PHARMACEUTICAL and CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS
PHARMACEUTICAL and CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS
PHARMACEUTICAL and CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS
Matter – anything that occupies space and has EARTH'S CRUST (BY WEIGHT)
All Others
Magnesium
Potassium
mass Sodium
Calciom3%2% 2%
3%
Iron
4%
5%
Properties of matter: Aluminum Oxygen
8% 46%
INTRINSIC – independent of mass or amount
2. Silicon – 27.7%
Changes that matter undergoes: 3. Aluminum – 8.1%
Physical Changes 4. Iron – 5%
Chemical Changes 5. Calcium – 3.6%
6. Sodium – 2.8%
Evidences of Chemical Change: 7. Potassium – 2.6%
1. evolution of gas 8. Magnesium – 2.1%
2. formation of a precipitate 9. All others – 1.5%
3. emission of light Compound
4. generation of electricity - composed of 2 or more elements
5. production of mechanical energy united chemically in a definite
proportion
6. absorption/liberation of heat
Based on Chemical Bond:
Element
IONIC – compound that forms by transfer of
- Simplified form of matter consists electrons
of only one atom
COVALENT – compound that forms by sharing
METALS – heat or electrical conductors, luster of electrons
ductile malleable
Polar Covalent
DISTILALTION – used of 2 liquids are mixed but A – All acetates salts are soluble
have different boiling points
SP. CH. Sulfides, Phosphides,
FILTRATION – used by means of filtration set up Carbonates, Hydroxides are insoluble
except: Group 1A salts and Ammonium
CENTRIFUGATION – speeding up of settling
Salts
process of a precipitate
Chemical Reactions
DECANTATION – separation by means of
specific gravity or density of the components\ - Occurs when the outermost of valence
electrons around the nucleus interacts
FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION – by means of
lowering temperature REACTANT – used into chemical reaction
Metals: Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, - The study of rates of chemical
Cr, Fe, Cd, Ni, Sn, Pb, cu, Bi, Sb, Hg, Ag, reactions
Pt, Au IRREVERSIBLE REACTION
Non metals: F, Cl, Br, I - Chemical Reactions that goes only
DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT in one direction are said to
completion
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
- AX + BY → AY + BX REVERSIBLE REACTION
- Also known as double
decomposition, exchange reaction - Two opposing reactions, the
forward and backward occur at the
s-block (I A & II A)
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS p-block (III A – VIII A)
Antoine – Laurel Lavoisier – first true periodic GROUP B
table
d-block (I B – VIII B)
Johann Wolfgang Doberginer – introduce law of
triads f-block (Lanthanides and Actinides)
ION CHARGED ATOM – Cation (+), Anion (-) INNER TRANSITION f BLOCK ELEMENTS – rare
earth elements is not true cause some are
ATOMIC NUMBER – Protons - Electrons abundant
MASS NUMBER – Protons - Neutrons
Lithium (Li)
Francium (Fr)
CHA: Lightest metal
CHA: Last element to be discovered
USE: DOC for mania, Used in batteries
AKA: Cuprum
GROUP IIA The Alkaline Earth Metals
CHA: Only reddish metal, Respiratory pigment =
hemocyanin, cytochrome oxidase GEN. PROPTY.:
DIS. ASS.: Wilson’s Disease, TX: Penicillamin - Show definite metallic properties
- Strong reducing agents
COMPD/S: Copper + Zinc = Brass, Copper + Tin =
Bronze, Copper arsenate = insecticide, Copper
acetate = insecticide, Copper sulfate Beryllium (Be)
pentahydrate = blue vitriol, algaecide, Copper
sulfate + Lime + Water = Bordeaux Mixture CHA: Least metallic of the group, Never
employed in medicine, Metal used in
I.TEST: Flame Test = Green, Potassium fluorescent lamps, Most toxic metal, Unnatural
