Chapter 13

Partial Derivatives

13.1 Functions of Several Variables

1. {(x, y)|(x, y) 6= (0, 0)}

2. {(x, y)|x 6= x ± 3y}

3. {(t, Y )|y 6= x2 }

4. {(x, y)|y ≥ −4}

5. {(s, t)|s, t any real numbers}

6. {(u, b)|(u, v(6= (0, 0)} {(u, v)|u2 + v 2 6= 1}

S

7. {(r, s)| |s| ≥ 1}

T T
8. {(θ, φ) | tan θ tan φ 6= 1} {(θ, φ) θ 6= π/2 + kπ, k an integer} {(θ, φ) | φ 6= π/2 +
kπ, k an integer}

9. (u, v, w)|u2 + v 2 + q 2 ≥ 16

10. {(x, y, z)|x2 + y 2 + < 25 and z 6= 5}

√ √
11. (c); The domain of f (x, y) = x+ y − x is {(x, y)|x ≥ 0, y−x ≥ 0} = {(x, y)|x ≥ 0, y ≥ x}
√
12. (e); The domain of f (x, y) = xy is {(x, y)|xy ≥ 0} = {(x, y)|x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 or x ≤ 0, y ≤ 0}
 
13. (b); The domain of f (x, y) = ln(x − y 2 ) is (x, y)|x − y 2 > 0 = (x, y)|x > y 2
p
x2 + y 2 − 1 
14. (h); The domain of f (x, y) = is (x, y)|x2 + y 2 − 1 ≥ 0, y 6= x =
 y−x
(x, y)|x2 + y 2 ≥ 1, y 6= x
q n o n o
15. (d); The domain of f (x, y) = xy − 1 is (x, y)| xy − 1 ≥ 0 = (x, y)| xy ≥ 1

77
78 CHAPTER 13. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

x4 + y 4
16. (g); The domain of f (x, y) = is {(x, y)|xy 6= 0} = {(x, y)|x 6= 0, y 6= 0}
xy

17. (f ); The domain of f (x, y) = sin−1 (xy) is {(x, y)||xy| ≤ 1}

p 
18. (a); The domain of f (x, y) = y − x2 is {(x, y)|y − x2 ≥ 0} = ∗x, y)y ≥ x2

19. {(x, y)|x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0} y

\
20. {(x, y)| x2 ≤ 1 and y 2 ≥ 4} {(x, y)| x2 ≥ 1 and y 2 ≤ 4}
[ y
{(x, y)| |x| ≤ 1 and |y| ≥ 2} {(x, y)| |x| ≥ 1 and |y| ≤ 2}
2 1

21. {(x, y)|y − x ≥ 0} 22. {(x, y)|xy ≥ −1}

y y

x x

23. {z | z ≥ 10} 24. all real numbers

25. {w ||; −1 ≤ w ≤ 1} 26. {x | w < 7}

R4
27. f (2, 3) = 2 (2t − 1)dt = (t2 − t)|42 = 12 − 2 = 10
R1
f (−1, 1) = −1 (2t − 1)dt = (t2 − t)|1−1 = 0 − 2 = −2
13.1. FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES 79

25 1
28. f (3, 0) = ln 9/9 = ln 1 = 0; f (5, −5) = ln = ln = − ln 2
25 + 25 2

29. f (−1, 1, −1) = (−2)2 = 4; f (2, 3, −2) = 22 = 4

√ √ √
30. f ( 3, 3, 6) = 1/3 + 1/2 + 1/6 = 1; f (1/4, 1/5, 1/3) = 16 + 25 + 9 = 50

31. A plane through the origin perpendicular to the xz-plane

32. A parabolic cylinder perpendicular to the yz-plane

33. The upper half of a cone lying above the xy-plane with axis along the positive z-axis

34. The upper half of a hyperboloid of two sheets with axis lying along the positive z-axis

35. The upper half of an ellipsoid 36. A hemisphere lying below the yy-plane

37. y = − 12 x + C 38. x = y 2 − c

y
y

39. x2 − y 2 = 1 + c2 40. 4x2 + 9y 2 = 36 − c2 , −6 ≤ c ≤ 6

y y

x
x
80 CHAPTER 13. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

41. y = x2 + ln c, c > 0 42. y = x + tan c, −π/2 < c < π/2

y y

43. x2 /9 + z 2 /4 = c; elliptical cylinder

44. Setting f (x, y, z) equal to a constant√c, we have (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 + (z − 2)2 = c which
is the equation of a sphere of radius c centered at (1, 2, 3). Therefore, the level curves are
concentric spheres centered at (1, 2, 3).

