; // i n % ( e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c o n v e r t o r )
234
14 alpha_max =0.5; // a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e book
15 L0 =80; // i n mH ( a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e book )
16 N0 =1100; // ( a s s u m p t i o n a s done i n t h e book )
17 // c a l c u l a t e
19 L0 = L0 *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mH t o H
20 P0 =( V1 * I1 ) +( - V2 * I2 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f u l l −l o a d
power
21 Pi = P0 /( neta /100) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n p u t power
22 I_avg_max = Pi / Edc_min ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum
average input current
23 I_avg_min = Pi / Edc_max ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f minimum
average input current
24 Ic_max =2* P0 /(( neta /100) * Edc_min * alpha_max ) ; //
calculation of transistor current rating
25 V_CE_max = Edc_max /(1 - alpha_max ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
transistor voltage rating
26 Pd_max = V_CE_max * Ic_max ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t r a n s i s t o r
power r a t i n g
27 L_prim = Edc_min * alpha_max /( Ic_max * fs ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
of primary inductance
28 N_prim = N0 * sqrt ( L_prim / L0 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f number
of turns in primary winding
29 // s i n c e E0=( a l p h a m a x /(1 − a l p h a m a x ) ) ∗ ( N2/N1 ) ∗ Edc ,
30 N_sec =( V1 / Edc_min ) * N_prim *((1 - alpha_max ) / alpha_max ) ;
// c a l c u l a t i o n o f number o f t u r n s i n s e c o n d a r y
winding
31 Id =( N_prim / N_sec ) * Ic_max ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak
diode current
32 PIV = V1 +( Edc_max /( N_prim / N_sec ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
peak i n v e r s e v o l t a g e
33 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e i n p u t power i s \ t Pi=%. f W” , Pi
);
34 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum a v e r a g e i n p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t
I a v g m a x=%. 3 f A” , I_avg_max ) ;
35 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum a v e r a g e i n p u t c u r r e n t i s \ t
235
I a v g m i n=%. 3 f A” , I_avg_min ) ;
36 printf ( ” \n\ nThe r a t i n g s o f t h e t r a n s i s t o r a r e \ t
I c m a x=%. 2 f A \ t V CE max=%. f V \ t Pd max=%. f W” ,
Ic_max , V_CE_max , Pd_max ) ;
37 printf ( ” \n\ nThe number o f t u r n s i n p r i m a r y w i n d i n g
i s \ t N prim=%. f ” , N_prim ) ;
38 printf ( ” \n\ nThe number o f t u r n s i n s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g
i s \ t N s e c=%. f ” , N_sec ) ;
39 printf ( ” \n\ nThe r a t i n g s o f t h e d i o d e a r e \ t Id>=%. 1 f
A \ t PIV>= %. 2 f V” ,Id , PIV ) ;
40 // Note : 1 . There i s c a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e w h i l e
c a l c u l a t i n g I d . Thats why a n s w e r i n t h e book i s
wrong .
41 // 2 . The a n s w e r s v a r y s l i g h t l y due t o
precise calculations
Scilab code Exa 16.8 Determine turn ratio of demagnetizing winding with primary wi
1 // c h a p t e r 16
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 8
3 // D e t e r m i n e t u r n r a t i o o f d e m a g n e t i z i n g w i n d i n g
w i t h p r i m a r y w i n d i n g , s w i t c h v o l t a g a e r a t i n g and
dc s u p p l y c u r r e n t
4 // page −1015
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E0 =12; // i n V
9 I0 =12; // i n A
11 E =230; // i n V ( r e c t i f i e d a c mains )
12 alpha_max =0.6; // maximum duty c y c l e
13 neta1 =50; // i n % ( s p i k e v o l t a g e p e r c e n t a g e )
14 neta2 =20; // i n %
15 // c a l c u l a t e
236
17 Edc = E * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f dc v o l t a g e
18 Esp =( neta1 /100) * Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s p i k e v o l t a g e
19 // s i n c e a l p h a m a x =1/(1+(N3/N1 ) ) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
20 // K=N1/N3 = 1 / ( ( 1 / a l p h a m a x ) −1) ,
21 K =1/((1/ alpha_max ) -1) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f t u r n s r a t i o
22 Vsw = Edc + K * Edc + Esp ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s w i t c h v o l t a g e
23 // s i n c e K1=N1/N2=V1/V2 , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
24 K1 =(1 -( neta2 /100) ) * Edc / E0 ;
25 // s i n c e I 1 / I 2=N2/N1 , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
26 I1 = I0 / K1 ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f dc s u p p l y c u r r e n t
27 printf ( ” \ nThe t u r n r a t i o o f d e m a g n e t i z i n g w i n d i n g
w i t h p r i m a r y w i n d i n g i s \ t N1/N3=%. 1 f ” ,K ) ;
28 printf ( ” \ nThe r e q u i r e d s w i t c h v o l t a g e i s \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t \
t Vsw=%. 2 f V” , Vsw ) ;
29 printf ( ” \ nThe dc s u p p l y c u r r e n t a t f u l l c u r r e n t i s \
t \ t \ t \ t I 1=%. 2 f A” , I1 ) ;
calculations
Scilab code Exa 16.9 Determine the value of coupling capacitor verfiy if the value
1 // c h a p t e r 16
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 9
3 // D e t e r m i n e t h e v a l u e o f c o u p l i n g c a p a c i t o r , v e r f i y
