MemTest-86 User Manual

Version 4.3

Copyright 2014 Passmark® Software Page 1

 Table of Contents
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Memory Reliability.......................................................................................................................3
1.2 MemTest86 Overview...................................................................................................................3
1.3 Compatibility.................................................................................................................................3
2 Setup and Use..........................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Boot-disk Creation using Windows...............................................................................................4
2.2 Boot-disk Creation Using Linux/Mac...........................................................................................5
2.3 Building MemTest86 from source.................................................................................................6
2.4 Using MemTest86.........................................................................................................................7
2.5 Runtime Configuration Options....................................................................................................8
2.6 Startup (boot) Options...................................................................................................................9
2.7 Troubleshooting MemTest86 Problems with Boot Trace............................................................10
3 Repairing Memory Faults.....................................................................................................................12
3.1 Anti-Static Handling Procedures.................................................................................................12
3.2 Re-Seating Memory Modules......................................................................................................12
3.3 Replacing Modules......................................................................................................................12
3.4 Error Validity...............................................................................................................................13
4 Over Clocking.......................................................................................................................................14
4.1 Background..................................................................................................................................14
4.2 Operating Margins.......................................................................................................................14
4.3 Using MemTest86 for Over Clocking.........................................................................................14
Appendices...............................................................................................................................................17
Appendix A.Technical Information...................................................................................................17
A.1 Memory Testing Philosophy................................................................................................17
A.2 MemTest86 Test Algorithms................................................................................................17
A.3 Individual Test Descriptions................................................................................................18
A.4 Error Display Information....................................................................................................20
A.5 Serial Console......................................................................................................................21
Appendix B.Licensing.......................................................................................................................22
Appendix C.Product Support.............................................................................................................23
C.1 Known Problems..................................................................................................................23
C.2 Enhancements......................................................................................................................23
Appendix D.Change Log...................................................................................................................24
Appendix E.Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................29

Copyright 2014 Passmark® Software Page 2

1 Introduction

1.1 Memory Reliability

Properly functioning memory is critical for reliable operation of a PC or laptop. Few computer
users fully understand the risks associated with memory errors. Because PCs typically do not
have any mechanisms for detecting memory errors, confusing and potentially disastrous
consequences can result from these undetected memory problems. Memory errors will often
cause erratic behavior with software applications that can mysteriously fail. The most serious
risk from memory errors, however, is corruption of data that manages how information is
stored on disk. In most cases, this type of corruption will cause one or more files to be lost.
There are cases where a memory error can cause the loss of the entire contents of your hard
disk. Periodic testing of memory with a rigorous and thorough memory test will greatly reduce
the risk of problems and data loss due to memory errors.

1.2 MemTest86 Overview

Memory errors are often pattern sensitive and may be very intermittent. Detecting these
errors is technically challenging and is an imperfect science. MemTest86 uses advanced
algorithms that have been refined for more than 20 years. These testing techniques are highly
effective at detecting difficult to find memory errors. In addition, MemTest86 has the capability
to test all available memory. Memory testing programs execute from memory and therefore
are not able to test the memory that is occupied by the test program itself. MemTest86 is
designed to move itself to a different portion of memory and then tests the memory that it
previously occupied.

1.3 Compatibility
MemTest86 is designed to work with all processors using the Intel/AMD x86 and X86_64
architecture. For 64 bit CPUs, MemTest86 currently executes in 32 bit mode using PAE. For
32 bit CPUs, testing is limited to 64 GB. 64 bit CPUs running MemTest86 executes in “long”
mode which allows for testing of up to 8 TB of memory. CPUs executing in 32 bit mode can
test a maximum of 2 GB of memory at a time. This 2 GB window is then advanced, allowing
for all of memory to be tested. A native 64 bit implementation is planned.
Starting with version 4.0 MemTest86 is multi-threaded and is able to concurrently use multiple
CPUs to test memory. It will function properly with any number of CPUs but is currently
configured to use a maximum of 32 CPUs for testing.
MemTest86 is able to test all types of memory. There is no need for MemTest86 to know what
type of memory it is testing. MemTest86 attempts to detect and display information about the
hardware it is testing but this information is not used during testing.
Since MemTest86 is a standalone program it does not require any operating system support
for execution. It can be used with any PC regardless of what operating system, if any, is
installed.

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2 Setup and Use
MemTest86 is loaded from a floppy disk, CD-ROM, USB flash drive or, with Linux systems, by
the boot loader (for example, LILO or Grub). Any Windows, Linux or Mac system may be used
to create the CD, USB flash drive or floppy disk. Once a MemTest86 boot disk has been
created, it may be used on any x86 (PC) computer with either a CD-ROM drive or a USB
flash drive. If you already have a MemTest86 floppy disk, CD-ROM or USB flash drive please
skip to section 2.3.

2.1 Boot-disk Creation using Windows

Create a boot-able CD-ROM:
1. Download the Windows MemTest86 ISO image.
2. Right click on the downloaded file and select the "Extract to Here” option. This places
the CD-ROM ISO image in the current folder.
3. Use the CD burning software available on your system to create a CD-ROM using the
extracted ISO image. Be sure that you create a CD image from the ISO file rather than
placing a copy of the ISO file onto a data CD. Look for “Burn Image from File” or similar
option under the File menu of your CD burning software.
Create a boot-able USB Flash drive:
1. Download the Windows MemTest86 USB image zip file.
2. Extract the contents of the zip file to a directory
3. Plug in the USB drive
4. Launch the ImageUSB application that was included in the zip file
5. Select the USB drive from the list
6. If it is not already selected, select the image file included in the zip file
7. Click 'Write to UFD'
8. After accepting a few more prompts this should give you a working bootable USB drive
Create a boot-able floppy:
1. Download the Windows MemTest86 floppy image.
2. Right click on the downloaded file and select the "Extract to Here” option. This places
the floppy disk image in the current folder.
3. Creating a boot-able floppy disk requires use of a third party program to write the
floppy disk image to a disk. A number of programs are available to write the disk
image. Rawwrite is a recommended free program available at:
http://www.chrysocome.net/rawwrite. A more robust solution is WinImage, available at
http://www.winimage.com/download.htm.