45. x2 + 3y 2 + 6z 2 = c; ellipsoid

46. 4y − 2z + 1 = c; plane

47. c=0 c<0 c>0

z z
z

y y y
x x x

48. Setting x = −4, y = 2, and z = −3 in x2 /16 + y 2 /4 + z 2 /9 = c we obtain c = 3. The equation

2 2 2
of the
√ surface is x /16 + y /4 + z /9 =√3. Setting y = z = 0 we find √ the x-intercepts are
±4 3. Similarly, the y-intercepts are ±2 3 and the z-intercepts are ±3 3.
13.1. FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES 81

49.
P

50. From V = s2 h we obtain h = V /s2 .

51. C(r, h) = πr2 (1.8) + πr2 (1) + 2πh(2.3) = 2.8πr2 + 4.6πrh
250 − xy
52. Let the height of the box be h. Then 2xy + 2xh + 2yh = 500 and h = . Thus,
x+y
250xy + x2 y 2
V = xyh = .
x+y
53. V + πr2 g + 13 πr2 32 h = 11

2
9 πr h
!
z
54. From the figure, we see that t = x tan θ = x p x
y2 − z2 θ
xz
=p t
y2 − z2 y
θ
My2-z2 z

55. X = 2(156)(50) = 15, 600 sq cm

√ √
56. h(20, −6.67) + (10 20 − 20 + 10.5)(33 + 6.67) = (20 5 − 9.5)(39.67) ≈ 1397 kcal/m2 h
57. (a) The distance the water falls in time t is s(t) = 12 gt2 + vt where vis the velocity of the
water at the top level (t = 0). The velocity of the water at time t is v(t) = gt + v. If t1
is the time it takes a cross-section of water to fall from the top level to the bottom level,
then V = gt1 + v and t1 = (V − v)/g. The distance traveled in time t1 is
 2  
1 1 V −v V −v
h = gt21 + vt1 = g +v
2 2 g g
Simplifying the equation we obtain 2gh = V 2 − v 2 . Now the rates at the top and bottom
levels are Z = vπr2 and Q = V πr2 (recall that the flow rate is constant). Solving for
2 2 2 2 2 2
v and V and substituting into 2gh√ = V − v we obtain 2gh = (Q/πr ) − (Q/πR ) .
πr2 R2 2gh
Solving for Q we find Q = √ .
R4 − r 4
(b) When r = 0.2 cm, R = 1 cm, and h = 10, Q ≈ 7.61 cm3 /s.
82 CHAPTER 13. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

13.2 Limits and Continuity

1. lim (x2 + y 2 ) = 25 + 1 = 26
(x,y)→(5,−1)

x2 − y 4−1
2. lim = =3
(x,y)→(2,1) x − y 2−1

5x2 + y 2 5x2
3. On y = 0, lim = lim = 5.
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2 (x,y)→(0,0) x2
5x2 + y 2 y2
On x = 0, lim 2 2
= lim = 1. The limit does not exist.
(x,y)→(0,0) x + y (x,y)→(0,0) y 2

4x2 + y 2 4+4 1
4. lim 4 4
= =
(x,y)→(1,2) 16x + y 16 + 16 4

4 − x2 − y 2 4−1−1
5. lim = =1
(x,y)→(1,1) x2 + y 2 1+1

2x2 − y −y
6. On x = 0, lim = lim = ∞.
(x,y→(0,0) x2 + 2y 2 (x,y→(0,0) 2y 2
2x2 − y 2x2
On y = 0, lim = lim = 2.. The limit does not exist.
(x,y→(0,0) x2 + 2y 2 (x,y→(0,0) x2

x2 y x3 x
7. On y = x, lim = lim = lim = 0.
(x,y→(0,0) x4
+y 2 (x,y→(0,0) x + x2
4 (x,y→(0,0) x2 + 1
x2 y x4 1
On y = x2 , lim 4 2
= lim 4 4
= . The limit does not exist.
(x,y→(0,0) x + y (x,y→(0,0) x + x 2

6xy 2 6x3 6x
8. On y = x, lim = lim = lim = 0.
(x,y→(0,0) x2 + y 4 (x,y→(0,0) x2 + x4 (x,y→(0,0) 1 + x2
2 4
x y 6y
On x = y 2 , lim 4 2
= lim = 3. The limit does not exist.
(x,y→(0,0) x + y (x,y→(0,0) y + y 4
4

9. lim x3 y 2 (x + y)3 = 1(4)(27) = 108

(x,y)→(1,2)

xy 6 6
10. lim = =−
(x,y)→(2,3) x2 − y 2 4−9 5
exy 1
11. lim = =1
(x,y)→(0,0) x + y + 1 1

sin xy sin mx2

12. On y = mx, lim 2 2
= lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x + y (x,y)→(0,0) (1 + m2 )x2

m sin mx2 m
= lim = .
(x,y)→(0,0) 1 + m2 mx2 1 + m2
The limit does not exist.
13.2. LIMITS AND CONTINUITY 83

xy 4 1
13. lim = =
(x,y)→(2,2) x3 + y 2 8+4 3
√
14. lim cos(3x + y) = cos(3π + π/4) = cos 13π/4 = − 2/2
(x,y)→(π,π/4)

x2 − 3y + 1 1
15. lim =−
(x,y)→(0,0) x + 5y − 3 3

x2 y 2 x2 m2 x2 m2
16. On y = mx, lim = lim = .
(x,y)→(0,0) x4 + 5y 4 4
(x,y)→(0,0) x + 5m x 4 4 1 + 5m4
The limit does not exist.
x + 2y 4+6
17. lim xy 2 = 4(9) = 360
(x,y)→(4,3) x−y 4−3

x2 y 0
18. lim = =0
(x,y)→(1,0) x+ y 3 1+0

xy − x − y + 1 (x − 1)(y − 1)
19. lim = lim
(x,y)→(1,1) x2 + y − 2x − 2y + 2 (x,y)→(1,1) (x − 1)2 + m2 (x − 1)2
2

