LAB - 1

AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

1.1 OBJECTIVE

In this lab, you will learn how to perform the amplitude modulation and demodulation and
to calculate the modulation index for various modulating voltages.

1.2 HARDWARE REQUIRED

Transistor BC108, Resistors, Capacitors, AFO, CRO, Diode 0A79, Multimeter, Regulated
power supply, Breadboard and connecting wires.

1.3 PREPARATION (PRE-LAB)

Do the complete revision of Amplitude modulation and Demodulation and find the
modulation index for the modulating voltage of 6v and given Vc=60mv, fc=500 KHz, fm=1KHz.

1.4 AMPLITUDE MODULATION

1.4.1 Theory
Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics of a carrier signal is
varied in accordance with a modulating signal. The base band signal is referred to as the modulating
signal and the output of the modulation process is called as the modulation signal.
Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which is the amplitude of the carrier wave
is varied about a means values linearly with the base band signal. The envelope of the modulating
wave has the same shape as the base band signal provided the following two requirements are
satisfied
1. The carrier frequency fc must be much greater then the highest frequency components fm of
the message signal m (t) i.e. fc >> fm
2. The modulation index must be less than unity. if the modulation index is greater than unity,
the carrier wave becomes over modulated.

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1.4.2 Circuit diagram

Fig 1-1 Amplitude modulation

Fig 1-2 Amplitude modulation model graph

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1.4.3 Design procedure
Given VC = 50mV, fc = 500 KHz, fm = 1KHz.
Set modulating voltage Vm = 10 V.
Emax = 1.6 V, Emin = 0.7 V
E max ? E min
Modulation index (m) = X 100 = 39.13%
E max ? Emin

1.4.4 Test procedure

1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit.
2. The power supply is connected to the collector of the Transistor.
3. Modulated Output is taken from the collector of the Transistor.
4. Calculate Emax and Emin from the output waveform.

1.5 AMPLITUDE DEMODULATION

1.5.1 Theory
The process of detection provides a means of recovering the modulating Signal from
modulating signal. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. The detector circuit is
employed to separate the carrier wave and eliminate the side bands. Since the envelope of an AM
wave has the same shape as the message, independent of the carrier frequency and phase,
demodulation can be accomplished by extracting envelope.
An increased time constant RC results in a marginal output follows the modulation
envelope. A further increase in time constant the discharge curve become horizontal if the rate of
modulation envelope during negative half cycle of the modulation voltage is faster than the rate of
voltage RC combination ,the output fails to follow the modulation resulting distorted output is
called as diagonal clipping : this will occur even high modulation index.
The depth of modulation at the detector output greater than unity and circuit impedance is
less than circuit load (Rl > Zm) results in clipping of negative peaks of modulating signal. It is
called “negative clipping “

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1.5.2 Circuit diagram

Fig. 1-3 Amplitude Demodulation

Fig. 1-4 Amplitude Demodulation Waveform

1.5.3 TEST PROCEDURE

1. The circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. The amplitude modulated signal from AM generator is give as input to the circuit.
3. The demodulated output is observed on the CRO.
4. The various values of modulating voltage signal frequency corresponding demodulated
voltage and freque ncy are noted and the readings are tabulated.

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1.6 LAB RESULT
Thus the amplitude modulation and demodulation were performed and the modulation index
for various modulating voltage were calculated.

1.7 POST LAB QUESTIONS

1. Based upon your general knowledge of AM and FM broadcasting by listening to the radio
name the frequency occupied by AM and FM broadcast stations?
2. What will happen, if modulation index is greater than 100%?
3. Audio signals are not transmitted by electromagnetic waves. Justify the statement.
4. An amplitude modulated amplifier has a radio frequency output of 50w at 100% modulation.
The internal loss in the modulator is low. What output power is required from the modulator?
5. In what stage modulation is done in high – power A.M transmissions?

ASSESSMENT

Prelab : 30 marks
(design (10), circuit (10), tabulation (10))
Lab performance : 30 marks
Viva-voce : 15 marks

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 LAB - 2
FREQUENCY MODULATION

2.1 OBJECTIVE

In this lab, you will learn how to perform the Frequency modulation using IC 566 and to
calculate the modulation index for various modulating voltages.

2.2 HARDWARE REQUIRED

AFO, IC NE566, Resistors, Capacitor, CRO, Bread board and connecting wires, RPS
2.3 PREPARATION (PRE-LAB)
Do the complete revision of Frequency modulation and its modulation index and also about
IC 566 working principles.

2.4 THEORY
Frequency modulation is a process of changing the frequency of a carrier wave in
accordance with the slowly varying base band signal. The main advantage of this modulation is that
it can provide better discrimination against noise.