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2.2 Boot-disk Creation Using Linux/Mac
Create a boot-able CD-ROM:
1. Download the Linux/Mac MemTest86 ISO image.
2. Untar the package (tar xvzf memtest86-iso.tar.gz). An ISO image file and a README
file will be created in the current directory.
3. Use the CD burning software available on your system to create a CD-ROM using the
uncompressed ISO image. Be sure that you create a CD image from the ISO file rather
than placing a copy of the ISO file onto a data CD. Look for “Burn Image for File” or
similar option under the File menu of your CD burning software.3. On a Mac, you can
use 'Disk Utility'.
Create a boot-able USB Flash drive:
1. Download the Linux/Mac MemTest86 USB image.
2. Untar the package (tar xvzf memtest86-usb.tar.gz). An image file and a README file
will be created in the current directory.
3. Follow instructions in the README to write the USB flash disk.
Create a boot-able floppy:
1. Download the Linux floppy disk image.
2. Untar the package (tar xvzf memtest86-floppy.tar.gz). An image file and a README file
will be created in the current directory.
3. Follow instructions in the README to write the floppy disk.

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2.3 Building MemTest86 from source
1. Review the Makefile and adjust options as needed.
2. Type "make"
This creates a file named "memtest.bin" which is a bootable image. If you encounter build
problems a pre-compiled binary image has been included (precomp.bin). This image file may
be copied to a floppy disk or may be loaded from a disk partition by Lilo or Grub boot loaders
from a hard disk partition. The Makefile creates bootable images that may be written directly
to a floppy disk or CD. A method is not provided for creating a bootable USB flash drive from
source.
Create a MemTest86 floppy disk:
1. Insert a blank write-enabled floppy disk.
2. As root, type "make install"
Create a bootable CD-ROM
1. type “make iso”
2. An ISO image file (memtest86.iso) is created in the source directory. Use CD burning
software available on your system to create a CD-ROM using the extracted ISO image.
Boot from a disk partition using Grub:
1. Copy memtest.bin to a permanent location (for example: /boot/memtest.bin).
2. Add an entry in the Grub config file (/boot/grub/menu.lst) to boot memtest86. Only the
title and kernel fields need to be specified. The following is a sample Grub entry for
booting memtest86:

title MemTest86
linux16 /boot/memtest.bin
Boot from a disk partition using Lilo:
1. Copy memtest.bin to a permanent location (ie. /boot/memtest.bin).
2. Add an entry in the lilo config file (usually /etc/lilo.conf) to boot memtest86. Only the
image and label fields need to be specified. The following is a sample Lilo entry for
booting memtest86:

image = /boot/memtest.bin
label = memtest86
3. As root, type "lilo"

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2.4 Using MemTest86
To start MemTest86 insert the MemTest86 floppy disk, CD-ROM or USB flash drive into the
appropriate drive and restart your computer.

Note: The BIOS must be configured to boot from the device that MemTest86 is
installed on. Newer computers have an optional boot menu that is enabled be
pressing a key at startup (often ESC, F9, F11 or F12). If available use the boot
menu to select the correct drive. With older computers the boot sequence must
list the drive used to load Memest86 before any other bootable media (i.e. a
hard disk where Windows is installed). Most systems will be configured with a
suitable boot sequence. If not you can reconfigure the boot sequence using the
BIOS settings. Please consult your motherboard documentation for details.
On a Mac, you need to hold down the 'c' key while the computer is booting to
boot from CD. To boot from USB, you need to hold down the ALT / Option key
on the Mac keyboard while powering on the machine.

When MemTest86 starts it displays details about the system configuration and then begins
testing. MemTest86 executes a repeating cycle of tests. Testing will continue to run until the
program execution is interrupted (by pressing the ESC key or pressing the reset button).
There is no set time for how long the test should be run. The following is an example of the
MemTest86 screen.

MemTest86 executes a series of numbered test sections to check for errors. The execution
order for these tests has been arranged so that errors will be detected as rapidly as possible.
The pass counter increments each time that all of the tests have been run. The first pass is

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abbreviated to find errors more quickly. Subsequent passes execute longer and will be more
thorough. Generally a single pass is sufficient to detect all but the most obscure errors. For
complete confidence in cases where intermittent errors are suspected, testing for a longer
period is advised. The time required for a complete pass of MemTest86 will vary greatly
depending on CPU speed, memory speed and memory size.
If memory errors are detected they will be displayed on the lower half of the screen. The
default error reporting mode will display a detailed summary of all errors.
If MemTest86 runs multiple passes without errors you can be certain that your memory is
functioning properly. Other problems (hardware or software) may exist but at least you can
eliminate memory as a culprit. In addition the CPU must work properly to run MemTest86 so
successful execution implicitly assures that your CPU is also functioning properly.
MemTest86 can not diagnose many types of PC failures. For example a faulty CPU that
causes Windows to crash will most likely just cause MemTest86 to crash in the same way.

2.5 Runtime Configuration Options

MemTest86 may be configured during operation via runtime configuration commands.
Pressing the “C” key at anytime will display the runtime command menu. The following figure
shows an example of the Configuration command menu.
Settings:
(1) Test Selection
(2) Address Range
(3) Error Report Mode
(4) CPU Selection Mode
(5) Refresh Screen
(6) Restart Test
(7) Miscellaneous Options
(0) Continue