On y − x = m(x − 1),
(x − 1)(y − 1) (x − 1)m(x − 1) m
lim 2 2 2
= lim 2 2 2
= .
(x,y)→(1,1) (x − 1) + m (x − 1) (x,y)→(1,1) (x − 1) + m (x − 1) 1 + m2
The limit does not exist.
xy − 3y −3y
20. On x = 0, lim = lim . The limit does not exist.
(x,y)→(0,3) x2 + y 2 − 6y + 9 (x,y)→(0,3) (y − 3)2

x3 y + xy 3 − 3x2 − 3y 2 xy(x2 + y 2 ) − 3(x2 + y 2

21. lim = lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2 (x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2
= lim (xy − 3) = −3
(x,y)→(0,0)

y 3 + 2x3 8 − 16 4
22. lim = =
(x,y)→(−2,2) x + 5xy 2 −2 − 40 21

23. lim ln(2x2 − y 2 ) = ln(2 − 1) = 0

(x,y)→(1,1)

sin−1 (x/y) sin−1 (1/2) π/6 1

24. lim −1
= = =
(x,y)→(1,2) cos (x − y cos−1 (−1) π 6
In Problems 25-30 let x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ. Then x2 + y 2 = r2 and (x, y) → (0, 0) if

and only if r → 0. We also use the facts that | cos θ| ≤ 1 and | sin θ| ≤ 1 for all θ.

(x2 − y 2 )2 (r2 cos2 θ − r2 sin2 θ)2 r4 (cos2 θ − sin2 θ)2

25. lim = lim = lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2 r→0 r2 r→0 r2
= lim r2 cos2 2θ = 0
r→0
84 CHAPTER 13. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

sin(3x2 + 3y 2 ) sin 3r2

26. lim = lim Use L’Hôpital’s Rule
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2 r→0 r2
6r cos 3r2
= lim = lim 3 cos 3r2 = 3
r→0 2r r→0

6xy 6r2 cos θ sin θ

27. lim p = lim √ = lim 3|r| sin 2θ = 0
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2 r→0 r2 r→0

x2 − y 2 r2 cos2 θ − r2 sin2 θ
28. lim p = lim √ = lim |r| cos 2θ = 0
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2 r→0 r2 r→0

x3 r3 cos3 θ
29. lim = lim = lim r cos3 θ = 0
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2 r→0 r2 r→0

x3 + y 3 r3 cos3 θ + r3 sin3 θ
30. lim 2 2
= lim = lim r(cos3 θ + sin3 θ) = 0
(x,y)→(0,0) x + y r→0 r2 r→0

31. {(x, y) | x ≥ 0 and y ≥ −x}

32. {(x, y) | x 6= 0 and y 6= 0}

33. {(x, y) | y 6= 0 and x/y 6= π/2 + kπ, k and integer}

34. {(x, y) | x and y are real}

35. (a) For x2 + y 2 < 1, f (x, y) = 0 is continuous

(b) For x ≥ 0, f (x, y) is not continuous since it is discontinuous at (2, 0).
(c) For y > x, f (x, y) is not continuous since it is discontinuous at (2, 3).

36. (a) For y ≥ 3, f (x, y) is not continuous since it is not defined at (0, 3).
(b) For |x| + |y| < 1, f (x.y) is discontinuous since it is not defined at (0, 0).
(c) For (x − 2)2 + y 2 < 1, f (x, y) is discontinuous since it is not defined at (2, 0).

37. Since

6x2 y 3 6r5 cos2 θ sin3 θ

lim f (x, y) = lim = lim = lim 6r cos2 θ sin3 θ = 0 = f (0, 0)
(x,y)→(0,0) (x,y)→(0,0) (x2 + y 2 )2 r→0 r4 r→0

the function is continuous at (0, 0).

38. Since f (x, 0) = 0 for all x and f (0, y) = 0 for all y, f (x, 0) and f (0, y) are continuous at x = 0
and y = 0, respectively. On y = x,

x2 1
lim f (x, y) = lim = ,
(x,y)→0,0) (x,y)→(0,0) 2x2 + 2x2 4

so f (x, y) is not continuous at (0, 0).

