Timeline of Quality Methods (Montgomery) Introduction To Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition

10 Chapter 1 ■ Quality Improvement in the Modern Business Environment
■ TA B L E 1 . 1
A Timeline of Quality Methods
1700–1900 Quality is largely determined by the efforts of an individual craftsman.

Eli Whitney introduces standardized, interchangeable parts to simplify assembly.
1875 Frederick W. Taylor introduces “Scientific Management” principles to divide work into smaller, more easily
accomplished units—the first approach to dealing with more complex products and processes. The focus was on
productivity. Later contributors were Frank Gilbreth and Henry Gantt.
1900–1930 Henry Ford—the assembly line—further refinement of work methods to improve productivity and quality; Ford
developed mistake-proof assembly concepts, self-checking, and in-process inspection.
1901 First standards laboratories established in Great Britain.
1907–1908 AT&T begins systematic inspection and testing of products and materials.
1908 W. S. Gosset (writing as “Student”) introduces the t-distribution—results from his work on quality control
at Guinness Brewery.
1915–1919 WWI—British government begins a supplier certification program.
1919 Technical Inspection Association is formed in England; this later becomes the Institute of Quality Assurance.
1920s AT&T Bell Laboratories forms a quality department—emphasizing quality, inspection and test, and
product reliability.
B. P. Dudding at General Electric in England uses statistical methods to control the quality of electric lamps.
1922–1923 R. A. Fisher publishes series of fundamental papers on designed experiments and their application to the
agricultural sciences.
1924 W. A. Shewhart introduces the control chart concept in a Bell Laboratories technical memorandum.
1928 Acceptance sampling methodology is developed and refined by H. F. Dodge and H. G. Romig at Bell Labs.
1931 W. A. Shewhart publishes Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product—outlining statistical methods
for use in production and control chart methods.
1932 W. A. Shewhart gives lectures on statistical methods in production and control charts at the University
of London.
1932–1933 British textile and woolen industry and German chemical industry begin use of designed experiments
for product/process development.
1933 The Royal Statistical Society forms the Industrial and Agricultural Research Section.
1938 W. E. Deming invites Shewhart to present seminars on control charts at the U.S. Department of Agriculture
Graduate School.
1940 The U.S. War Department publishes a guide for using control charts to analyze process data.
1940–1943 Bell Labs develop the forerunners of the military standard sampling plans for the U.S. Army.
1942 In Great Britain, the Ministry of Supply Advising Service on Statistical Methods and Quality Control is
formed.
1942–1946 Training courses on statistical quality control are given to industry; more than 15 quality societies are formed in
North America.
1944 Industrial Quality Control begins publication.
1946 The American Society for Quality Control (ASQC) is formed as the merger of various quality societies.
The International Standards Organization (ISO) is founded.
Deming is invited to Japan by the Economic and Scientific Services Section of the U.S. War Department to help
occupation forces in rebuilding Japanese industry.
The Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) is formed.
1946–1949 Deming is invited to give statistical quality control seminars to Japanese industry.
1948 G. Taguchi begins study and application of experimental design.
1950 Deming begins education of Japanese industrial managers; statistical quality control methods begin to be widely
taught in Japan.
K. Ishikawa introduces the cause-and-effect diagram.
1950s Classic texts on statistical quality control by Eugene Grant and A. J. Duncan appear.
1951 A. V. Feigenbaum publishes the first edition of his book, Total Quality Control.
JUSE establishes the Deming Prize for significant achievement in quality control and quality methodology.
(continued )
1.2 A Brief History of Quality Control and Improvement 11
1951+ G. E. P. Box and K. B. Wilson publish fundamental work on using designed experiments and response surface
methodology for process optimization; focus is on chemical industry. Applications of designed experiments in
the chemical industry grow steadily after this.
1954 Joseph M. Juran is invited by the Japanese to lecture on quality management and improvement.
British statistician E. S. Page introduces the cumulative sum (CUSUM) control chart.
1957 J. M. Juran and F. M. Gryna’s Quality Control Handbook is first published.
1959 Technometrics (a journal of statistics for the physical, chemical, and engineering sciences) is established;
J. Stuart Hunter is the founding editor.
S. Roberts introduces the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart. The U.S. manned
spaceflight program makes industry aware of the need for reliable products; the field of reliability engineering
grows from this starting point.
1960 G. E. P. Box and J. S. Hunter write fundamental papers on 2k−p factorial designs.
The quality control circle concept is introduced in Japan by K. Ishikawa.
1961 National Council for Quality and Productivity is formed in Great Britain as part of the British Productivity Council.
1960s Courses in statistical quality control become widespread in industrial engineering academic programs.
Zero defects (ZD) programs are introduced in certain U.S. industries.
1969 Industrial Quality Control ceases publication, replaced by Quality Progress and the Journal of Quality
Technology (Lloyd S. Nelson is the founding editor of JQT).
1970s In Great Britain, the NCQP and the Institute of Quality Assurance merge to form the British Quality
Association.
1975–1978 Books on designed experiments oriented toward engineers and scientists begin to appear.
Interest in quality circles begins in North America—this grows into the total quality management
(TQM) movement.
1980s Experimental design methods are introduced to and adopted by a wider group of organizations, including
electronics, aerospace, semiconductor, and the automotive industries.
The works of Taguchi on designed experiments first appear in the United States.
1984 The American Statistical Association (ASA) establishes the Ad Hoc Committee on Quality and Productivity;
this later becomes a full section of the ASA.
The journal Quality and Reliability Engineering International appears.
1986 Box and others visit Japan, noting the extensive use of designed experiments and other statistical methods.
1987 ISO publishes the first quality systems standard.
Motorola’s six-sigma initiative begins.
1988 The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award is established by the U.S. Congress.
The European Foundation for Quality Management is founded; this organization administers the European
Quality Award.
1989 The journal Quality Engineering appears.
1990s ISO 9000 certification activities increase in U.S. industry; applicants for the Baldrige award grow steadily;
many states sponsor quality awards based on the Baldrige criteria.
1995 Many undergraduate engineering programs require formal courses in statistical techniques, focusing on basic
methods for process characterization and improvement.
1997 Motorola’s six-sigma approach spreads to other industries.
1998 The American Society for Quality Control becomes the American Society for Quality (see www.asq.org),
attempting to indicate the broader aspects of the quality improvement field.
2000s ISO 9000:2000 standard is issued. Supply-chain management and supplier quality become even more critical
factors in business success. Quality improvement activities expand beyond the traditional industrial setting into
many other areas including financial services, health care, insurance, and utilities.
of the important milestones in this evolutionary process. We will briefly discuss some of the
events on this timeline.
Frederick W. Taylor introduced some principles of scientific management as mass
production industries began to develop prior to 1900. Taylor pioneered dividing work into
tasks so that the product could be manufactured and assembled more easily. His work led

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10 Chapter 1 ■ Quality Improvement in the Modern Business Environment

1700–1900 Quality is largely determined by the efforts of an individual craftsman.

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