The runtime configuration commands allow the user to adjust the following settings.
(1) Test Selection - Individual tests may be selected for execution or the current test may
be skipped. When a failure has been identified it is much faster to troubleshoot by
running only the failing test.
(2) Address Range - With this option memory testing may be restricted to a selected
portion of memory. This is also useful to speed up the troubleshooting process by
testing only the failing portion of memory.
(3) Error Report Mode - The error report mode may be changed to provide different types
of error information. The default “Error Summary” mode provides all of the details
required for diagnosing memory problems. However, other error reporting modes are
available. "BadRAM” patterns may be used with Linux systems to map out bad
memory blocks.
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 (4) CPU Selection Mode – This option controls how CPUs are selected for testing. The
options are All, Round Robin and Sequential. With Round Robin CPUs are selected in
round robin fashion for each test. With the Sequential option all available CPUs are
used for each test.
(5) Refresh Screen - Redraws the screen when the display becomes garbled.
(6) Restart Test – Restarts test with default settings.
(7) Miscellaneous Options – Enable and disable runtime options. Currently only two
options are available, One Pass and Boot trace. The One Pass feature runs the
complete test once and then exits, but only if there were no errors. This provides a
convenient method for unattended testing. The Boot Trace option is a debugging tool
that is primarily designed for troubleshooting startup problems, but may be enabled at
anytime.
A help bar is displayed at the bottom of the screen with the following options.
Keyboard Description
Assignment
ESC Exits the test and does a warm restart via the BIOS

C Enter the configuration menu

SP (Spacebar) Set scroll lock (Stops scrolling of error messages)

Note: Memory testing is suspended when the scroll lock option is set and
the scrolling display region is full.

CR (Enter) Clear scroll lock (Enables error message scrolling)

2.6 Startup (boot) Options

A number of options may be specified at boot time. The following options are available:
One Pass – Enables the One Pass option. This feature runs the complete test once and then
exits, but only if there were no errors. This provides a convenient method for unattended
testing. One Pass may also be enabled via an on-line command. The syntax is “onepass” and
there are no additional options.
Btrace – Enables the boot trace option and is used to diagnose test failures please see
section 2.7 for details. The syntax is “btrace” and there are no additional options.
Maxcpus – Set the maximum number of CPU's to start. This is primarily a troubleshooting
option. Setting maxcpus to one skips all code related to finding and starting additional CPUs.
The syntax is “maxcpus=N” where N = 1 to 31.
Test List – Allows for execution on a subset of the normal test sequence. The syntax is
“tstlist=list” where list is a comma separated list of test numbers to run (do not include
spaces). Example: tstlist=1,4,5,7
CPU Mask – A mask of CPU numbers that are started and enables. A 32 bit mask is
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specified with a 1 set for each CPU that will be enabled. CPU 0 cannot be disabled and will
be enabled regardless of the mask. The syntax is “cpumask=N” where N is a 32 bit
hexadecimal number with or without a 0x prefix. Example: cpumask=0x55555555 enables all
even numbered CPUs.
Console – Used to setup serial console parameters. The syntax is “console=ttySn,baudPL”
where n = serial port number (0 or 1), baud = baud rate, P = parity setting (N, O or E) and L is
the number of bits (7 or 8). Example: “console=ttyS0,9600e8 uses port 0 at 9600 baud, even
parity and 8 bits.
The standard MemTest86 media images provided use Syslinux for booting and allow for boot
options to be specified interactively. At the “boot:” prompt type “memtest” followed by any of
the above options. Multiple options may be specified separated by spaces. For example
“memtest onepass tstlist=1,6,7,8” will start the test with the One Pass option enabled and
execute tests 1,6,7 and 8.

2.7 Troubleshooting MemTest86 Problems with Boot Trace

This is section is targeted at troubleshooting problems with execution of the test code and not
for diagnosing reported memory errors. In Version 4.1 a Boot Trace feature was added that
provides a simple mechanism for troubleshooting of test failures by both technical and non-
technical users. With the very large variety of computer hardware available it is impossible to
test MemTest86 an all platforms and some incompatibilities exist causing failures. In the past
determining the cause of these failures has been difficult to impossible. With trace information
many of these faults may now be addressed.
Enabling Boot Trace - The boot trace feature is enabled with either a boot time option or an
on-line command. However, most problems occur during startup so the boot option is the
preferred method. All of the released images have a boot option to start the test with boot
tracing enabled. When booting from a Linux system with LILO or GRUB add “btrace” to the
boot options line.
When Boot Trace is enabled two columns of trace information will be displayed one the
bottom two thirds of the screen. The CPU, line number from the source file, a short message
and two parameters are displayed in each trace point. A “>” character denotes the current
trace point. A total of 26 trace points are displayed and older trace points are lost as execution
progresses. Pressing any key will advance to the next trace point. As initialization proceeds
other portions of the screen will be filled in with information and the header lines will be
erased.
Gathering Trace Information – There are two types of failures where trace information is
needed to help diagnose the problem, hangs and crashes. Gathering traces for a situation
when the test hangs is very simple. Just continue to press return until the test stops. At
minimum email the last 5 trace points. Much more useful would be a digital picture of the
screen. For cases where the test crashes we need to see the trace points just before the
crash. This requires slowly stepping through the traces and identifying the point where the
test reboots. Then run the test again and stop at the trace point just before the crash and
report the information. Again, email at least the last 5 trace points or better a picture of the
screen. Please email failure information to [email protected].
Using Trace Information - Technical users will be able to diagnose problems using trace
data that previously would have required detailed understanding of MemTest86's internal
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workings. By following the trace points in the source you will be able to follow the path of
execution and identify problems. As needed new trace points may be added to the code to
provide more detail when diagnosing a problem.

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3 Repairing Memory Faults
When MemTest86 detects errors the error count will be incremented and the error details will
be displayed on the lower half of the screen. The key information needed to diagnose errors
are the “Error Confidence Value” and the “Errors per Memory Slot” information. Error
confidence values over 100 should always be considered to be legitimate. The errors per
memory slot indicate both the number of memory modules present in your PC and the
number of errors for each memory module. This information may not be available for older
PCs. The remaining error details may be ignored.
To diagnose and repair a memory fault requires you to open your computer case and handle
sensitive electronic components. With proper handling procedures this is not difficult. If you do
not want repair your own hardware you can use MemTest86 to test your RAM, but rely on a
third party to do the actual repair.