ferricyanide Test = Greenish ppt. Calcium channel blocker, Cause lung carcinoma
*Potassium cyanide decolorizes Copper solution DIS. ASSOCIATED: Beryllium Toxicity, TX: EDTA
DIS. ASS.: Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, Ricketts Hg2Cl – Calomel, HgCl 2 – Corrosive sublimate
Silicon (Si)
GROUP IIIA Boron Family CHA: 2nd most abundant element in the earth’s
GEN. PROPTY.: crust, commonly found as Silicon oxide and
silicates in nature, pure silicon is dark gray solid
- The metal of this group readily with the same crystalline structure as diamond,
oxidizes when heated in air, Tetravalent metalloid, Less reactive than its
although they are stable at ordinary analog carbon
temperatures
DIS. ASS.: Silicosis
PROPETIES OF GROUP IV – V
FORM/S: Talc = Mg3 (Si 4O10)(OH)2 softest mineral
ELEMENTS known, use as dusting powder, lubricant and
filter aid, Glass = generic term used to identify
GROUP IVA Carbon Family vitreous silicate material prepared by fusing
GEN. PROPTY.: base (Sodium carbonate and Calcium
carbonate) with pure silica, Clays = kaolin –
- Elements of this group exhibits +2 adsorbent, bentonite – suspending agent,
and +4 oxidation state pumice – dental abrasives, Quartz = type of
- Oxides of C and Si, are acidic, other silica that is much harder than other types of
elements of the group are silicates and very high melting point, Feldspar =
amphoteric the most abundant group of minerals in the
Carbon (C) Earth’s crust, Zircon = used as a diamond=like
gem
CHA: Central element to life and natural
intelligences, Basic bonding unit of all organic COMPD/S: Simethicone = anti-flatulence,
compounds, Inorganic Compds: Carbonates, Attapulgite = adsorbent, Silica gels = use as
Acetates, Tartrates and Oxalates, Non metallic, dessicant in pharmaceutical preparations
tetravalent element neither donate or receive
electrons
Germanium (Ge)
FORM/S: Crystalline: Diamond = rigid and
transparent form of carbon, extremely hard and CHA: Lustrous hard, silver white metalloid that
chemically inert and cannot conduct electricity, is chemically similar to Tin, A rare element and
Graphite = dull black form, slippery, brittle and occurs in minute quantities in many metal
soft, conduct electricity. Amorphous: sulfide
Anthracite = hard, compact variety of carbon,
highest carbon content and the fewest impurity
GROUP IVB Titanium Family I.TEST: with Sulfuric acid = Nitrite: Brown Gas,
Nitrate: No reaction, Brown ring Test = Nitrite:
Titanium (Ti) Brown ring, Nitrate: Brown ring
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FORM/S: Yellow Phosphorus = volatile, I.TEST: Flame Test = Blue, Hydrogen sulfide =
flammable, toxic, and very reactive, Red Brownish black ppt
Phosphorus = nonvolatile, flammable, nontoxic
and non-reactive
I.TEST: Flame Test = Blue, Nitrate: Silver nitrate CHA: Metal that is not affected by any body
= Chocolate brown ppt. Ammonium fluid, Sheet form is used in repair of bones,
molybdenate = Yellow ppt. nerves, tissues
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CHA: Most abundant element in the Earth’s AKA: Selene, Moon
crust, 2nd most electronegative element,
CHA: Promotes absorption of Vit E
Container green
COMPD/S: Selenomethionine = increases the
USE: Treatment of Hypoxia
absorption of Vit E, Selenium sulfide =
FORM/S: Ozone = allotropic form of oxygen that seborrheic dermatitis
protects the earth surface from UV radiation
Polonium (Po)
Sulfur (S)
CHA: A form of radioisotopes as a result of
AKA: Brimstone, Shubari, and enemy of Copper decay of actinide elements
CHA: Most sulfur compounds have a strong GROUP VIB Chromium Group
odor
GEN. PROPTY.:
USE: Fungicidal, Preservative, Scabicidal,
