Experiment 1: pH Measurement and Buffer Preparation - Mixture of weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base

and its conjugate acid.

Acid and Base Concept  Acetid acid and sodium acetate (HAc & NaAc)
1. ARRHENIUS DISSOCIATION THEORY  Ammonium hydroxide and Ammonium chloride
ACID: liberates H+ ion in aqueous solution (NH4OH & NH4Cl)
HCL +H2O  H3O+ + Cl-
BASE: liberates OH ions in aqueous solution. Characteristics: Has definitive pH; Buffer action and Buffer
NaOH  Na+ + OH capacity

2. BRONSTED-LOWRY THEORY Buffer action: the ability of the buffer solution to resist the
ACID: substance (charged or uncharged) the is capable of changes in pH value on the addition of small amount of an
donating proton acid or a base
BASE: substance (charged or uncharged) that is capable of Buffer capacity: quantifies the ability of a solution to resist
accepting a proton from an acid changes in pH by either absorbing or desorbing H+ and OH-
HA + H2 O  H3 O+ + A− ions
𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗. 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗. 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
HNO2 + H2O  H3O+ + NO2 – Importance of buffers
Biological: To maintain normal functioning of the cells
Water is amphoteric, which means it can act as both a  Blood: pH 7.4, maintained by primary buffer in the
Bronsted-Lowry acid and a Bronsted-Lowry base plasma and secondary buffers in the erythrocytes
Strong acids and bases ionize completely in aqueous solution, (NaHCO3 & H2CO3; NaH2PO4 & Na2HPO4)
while weak acids and bases ionize only partially in aqueous  Plasma Proteins – behave as acids in blood
solution. combines with bases to act as a buffer.
 Acid – conjugate base  Erythrocytes -hemoglobin / oxyhemoglobin,
 Base – conjugate acid acid/alkali potassium salts of phosphoric acid

Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) Pharmaceuticals: To protect pharmaceutical preparations

- Designates the intensity of the degree of acidity from any sudden change in pH even when limited
- Expressed in exponential notation (For water: 10-7) concentrations of acid or base are added
- Sorensen suggested that the use of pH (p for power  Minimize drug degradation
& H for Hydrogen ion concentration) (for water: pH  Improve patient comfort and compliance
7)  Improve the efficacy of delivery
- pH is the logarithm of the reciprocal of the
hydrogen-ion concentration. Application of buffers
1
pH = log + or pH = -log[H + ]. or [H + ] = 10−𝑝𝐻 - Buffered isotonic solution to be prepared and
[H ]
- As pH decrease, [H + ] increases exponentially. administered should have the same solute
concentration as that of the biological fluid
pH o Eyes, soft tissues, nasal cavities, anal
Lower More acidic More hydrogen H+ ions applications, vaginal cavity applications
Higher More Basic More hydroxyl OH- ions
The pH of a buffer is determined by two factors:
Sample Problems: 1. The equilibrium constant Ka of the weak acid
1. What is the pH of a solution containing 0.00017 M of 2. The ratio of weak base [A-] to weak acid [HA] in
hydronium ion? (Ans. pH is 3.77) solution
2. Calculate the pH of a solution if the hydrogen-ion HA + H2 O  H3 O+ + A−
concentration is 1.92 x 10-5 mol/L. (Ans. 4.71) 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗. 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗. 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
3. If the pH of a solution is 7.36, what is the hydrogen-ion
concentration of the solution? (Ans. 4.3x10-8) [𝐀]
pH = pKa + log
[𝑯𝑨]

pKa Weak Acid Conjugate Base

2.12 H3PO4 H2PO4-
Buffers 7.21 H2PO4- HPO42-
- Compounds or mixture of compounds which by their 12.32 HPO42- PO43-
presence in solution resist change in pH upon addition of
small quantities of acid or alkali

Ballon, Calalang, Martin, Ugay 2EPH

 A. Prepare 250 mL of 0.5 M Phosphate Buffer B. Prepare 50 mL of 0.50 M Phosphate Buffer
pKa = 2.12 | pH= 2.00 pKa = 12.32 | pH = 12.00
[A]
1. Solve for log [A]
[BA] 1. Solve for log
[𝐀] [BA]
pH = pKa + log [PO4]
[𝑯𝑨]
[H2PO4−]
(12.00 = 12.32 + log
[𝐻𝑃𝑂4]
) antilog
2.00 = 2.12 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔
[H3PO4]
[H2PO4−]
antilog: 10-0.32
( 2.00 – 2.12 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ) antilog [PO4]
[H3PO4] = 0.4786300923 M
[H2PO4−] [𝐻𝑃𝑂4]
= 0. 758577575 M
[H3PO4]
2. Base and Acid component:
B
2. Compute for the base and acid component = 0. 4786300923
A
M=B+A B = 0.4786300923A
I. Acid Component
B
= 0. 758577575 0.50 = 0.4786300923 + A
A
B = 0. 758577575A 0.50 = 1.4786300923A
A = 0.3381508348 M
I. Acid component
M=B+A II. Base Component
0.5 = 0. 758577575A + A 0.50 = B + 0. 3381508348
0.5 = 1. 758577575A B = 0.1618491652 M
A = 0.2843206959 M
3. Actual Acid and Base component
II. Base component
NaOH pellets (MM 40)
M=B+A
B=M–A Na2HPO4.7H2O (MM 268)
B = 0.5 - 0.2843206959M
B= 0.2156793041 M I. Actual acid component
0.3381508348 moles 𝑥
i. = 0.05 𝐿
3. Compute actual acid and base component 1𝐿
Conc H3PO4 (85% w/w, sp.gr. 1.70, MM 98 g/mol) x = 0.01690754174 moles
NaH2PO4 . H2O (MM 138g/mol) 268𝑔
ii. 0. 01690754174 moles HPO4 x
𝑚𝑜𝑙
I. Actual acid component = 4.531221186g of Na2HPO4.7H2O

0. 2843206959 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑥
= II. Actual base component
1𝐿 0.25 𝐿 0.1618491652 moles 𝑥
i. = 0.05 𝐿
1𝐿
x = 0.07108017398 moles
x = 0.00809245826 moles Na3PO4
98 𝑔 100 𝑔 1𝑚𝐿
0.07108017398 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻3𝑃𝑂4 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 85 𝑔 1.70 𝑔 Na2HPO4 + NaOH  Na3PO4 + H2O
= 4.820662318 mL of conc.H3PO4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Na2HPO4
ii. 0.00809245826 moles Na3PO4 x x
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Na3PO4
268𝑔 Na2HPO4
= 2.1687g Na2HPO4.7H2O
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Na2HPO4
II. Actual base component 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 NaOH
iii. 0.00809245826 moles Na3PO4 x x
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Na3PO4
0.2156793041 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑥 40𝑔 NaOH
= = 0.3237g NaOH
1𝐿 0.25 𝐿 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 NaOH
x = 0.05391982603 moles

138 𝑔
0.07108017398 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻2𝑃𝑂4 𝑥
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
= 7.440935991g of NaH2PO4.H2O

Ballon, Calalang, Martin, Ugay 2EPH