3.1 Anti-Static Handling Procedures

Electronic components may be damaged by static electricity. The key to proper handling is to
simply avoid causing a static discharge though the component that is being handled. This is
done by discharging static buildup before a component comes in contact with another
surface. For example when installing a component into a computer, first touch a bare metal
part of the computer case. If you want to set a component on a table, touch the table first and
then set down the component. If you take a step or even shuffle your feet you will need to re-
discharge any static buildup.

3.2 Re-Seating Memory Modules

In many cases memory problems are caused by a poor connection. This can be resolved by
simply removing and reinstalling the memory module(s) using the following procedure.
1. Using the documentation for your motherboard locate the memory module slots and
identify the memory module(s).
2. Using proper anti-static handing procedures remove the memory module(s). In most
cases this is done by pressing down on the locking tabs at the end of the module slot.
3. Carefully clean any dust or debris from the module and the motherboard memory
module slots.
4. Reinstall the memory module(s) into their original slot on the motherboard.
5. Rerun MemTest86.

3.3 Replacing Modules

If re-seating memory modules does not resolve the problem then a memory module will
generally need to be replaced.
When more than one module is installed you will need to determine which module is failing.
First consult your motherboard documentation to determine if memory modules may be used
individually or if they must be used in pairs. If your motherboard is configured with the
minimum number of memory modules you will need to purchase a replacement memory
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module in order to locate the failing one. Using the guidelines in your motherboard manual to
maintain a working configuration selectively remove modules from the system and rerun
MemTest86 to find the bad module(s). Be sure to carefully note which modules are in the
system when the test passes and fails.
In most cases memory failures will be due to a faulty memory module and replacing the
module will resolve the problem. However, the motherboard affects memory operation and
may also cause memory errors. There are instances where only a particular combination of
memory and motherboard will cause errors. This is typically due to the memory not being of
sufficient quality and speed to keep up with the motherboard. This memory may function
properly when installed in a less demanding motherboard. When errors are only detected by
test #5 it is usually due to memory not being fast enough to work properly with the
motherboard. More conservative memory timing BIOS settings (if supported) may resolve
these problems. Otherwise higher quality memory may be required, or possibly the
motherboard may need to be replaced.

3.4 Error Validity

There are many users who question if errors detected by MemTest86 are valid. In at least
99.9% of cases reported errors will be legitimate and must be corrected. MemTest86 simply
exercises all available RAM looking for errors. If any error is detected in RAM, regardless of
how or where, it is a legitimate failure that needs to be corrected. There are no known issues
regarding compatibility. It is possible, but unlikely, that a particular error will never show up in
normal operation. However, operating with marginal memory is risky and can result in data
loss and disk corruption. Even if there is no overt indication of problems you cannot assume
that your system will be unaffected.
There are some rare cases where motherboard manufacturers will map hardware registers
into space normally occupied by memory. When these locations are tested errors are
reported. In this case, the reported errors will be invalid. To better identify these rare cases
where invalid errors are reported an error confidence value is created by MemTest86. The
program tracks failures and then does some simple analysis to determine the probability of
invalid errors. When the confidence value exceeds 100 it is nearly impossible that the
reported errors will be invalid.

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4 Over Clocking

4.1 Background
MemTest86 is an invaluable tool for over clocking and may be used to increase your systems
performance and reliability. Many shy away from over clocking fearing that it will make their
PC less reliable. With a proper procedure, fine tuning your system timings is safe and in some
cases will even improve reliability.
Before embarking on over clocking one must understand the concept of margins or margin for
error.

4.2 Operating Margins

To achieve high reliability computer systems are designed and tested under conditions that
are more strenuous than those expected in normal use. Take for example a computer that is
designed to operate with a bus frequency of 133 MHz. A quality manufacturer will design and
test for operation at perhaps 140 MHz or higher. This margin for error provides confidence
that even with inevitable manufacturing variances and changing conditions operation will be
reliable. When components from different manufacturers are combined an even greater
margin for error is required since the exact characteristics of the associated components are
not known. The result is the majority of computers will end up having a much larger margin for
error than is needed. This means that a lot of performance is being wasted. On the other
hand there will be a small number of systems that do not have enough margin of error and will
have poor reliability even without over clocking.
Many think of over clocking as simply making a computer operate as fast as possible. This
approach is unwise and will often result in unreliable operation. A much better philosophy is to
adjust and fine tune computer timings to maintain an appropriate margin for error. An
appropriate margin includes not leaving too much margin, wasting performance.
For example let say we have a computer that will operate properly with a system clock of 189
MHz. Obviously a lot of performance will be wasted if we operate the computer at the
standard 133 MHz. In addition if the computer fails at 190 MHz it would be unwise to operate
at 189 MHz since there is little margin for error and operation will likely not be reliable. An
operating margin of 3% to 6% is sufficient to insure good reliability. For this example a system
clock of 178 to 183 would be ideal. There may be cases where it will be advisable to under
clock. If a system with a normal clock rate of 133 MHz does not operate properly at 136 MHz
or more then there is not enough margin and under clocking is required to ensure reliability.
To summarize, over clocking should be thought of as fine tuning a computer to ensure
reliability first and secondarily maximizing performance.