Treatment of Psoriasis - High melting point
- Great hardness
FORM/S: Monoclinic = 96oC, Mobile = 113oC, - Excellent resistant to corrosion
Viscous = continued heating of mobile sulfur,
Amorphous = viscous cooled rapidly by Chromium (Cr)
immersion, Rhombic
CHA: Most stable oxidation state is +3,
COMPD/S: Flower of Sulfur (Sublimed Sulfur, Dichromate having a +6 is an oxidizing agent,
Precipitated Sulfur), Liver of Sulfur (Sulfurated Steely, gray, lustrous, hard and brittle metal
Potash) = Psoriasis, Sodium metabisulfite = USE: Glucose tolerance factor
prevervatives
DIS.ASS. Hyperglycemia
PREP: Prash Method
COMPD/S: Potassium dichromate
I.TEST: Sulfide: with sulfuric acid = odor of a
rotten egg, Sulfur trioxide: with dilute sulfuric I.TEST: with NaOH = Formation of green
acid = evolution of Sulfur dioxide, with solution, with Barium chloride = Yellow ppt,
potassium permanganate = decolorizes with Silver nitrate = Brownish red ppt.,
solution, Sulfate; with barium chloride = white Perchromic acid Test = Blue ethereal layer
ppt., Disulfur trioxide: with sulfuric acid = yellow
ppt., with potassium permanganate =
decolorizes solution Molybdenum (Mo)
Bromine (Br)
Uranium (U)
AKA: Brumos (meaning strong smelling)
CHA: Discovered by Becquerel, Radioactive
CHA: Corrosive and toxic, with sedative and CNS
element used for manufacture of atomic bomb
depressant action
GROUP VIIA Halogens DIS.ASS. Brominism
GEN. PROPTY.: I.TEST: with potassium permanganate, sulfuric
acid and chloroform = orange to brown layer
- Most active family of non metals
- In free state, these elements exist
as diatoms molecules
- React directly with most non metals Iodine (I)
to form covalent compounds CHA: Brown solid at room temperature,
- Union of Halogen with Hydrogen to Elemental Iodine was known as the oldest
form Hydrohalic acids which is a germicides
strong acids except Hydrofluoric
acid USE: Component of thyroxine and
triiodothyroxine, expectorant, germicidal
Fluorine (F)
COMPD/S: Strong Iodine Solution, Povidone
CHA: Pale yellow gas, most electronegative iodine, Iodine tincture, Boulton’s Solution
element of the periodic table
I.TEST: with potassium permanganate, sulfuric
DIS.ASS.: Fluorosis (excessive amount of acid and chloroform = violet layer. with silver
Fluorine in drinking water) nitrate = pale yellow ppt
COMPD/S: Fluorides = anticariogenic, Freon =
refrigerant, aerosol, propellant
Astatine (At)
I.TEST: Etching Test = etches or marking on the
glass upon addition of sulfuric acid CHA: Only radioactive, synthetic, metallic
halogen
Chlorine (Cl)
GROUP VIIB Manganese Group
AKA; Dephlogesticated muriatic acid air
GEN. PROPTY.:
CHA: Greenish yellow gas with very suffocating
odors, Discovered by Swedish chemist Carl - Mn, Tc are the product of
Wilhelm Scheele radioactive decay
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Manganese (Mg)
CHA: bright yellow spectrum of the CHA: Enhances the absorption of ascorbic acid
chromosphere of the sun, container brown, and Copper, Present in the body as
carrier/diluent of medically important gases Hemoglobin, Transferrin, Ferritin, Cytochrome
oxidase
USE: Hematinic
Neon (Ne)
DIS. ASS.: Def.: IDA, Tox. GIT Distress and
CHA: use in advertising Cardiac collapse, TX: Defuroxamine
DIPROTIC – 2 ionizable H
Nickel (Ni) Ex. H2 SO4, H2CO3
AKA: Old Nick’s Copper TRIPROTIC – 3 ionizable H
USE: Metal use in fancy jewelry, Ex. H3 BO3, H3 PO4
COMPD/S: Nickel pectinate = treatment of POLYPROTIC – more than 1 ionizable h
diarrhea
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HClO4 Ca(OH) 2 decahydrate) = (Na2B4O7 . 10H2O),
H2SO4 Sn(OH) 2 Borocalcite, Colemanite (Ca2B6O11 .
