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TOPIC 2: MATRICES

2.1 Terminologies
 matrix
 square matrix
 main diagonal
 upper triangular matrices
 lower triangular matrices
 diagonal matrices
 vector
 transpose
 symmetric matrices
 skew-symmetric matrices
 equal matrices

2.2 Basic Operations

 addition
 scalar multiplication
 matrix multiplication

Examples
2 1   2 5 6 0 3   4 0  4
(1) Let A    , B  , C  , D 
1 7   0 8 1 0  5  3 4 9 
Calculate the following expressions or give reasons why they are undefined.
(a) A  B (b) 4A  8B
(c) 3C T  2D T (d) B T
 AT 
T

9  2
(2) Let a  3 0 4 , b   1 8 2 , c  5 , d   2 . Calculate the following
 
7  6 
expressions.
(a) 7a T  5b T (b) 3c  12d

(c) 12 b  d T
 (d) 3c   3c T
T

1  2  3 4 6 2 
 
(3) Let a  4 , B  0 2  , C  6 0 3  , d  4 3 0 . Calculate the following
 
3 0 1  2 3  1
product and give reasons why they are undefined.
(a) Ba (b) C 2 a
(c) C T C 
(d) a T  d B  1
(e) C C  I 

2 
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2.3 Determinant of a matrix

Determinant of 11 matrix, A   a11 
a11  a11

a a 
Determinant of 2  2 matrix, A   11 12 
 a21 a22 
a11 a12
 a11a22  a12 a21
a21 a22

Determinant of any order n

a11 a12 a1n
a21 a22 a2 n
Determinant, D 

an1 an 2 ann
For n  2 ,
n
D    1
j k
a jk M jk ; ( j  1, 2, , or n)
k 1
or
n
D    1
j k
a jk M jk ; (k  1, 2, , or n)
j 1

where M jk (is called minor of a jk ) is a determinant of order n  1 , that is the determinant

of the sub matrix of A obtained from A by deleting the row and column of the entry a jk
(the j th row and the k th column).

Remarks
1. This is called expand the determinant through the 1st row. You may expand the
determinant through any row or column.
2. Since the same value is obtained whether we expand a determinant by any row or
any column, we have,
   
  
 
   

Examples
2 1 4 5
0  1 2 3
(1) Find the determinant of  .
0 0 3 1
 
0 0 0 2
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 2 1  1
(2) Given that A   1 2 9  , find A by using:
 2 5  3
(a) row 1 (b) column 3

3 1 4

(3) Let A  2  1 3  . Find A . If matrix B is obtained from A by multiplying the
1 2  2
first row of matrix A by 2 , find det(B).

(4) If matrix B is obtained by interchanging the first and second rows of matrix
3 1 4

A  2  1 3  , what is det(B)?
1 2  2

0 1 0
(5) Find 1 0 0 .
0 0 1

1 0 2
(6) Find 0 1 0 .
0 0 1
6 2 8 
(7) Show that A  0 where A  3 1 4 .
1  1 2

0 1 5
(8) Find 3  6 9 .
2 6 1

1 0 3
x 1
(9) Solve for x given that  2 x 6 .
3 1 x
1 3 x 5

a b c 3a 3b 3c
(10) Given that d e f  6 , find  d  e  f .
g h i 4g 4h 4i
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2.4 Inverse of a matrix

The inverse of a non-singular n  n matrix, A is given by the formula
1
A 1  adj( A) .
A

where adjoint of A, denoted by adj(A) is the transpose of matrix of cofactors.

Inverse of a matrix can also be obtained through the Gauss-Jordan elimination method.

Examples
3 2  1
(1) Find the inverse of matrix A  1 6 3 
2  4 0 

(2) Calculate the inverse by Gauss-Jordan elimination or state that it does not exist.
Check your answer by AA 1  I .

1 2 5 
8 13
(a)   (b) 0  1 2 
3 5  2 4 11

 7 0 0  1 8  7 
(d)  0 8 13 (e) 0 1 3 
 0 3 5  0 0 1 

1 T
(3) Calculate the inverse by using explicit formula for inverse, A 1  C . Check your
A
answer by AA 1  I .

4 0 4
(a) A = 0 2 0
6 0 1 

3 2  1
(b) A  1 6 3 
2  4 0 
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2.5 Systems of Linear Equation

 A linear system is said to be inconsistent if there is no solution.

 If exist at least one solution, the system is said to be consistent.

 The homogeneous system is always consistent because at least exist one solution
that is x1  0, x2  0, , xn  0 which is called trivial solution. A non-
homogeneous system can be consistent or inconsistent.

 Every system of linear equations has either no solution, exactly one solution or
infinitely many solutions.