4.3 Using MemTest86 for Over Clocking

The first step in a proper over clocking procedure is to determine the operational limits of your
computer. After the operational limits have been identified the system settings may be
adjusted to provide enough margin to ensure high reliability. MemTest86 is an ideal tool to
accurately determine the operation limits of your memory and CPU. Using the guidelines
below, experiment with the settings available for your motherboard to find settings that result
in the highest clock rate combined with the highest reported memory bandwidth.
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 1. Before attempting to over clock you need to know what system parameters your
motherboard will allow you to adjust and how they are adjusted. Some motherboards
will allow all useful parameters to be adjusted while others do not allow for any
adjustment. Consult your motherboard manual for details. Some of the parameters that
may be available are:
● System clock rate
● CPU clock multiplier
● Memory timing
● Memory clock multiplier
● CPU voltage
● Memory voltage
2. You need to know how to reset the CMOS to factory settings. It is common when over
clocking to end up with settings that will not run the BIOS. When the parameters are
set via CMOS the only way to recover is to reset the CMOS to the factory
configuration. For some motherboards this is accomplished by removing a jumper.
Other will require removal of the CMOS backup battery. Make sure that you know how
to recover before starting.
3. Before adjusting any parameters, run MemTest86 for a full pass to establish a
baseline. Record the memory bandwidth and CPU clock frequency for the default
configuration.
4. Typically the best place to start is with the system clock rate. Increase the clock rate in
fairly small increments (2-4 MHz) and then run at least a partial pass of MemTest86.
Running at least 15% of tests 1-5 should be the minimum amount of testing for each
iteration. Continue increasing the clock rate until you get a failure. Take your time and
take good notes. For each step be sure that you record the memory bandwidth
reported by MemTest86. Some BIOS's automatically adjust memory timings according
to clock rate. You may find that by increasing the clock rate, memory performance will
decrease. Once you find a failure back off on the clock rate until you find the point at
which you get errors. Once you find the point at which memory errors occur back the
clock off one step and run a full pass of MemTest86 to confirm the operational limit. In
some cases the CPU will hang (stop responding) before memory errors are detected.
5. Some motherboards will allow you to adjust memory timing. Memory timings are
typically listed as 4 values separated by hyphens. However, some motherboards only
offer choices like fast, faster and fastest. There are two strategies for adjusting memory
timing. If memory errors are detected before the CPU exhibits problems then slower
memory timing may be used to allow a higher system clock rate to be used. The
second strategy is to use faster memory timings to get more memory bandwidth
without increasing the system clock rate. It is impossible to know which values will
effect errors. Some of the memory timings will affect memory bandwidth and others will
not. Be sure to record the reported memory bandwidth for each parameter change.
6. If in step 4 the CPU hangs before memory errors appear then the CPU has less margin
for error than the memory. If available you may want to try reducing the CPU multiplier
and then continue to increase the system clock until either the CPU stops or memory

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 errors occur. This is helpful if memory timings are not adjustable or are ineffective.
7. CPU and memory voltages are adjustable on some motherboards and increasing them
may allow you to run at higher speeds. In particular higher CPU voltages tend to be
quite effective for over clocking. However, higher voltages also mean higher
temperatures so be sure that you have plenty of case cooling and an effective CPU
cooler. Use carefully.
8. Some motherboards allow you to use a system clock multiplier for memory. The default
is usually 1:1, or in other words the system and memory clock rates will be the same.
This setting is only useful when the memory and CPU operational limits are
significantly different and can not be brought into balance using the techniques listed
above.
Once you have established the operational limits of your system then you need to select
settings that allow for a reasonable margin for error. Do not be tempted to use the maximum
settings! A margin of 3% to 6% is recommended for reliable operation. The easiest way to add
operational margin is to simply reduce the system clock rate by 3% to 6% from the maximum
setting that functioned properly.
In many cases the operational limits for the CPU and memory will be different. For example
you can get more CPU speed by reducing memory settings. Or you can get more memory
performance by reducing the CPU multiplier. For these cases you will need to choose a
compromise. Both memory bandwidth and CPU clock rate are important so don't be tempted
to only optimize for one or the other.
MemTest86 provides good assurance of reliable memory operation when over clocking. Even
when a dramatic increase in memory bandwidth is achieved. As long as MemTest86 does not
report errors and appropriate margins have been applied then you should not hesitate to fully
maximize memory timings. However, some caution must be exercised for system clock rate
increases. With most motherboards the clock rate for the PCI and AGP busses are based on
the system clock. Generally these busses will have no problem running at somewhat higher
rates. MemTest86 does not test PCI or AGP and do not provide any assurance that anything
other than the CPU and memory are working properly. Sadly there is currently no safe way to
determine the operational limits for PCI and AGP and therefor there is no way to assure that
there are appropriate margins. Unless your motherboard is able to independently establish
the frequency of PCI and AGP busses you should be careful about running with large (more
than 15%) increases in the system clock. In addition running your CPU at higher frequencies
will generate more heat. Small frequency increases will generally be fine with the installed
CPU cooler. Larger increases in the system clock rate may necessitate a larger, more
effective CPU cooler.

Copyright 2014 Passmark® Software Page 16

Appendices

Appendix A.Technical Information

Appendix A contains technical information from the MemTest86 README file that was
previously released under the Gnu Public License (GPL). This section provides additional
background information and technical information that may be useful for advanced users.

A.1 Memory Testing Philosophy

There are many approaches for testing memory. However, many tests simply throw some
patterns at memory without much thought or knowledge of memory architecture or how errors
can best be detected. This works fine for hard memory failures but does little to find
intermittent errors. BIOS based memory tests are useless for finding intermittent memory
errors.
Memory chips consist of a large array of tightly packed memory cells, one for each bit of data.
The vast majority of the intermittent failures are a result of interaction between these memory
cells. Often writing a memory cell can cause one of the adjacent cells to be written with the
same data. An effective memory test attempts to test for this condition. Therefore, an ideal
strategy for testing memory would be the following:
1. write a cell with a zero
2. write all of the adjacent cells with a one, one or more times
3. check that the first cell still has a zero
It should be obvious that this strategy requires an exact knowledge of how the memory cells
are laid out on the chip. In addition there is a never ending number of possible chip layouts
for different chip types and manufacturers making this strategy impractical. However, there
are testing algorithms that can approximate this ideal strategy.