2.4.1 Frequency Modulation using IC 566

A VCO is a circuit that provides an oscillating signal whose frequency can be adjusted over
a control by Dc voltage. VCO can generate both square and triangular
Wave signal whose frequency is set by an external capacitor and resistor and then varied by an
applied DC voltage. IC 566 contains a current source to charge and discharge an external capacitor
C1 at a rate set by an external resistor. R1 and a modulating DC output voltage.
The Schmitt trigger circuit present in the IC is used to switch the current source between
charge and discharge capacitor and triangular voltage developed across the capacitor and the square
wave from the Schmitt trigger are provide as the output of the buffer amplifier.
The R2 and R3 combination is a voltage divider, the voltage VC must be in the range 3/4
VCC < VC < VCC. The modulating voltage must be less than 3/4VCC the frequency fc can be
calculated using the formula
fo = 2 (VCC-Vc) R1 C1 VCC
For a fixed value of VC and a constant C1 the frequency can be varied at 10:1 similarly for a
constant R! C1 product value the frequency modulation can be done at 10:1 ratio.
2.4.2 Circuit diagram

Fig. 2.1 Frequency Modulation

 Fig 2.2 Frequency Modulation Model Graph

2.4.3 Test procedure

1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. The modulating signal FM is given from an AFO (1KHZ)
3. For various values of modulating voltage Vm the values of Fmax and Fmin are noted
4. The values of the modulation index are calculated.

2.5 LAB RESULT

Thus the FM circuit using IC566 was performed and the modulation index was found.
2.6 POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. What will be the changes in the wave under FM when the amplitude or frequency of the
modulating signal is increased ?
2. The FM station have less noise while receiving the signal. Justify your answer.
3. What happens when a stronger signal and a weaker signal both overlap at the same
frequency in FM?
4. Name two applications of two way mobile radio?
5. Which mathematical expression is used to decide the side band amplitudes in a FM signal ?
ASSESSMENT
Prelab : 30 marks
(design (10), circuit (10), tabulation (10))
Lab performance : 30 marks
Viva-voce : 15 marks
 LAB - 3
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

3.1 OBJECTIVE
In this lab, you will learn how to perform the pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation
and to calculate the modulation index for various modulating voltages.

3.2 HARDWARE REQUIRED

. Transistor, AFO, IC NE566, Resistors, Capacitor, CRO, RPS.

3.3 PREPARATION (PRE-LAB)

Do the complete revision of Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation theory.

3.4 THEORY
Pulse amplitude modulation is a scheme, which alters the amplitude of regularly spaced
rectangular pulses in accordance with the instantaneous values of a continuous message signal.
Then amplitude of the modulated pulses represents the amplitude of the intelligence.
A train of very short pulses of constant amplitude and fast repetition rate is chosen the
amplitude of these pulse is made to vary in accordance with that of a slower modulating signal the
result is that of multiplying the train by the modulating signal the enve lope of the pulse height
corresponds to the modulating wave .the Pam wave contain upper and lower side band frequencies
.besides the modulating and pulse signals.
The demodulated PAM waves, the signal is passed through a low pass filter ha ving a cut –
off frequencies equal to the highest frequency in the modulating signal. At the output of the filter is
available the modulating signal along with the DC component
PAM has the same signal to noise ratio as AM and so it is not employed in practical
circuits
3.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig.3-1 PAM Modulation &Demodulation

 Fig 3-2 PAM Model Graph

Fig 3-3 PAM Demodulation Model Graph

3.6 TEST PROCEDURE

3.6.1 Modulation
1. Make the circuit as sho wn in circuit diagram
2. Set the pulse generator output to be 41Vpp at 100HZ
3. Set AFO output at 2 Vpp 100HZ
4. Observe the output wave form on a CRO
5. Tabulate the reading.
3.6.2 Demodulation
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure
2. Given the modulated output with AFO used to the input of the circuit.
3. Vary the potentiometer so that modulating signal is obtained.
4. Measure the amplitude of the signal and verify with that of the input.

3.7 LAB RESULT

Thus the pulse amplitude modulation was performed and its corresponding demodulation was
also performed.

3.8 POST LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the process of sampling an analog signal at a high rate ?
2. Which multiplexing technique is used to transmit both digital and analog signals?
3. Why PAM is not preferable in digital transmission?
4. Which device is used to track PAM frequency variations in the clock recovery circuit ?
4. What kind of switches are commonly used in PAM multiplexers?

ASSESSMENT
Prelab : 30 marks
(design (10), circuit (10), tabulatio n (10))
Lab performance : 30 marks
Viva-voce : 15 marks