Ba(OH) 2 5H2O), Tincal
OFFICIAL INORGANIC ACIDS SPEC.: NLT 9.5g but NMT 10.5g of HCl
dissolve in 100mL of water
Boric Acid (H3BO3 )
Nitric Acid NF (HNO3)
AKA: Boracic Acid, Hydrogen borate
AKA: Spirit of Nitre, Aqua fortis
M.W.: 61.83g/mol
CHA: highly corrosive, highly irritating
CHA: Found in sea waters, Colorless, odor, produces yellow stain in the
Odorless pearly scale, six scaled triclinic dermal tissue
crystals, White odorless powder which
cannot be use I.TEST: Xanthoproteic Test: Yellow color
of solution
PREP.: Boric Acid at 100oC = Metaboric
USES: Acidifying agent, Use in the
Acid (HBO2), Metaboric Acid at 100oC =
Tetraboric Acid (H2 B4O7 ), Heating preparation of milk of Bismuth for ulcer
greater than 160oC = Boron trioxide cause by H.pylori, Nitrating agent in
(B2O3 ) pyroxylin (pure cotton + HNO 3 + H2SO4 ),
Used in explosives trinitrotoluene
FORM/S: Barosite = (Na2B4 O7 . 4H2 O),
Borax (Sodium tetraborate
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Phosphoric Acid NF (H3 PO4) CHA: slightly soluble in water, increase
in temperature of solvent decreases it
AKA: Orthophosphoric acid, Acido
solubility, soluble in glycerin, insoluble
orthoforforico
in alcohol
USES: Acidifying agent, Diluted
PREP.: Slaking Process, Calcium oxide +
phosphoric acid use as tonic and Water
stimulant to the gastric mucous
membrane COMPD/S: Calcium oxide =
caustic/quick lime, Calcium carbonate =
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
precipitated chalk antacid, Diluted
AKA: Oil of vitriol, when conc. Rectified Calcium hydroxide = lime water
oil of vitriol
USES: electrolyte replenisher,
PREP.: Contact Process: having an astringent
advantage of obtaining the desired
Potassium Hydroxide NF (KOH)
strength of sulfuric acid, Catalytic
Process: Vanadium and Silica gel as a AKA: Caustic potash
catalyst, Lead Chamber Process:
USES: saponifying agent, used in
concentrated product of sulfuric acid
standardization of HCl
obtained by this process
*caustic = corrosive, deliquescent =
COMPD/S: Zinc sulfate = white vitriol,
capable to absorb moisture together it
Copper sulfate = blue vitriol, Ferrous
dissolve, hygroscopic = absorb moisture
sulfate = green vitriol
but do not dissolves, potassium
SPEC: NLT 94% NMT 98% hydroxide = soft soap
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PREP.: Solvay Process: saturation of 2. should not alter solubility of other
concentrated NaCl with NH3 and then components
with CO2 NaHCO3 is undergoes
3. should not form complexes with
calcination = Na2 CO3
active ingredient
USES: use to form water soluble
4. should be stable
Soda Lime NF
5. volatile species must be avoided
PREP.: Mixture of calcium, potassium
and sodium hydroxide IMPORTANT INORGANIC BUFFER SYSTEMS
Phosphate Buffer system
USES: oxygen therapy, anesthesia,
metabolisms test ADV: contains physiological buffer, non
toxic inside the body
*solution may contain indicator which
will be change color when absorption DIS. ADV.: insolubility of the phosphate
capacity for CO2 of soda lime is salts of such metals Zn, Ag, Al which
exhausted supports microbial growth because they
are slowly contaminated with
BUFFERS microorganism
- Resist in pH upon addition of small EX. Sorensen Phosphate Buffer System
quantities of acid and alkali
Borate Buffer System
Reasons for using buffer:
- External use, For preparations
1. chemical stability
containing metal that would
2. solubility of drug otherwise precipitate in the present
of Phosphate
3. patients comfort
EX. Feldman’s Buffer (pH 7-8.2)
Buffer Pairs:
(Boric acid, NaCl & Na2B4O7)