13.3. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 85

39. Choose  > 0. Using x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ we have

3xy 2 3t cos θr2 sin2 θ 3

= r cos θ sin2 θ.
2x2 + 2y 2 2r2 2
p
Let δ = 2
3 . Now, whenever r = x2 + y 2 < δ, we have

3xy 2
 
3 2 3 3 3 2
| 2 | = |r cos θ sin θ| ≤ |r| < δ = = .
2x + 2y 2 2 2 2 2 3

3xy 2
Thus lim = 0.
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y2
40. Choose  > 0. Using x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ we have

x2 y 2 r2 cos2 θr2 sin2 θ

= = r2 cos2 θ sin2 θ.
x2 + y 2 r2
√  x2 y 2 
 
p √
2 2
Now, whenever r = x + y <  (for δ = ),  2 = r2 cos2 θ sin2 θ ≤ r2 ≤ . Thus,
x + y2 
x2 y 2
lim = 0.
(x,y)→(0,0) x + y 2
2

41. Where y 6= x, we have

x3 − y 3 (x − y)(x2 + xy + y 2 )
f (x, y) = = = x2 + xy + y 2 .
x−y x−y
When y = x, we have

x2 + xy + y 2 = x2 + x2 + x2 = 3x2 = f (x, y).

Therefore, f (x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 throughout the entire plane. Since x2 + xy + y 2 is a

polynomial, f must be continuous throughout the plane and thus has no discontinuities.
p
42. Choose  > 0. Then for δ = , whenever 0 < (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 < δ, we have
p
|f (x, y) − b| = |y − b| ≤ (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 < δ = .

Thus, lim y = b.
(x,y)→(a,b)

13.3 Partial Derivatives

∂z 7(x = 4x) + 8y 2 − 7x − 8y 2 74x
1. = lim = lim =7
∂x 4→0 4x 4→0 4x

∂z 7x + 8(y + 4y)2 − 7x − 8y 2 16y 4 y + 8(4y)2

= lim = lim
∂y 4y→0 4y 4y→0 4y
= lim (16y + 8 4 y) = 16y
4y→0
86 CHAPTER 13. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

∂z (x + 4x)y − xy y4x
2. = lim = lim = y;
∂x 4x→0 4x 4x→0 4x
∂z x(y + 4y) − xy x4y
= lim = lim =x
∂y 4y→0 4y 4y→0 4y

∂z 3(x + 4x)2 y + 4x + 4x)y 2 − 3x2 y − 4xy 2

3. = lim
∂x 4x→0 4x
3x2 y + 6x(4x)y + 3(4x)2 y + 4xy 2 + 4(4x)y 2 − 3x2 y − 4xy 2
= lim
4x→0 4x
6x(4x)y + 3(4x)2 y + 4(4x)y 2
= lim = lim (6xy + 3(4x)y + 4y 2 ) = 6xy + 4y 2
4x→0 4x 4x→0

∂z 3x2 (y + 4y) + 4x(y + 4y)2 − 3x2 y − 4xy 2

= lim
∂y 4y→0 4y
3x2 y + 3x2 4 y + 4xy 2 + 8xy 4 y + 4x(4y)2 − 3x2 y − 4xy 2
= lim
4y→0 4y
3x2 4 y + 8xy 4 y + 4x(4y)2
= lim = lim (3x2 + 8xy + 4x 4 y) = 3x2 + 8xy
4y→0 4y 4y→0

x+4 x
−
∂z x+4+y x+y x2 + x 4 x + xy + (4x)y − x2 − x 4 x − xy
4. = lim = lim
∂x 4x→0 4x 4x→0 (x + 4x + y)(x + y) 4 x
(4x)y y
= lim =
4x→0 (x + 4x + y)(x + y) 4 x (x + y)2
x x
−
∂z x + y + 4y x + y x2 + xy − x2 − xy − x 4 y
= lim = lim
∂y 4y→0 4y 4y→0 (x + y + 4y)(x + y) 4 y
−x 4 y x
= lim =−
4y→0 (x + y + 4y)(x + y) 4 y (x + y)2

5. zx = 2x − y 2 ; zy = −2xy + 20y 4

6. zx = −3x2 + 12xy 3 ; zy = 18x2 y 2 + 10y

7. zx = 20x3 y 3 − 2xy 6 + 30x4 ; zy = 15x4 y 2 − 6x2 y 5 − 4

8. zx = 3x2 y 2 sec2 (x3 y 2 ); zy = 2x3 sec2 (x3 y 2 )

√
2 24y x
9. zx = √ ; z y = −
x(3y 2 + 1) (3y 2 + 1)2

10. zx = 12x2 − 10x + 8; zy = 0

11. zx = −(x3 − y 2 )−2 (3x2 ) = −3x2 (x3 − y 2 )−2 ; zy = −(x3 − y 2 )−2 (−2y) = 2y(x3 − y 2 )−2

12. zx = 6(−x4 + 7y 2 + 3y)5 (−4x) = −24x( − x4 + 7y 2 − 3y)5 ; zy = 6(−x4 + 7y 2 + 3y)5 (14y + 3)