A.2 MemTest86 Test Algorithms

MemTest86 uses two algorithms that provide a reasonable approximation of the ideal test
strategy above. The first of these strategies is called moving inversions. The moving
inversion test works as follows:
1. Fill memory with a pattern
2. Starting at the lowest address
2a. Check that the pattern has not changed
2b. Write the patterns complement
2c. Increment the address
Repeat 2a - 2c
3. Starting at the highest address
3a. Check that the pattern has not changed
3b. Write the patterns complement
3c. Decrement the address
Repeat 3a - 3c
Copyright 2014 Passmark® Software Page 17
This algorithm is a good approximation of an ideal memory test but there are some limitations.
Most high density chips today store data 4 to 16 bits wide. With chips that are more than one
bit wide it is impossible to selectively read or write just one bit. This means that we cannot
guarantee that all adjacent cells have been tested for interaction. In this case the best we can
do is to use some patterns to insure that all adjacent cells have at least been written with all
possible one and zero combinations.
It can also be seen that caching, buffering and out of order execution will interfere with the
moving inversions algorithm and make less effective. It is possible to turn off cache but the
memory buffering in new high performance chips can not be disabled. To address this
limitation a new algorithm called Modulo-X was created. This algorithm is not affected by
cache or buffering. The algorithm works as follows:
1. For starting offsets of 0 - 20 do steps 2-5
2. write every 20th location with a pattern
3. write all other locations with the patterns complement
4. repeat 1b one or more times
5. check every 20th location for the pattern
This algorithm accomplishes nearly the same level of adjacency testing as moving inversions
but is not affected by caching or buffering. Since separate write passes (1a, 1b) and the read
pass (1c) are done for all of memory we can be assured that all of the buffers and cache have
been flushed between passes. The selection of 20 as the stride size was somewhat arbitrary.
Larger strides may be more effective but would take longer to execute. The choice of 20
seemed to be a reasonable compromise between speed and thoroughness.

A.3 Individual Test Descriptions

MemTest86 executes a series of numbered test sections to check for errors. These test
sections consist of a combination of test algorithm, data pattern and caching. The execution
order for these tests were arranged so that errors will be detected as rapidly as possible. A
description of each of the test sections follows:
Test 0 [Address test, walking ones, no cache]
Tests all address bits in all memory banks by using a walking ones address pattern. Errors
from this test are not used to calculate BadRAM patterns.
Test 1 [Address test, own address Sequential]
Each address is written with its own address and then is checked for consistency. In theory
previous tests should have caught any memory addressing problems. This test should catch
any addressing errors that somehow were not previously detected. This test is done
sequentially with each available CPU.
Test 2 [Address test, own address Parallel]
Same as test 1 but the testing is done in parallel using all CPUs using overlapping addresses.

Test 3 [Moving inversions, ones & zeros Parallel]

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This test uses the moving inversions algorithm with patterns of all ones and zeros. Cache is
enabled even though it interferes to some degree with the test algorithm. With cache enabled
this test does not take long and should quickly find all "hard" errors and some more subtle
errors.
Test 4 [Moving inversions, 8 bit pattern]
This is the same as test 3 but uses a 8 bit wide pattern of "walking" ones and zeros. This test
will better detect subtle errors in "wide" memory chips. A total of 20 data patterns are used.
Test 5 [Moving inversions, random pattern]
This test uses the same algorithm as test 3 but the data pattern is a random number and it's
complement. This test is particularly effective in finding difficult to detect data sensitive errors.
A total of 60 patterns are used. The random number sequence is different with each pass so
multiple passes increase effectiveness.
Test 6 [Block move]
This test stresses memory by using block move (movsl) instructions and is based on Robert
Redelmeier's burnBX test. Memory is initialized with shifting patterns that are inverted every
8 bytes. Then 4MB blocks of memory are moved around using the movsl instruction. After
the moves are completed the data patterns are checked. Because the data is checked only
after the memory moves are completed it is not possible to know where the error occurred.
The addresses reported are only for where the bad pattern was found. Since the moves are
constrained to an 8MB segment of memory the failing address will always be lest than 8MB
away from the reported address. Errors from this test are not used to calculate BadRAM
patterns.
Test 7 [Moving inversions, 32 bit pattern]
This is a variation of the moving inversions algorithm that shifts the data pattern left one bit for
each successive address. The starting bit position is shifted left for each pass. To use all
possible data patterns 32 passes are required. This test is quite effective at detecting data
sensitive errors but the execution time is long.
Test 8 [Random number sequence]
This test writes a series of random numbers into memory. By resetting the seed for the
random number generator the same sequence of numbers are created for a reference. The
initial pattern is checked and then complemented and checked again on the next pass.
However, unlike the moving inversions test writing and checking can only be done in the
forward direction.
Test 9 [Modulo 20, random pattern]
Using the Modulo-X algorithm should uncover errors that are not detected by moving
inversions due to cache and buffering interference with the algorithm. A sequence of 6 32 bit
random patterns are used.
Test 10 [Bit fade test, 2 patterns]
The bit fade test initializes all of memory with a pattern and then sleeps for 5 minutes. Then
memory is examined to see if any memory bits have changed. All ones and all zero patterns
are used.
Copyright 2014 Passmark® Software Page 19
A.4 Error Display Information
MemTest86 has 4 options for reporting errors. The default is error summary mode where key
failure information is displayed along with an error confidence value. Reporting of individual
errors is also available. In BadRAM Patterns mode patterns are created for use with the
Linux BadRAM feature. This feature allows Linux to avoid bad memory pages. Details about
the BadRAM feature can be found at:
http://home.zonnet.nl/vanrein/badram

The error summary mode reports the following data:

Error Confidence Value:
A value that indicates the validity of the errors being reported with larger values indicating greater
validity. There is a high probability that all errors reported are valid regardless of this value. However,
when this value exceeds 100 it is nearly impossible that the reported errors will be invalid.
Lowest Error Address:
The lowest address that where an error has been reported.
Highest Error Address:
The highest address that where an error has been reported.
Bits in Error Mask:
A mask of all bits that have been in error (hexadecimal).
Bits in Error:
Total bit in error for all error instances and the min, max and average bit in error of each individual
occurrence.
Max Contiguous Errors:
The maximum of contiguous addresses with errors.
ECC Correctable Errors:
The number of errors that have been corrected by ECC hardware.
Test Errors:
On the right hand side of the screen the number of errors for each test are displayed.

