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    Steam Condensers: 3/28/2015 1 Footer Text

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    Kumari Yehwa
    Steam condensers condense steam into water by removing heat using circulating cooling water. This reduces exhaust pressure from turbines, allowing for increased output and efficiency. Condensers can be jet or surface types. Jet condensers mix steam and cooling water directly, while surface condensers separate them with a heat transfer wall. Lowering condenser pressure increases efficiency by expanding the steam through a higher pressure ratio. Vacuum is created as steam condenses, reducing specific volume. Air leaks into condensers and lowers vacuum, decreasing efficiency.

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    Steam Condensers: 3/28/2015 1 Footer Text

    Uploaded by

    Kumari Yehwa
    55 views23 pages
    Steam condensers condense steam into water by removing heat using circulating cooling water. This reduces exhaust pressure from turbines, allowing for increased output and efficiency. Condensers can be jet or surface types. Jet condensers mix steam and cooling water directly, while surface condensers separate them with a heat transfer wall. Lowering condenser pressure increases efficiency by expanding the steam through a higher pressure ratio. Vacuum is created as steam condenses, reducing specific volume. Air leaks into condensers and lowers vacuum, decreasing efficiency.

    Original Description:

    Introduction to condenser

    Original Title

    Condenser

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    Steam condensers condense steam into water by removing heat using circulating cooling water. This reduces exhaust pressure from turbines, allowing for increased output and efficiency. Condensers can be jet or surface types. Jet condensers mix steam and cooling water directly, while surface condensers separate them with a heat transfer wall. Lowering condenser pressure increases efficiency by expanding the steam through a higher pressure ratio. Vacuum is created as steam condenses, reducing specific volume. Air leaks into condensers and lowers vacuum, decreasing efficiency.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    55 views23 pages

    Steam Condensers: 3/28/2015 1 Footer Text

    Uploaded by

    Kumari Yehwa
    Steam condensers condense steam into water by removing heat using circulating cooling water. This reduces exhaust pressure from turbines, allowing for increased output and efficiency. Condensers can be jet or surface types. Jet condensers mix steam and cooling water directly, while surface condensers separate them with a heat transfer wall. Lowering condenser pressure increases efficiency by expanding the steam through a higher pressure ratio. Vacuum is created as steam condenses, reducing specific volume. Air leaks into condensers and lowers vacuum, decreasing efficiency.

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    Steam Condensers

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 1


    Definition:
     Condenser is a device in which steam is condensed to
    water at a pressure less than atmosphere.
     Condensation can be done by removing heat from
    exhaust steam using circulating cooling water.
     During condensation, the working substance changes
    its phase from vapour to liquid and rejects latent
    heat.
     The exhaust pressure in the condenser is maintaned
    nearly 7 to 8 kpa which corresponds to condensate
    temperature of nearly 313 kelvin.

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 2


    Functions of Condenser:
     To reduce the turbine exhaust pressure so as to
    increase the specific output and hence increase the
    plant efficiency and decrease the specific steam
    consumption.
     To condense the exhaust steam from the turbine and
    reuse it as pure feed water in the boiler. Thus only
    make up water is required to compensate loss of
    water
     Enables removal of air and other non condensable
    gases from steam. Hence improved heat transfer.

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 3


    Elements of Condensing Plant:
     Condenser
     Air Extraction Pump
     Condensate Extraction Pump
     Cooling Water Circulating Pump
     Hot Well
     Cooling Tower
     Make up Water Pump
     Boiler Feed Pump

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 4


    Footer Text 3/28/2015 5
    Classification of Condensers:
     According to the type of flow:
     Parallel flow , Counter flow & Cross flow

     According to the Cooling Action:


     Jet Condensers:
    • Low Level Parallel Flow Jet Condenser
    • Low Level Counter Flow Jet Condenser
    • High Level Jet Condenser
    • Ejector Jet Condenser

     Surface Condensers:
    • Shell and Tube type
    1. Down Flow 2. Central Flow 3. Inverted Flow
    • Evaporative type
    Footer Text 3/28/2015 6
    Jet Condensers:
    • In jet condensers exhaust steam and cooling water come
    in direct contact and mix up together. Thus, the final
    temperature of condensate and cooling water leaving the
    condenser is same.
    • A jet condenser is very simple in design and cheaper.
    • It can be used when cooling water is cheaply and easily
    available.
    • Condensate can not be reused in boiler, because it
    contains impurities like dust, oil, metal particles etc.

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 7


    Low Level Parallel Flow Jet Condenser:

    • Wet air pump is used


    to extract the mixture
    of condensate, air &
    coolant.
    • Vacuum created is up
    to 6 kpa.

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 8


    Low Level Counter Flow Jet Condenser:
    A pump for water supply is required if it is to be
    lifted more than 5.5 m in height.

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 9


    High Level Jet Condenser:
    Condenser shell is installed at height greater than that of
    atmospheric pressure in water column i.e. 10.33 m .