13. zx = 2(cos 5x)(− sin 5x)(5) = −10 sin 5x cos 5x; zy = 2(sin 5y)(cos 5y)(5) = 10 sin 5y cos 5y
13.3. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 87

2
tan−1 y 2 2x2 y x2 tan−1 y2
14. zx = (2x tan−1 y 2 )ex ; zy = e
1 + y4
3 3 3
15. fx = x(3x2 yex y + ex y ; fy = x4 ex y
     
2 θ 1 2 θ θ θ θ θ
16. fθ = φ cos ; fφ = φ cos − 2 + 2φ sin = −θ cos + 2φ sin
φ φ φ φ φ φ φ

(x + 2y)3 − (3x − y) 7y (x + 2y)(−1) − (3x − y)(2) −7x

17. fx = = ; fy = =
(x + 2y)2 (x + 2y)2 (x + 2y)2 (x + 2y)2
 
(x2 − y 2 )2 y − xy 2(x2 − y 2 )2x −3x2 y − y 3
18. fx = = ;
(x2 −y 2 )4  (x2 − y 2 )3
(x2 − y 2 )x − xy 2(x2 − y 2 )(−2y) 3xy 2 + x3
fy = = 2
(x2 − y 2 )4 (x − y 2 )3

8u 15v 2
19. gu = ; gv = 2
4u2
− 5v 3 4u + 5v 3
√ √
1 s r 1
20. hr = √ + 2 ; hx = − 2 − √
2s r r s 2s r

y √

1 y/z

√ y   y  y2
21. wx = √ ; wy = 2 x − y e =2 x− + 1 ey/z ; wz = −yey/z − 2 = 2 ey/z
x z z z z
 
1 xy
22. wx = xy + (ln xz)y = y + y ln xz; wy = x ln xz; wz =
x z

23. Fu = 2uw2 − v 3 − vwt2 sin(ut2 ); Fv = −3uv 2 + w cos(ut2 );

Fx = 3(2x2 t)3 (4xt) = 16xt(2x2 t)3 = 128x7 t4 ; Ft = −2uvwt sin(ut2 ) + 64x8 t3
4 5
24. Gp = 2pq 3 e2r s
4 5
Gq = 3p2 q 2 e2r s
4 5 4 5
Gr = p2 q 3 (8r3 s5 )e2r s = 8p2 q 3 r3 s5 e2r s
4 5 4 5
Gs = p2 q 3 (10r4 s4 )e2r s = 10p1 q 3 r4 s4 e2r s

25. zy = 16x3 y 3 , zy (1, −1) = −16

26. zx = 12x2 y 4 , zx (1, −1) = 12

(x + y)18x − 18xy 18x2

27. fy = = , fy (−1, 4) = 2. An equation of the tangent line is given
(x + y)2 (x + y)2
by x = −1 and z + 24 = 2(y − 4). Parametric equations of the line are x = −1, y = 4 + t, z =
−24 + 2t.
(x + y)18y − 18xy 18y 2
28. fx = = , fx (−1, 4) = 32. An equation of the tangent line is given
(x + y)2 (x + y)2
z + 24
by y = 4 and z + 24 = 32(x + 1). Symmetric equations of the line are x + 1 = , y = 4.
32
88 CHAPTER 13. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

−x
29. zx = p , zx (2, 2) = −2
9 − x− y 2
√
−y √ √ 3
30. zy = p , zy ( 2, 3) = −
2
9−x −y 2 2

∂z ∂2z
31. = yexy ; = y 2 exy
∂x ∂x2
∂z ∂2z ∂3z
32. = −2x4 y −3 ; = 6x4 −4
y ; = −24x4 y −5
∂y ∂y 2 ∂y 3

33. fx = 10xy 2 − 2y 3 ; fxy = 20xy − 6y 2

1 2 1
34. f (p, q) = ln(p + q) − 2 ln q, fq = − , fqp = −
p+q q (p + q)2

35. wt = 3u2 v 3 t2 , wtu 6uv 3 t2 ; wtuv 18uv 2 t2

u2 sin(u2 v) u4 cos(u2 x) 3u4 cos(u2 v)

36. wv = − 3
; wvv − 3
; wvvt =
t t t4
2 2 2 2 2
37. Fr = 2rer cos θ; Frθ − 2rer sin θ; Frθr − 2r(2rer ) sin θ − 2er sin θ = −2er (2r2 + 1) sin θ

(s − t) − (s + t)(−1) 2s 4s
38. Ht = 2
= 2
; Htt = ;
(s − t) (s − t) (s − t)3
4 2
(s − t) − 4x(3)(s − t) −8s − 4t
Htts = 6
=
(x − t) (s − t)4

∂z ∂2z ∂z ∂2z
39. = −5x4 y 2 +8xy; = −60x3 y 2 +8y; = 6x5 −20x3 y 3 +4y 2 ; = −60x3 y 2 +8y
∂y ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y∂x