When the individual error reporting mode is selected the following information is displayed.
An error message is only displayed for errors with a different address or failing bit pattern. All
displayed values are in hexadecimal.
Label Description
Tst: Test number
Failing Address : Failing memory address
Good: Expected data pattern
Bad: Failing data pattern
Err-Bits: Exclusive or of good and bad data (this shows the position of the failing bit(s))
Count: Number of consecutive errors with the same address and failing bits

Copyright 2014 Passmark® Software Page 20

A.5 Serial Console
MemTest86 can be used on PC's equipped with a serial port for the console. By default, serial
port console is not enabled since it slows down testing. To enable the serial console, select
the 'Serial console enabled' option in the menu before MemTest86 starts. The serial console
must use the system's first serial port (ttyS0) set at a baud rate of 9600bps. All of the features
used by MemTest86 are accessible via the serial console. However, the screen sometimes is
garbled when the online commands are used.

Copyright 2014 Passmark® Software Page 21

Appendix B.Licensing
MemTest86 is released under the terms of the Gnu Public License (GPL). Other than the
provisions of the GPL there are no restrictions for use, private or commercial. See:
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html for details.

Copyright 2014 Passmark® Software Page 22

Appendix C.Product Support
Please report problems to:
Email: [email protected]
Please include:
• The software version.
• A detailed description of the problem and how to reproduce it.
• A copy of the result files / log files (if available).
• Details of how we may be able to contact you.

C.1 Known Problems

Sometimes when booting from a floppy disk the following messages scroll up on the screen:
X:8000
AX:0212
BX:8600
CX:0201
DX:0000
This is the BIOS reporting floppy disk read errors. Either re-write or toss the floppy disk.
MemTest86 can not diagnose many types of PC failures. For example a faulty CPU that
causes Windows to crash will most likely just cause MemTest86 to crash in the same way.
Before submitting a problem report please check the Known Problems section to see if this
problem has already been reported. Be sure to include the version number and also any
details that may be relevant.
With some PC's MemTest86 will just die with no hints as to what went wrong. Without any
details it is impossible to fix these failures. Fixing these problems will require debugging on
your part. There is no point in reporting these failures unless you have a Linux system and
would be willing to debug the failure.
MemTest86 supports all types of memory. If fact the test has absolutely no knowledge of the
memory type nor does it need to. This not a problem or bug but is listed here due to the
many questions about this issue.

C.2 Enhancements
Please send enhancement requests to:
[email protected]
All requests will be considered, but not all can be implemented

Copyright 2014 Passmark® Software Page 23

Appendix D.Change Log
Enhancements in v4.3.7 (May/2014)
• Fixed freeze (particularly for older machines) caused by incorrect handling of RSDP
revision 0 in the multiprocessor detection code.
• Added menu option for enabling serial console mode.
Enhancements in v4.3.6 (Nov/2013)
• Fixed crash (particularly for AMD machines) that is seemingly resolved by adding CPU
synchronication barriers before and after performing the memory speed test
• Fixed an error in setting the barrier structure's base address, preventing a possible
crash or freeze of the system.
• Added a check to perform a spin lock only when more than 1 CPUs are detected
Enhancements in v4.3.5 (Oct/2013)
• Fixed potential error due to barrier structure located at fixed memory location
• Fixed block move test freeze on higher memory addresses
Enhancements in v4.3.4 (Oct/2013)
• Fixed incorrect progress calculation for test 0
• Fixed incorrect memory size due to bug with memory map when the e820 entry size
member is 0
• Fixed incorrect number of CPU's found due to duplicate entries in the MADT
• Changed the method used to search for processors to searching the APIC MADT first,
then search the MP spec table (as opposed to vice versa). The MP spec table has
largely been deprecated.
Enhancements in v4.3.3 (Sept/2013)
• Fixed incorrect progress calculation for test 4
• Fixed potential false positives in parallel mode caused by overlapped/unaligned
memory chunk allocations per CPU
• Fixed program freeze when selecting test 0 or 1 when running in non-parallel mode
Enhancements in v4.3.2 (Aug/2013)
• Memory bandwidth is now measured for one CPU (as opposed to a total for all CPUs)
• Fixed crash when attempting to boot a hyperthread reported by MADT
• Restored the “Start only one CPU” boot option
Enhancements in v4.3.1 (Aug/2013)
• Fixed bug with Test 6 (Block Move Test) not testing the end of a memory segment
correctly

Copyright 2014 Passmark® Software Page 24

 • Removed unnecessary boot options in menu
Enhancements in v4.3 (Jul/2013)
• Changed default CPU selection mode to round robin. Running all CPUs at once has
been shown to cause false positives on a number of systems.
• Fixed a bug that could cause the program to go into a tight loop that could not be
escaped when setting certain memory ranges to test.
• Fixed a bug displaying the memory location of individual errors. The values after the
decimal point in the MB readout were incorrect.
• Fixed a bug in configuring upper and lower memory limits, previously lower limits equal
or grater than 2gb would not work, as well as some other more obsucre configurations.
• Added a misc option to display the systems memory map.
• Fixed a bug that would cause the number of passes to not correctly reset after
changing the selected tests.
• Added missing source code to some of the download packages.
• Fixed a bug in test 8 causing a single error to cascade into multiple errors.
• Fixed a bug causing the average error bits to be incorrect once the errors had maxed
out at 65k
• Fixeda bug preventing test 10 to be selected as a single test to run.
• Fixed bug displaying individual test error counts.
• Fixed bug making overall errors 10x what they should be.
Enhancements in v4.2 (Mar/2013)
• Fixed issues with USB keyboards. The USB keyboard functionality is memory mapped
into a portion of low memory on some (maybe many) machines, typing on a USB
keyboard changes some values in RAM as the key presses are stored in memory as
you type. This can cause the keyboard to become unresponsive during testing or input
from the keyboard to generate errors in the tests.
• Fixed crash when configuring memory ranges. Changing the meory range during the
first test, or changing the memory range multiple times during later tests could cause
the current test number to become negative, triggering a crash.
• Fixed highest error address not reporting correctly on error.
• Fixed error counters overflowing and reseting to 0 after too many errors.
• Fixed max contiguous error reporting.
• Cleaned up some UI text.
• The Windows USB package now includes ImageUSB to make creating MemTest86
USB drives easier.