Examples

(1) Determine the inverse of the coefficient matrix by Gauss-Jordan Elimination, and
3x1  2x 2  x 3  1
hence solve the following linear system. x1  x 2  3x 3  5 .
2x1  5x 2  2x 3  0

 2 3  2 4
      
(2) If A x  b , where A  3 5  4 and b  10 , determine A 1 by using the
1 2  3  9 
1
inverse formula A 1  Adj( A) and hence solve the set of equations.
A

  8  6  6 8x1  6x 2  6x 3  1

(3) If A   2 0 
2  , solve the linear system 2x1  2x 3  2 .
 8 8 6  8x1  8x 2  6x 3  3

  1 1 2 7 2 3
  
(4) If A   3  1 1 and B   13  2 7 
 1 3 4  8 2  2

(a) find AB
(b) state the inverse of A
(c) hence solve the equations
 x 1  x 2  2x 3  5
3x 1  x 2  x 3  1
 x 1  3x 2  4 x 3  4
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2.6 Cramer’s Rule

If Ax  b is a system of n equations in n unknowns, such that A  0 , and the system
D1 D D
has a unique solution. The solution is x1 , x2  2 , , xn  n , where D is equal
D D D
to A and Di is the determinant of the matrix obtaining by replacing the i th column of
A by the column of vector b .

Examples

Solve the system by Cramer’s rule:

x  2 y  3z  20
(1) 7 x  3 y  z  13
x  6 y  2z  0

3x  7 y  8 z  13
(2) 2 x  9z  5
 4 x  y  26z  2
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TUTORIAL 2: MATRICES

Find the product of the following matrices.

2
9
2 3  4  3
1.    2. 5 1 6 2  
1  4   6 5   8
 
3
 5 7 4 1 2 3  9 8 7 
1 2 4  
3.   4 6 0 4.  6 5 4  2 3  1
2 3 6  4 2 1   1 0 2  0 1 0 

0 4 1
3 4 2  
5.   1 0 2
7 8 10 8  1 0


Find the inverse matrix for the following matrix by using row elimination method.
6 1 10 4
6.   7.  
5 1  8 3
0  3 0 
 8  6
8.   9. 1 0 0
 6 3  0 0 4
1 2 6 8 7  1

10.  0 0 2  
11.   5  5 1 
 3  6  9  4  4 1 
 3  1 0  1 2 3
12.  6 2 0 13.  2 1 0
 1 0 5  4 2 5
 2  1  1 1 2  3
14.  1 2 0  15.  2  1  4
 1 0 3   2 5 1 

Solve the given system of equations by using the inverse of the coefficient matrix.
6x  y  4 8x  6 y  27
16. 17.
5x  y  3  6x  4 y  19

x  2 y  3z  4 2 x  11
18. 2x  5 y  7z  7.5 19. 2 x  2 y  4
x  y  z 1 2 x  2 y  2z  9
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2x  y  1 2x  2 y  4
20. 21.
 3x  2 y  16 4 x  3y  1

Evaluate the determinant for the following matrices.

2 3 5 1
22. 23.
4 1 8 1
1 2 5
4 7
24. 25.  1  2 3
3 1
3 6 15
5 2 3 4 3 9
26. 4 5  6 27.  4  6 16
2 5 9 2 3 2

Use Cramer’s rule to solve the following system of linear equations.

2x  y  7 4 x  3y  4
28. 29.
3x  2 y  7 3x  2 y  14

x  0.5y  1.5z  2
30. x  0.5y  3.75z  0.25
 3x  2.5y  4z  0.75

Find all the minors and cofactors of the following matrices.

1 2 2 1 3 3

31. 3 1 0  32. 1 4 3
1 1 1 1 3 4

4 1 3 2
33. If A    and B    , show that AB  A B .
2 1 1 2

34. Given that matrices

1 7 3  3  4 5   5  7  1
A  0 5 2 , B   1  5 4  and C   6
     8  2
3 0 1   1 13  11  15 21 5 
(a) Find A(B+C) and AC.
(b) Find the inverse of the matrix A using (a).
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4 1 
35. If A    find A 1 and hence find:
 3 2
 2 0
(a) the matrix B such that AB   
 0 3
 2 0
(b) the matrix C such that CA   
 0 3

Solve the following linear system by using Cramer’s Rule. Then, verify your answer by
the inverse method.
x  2 y  3z  4 x  3y  z  4
36. 2 x  y  2z  0 37. 2 x  2 y  z  1
x  3y  3z  2 2 x  3y  z  3

 cos x sin x 
38. Find the inverse of  .
 sin x cos x 

3 1 2  3
39. Verify that (AB)1  B1A1 where A    and B   .
5 2 4 4 

  1 2
40. Find the matrix A if (I  2A) 1   .
 4 5

1 2 2
 
Let A   2 3 3  .Verify that AAT  I .
1
41. 2
2 2
 
3 3 3

1 3 
42. If A    , find A 1 . Then, show that (A1 )T  (AT )1 .
 2 4

x 4
Find the value/s of x so that A  
x 
43. has an inverse.
1