∂z 2x ∂z (1 + 4x2 y 2 )2 − 2x(8xy 2 ) 2 − 8x2 y 2 ∂z 2y

40. = 2 2
; = 2 2 2
= 2 2 2
; =
∂y 1 + 4x y ∂x∂y (1 + 4x y ) (1 + 4x y ) ∂x 1 + 4x2 y 2
2 2 2 2 2
∂z (1 + 4x y )2 − 2y(8x y) 2 − 8x y
= =
∂y∂x (1 + 4x2 y 2 )2 (1 + 4x2 y 2 )2

41. wu = 3u2 v 4 − 8uv 2 t3 , wuv = 12u2 v 3 − 16uvt3 , wuvt = −48uvt2 ; wt = −12u2 v 2 t2 + v 2 ,

wtv = −24u2 vt2 + 2v, wtvu = −48uvt2 ; wv = 4u3 v 3 − 8u2 vt3 + 2vt, wvu = 12u2 v 3 − 16uvt3 ,
wvut = −48uvt2

42. Fη = 6η 2 (η 3 +ξ 2 +τ ) = 6η 5 +6η 2 ξ 2 +6η 2 τ, Fηξ = 12η 2 ξ, Fηξη = 24ηξ; Fξ = 4ξ(η 3 +ξ 3 +τ ) =

4η 3 ξ + 4xi3 + 4xiτ, Fξη = 12η 2 ξ, Fξηη 24ηξ; Fηη = 30η 4 + 12ηξ 2 , Fηηξ = 24ηξ

43. 2x + 2zzx = 0, zx = −x/z; 2y + 2zzy = 0, zy = −y/z

2x
44. 2zzx = 2x + y 2 zx =⇒ (2z − y 2 )zx = 2x =⇒ zx = ;
2z − y 2
2yz
2zzy = y 2 zy + 2yz =⇒ (2z − y 2 )zy = 2yz =⇒ zy =
2z − y 2
13.3. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 89

vz − 2uv 3
45. 2zzu + 2uv 3 − uvzu − vz = 0 =⇒ (2z − uv)zu = vz − 2uv 3 =⇒ zu = ;
2z − uv
2 2
uz − 3u v
2zzv + 3u2 v 2 − uvzv − uz = 0 =⇒ (2z − uv)zv = uz − 3u2 v 2 =⇒ zv =
2z − uv
test − ez − 12s2 t
46. sez zs + ez − test + 12s2 t = zs =⇒ (sez − 1)zs = tes − ez − 12s2 t =⇒ zs = ;
sez − 1
sest − 4s3
sez zt − sest + 4s3 = zt =⇒ (sez − 1)zt = sest − 4s3 =⇒ zt =
sez − 1
47. ax = y sin θ, Ay = x sin θ, Aθ = xy cos θ

48. Vh = (π/3)(r2 + rR + R2 ), Vr = (π/3)h(2r + R), VR = (π/3)h(r + 2R)

∂u ∂2u
49. = 2π(cosh 2πy + sinh 2πy) cos 2πx; = −4π 2 (cosh 2πy + sinh 2πy) sin 2πx;
∂x ∂x2
∂u ∂2u
= (2π sinh 2πy + 2π cosh 2πy) sin 2πx; = (4π 2 cosh 2πy + 4π 2 sinh 2πy) sin 2πx;
∂y ∂y 2
∂2u ∂2u
+ 2 = −4π 2 (cosh 2πy + sinh 2πy) sin 2πx + 4π 2 (cosh 2πy + sinh 2πy) sin 2πx = 0
∂x2 ∂y
∂u nπ  nπ  ∂ 2 u n2 π 2 −(nπx/L)  nπ 
50. = − e−(nπx/L sin ; = e sin y;
∂x L L ∂x2 L2 L 
2 2 2
∂u nπ −(nπx/L)  nπ ∂ u n π  nπ
= e cos y; = − 2 e−(nπx/L) sin y;
∂y L L ∂y 2 L L
∂2u ∂2u n2 π 2 −(nπx/L)  nπ  n2 π 2  nπ 
2
+ 2 = 2
e sin − 2
e−(nπx/L) sin =0
∂x ∂y L L L L
∂z 2x ∂2z (x2 + y 2 )2 − 2x(2x) 2y 2 − 2x2 ∂z 2y
51. = 2 , = = ; = 2 ,
∂x x + y 2 ∂x2 (x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 ) ∂y x + y2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
∂ z (x + y )2 − 2y(2y) 2x − 2y ∂ z ∂ z 2y − 2x + 2x − 2y 2
2 2 2
= = ; + = =0
∂y 2 (x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2 ∂x2 ∂y 2 (x2 + y 2 )2
∂z 2 2 2 2 2 2
52. = 2yex −y sin 2xy + 2xex −y cos 2xy = 2ex −y (x cos 2xy − y sin 2xy),
∂x
∂2z 2 2 2 2
= 2ex −y (−2xy sin 2xy + cos 2xy − 2y 2 cos 2xy) + 4xex −y (x cos 2xy − y sin 2xy);
∂x2
∂z − 2 − 2 − 2
= −2xex y sin 2xy − 2yex y cos 2xy = −2ex y (x sin 2xy + y cos 2xy),
∂y
∂2z − 2 − 2
= −2ex y (2x2 cos 2xy − 2xy sin 2xy + cos 2xy) + 4yex y (x sin 2xy + y cos 2xy);
∂y 2
∂2z ∂2z − 2