Copyright 2014 Passmark® Software Page 25

Enhancements in v4.1 (Jan/2013)
• Added a new boot trace option that single steps through the testing process and
displays messages and data that is valuable in diagnosing problems with test
execution. A large number of trace points have been added in key portions of the code
(in particular SMP startup routines) to provide visibility of obscure failures. This feature
will allow non-technical users to provide troubleshooting data for better test stability.
• Added a new One Pass feature. This feature runs the complete test once and then
exits, but only if there were no errors. This provides a convenient method for
unattended testing. One Pass may be enabled via a boot option or via an on-line
command.
• Images for CD, USB key and Floppy disks now use Syslinux for booting and include a
variety of standard options and two previous versions of MemTest86. The new boot
time options may be specified at the boot prompt.
• A feature has been added to allow customization of the list of tests to be run. The test
list may be specified via a boot option or via an on-line command.
• A feature has been added to restrict specific CPUs that are to be used for testing. The
maximum number of CPUs may be specified or a 32 bit CPU mask may be specified.
These are enabled with boot options.
• A number of problem with use of on-line commands when testing with more than one
CPU have been fixed.
• A selection of boot time parameters are were added. These options enable boot
tracing, the One Pass feature, limit the maximum number of CPUs to use, specify a
CPU mask to select CPUs to be used and setup serial console parameters.
• Improved and extended CPU identification routines. Newer CPUID based method is
now used to determine cache sizes for Intel CPUs for better accuracy and
supportability.
• Routines for calculating cache and memory speeds have been reworked for better
accuracy. An overflow problem has been fixed that resulted in no memory speed being
reported for CPUs with large L3 caches.
• Fixed some errors in the crash reporting routines.
• Misc minor fixes and code cleanup.

Copyright 2014 Passmark® Software Page 26

Enhancements in v4.0 (28/Mar/2011)
• Full support for testing with multiple CPUs. All tests except for #11 (Bit Fade) have
been multithreaded. A maximum of 16 CPUs will be used for testing.
• CPU detection has been completely re-written to use the brand ID string rather than
the cumbersome, difficult to maintain and often out of date CPUID family information.
All new processors will now be correctly identified without requiring code support.
• All code related to controller identification, PCI and DMI has been removed.
• This may be a controversial decision and was not made lightly. The following are
justifications for the decision:
1. Controller identification has nothing to do with actual testing ofmemory, the core
purpose of MemTest86.
2. This code needed to be updated with every new chipset. With the ever growing
number of chipsets it is not possible to keep up with the changes. The result is
that new chipsets were more often than not reported in-correctly. In the authors
opinion incorrect information is worse than no information.
3. Probing for chipset information carries the risk of making the program crash.
4. The amount of code involved with controller identification was quite large,
making support more difficult.
• Removing this code also had the unfortunate effect of removing reporting of
correctable ECC errors. The code to support ECC was hopelessly intertwined the
controller identification code. A fresh, streamlined implementation of ECC reporting is
planned for a future release.
• A surprising number of conditions existed that potentially cause problems when testing
more than 4 GB of memory. Most if not all of these conditions have been identified and
corrected.
• A number of cases were corrected where not all of memory was being tested.
• For most tests the last word of each test block was not tested. In addition an error in
the paging code was fixed that omitted from testing the last 256 bytes of each block
above 2 GB.
• The information display has been simplified and a number of details that were not
relevant to testing were removed.
• Memory speed reporting has been parallelized for more accurate reporting for multi
channel memory controllers.
• This is a major re-write of the MemTest86 with a large number of minor bugfixes and
substantial cleanup and re-organization of the code.

Copyright 2014 Passmark® Software Page 27

Enhancements in v3.5 (3/Jan/2008)
• Limited support for execution with multiple CPUs. CPUs are selected round-robin or
sequential for each test.
• Support for additional chipsets. (from Memtest86+ v2.11).
• Additions and corrections for CPU detection including reporting of L3 cache.
• Reworked information display for better readability and new information.
• Abbreviated iterations for first pass.
• Enhancements to memory sizing.
• Misc fixes and code cleanup
Enhancements in v3.4 (8/Sep/2007)
• A new error summary display with error confidence analysis
• Display of memory module information (from Memtest86+ v1.70)
• Relocated testing reworked to overlap main testing for better error detection
• Support for additional chipsets. (from Memtest86+ v1.70)
• Additions and corrections for CPU identification
• Misc bug fixes and code cleanup
Enhancements in v3.3 (12/Jan/2007)
• Added support for additional chipsets. (from Memtest86+ v1.60)
• Changed Modulo 20 test (#8) to use a more effective random pattern rather than
simple ones and zeros.
• Fixed a bug that prevented testing of low memory.
• Added an advanced menu option to display SPD info (only for selected chipsets).
• Updated CPU detection for new CPUs and corrected some bugs.
• Reworked online command text for better clarity.
• Added a fix to correct a Badram pattern bug.

Copyright 2014 Passmark® Software Page 28

Appendix E.Acknowledgments
Memtest86 was developed by Chris Brady with the resources and generous assistance of
individuals and sources listed below:
The initial versions of the source files bootsect.S, setup.S, head.S and build.c are from the
Linux 1.2.1 kernel and have been heavily modified.
Doug Sisk provided code to support a console connected via a serial port.
Code to create BadRAM patterns was provided by Rick van Rein.
Tests 5 is based on Robert Redelmeier's burnBX test.
Screen buffer code was provided by Jani Averbach.
Eric Biederman provided all of the feature content for version 3.0 plus many bugfixes and
significant code cleanup.
Major enhancements to hardware detection and reporting in version 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 provided
by Samuel Demeulemeester (from Memtest86+ v1.11, v1.60 and v1.70).

Copyright 2014 Passmark® Software Page 29