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 10


    Ejector Condenser:
    • Momentum of flowing
    water is used to remove
    the mixture of condensate
    & coolant from condenser
    without the use of any
    extraction pump.

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 11


    Advantages & Disadvantages of
    Jet Condensers:
    Advantages:
    • Simple in design & cheaper.
    • Less floor area is required.

    Disadvantages:
    • Condensate is not pure hence can not be
    reused.
    • Low vacuum efficiency.

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 12


    Surface Condensers:
    • In surface condenser, the exhaust steam and cooling
    water do not come in physical contact, rather they are
    separated by heat transfer wall. Hence condensate
    remains pure & can be reused.

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 13


    Down Flow Surface Condenser:
    • Exhaust steam enters the
    top of condenser shell &
    flows downward over
    water tubes.
    • Water tubes are double
    passed. The cold water
    flows in lower side first &
    then in upper side in the
    reverse direction, which
    enables the maximum
    heat transfer.

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 14


    Central Flow Surface Condenser:

    • The steam flows radially inward


    • The condensate is collected
    at the bottom of the shell from
    where it is taken out by the
    condensate extraction pump.
    • The steam gets access to the
    entire periphery of tubes, and
    thus a large surface area for the
    hear transfer is available as
    compared to the down flow.
    Footer Text 3/28/2015 15
    Inverted Flow Condenser:
    • The steam enters the bottom of the shell and
    air extraction pump connected at the top.
    • Steam flows upward first and subsequently,
    returns to the bottom of the condenser.
    • The condensate extraction pump is connected
    at the bottom of the shell to extract the
    condensate.

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 16


    Evaporative Condenser:
    • The evaporation of some
    cooling water provides the
    cooling effect, thereby
    steam condenses.
    • Steam to be condensed is
    passed through grilled tubes
    & cooling water is sprayed
    over outer surface of tubes.
    • The evaporative condensers
    are most suitable for small
    plants, where supply of cold
    water is limited.
    Footer Text 3/28/2015 17
    Advantages & Disadvantages
    of Surface Condensers:
    Advantages:
    • High vacuum efficiency.
    • Pure condensate.
    • Low quality cooling water can be used.
    • It allows the expansion of steam through a higher pressure ratio.
    Disadvantages:
    • Large amount of water is required.
    • Construction is complicated.
    • Costly maintenance and skilled workers.
    • Large floor area.

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 18


    Comparison of Jet & Surface Condensers:
    Jet Condensers Surface Condensers
    1) Cooling water and steam are mixed up 1) Cooling water & steam aren’t mixed up
    2) Requires small floor space 2) Requires large floor space
    3) The condensate cannot be used as feed 3) The condensate can be used as feed
    water to boiler unless it is free from water to boiler as it is not mixed with
    impurities cooling water
    4) More power is required for air pump 4) Less power is required for air pump
    5) Less power is required for water pump 5) More power is required for water pump
    6) Requires less quantity of cooling water 6) Requires large quantity of cooling water
    7) The condensing plant is simple 7) The condensing plant is complicated
    8) Less suitable for high capacity plants 8) More suitable for high capacity plants as
    due to low vacuum efficiency vacuum efficiency is high

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 19


    Effect of Condenser Pressure on
    Rankine Efficiency:
    • Lowering the condenser pressure will increase the area enclosed by
    the cycle on a T-s diagram which indicates that the net work will
    increase. Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle will be increased
    • Lowering the back pressure causes
    an increase in moisture content of
    steam leaving the turbine.
    • Increase in moisture content of
    steam in low pressure stages,
    there is decrease in efficiency &
    erosion of blade may be a very serious problem and also the pump
    work required will be high.
    Footer Text 3/28/2015 20
    Vacuum Creation in Condenser:
    • When the steam condenses in a closed vessel, the vapour phase
    of working substance changes to liquid phase, and thus its
    specific volume reduces to more than one thousand times.
    • Due to change in specific volume, the absolute pressure in the
    condenser falls below atmospheric pressure and a high vacuum is
    created.
    • This minimum pressure that can be attained depends on the
    temperature of condensate and air present in the condenser.

    The absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure – Vacuum Gauge


    in the condenser Pressure

    Footer Text 3/28/2015 21


    Sources of Air in the Condenser:
    • The ambient air leaks to the condenser chamber at the joints & glands
    which are internally under pressure lower than that of ambient.
    • Another source of air is the dissolved air with feed water. The
    dissolved air in feed water enters into boiler and it travels with steam
    into condenser.

    Effects of Air Leakage:


    • The presence of air lowers vacuum in the condenser. Thus back
    pressure of the plant increases, and consequently, the work output
    decreases.
    • Air has very poor thermal conductivity. Hence, the rate of heat
    transfer from vapour to cooling medium is reduced.
    • The presence of air in the condenser corrodes to the metal surfaces.
    Therefore, the life of condenser is reduced.
    Footer Text 3/28/2015 22
    Footer Text 3/28/2015 23

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