2
+ 2 =2ex y (−2xy sin 2xy + cos 2xy − 2y 2 cos 2xy + 2x2 cos 2xy − 2xy sin 2xy
∂x ∂y
− 2x2 cos 2xy + 2xy sin 2xy − cos 2xy + 2xy sin 2xy − 2y 2 cos 2xy) = 0
∂u x ∂u y ∂u z
53. =− 2 ; =− 2 ; =− 2 ;
∂x (x + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 ∂y (x + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 ∂z (x + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
∂2u 2x2 − y 2 − z 2 ∂2u −x2 + 2y 2 − z 2 ∂2u −x2 − y 2 + 2z 2
= ; = ; = ;
∂x2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 ∂y 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 ∂z 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2
90 CHAPTER 13. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

∂2u ∂2u ∂2u 2x2 − y 2 − z 2 − x2 + 2y 2 − z 2 − x2 − y 2 + 2z 2

+ + = =0
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2

∂u √ 2 √
2 2 ∂2u √
m2 +n2 x
54. = m + n2 e m +n x cos my sin nz; = (m 2
+ n 2
)e cos my sin nz;
∂x ∂x2
√ 2 √
∂u 2 2 ∂ u 2 2
= −me m +n x sin my sin nz; = −m2 e m +n x cos my sin nz;
∂y ∂y 2
∂u √
2 2 ∂2u √
2 2
= ne m +n x cos my cos nz; 2
= −n2 e m +n x cos my sin nz;
∂z ∂z
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u √
2 2
√
2 2

2
+ 2 + 2 = (m2 + n2 )e m +n x cos my sin nz − m2 e m +n x cos my sin nz
∂x ∂y ∂z
√
m2 +n2 x
− n2 e cos my sin nz = 0

∂u ∂2u ∂u ∂2u
55. = cos at cos x, = − cos at sin x; = −a sin at sin x, = −a1 cos at sin x;
∂x ∂x2 ∂t ∂t2
∂2u ∂2u
a2 2 = a2 (− cos at sin x) = 2
∂x ∂t
∂u ∂2u
56. = − sin(x + at) + cos(x − at), = − cos(x + at) − sin(x − at);
∂x ∂x2
∂u ∂2u ∂2u
= −a sin(x + at) − a cos(x − at), 2
= −a2 cos(x + at) − a2 sin(x − at); a2 2 =
∂t ∂t ∂x
2 2 ∂2u
−a cos(x + at) − a sin(x − at) = 2
∂t
∂C 2x / ∂2C 4x2 −1/2 −x2 /kt 2 2
57. = − t−/12 e−x kt , 2
= 2 2
t e − t−1/2 e−x /kt ;
∂x kt ∂x k t kt
∂C −1/2 x
2
−x2 /kt t−3/2 −x2 /kt k ∂ 2 C x2 −1/2 −x2 /kt t−1/2 −x2 /kt ∂C
=t 2
e − e ; 2
= 2t e − e =
∂t kt 2 4 ∂x kt 2t ∂t
58. (a) Pv = −k(T /V 2 )
(b) P V = kt, P VT = k, VT = k/P
(c) P V = kT, V = kTp , Tp = V /k

∂u −gx/z, 0 ≤ x ≤ at
59. (a) =
∂t −gt, x > at
For x > at, the motion is that of a freely falling body.
∂u
(b) For x > at, = 0. For x > at, the string is horizontal.
∂x
∂S
60. = 0.0790975w0.425 h−0.275 ; Sh (60, 36) + 0.0790975(60)0.425 (36)−0.275 ≈ 0.1682
∂h
The approximate increase in skin-area as h increases from 36 to 37 inches is 0.1682 sq ft.

∂2z fx (x + ∆x, y) − fx (x, y)

61. (a) 2
= lim
∂x ∆x→0 ∆x
∂2z fy (x, y + ∆y) − fx (x, y)
(b) = lim
∂y 2 ∆y→0 ∆y
13.3. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 91

∂2z fy (x + ∆x, y) − fy (x, y)

(c) = lim
∂x∂y ∆x→0 ∆x
62. Integrating zx = 2xy 3 + 2y + 1/x with respect to x, we obtain z = x2 y 3 + 2xy + ln x + φ(y).
Then 3x2 y 2 + 2x + 1 = zy = 3x2 y 2 + 2x + φ0 (y). Since φ0 (y) = 1, φ(y) = y + C, and
z = x2 y 3 + 2xy + ln x + y + C.
63. Consider the mixed partials:
∂2z ∂2z
   
