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L-54901 18/09/2019, 2)31 PM

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Republic of the Philippines

EN BANC

G.R. No. L-54901 November 24, 1986

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee,

The Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee.

Alberto B. Maguigad for accused-appellant.

ALAMPAY, J.:

In Criminal Case No. CCC-VII-Cavite of the former Circuit Criminal Court, Seventh Judicial District of Metro Manila
(Pasig) Ricardo Abueg and Deogracias San Pedro were accused of the crime of robbery with homicide, alleged to
have been committed as follows:

That on or about November 1, 1973 in the Municipality of Rosario, Province of Cavite, Philippines, and
within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, armed respectively, with a
deadly weapon known as "chaco" and a piece of wood, conspiring, confederating together and
mutually helping one another, by means of violence and intimidation and force upon things, assault,
attack and thrust the door of the house where Marciana Maraya and Diosdado Maraya were then living,
with the piece of wood, one of the accused was then conveniently provided, hitting Marciana Maraya
on her body thereby causing her instantaneous death, and once inside, with intent of gain and without
the consent of the owner, did then and there, wilfully, unlawfully and feloniously break and smash the
cabinet (aparador), and take, steal, rob and carry away pants, shirts and baby dresses with a total
value of Three Hundred and Ninety Three (P393.00) Pesos, Philippine Currency belonging to Diosdado
Maraya, thereby resulting to the damage and prejudice of said Diosdado Maraya and of the heirs of
Marciana Maraya in the aforementioned amount.

Contrary to law.

Upon being arraigned, both accused pleaded not guilty to the aforestated offense and the case proceeded to trial.

The prosecution evidence, as synthesized by the trial court and substantially adopted in the People's Brief, disclose
the following:

On November 1, 1973, at about 10:30 o'clock in the evening, Diosdado Maraya, his mother, Marciana
Maraya and his cousin Norberto Alcaraz were in the house at Biak-na-Bato, Rosario, Cavite. They
were eating "kalamay" (rice cake) as it was All Saint's Day. Momentarily, two persons whom they
recognized as the accused Ricardo Abueg and Deogracias San Pedro unexpectedly entered the door
of their house. Inside, Abueg asked the occupants if he could partake in eating "kalamay." Norberto
Alcaraz answered that he could do so (pp. 3-5, tsn, April 23, 1975). While Diosdado Maraya was
serving them with coffee, Abueg suddenly hit Norberto Alcaraz twice with a "chaco" on the head and on
the eyebrow and blood oozed there from. Because the tie of the "chaco" was disengaged, Abueg and
San Pedro retreated and left (pp. 3-7, tsn., February 17, 1975; pp. 4-9, tsn., April 23, 1975).

Minutes later, Abueg and San Pedro returned. While Marciana Maraya was closing the door of the
house, Abueg speared the door with a piece of wood about one (1) arm long and hit Marciana Maraya
on the chest. Abueg struck the door again. When it opened, he and San Pedro entered. Carrying the
piece of wood he used in striking the door, Abueg struck the plates and glasses on the table. He also
struck Norberto Alcaraz on the forearm and then destroyed the cabinet (aparador). There upon, Abueg
demanded for money but he was told by the wife of Diosdado Maraya that they had none since her
husband was jobless (pp. 8-12, tsn, February 17, 1975; pp. 9-12, tsn, April 15, 1975). After destroying
the cabinet, San Pedro took theclothes inside. Thereafter, Abueg and San Pedro left (pp. 14-18, tsn,
Ibid; p. 19, tsn, Ibid).

The victim was brought to the Maternity Hospital in Rosario, Cavite where she was pronounced dead
on arrival (pp. 15-16, tsn, February 17, 1975). Dr. Nieto Salvador, NBI medico-legal officer, conducted
postmortem examination on the cadaver of the victim. Based on the examination he conducted, Dr.
Salvador found the victim suffered fractured rib son the left chest. He testified that there was a
complete fracture of the sternum resulting in the extensive contusion of the base of the heart. The
Necropsy Report issued by Dr. Nieto Salvador shows that the cause of death of Marciana Maraya was
due to "shock and traumatic (Exh. "C", p. 126, Rec., pp. 34-36, tsn, April 3, 1975).