i f t h e v a l u e i s a c c e p t a b l e o r not , I f n o t t h e n
d e t e r m i n e t h e new v a l u e
4 // page −1019 −1020
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 P0 =200; // i n W
9 fs =20; // i n kHz
10 n =10; // t u r n s r a t i o
11 L =20; // i n uH
237
12 e =80; // i n % ( e f f i c i e n c y )
13 E =230; // i n V ( u s e d i n t h e book )
14 alpha_max =0.8; // a s s u m p t i o n f o r duty c y c l e a s done
i n t h e book
15 tolerance =20; // a s s u m p t i o n f o r v o l t a g e t o l e r a n c e a s
done i n t h e book
16 // c a l c u l a t e
19 L_R = n ^2* L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s o n a n t i n d u c t a n c e
20 f_R =0.25* fs ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s o n a n t f r e u q u e n c y
21 Cc =1/(4*( %pi * f_R ) ^2* L_R ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c o u p l i n g
capacitor
22 Edc = E * sqrt (2) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f dc v o l t a g e
23 Ic =2* P0 /(( e /100) * alpha_max * Edc ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f
coupling current
24 I = Ic +( tolerance /100) * Ic ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f w o r s t c a s e
coupling current
25 dt = alpha_max /(2* fs ) ;
26 Vc =( I / Cc ) * dt ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c o u p l i n g c a p a c i t o r
charge voltage
27 // s i n c e t h e r a n g e o f Vc i s 6 t o 32 V,
28 // l e t u s assume dVc=30 V t h e r e f o r e , t h e new v a l u e
o f c a p a c i t o r i s C=I ∗ ( d t /dVc ) ;
29 dVc =30; // i n V
30 C = I *( dt / dVc ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f new c o u p l i n g
capacitance
31 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f c o u p l i n g c a p a c i t o r i s \ t \ t Cc
=%. 2 f uF” , Cc *1 E6 ) ;
32 printf ( ” \ nThe peak c o u p l i n g c a p a c i t o r c h a r g e v o l t a g e
i s \ t vc=%. 1 f V” , Vc ) ;
33 if Vc >=6 & Vc <=32 then
34 printf ( ” \n\ nThe v a l u e o f Vc i s a c c e p t a b l e . ” ) ;
35 else
36 C = I * dt / dVc ;
37 printf ( ” \ nThe new v a l u e o f c o u p l i n g c a p a c i t o r i s
\ t \ t C=%. 1 f uF” ,C *1 E6 ) ;
38 end
238
39 // Note : t h e a n s w e r v a r y s l i g h t l y due t o round o f f
Scilab code Exa 16.10 Determine rms current and peak reverse voltage
1 // c h a p t e r 16
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 1 0
3 // f i g . 1 6 . 2 0
4 // D e t e r m i n e rms c u r r e n t and peak r e v e r s e v o l t a g e
5 // page −1028 −1029
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 P0 =500; // i n MW
10 E =250; // i n kV
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 P0 = P0 *1 E6 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from MW t o W
13 E = E *1 E3 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from kV t o V
14 Id = P0 /(2* E ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d i r e c t c u r r e n t
15 Irms = Id / sqrt (3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f rms c u r r e n t
16 E_line_max = E /2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximum l i n e
voltage
17 for 6 pulse group
18 PIV = E_line_max *( %pi /3) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f peak
reverse voltage
19 printf ( ” \ nThe rms c u r r e n t i s \ t \ t I r m s=%. 2 f A” , Irms )
;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe peak r e v e r s e v o l t a g e i s \ t PIV=%. f kV”
, PIV *1 E -3) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.11 Determine depth of heating and heat generated per unit surfa
1 // c h a p t e r 16
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 1 1
239
3 // D e t e r m i n e d e p t h o f h e a t i n g and h e a t g e n e r a t e d p e r
unit surface area
4 // page −1036
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 L =10; // i n cm ( l e n g t h )
9 d =1; // i n cm ( d i a m e t e r )
10 N =15; // number o f t u r n s
11 I =80; // i n A
12 f =200; // i n kHz
13 ur =1; // r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y
14 rho =5 E -8; // i n ohm−m ( r e s i s t i v i t y )
15 // c a l c u l a t e
16 L = L *1 E -2; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from cm t o m
17 d = d *1 E -2; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from cm t o m
19 del =503* sqrt ( rho /( ur * f ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f d e p t h o f
heating
20 H =2* %pi *( N * I / L ) ^2* sqrt ( rho * ur * f /1 E7 ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n
of heat generated per unit s u r f a c e area
21 printf ( ” \ nThe d e p t h o f h e a t i n g i s \ t \ t \ t d e l=%. 3 f mm
” , del *1 E3 ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nThe h e a t g e n e r a t e d p e r u n i t s u r f a c e a r e a
i s \ t H=%. 2 f kW/mˆ2 ” ,H *1 E -3) ;
23 // Note : The v a l u e o f L g i v e n i s L=10 cm but t h e
a u t h o r h a s u s e d L=1 cm i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n . Thats
why a n s w e r i n t h e book i s wrong .
Scilab code Exa 16.12 Determine supply frequency
1 // c h a p t e r 16
2 // example 1 6 . 1 2
3 // Determine supply f r e q u e n c y
4 // page −1037
240
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 del =2.5; // i n mm ( d e p t h o f h e a t i n g )