∂ ∂z ∂ ∂z
= = 2y and = = 2x.
∂y∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z ∂2z ∂2z
Since , , , and are all continuous on an open set, we should have
∂x ∂y ∂y∂x ∂x∂y
∂2z ∂2z
= on that set. But the mixed partials are equal only on the line y = x, which
∂y∂x ∂x∂y
contains no open set in the plane. Therefore, such a function cannot exist.
64. (a) There are 10 different third-order partial derivatives: Fxxx , Fxxy , Fxxz , Fxyy , Fxyz , Fxzz ,
Fyyy , Fyyz , Fyzz , Fzzz
(b) Since the mixed partials are equal, the order in which differentiation occurs is irrelevant.
The nth order partial derivatives are given by
∂nz ∂nz ∂nz ∂nz ∂nz
, , , . . . , , .
∂xn ∂xn−1 ∂y ∂xn−2 ∂y 2 ∂x∂y n−2 ∂y n
Hence, there are n + 1 different nth order partial derivatives.
65. (a) There slopes of the surface in the x and y directions are zero everywhere. This implies
that the surface must have constant height everywhere. Therefore f must have the form
f (x, y) = c.
(b) Since the mixed partials are both zero, we have
   
∂ ∂z ∂z
= 0 and df rac∂∂y =0
∂x ∂y ∂x
∂z ∂z
which implies is a function of y alone and is a function of x alone. Therefore, z
∂y ∂x
has no term that depends on both x and y. Hence z is of the form z = g(x) + h(y) + c
where g and h are twice continuously differentiable functions of a single variable.
66. The level curves suggest that the surface height is decreasing as we move slightly to the right
∂z
of the point, and increasing as we move slightly up from the point. This implies < 0 and
∂x
∂z
> 0.
∂y
0/2(∆x)2

∂z  f (0 + ∆x, 0) − f (0, 0)
67. = lim = lim = 0;
∂x (0,0) ∆x→0
 ∆x ∆x→0 ∆x
0/2(∆y)2

∂z  f (0, 0 + ∆y) − f (0, 0)
= lim = lim =0
∂y (0,0) ∆y→0
 ∆y ∆y→0 ∆y
92 CHAPTER 13. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

y 5 − 4x2 y 3 − x4 ∂z  −x5 + 4x3 y 2 + xy 4 ∂z 

 
∂z ∂z
68. (a) = ; = y; = ; = −x
∂x (x2 + y 2 )2 ∂x (0,y) ∂y x2 + y 2 )2 ∂y (x,0)
∂2z ∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
(b) = 1; = −1 =⇒ 6=
∂y∂x ∂x∂y ∂y∂x ∂x∂y

13.4 Linearization and Differentials

∂f ∂f
1. = 4y 2 − 6x2 y so (1, 1) = −2
∂x ∂x
∂f ∂f
= 8zy − 2x3 so (1, 1) = 6
∂y ∂y
f (1, 1) = 2 The linearization is L(x, y) = 2 − 2(x − 1) + 6(y − 1) = −2x + 6y − 2
∂f 3x2 y ∂f
2. = p so (2, 2) = 3
∂x 2 x y3 ∂x
∂f x3 ∂f
= p so (2, 2) = 1
∂y 2 x y3 ∂y
f (2, 2) = 4 The linearization is L(x, y) = 4 + 3(x − 2) + (y − 2) = 3x + y − 4
∂f p x2 ∂f 353
3. = x2 + y 2 + p so (8, 15) =
∂x 2
x +y 2 ∂x 17
∂f xy ∂f 120
=p so (8, 15) =
∂y x2 + y 2 ∂y 17
f (8, 15) = 136 The linearization is L(x, y) = 136+ 353 120
17 (x−8)+ 17 (y −15) =
353 120
17 x+ 17 y −136

∂f ∂f π 3π
−3
4. = 3 cos x cos y so , =
∂x ∂x 4 4 2
∂f ∂f π 3π
−3
= 3 sin x sin y so , =
∂y ∂y 4 4 2
π 3π −3 −3 3 π 3 3π −3
− 32 y +




f 4, 4 = The linearization is L(x, y) = 2 − 2 x− 4 − 2 y− 4 = 2 x
2
3
2 (π − 1)

∂f 2x ∂f
5. = 2 so (−1, 1) = −1
∂x x + y3 ∂x
∂f 3y 2 ∂f 3
= 2 so (−1, 1) =
∂y x + y3 ∂y 2
3
f (−1, 1) = ln(2) The linearization is L(x, y) = ln(2) − (x + 1) + 23 (y − 1) = −x + y − 52 + ln(2)
2
∂f ∂f 2π
= 3e−2y cos 3x so 0, π3 = 3e− 3


6.
∂x ∂x
∂f ∂f
= −2e−2y sin 3x so 0, π3 = 0


∂y ∂y
2π 2π
f 0, π3 = 0 The linearization is L(x, y) = 3e− 3 (x − 0) = 3xe− 3

√ √
7. Note that we are trying to approximate f (102, 80) where f (x, y) = x + 4 y. Since (102, 80)
is reasonably close to (100, 81), we can use the linearization of f at (100, 81) to approximate