Upon being informed of the incident, a team of policemen led by Pat. Wilfredo Perrera repaired to the
scene of the crime at about 10:00 o'clock that same evening of November 1, 1973. At the crime scene,
the policemen noticed that the door of the house was punctured. Pat. Herrera made an inquiry from the

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children of the victim and he was told that their mother was speared with a piece of wood by Ricardo
Abueg and Deogracias San Pedro (pp. 4-7, tsn, July 1, 1975).

The policemen hunted for the two suspects. They later spotted Abueg and San Pedro at the road
talking with each other. They apprehended the two and brought them before the family of the victim
who confirmed that they were the ones who speared the victim to death. Sgt. Rodel Hernandez found
two (2) pieces of wood (Exhs. "D", 7 "D-1 ") at the crime scene. Then they brought Abueg and San
Pedro along with Diosdado Maraya and Norberto Alcaraz to the Municipal Building for investigation (pp.
11-13, tsn, July 1, 1975).

At the police precinct, Pat. Joaquin Vargas, Jr. of the Rosario Police, conducted an investigation on the
suspects, Ricardo Abueg and Deogracias San Pedro. He also investigated the witnesses, Diosdado
Maraya and Norberto Alcaraz, and took their respective statements (Exhs. "D" & "D-1 ", pp. 6-7, Rec.;
pp. 6-10, tsn, April 29, 1975).

During the investigation, Maraya and Alcaraz Identified the two (2) pieces of wood (Exhs. "D" & "D-1")
and the "chaco" (Exhs. "E" & "E-1") as the weapons used by Abueg and San Pedro in assaulting them.
They also Identified therein the pieces of clothes taken by the accused as theirs (pp. 34-38, tsn., April
29, 1975). Pat. Vargas prepared criminal complaint for robbery with homicide (Exh. "F") against Ricardo
Abueg and Deogracias San Pedro and flied the same with the Municipal Court of Rosario, Cavite (pp.
18-20, tsn, Ibid).

On the other hand, the version of the incident as submitted by the two accused, is as follows:

On November 1, 1973 at about 10:30 P.M., the two accused, Ricardo Abueg and Deogracias San
Pedro, though uninvited, went inside the residence of Diosdado Maraya which is also the residence of
Marciana Maraya. It was Ricardo Abueg who went ahead while Deogracias San Pedro was left behind
near the doorway. As is the usual custom, being All Soul's day, the Maraya family have prepared a
"kalamay" (powdered rice cake cooked in coconut milk and sugar). Upon seeing the "kalamay," Ricardo
Abueg asked the occupants of the house if he could partake of the same to which he was told that he
could do so. Whereupon, Ricardo Abueg stepped out of the house in order to invite Deogracias San
Pedro to join him. The latter readily accepted the invitation and went inside.

Suddenly and for no reason at all, Deogracias San Pedro hit Norberto Alcaraz (cousin of Diosdado
Maraya) with a "chaco" (a two-piece club linked at the mid-section with a string used in Martial Arts)
hitting said Norberto Alcaraz on the head. As soon as Alcaraz was hit on the head, San Pedro ran
away leaving behind Ricardo Abueg. It was perhaps due to the poor lighting (perok-perok lamps were
used) and the suddenness of the attack that prompted Alcaraz and Maraya to conclude that it was
Abueg who did the act. As a result, both Maraya and Alcaraz ganged up at Ricardo Abueg. It should be
mentioned that when San Pedro hit Alcaraz with the "chaco," the other part of the chaco was
disengaged and was lying on the floor. It was this part of the "chaco" that was not recovered anymore.
As Ricardo Abueg proved to be no match to the committed strength of Alcaraz and Maraya, the former
retreated and ran out of the house. As soon as Abueg was outside of the house, he saw San Pedro still
holding the other portion of the "chaco." It was this portion that Abueg grabbed from San Pedro. Abueg
went back to the house and hit Norberto Alcaraz after which he ran away.