9 rho =5 E -5; // i n ohm−cm ( r e s i s t i v i t y )
10 ur =1; // r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 del = del *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mm t o m
13 rho = rho *1 E -2; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from ohm−cm t o ohm−m
14 f =( rho / ur ) *(503/ del ) ^2; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s u p p l y
frequency
15 printf ( ” \ nThe s u p p l y f r e q u e n c y i s \ t f=%. 2 f kHz ” ,f *1
E -3) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.13 Determine voltage and current
1 // c h a p t e r 16
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 1 3
3 // D e t e r m i n e v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t
4 // page −1041
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 l =25 , b =15 , t =1; // i n cm ( d i m e n s i o n s o f p i e c e )
9 P =1; // i n kW
10 Er =4; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t t i v i t y
11 PF =0.6; // power f a c t o r
12 f =40; // i n MHz
13 Eo =8.854 E -12; // a b s o l u t e p e r m i t t i v i t y
14 // c a l c u l a t e
15 l = l *1 E -2; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from cm t o m
16 b = b *1 E -2; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from cm t o m
17 t = t *1 E -2; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from cm t o m
19 f = f *1 E6 ; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from MHz t o Hz
241
20 A = l * b ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f a r e a
21 C = Eo * Er * A / t ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t a n c e
22 // s i n c e P=2∗%pi ∗ f ∗C∗Vˆ2∗PF , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
23 V = sqrt ( P /(2* %pi * f * C * PF ) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f v o l t a g e
24 Xc =1/(2* %pi * f * C ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t i v e
reactance
25 I = V / Xc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c u r r e n t
26 printf ( ” \ nThe v o l t a g e i s \ t V=%. 2 f V” ,V ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe c u r r e n t i s \ t I=%. 2 f A” ,I ) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.14 Determine supply frequency
1 // c h a p t e r 16
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 1 4
3 // D e t e r m i n e s u p p l y f r e q u e n c y
4 // page −1041
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 C =5.3; // i n uF
9 V =600; // i n V
10 I =100; // i n A
11 // c a l c u l a t e
13 Xc = V / I ;
14 // s i n c e Xc =1/(2∗ %pi ∗ f ∗C) , t h e r e f o r e we g e t
15 f =1/(2* %pi * C * Xc ) ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f s u p p l y f r e q u e n c y
16 printf ( ” \ nThe s u p p l y f r e q u e n c y i s \ t f=%. f kHz ” ,f *1 E
-3) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.15 Calculate the value of load resistance commutating capacitor
1 // c h a p t e r 16
242
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 1 5
3 // f i g . Ex 1 6 . 1 5
4 // C a l c u l a t e t h e v a l u e o f l o a d r e s i s t a n c e ,
commutating c a p a c i t o r and r e s i s t a n c e c o n n e c t e d i n
series
5 // page −1046
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Edc =50; // i n V ( s u p p l y v o l t a g e )
10 I_L =10; // i n A ( l o a d c u r r e n t )
11 Toff =20; // i n u s ( t u r n − o f f t i m e )
12 I_H =5; // i n mA ( h o l d i n g c u r r e n t )
13 // c a l c u l a t e
14 Toff = Toff *1 E -6; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from u s t o s
15 I_H = I_H *1 E -3; // c h a n g i n g u n i t from mA t o A
16 R2 = Edc / I_H ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s i s t a n c e c o n n e c t e d
in s e r i e s
17 R1 = Edc / I_L ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o a d r e s i s t a n c e
18 C =1.5* Toff * I_L / Edc ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f ommutating
capaitor
19 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f r e s i s t a n c e c o n n e c t e d i n
s e r i e s i s \ t R2=%. f k−ohm” , R2 *1 E -3) ;
20 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f l o a d r e s i s t a n c e i s \ t R1=%. f
ohm” , R1 ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f commutating c a p a c i t o r i s \ t C
>=%. f uF” ,C *1 E6 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.16 What will be the firing angle and output power available
1 // c h a p t e r 16
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 1 6
3 // What w i l l be t h e f i r i n g a n g l e and o u t p u t power
available
4 // page −1051
243
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 // g i v e n
8 f =50; // i n Hz
9 neta =60; // i n %
10 T =0.24; // i n s ( r e p i t i o n p e r i o d )
11 // c a l c u l a t e
12 // p a r t ( i ) can n o t be s o l v e d
13 // s i n c e T=0.24 s r e p r e s e n t s 12 c y c l e s a t 50 Hz o r T
=24 h a l f c y c l e s , t h e r e f o r e
14 T =24;
15 // s i n c e P l o a d /Pmax=N/ 2 4 , t h e r e f o r e
16 N1 =1 , N2 =24
17 Pload1 = N1 / T ;
18 Pload2 = N2 / T ;
19 printf ( ” The a v a i l a b l e power r a n g e from %. 2 f %% o f
Pmax (N=%. f ) t o %. f %% o f Pmax (N=%. f ) v a r y i n g i n
s t e p s o f %. 2 f %% o f Pmax” , Pload1 *1 E2 , N1 , Pload2 *1
E2 , N2 , Pload1 *1 E2 ) ;
244

