Pulse Checker
Pulse Checker
Pulse Checker
A REPORT ON
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY BASED PROJECT
B. Tech, ECE V Semester
Submitted by
S. SUNITA 17331A04E8
S. PRUDHVI RAJ 17331A04E9
SAROJA SRUTHI R. 17331A04F0
FACULTY INCHARGE
Dr. G. Vimala Kumari M.Tech, PhD
COMPONENTS REQUIRED
Breadboard
Resistors 100Ω – 2 No
27 kΩ – 1 No
IC 555
Two different colour LEDs
Capacitor 1µF – 1 No
Jumper wires
9V Battery
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:
1. BREADBOARD:
A breadboard is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronics and test
circuit designs. Most electronic components in electronic circuits can be interconnected
by inserting their leads or terminals into the holes and then making connections through
wires where appropriate. The breadboard has strips of metal underneath the board and
connect the holes on the top of the board. The top and bottom rows of holes are connected
horizontally and split in the middle while the remaining holes are connected vertically.
3. IC 555 timer:
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as
an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. It is used in almost every electronic circuit today.
For a 555 timer, working as a flip flop or as a multi vibrator, it has a particular set of
configurations. Some of the major features of the 555 timer would It operates from a wide
range of power ranging from +5 Volt to +18 Volt supply voltage Sinking or sourcing 200
mA of load current The external components should be selected properly so that the
timing intervals can be made into several minutes along with the frequencies exceeding
several hundred kilohertz. The output of a 555 timer can drive a transistor logic (TTL)
due to its high current output It has a temperature stability of 50 parts per million (ppm)
per degree Celsius change in temperature which is Equivalent to 0.005 %/ °C. The duty
cycle of the timer is adjustable. Also, the maximum power dissipation per package is
600mW and its trigger and reset input has logic compatibility.
Function of each pins:
The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this input falls below 1/2 of
CTRL voltage (which is typically 1/3 Vcc, CTRL being 2/3 Vcc by default if CTRL is
2 TRIG
left open). In other words, OUT is high as long as the trigger low. Output of the timer
totally depends upon the amplitude of the external trigger voltage applied to this pin.
A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the timing does not
4 RESET begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0.7 volts. Overrides TRIG which
overrides threshold.
5 CTRL Provides “control” access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 Vcc).
The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at threshold is greater than that
6 THR
at CTRL (2/3 Vcc if CTRL is open).
Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between intervals. In phase with
7 DIS
output.
5. CAPACITOR:
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is
a passive electronic component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is known
as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in
proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit.
It is made of 2 close conductors (usually plates) that are separated by a dielectric material.
The plates accumulate electric charge when connected to power source.
A ceramic capacitor is a fixed-value capacitor where the ceramic material acts as
the dielectric. It is constructed of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and
a metal layer acting as the electrodes. The composition of the ceramic material defines the
electrical behaviour and therefore applications. Ceramic capacitors are divided into two
application classes. They are
a) Class 1 ceramic capacitors offer high stability and low losses for resonant circuit
applications.
b)Class 2 ceramic capacitors offer high volumetric efficiency for buffer, by-pass, and
coupling applications.
6. BATTERY:
The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a common size of battery that was introduced for
the early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a
polarized snap connector at the top. This type is commonly used in walkie-talkies, clocks
and smoke detectors. The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary
carbon-zinc and alkaline chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulphide, and in rechargeable
form in nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion.
7. JUMPER WIRES:
Jumper wires are simply wires that have connector pins at each end, allowing them to be
used to connect two points to each other without soldering. Jumper wires are typically
used with breadboards and other prototyping tools in order to make it easy to change a
circuit as needed.
WORKING:
Heart beat sensor is designed to give digital output of heartbeat when a finger is placed on
it. When the heart beat detector is working, the beat LED flashes in unison with each heart
beat. This digital output can be connected to microcontroller directly to measure the Beats
Per Minute (BPM) rate. It works on the principle of light modulation by blood flow through
finger at each pulse. The sensor consists of a super bright red LED and touch pins. The
LED needs to be super bright as the maximum light must pass spread in finger and detected
by touch pins. Now, when the heart pumps a pulse of blood through the blood vessels, the
finger becomes slightly opaquer and so less light reached the touch pins. With each heart
pulse the signal varies with the help of the 555 timer IC. The output signal is also indicated
by a LED which blinks on each heart beat. When the touch pins are hold for 30 seconds the
pulse rate for that span of time can be detected by the LED.
RESULT:
Blinking of led when finger is placed near the touch point which signifies the rate of
heartbeat
RESULT ANALYSIS:
From this experiment it is observed that, when the power supply is given to the circuit
then one of the led is on and then the touch pins are hold. When these touch pins are
hold then the led blinks as per the blood pressure of the body.
The blinking time of the led depends upon the blood pressure of the body and from this
the pulse rate can be known.
As soon as the finger is removed from the touch pins the led won't be off immediately
due to discharging of the capacitor.
CONCLUSION:
The key objective of developing this project is to know pulse rate and body temperature.
The BP can be measured by, BPM (Beats per minute) = 60*f
Where f is the pulse frequency.
We designed and implemented the concept of pulse checker machine using 555 timer
IC. This experiment analysis shows that pulse checker machine provides the easy way
to know the pulse rate of the person.
APPLICATIONS:
FUTURE SCOPE:
REFERENCES:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSzUK55VDIE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadboard
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor
https://www.elprocus.com/heartbeat-sensor-working-application/
https://electronicsforu.com/electronics-projects/pulse-rate-meter