As the duo started to leave the vicinity, Alcaraz and Maraya started to shout unprintable words at San
Pedro and Abueg. Angered by the invectives hurled upon them, Abueg and San Pedro took pieces of
wood from a fence nearby and returned to the Maraya residence. As the door was already closed when
they returned, they rammed the door panel several times unaware that behind the door was Marciana.
After the door was rammed several times by both the herein accused, a hole was created and in the
process, Marciana Maraya who must have been standing behind the door, was pierced with a piece of
wood. She fell to the floor. Thereupon, the door was forced open and both Abueg and San Pedro were
once more able to gain entrance. Once inside, and probably bereft of reason due to excessive drinking,
the two accused began smashing the wooden cabinet (aparador) with the pieces of wood they have
previously used in ramming the door. The wooden cabinet was broken and according to Norberto
Alcaraz, it was San Pedro alone who took some clothes from said cabinet.

Immediately thereafter, both accused ran out of the house. Some hours thereafter, both accused were
arrested by Pat. Wilfredo Pereyna of the Rosario Police Force and both were booked for implication for
the death of Marciana Maraya and for robbery for having allegedly carted away some clothes belonging
to Diosdado Maraya. (Appellant's Brief, pp. 3-5)

After trial, the court below rendered on March 23, 1976 judgment finding the accused Ricardo Abueg and
Deogracias San Pedro guilty as charged. The dispositive part of said decision reads:

WHEREFORE, finding the accused Ricardo Abueg and Deogracia San Pedro, both guilty beyond
reasonable doubt, of the crime of Robbery with Homicide under Art. 293 of the Revised Penal Code, in
relation to Sec. 1, Art. 294 thereof, as charged in the information, the Court hereby sentences them to
suffer the penalty of DEATH; to pay the amount of P393.00 and to indemnify the heirs of the victim the
amount of TEN THOUSAND (P10,000.00); to pay moral damages in the amount of FIVE THOUSAND
PESOS (P5,000.00) as exemplary damages and to pay their proportionate shares of the costs.

xxx xxx xxx

However, pursuant to Section 192 of Presidential Decree No. 603, considering that accused Ricardo
Abueg and Deogracias San Pedro were both 19 years old at the time of the commission of the crime,
the execution of their sentence is suspended and said accused are ordered confined at the Camp
Sampaguita Youth Center, New Bilibid Prison, Muntinlupa, Rizal. If said accused violate any of the rules
and regulations of said institution, or if their continued stay in the training institution is inadvisable, the
Court shall order the Director or any of his duly authorized representatives to produce the bodies of
said accused before this Court for them to serve their sentence. (Rollo, pp. 13-14)

From the case records, it appears that on June 4, 1977, Ricardo Abueg, escaped from the Youth Rehabilitation

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Center of the New Bilibid Prison at Muntinlupa, Metro Manila but was recaptured. On June 28, 1977, Ricardo Abueg
was returned to the committing court. The judgment of conviction rendered against him in the subject criminal case
was then pronounced and the trial court further ordered the transfer of Ricardo Abueg from the Rehabilitation Center
to the Death Row of the New Bilibid Prison (Tsn, p. 69, Hearing of June 28, 1977)

There cords indicate that Deogracias San Pedro, the other accused in this case, was also returned to the trial court
on June 28, 1977. However, in his case, no pronouncement of the judgment against him was made by the trial judge
because after interrogation it was shown that he had not participated nor was involved in the escape of his co-
accused, Ricardo Abueg. The records also disclose that subsequently, the mo tion of the counsel of Deogracias San
Pedro that custody of said accused be given to the latter's parents, without prejudice to further interviews being
made by the probation officers,was granted by the trial judge on October 19, 1977 (Case Records, pp. 382-383).

The present case is before this Court by way of an automatic review of the judgment of conviction rendered against
Abueg and the penalty imposed on him. Ricardo Abueg attributes to the trial court the commission of the following
errors:

I. THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN CONVICTING THE APPELLANT OF THE CRIME OF ROBBERY
WITH HOMICIDE NOTWITHSTANDING THE FACT THAT CONSPIRACY HAS NOT BEEN DULY
ESTABLISHED;

II. THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN NOT CONVICTING THE APPELLANT FOR THE CRIME OF
HOMICIDE ONLY, IT APPEARING THAT THIS IS THE ONLY CRIME, IF AT ALL, WHICH WAS DULY
ESTABLISHED AGAINST THE APPELLANT;

III. ASSUMING GRATIA ARGUMENTI, THAT ROBBERY WHICH HOMICIDE HAS IN FACT BEEN
COMMITTED AND ITS COMMISSION DULY ESTABLISHED, THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN NOT
CONSIDERING THE MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES OF: (1) THAT THE OFFENDER (APPELLANT)
HAD NO INTENTIONTO COMMIT SO GRAVE A WRONG AS THAT COMMITTED; (2) THAT THE
OFFENDER (APPELLANT) IS SUFFERING FROM A MENTAL DEFECT AS WOULD DIMINISH HIS
WILL-POWER IN METING OUT THE PROPER PENALTY.