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

July 31, 2019

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

Title: Power Electronics

Author: M. D. Singh and K. B. Khanchandani

Publisher: Tata McGraw-Hill

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

List of Scilab Codes 4

2 Thyristors Principles and Characteristics 5

3 Gate Triggering Circuits 16

4 Series and Parallel Operation of Thyristors 22

5 Power Semiconductor Devices 28

6 Phase Controlled Convertors 39

12 Resonant Convertors 168

13 Protection and Cooling of Power Switching Devices 180

15 Control of A C Drives 213

16 Power Electronic Applications 218

Exa 2.1 Will the thyristor get fired . . . . . . . . . . 5

Thyristors Principles and

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Will the thyristor get fired

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Obtain the minimum gating pulse

Scilab code Exa 2.3 Compute average power loss

Scilab code Exa 2.6 Calculate the mean power loss

Scilab code Exa 2.7 Compute the peak inverse voltage

Scilab code Exa 2.9 Calculate the value of commutating capacitance

Gate Triggering Circuits

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Determine the trigger angle

Scilab code Exa 3.3 Design UJT relaxation oscillator

Series and Parallel Operation

Scilab code Exa 4.1 Calculate the value of R and C

Scilab code Exa 4.2 Calculate the series resistance

Scilab code Exa 4.4 Calculate the number of thyristors

Power Semiconductor Devices

Scilab code Exa 5.6 Determine power loss

Scilab code Exa 5.7 Calculate the total power loss

Phase Controlled Convertors

Scilab code Exa 6.2 Determine the heater power

Scilab code Exa 6.3 Determine various parameters

Scilab code Exa 6.5 Determine design details

Scilab code Exa 6.6 Determine variuos parameters

Scilab code Exa 6.7 Determine the firing angle

Scilab code Exa 6.10 Determine various parameters

Scilab code Exa 6.12 Determine average output voltage

Scilab code Exa 6.14 Calculate thyristor current ratings

Scilab code Exa 6.15 Determine various parameters

Scilab code Exa 6.19 Find out SCR rating

Scilab code Exa 6.21 Determine average voltage

Scilab code Exa 6.24 Determine various parameters

Scilab code Exa 6.25 Determine DPF DF HF and PF

Scilab code Exa 6.26 Determine overlap angles

Scilab code Exa 6.29 Compute the average load voltage

Scilab code Exa 6.30 Compute the average generator voltage

Scilab code Exa 6.33 Design the 3 phase bridge convertor

Scilab code Exa 6.36 Calculate various parameters

Scilab code Exa 8.1 Determine time ratio of the chopper

Scilab code Exa 8.4 Calculate the required pulse width