Appellant does not deny that he should be responsible for the death of Marciana Maraya. In fact, in his handwritten
letter sent to this Court on August 24, 1981 (p. 80, Rollo) from the New Bilibid Prison, he admitted that the killing of
Maraya was accidental as he was not aware that the victim was behind the lawanit door when he speared the same.
He claims that at most he should be convicted of homicide only and not robbery with homicide since it was his co-
accused Deogracias San Pedro alone who took the clothes and the conspiracy to take the same was not duly
established. Appellant argues that he returned to the victim's house, armed with a piece of wood to get even with
Norberto Alcaraz and Diosdado Maraya who beat him but that there was no previous plan or agreement to commit a
robbery.

Appellant's claim of absence of conspiracy is without merit. Conspiracy need not be proved by direct evidence; it
may be inferred from acts of assailants. Appellant and Deogracias San Pedro went back to the house of the victim
each carrying a piece of wood. With these, they struck the lawanit door with the wood hitting Marciana Maraya
inside who was closing the door. Upon gaining entrance, they destroyed the wooden cabinet and obviously for the
purpose of taking the things therein. In the Statement of Facts appearing in Appellant's Brief, We find the following.

... Once inside, and probably bereft of reason due to excessive drinking, the two accused began
smashing the wooden cabinet (aparador) with the pieces of wood they have previously used in
ramming the door. The wooden cabinet was broken and according to Norberto Alcaraz, it was San
Pedro alone who took some clothes from said cabinet. (Appellant's Brief, pp. 4-5).

The fact that the two assailants destroyed the wooden cabinet was attested to by Norberto Alcaraz when he
testified:

FISCAL SALCEDO:

Q What other things in the house was hit by this piece of wood which was used by
Ricardo Abueg in hitting the house?

A Glasses and plates.

Q What else?

A The aparador. They used the piece of wood in hitting the aparador.

Q As a result what happened to the aparador?

A The door of the aparador was destroyed.

Q After the door of the aparador was destroyed what happened?

A After the door of the aparador was destroyed Deogracias San Pedro took the clothes.

Q And after those clothes were taken by Deogracias San Pedro what happened next?

A After he has taken the clothes they left.

Q Who left?

A The two Ricardo Abueg and Deogracias San Pedro. (Tsn, April 23, 1975, pp. 17-19)

Appellant's claim that he had no previous knowledge that San Pedro would steal the clothes is belied by his
admission that he demanded money from the Marayas and even threatened them with death if they would not give
their money. Appellant testified, thus:

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COURT—

Q By the way, is it not a fact that you and Deogracias San Pedro ransacked the house of
Diosdado Maraya?

A We did not ransack the house. They were the ones who gave the clothes to us.

Q What is the logical reason why the clothes were given to you?

A Because clothes could be sold there on relief.

Q Is it not a fact that you asked money?

A I was just threatening them. I am just motioning as if I have a gun so that they will give
us.

Q What did you say when you threaten them?

A I said putang ina ninyo, pahingi ng pera.

Q What else?

A They answered they have no money and they would borrow money. I said if you will not
give money I will kill you (witness making a gesture as if to point something). Then when
they did not give money, Deogracias San Pedro said I sigui patayin mo na William.

Q What did you do?

A So they gave the clothes.

Q When they gave the clothes, what did they say?

A When the clothes were given to me, we ran to the sea.

(pp. 58-60, tsn, September 4, 1975)

The acts of the two accused in destroying the cabinet for the obvious purpose of taking the contents therein show a
continuity of criminal design. Although no previous agreement to commit the robbery has been proven, such is not
essential. It is sufficient that the malefactors acted in concert pursuant to the same objective. The tacit and
spontaneous cooperation and coordination by the two accused in breaking the cabinet show the existence of a
conspiracy. This is bolstered by the fact that appellant did not even prevent San Pedro from stealing the clothes and
running away with the same.

To at least mitigate his criminal liability, the appellant now claims that he is suffering from a mental defect as shown
by the psychological report, dated September 26, 1976 of Nieto Latorre Vitto, Guidance Psychologist & Acting
Social Welfare Analyst, Bureau of Your Welfare, Department of Social Services & Development (p. 267, Records). It
is stated therein that in the test administered by her, appellant "yielded I.Q.'.s of 68, 68, 66 for the verbal
performance and full scale, respectively, and which classified him in the mentally defective group."

The psychological examinations were conducted on September 26, 1976 while appellant was already detained at
the New Bilibid Prison, about three years after the crime was committed on November 1, 1973. In going over the
records of the case,We find that when appellant testified on September 4, 1975, which was almost two years after
the commission of the crime, he was able to narrate clearly and accurately the incidents that took place. He was
able to recall the place where he and Deogracias San Pedro went before and after the incident. He even
remembered the name of Pat.Wilfredo Perrera as the policeman who arrested him as well as the time of his arrest.
Appellant likewise recalled that they were confined at the Municipal Jail of Rosario, Cavite for two months and two
weeks; thereafter, they were transferred to Trece Martires (pp. 14-57, tsn, September 4, 1975). Considering
appellant's ability to narrate vividly the details of how the crime was committed and the other incidents that
transpired thereafter, his assertion that he is mentally defective must fail.

Aside from this consideration, it is shown that Dr. Romeo Y. Tating, Chief, Neuro-Psychiatrist Service of the National
Bureau of Investigation conducted a psychiatric evaluation of the appellant when the latter was detained at Camp
Sampaguita Youth Rehabilitation Center, New Bilibid Prison. His findings on appellant's physical and neurological
examinations submitted to the court on February 10, 1977, place Ricardo Abueg within normal limits (pp. 286-287,
Records).

Finally, appellant argues that he had no intention to commit so grave, a wrong as that committed because the
intention of the two accused in ramming the door with pieces of wood was but to force it open, and they did not
know that Marciana Maraya was behind the door. As this may well be, We are disposed to agree that under the
given facts of this case, the mitigating circumstance of lack of intent to commit so grave a wrong may be appreciated
in appellant's favor. It has not been satisfactorily established that in forcing entrance through the door which was
then closed, with the use of pieces of wood, the two accused were aware that Marciana Maraya was behind the
door and would be hurt. Even as they sought to enter the house to retaliate against the male occupants or commit
robbery, there is no clear showing that they ever desired to kill Marciana Maraya. In People vs. Gardon, et al., 104
Phil. 371, it was held that, "Considering however the circumstances under which the crime was committed wherein it
does not appear that appellants have deliberately intended to harm their victims though incidentally two of them laid
hands on some who apparently wanted to prevent their flight,..., the application of the imprisonment would be
commensurate to the crime committed ... "Article 13, par. 3 of the Revised Penal Code, addresses itself to the
intention of the offender at the particular moment when he executes or commits the criminal act (People vs. Boyles,
11 SCRA 88). As the attendant circumstances in this case indicate that the death of Marciana Maraya was not
deliberately intended, the penalty that was imposed by the trial court on the accused-appellant may be lessened.

Nevertheless, Ricardo Abueg remains liable for the crime of robbery with homicide because it is enough that a
homicide result by reason of or on the occasion of the robbery. Even assuming that the two accused, as alleged by
them, only sought to wreak vengeance on the male persons inside the house of the Marayas, this does not exclude

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the fact that they went further and proceeded to rob the said family.

WHEREFORE, the judgment of the court below is hereby AFFIRMED with modification as to the penalty imposed
on the accused-appellant Ricardo Abueg, which is hereby reduced to reclusion perpetua but the indemnity to be
paid to the heirs of Marciana Maraya is, however, increased to Thirty Thousand (P30,000.00) Pesos.

SO ORDERED.

Teehankee, C.J., Feria, Yap, Fernan, Narvasa, Melencio-Herrera, Gutierrez, Jr., Cruz, Paras and Feliciano, JJ.,
concur.

The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation

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