1. weak acid and some salt of weak acid
and/or its conjugate base Atkins and Pantin Buffer (pH 7.6-11)
2. weak base and some salt at weak (Boric acid, NaCl & Na2CO3)
base or its conjugate acid Gifford Buffer (pH 6-7.8)
Buffer capacity: (Boric acid, KCl & Na2 B4O7)
- Capability of a buffer to resist Sodium Borate:
changes in pH
AKA: Na tetraborate, Na pyroborate
Characteristics of a Buffer:
USES: eyewash, 1-2% use in collyria,
1. should not participate in REDOX emulsifying agent in Rose water
reaction ointment and cold cream
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Sodium Bisulfite NF (NaHSO3 )
WATER
INORGANIC ANTIOXIDANTS - High dielectric constant
Hypophosphorus Acid NF - Ability to form Hydrogen bonds
- 70% of the human body
COMPD/S: Sodium hyphophosphate - Solvent of most liquid dosage form
(Na2H2PO2), Ammonia hypophosphate - Universal solvent
(NH4) 3PO2
Types of Naturally occurring Water:
USES: antioxidant in diluted hydroiodic
acid syrup, Ferrous Iodine Syrup NF Mineral Water – with mineral content
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body, Bones and teeth structural
integrity
Calcium Chloride USP
DEF: Hypocalcemia (may be caused by
AKA: Muriate of Lime, Fosforo de
corticosteroids), Osteoporosis,
Hamberg
Oteomalacia, Ricketts and poor growth
PROPTY: a salt composed of white
DIS.ASS: Osteo arthritis, Hypercalcemia
slightly translucent hard fragments of
(may be caused by Thiazide diuretics
granules with a very saline taste and
which increases calcium concentration
very deliquescent
in the body)
USES: electrolyte replenisher,
Chloride
component of Ringer’s solution and
PROPTY: Major extracellular anion Lactated Ringer’s Solution, Internal
hemorrhage, in certain bone diseases,
DEF: Hypochloremic alkalosis
calcium deficiency
ELECTROLYTE FOR REPLACEMENT THERAPY
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACID – BASE BALANCE
Sodium Chloride USP
- Control system of the body that
AKA: Table salt, Sea salt regulates the physiological pH
Ammonium Salts
ELECTROLYTE COMBINATION THERAPY
- Treatment of metabolic alkalosis
- Retards secretion in the body Types of Combination Therapy
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Mercury 6. should inhibit pepsin
INORGANIC ANTACIDS
INORGANIC GASTROINTESTINAL
Sodium Bicarbonate USP
AGENTS
PROPTY: Water soluble antacid with
- Do not require a prescription which
rapid onset of action and a short
places responsibility to the
duration of action, Found in many
Pharmacist
effervescent antacid preparations main
HYPERACIDITY – acid level of digestive system use is to produce effervescent rather
rises above normal, burning like sensation in than antacid
the stomach is the condition develop with
S/E: Flatulence and Belching
Hyperacidity
Aluminum Hydroxide USP
Gastritis – general inflammation of
gastric mucosa Types:
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S/E: Constipation AKA: Carbonate of Magnesia, Heavy
Magnesium Carbonate
*both of these Aluminum antacids are assayed
using ANC and their Al 2 O3 content
Magnesium Carbonate
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3. to mix an antacid with rapid onset of action Bismuth Subcarbonate USP (BiO2 (CO2.H2O))
and one with longer duration of action
USES: Protective used for the treatment
Examples: of Diarrhea in large doses it renders the
alimentary canal opaque from the X-ray
1. Aluminum hydroxide – Magnesium hydroxide
Milk of Bismuth
2. Aluminum hydroxide – Magnesium trisilicate
PROPTY: combination of Bismuth
4. Magaldrate
hydroxide and Bismuth subcarbonate
5. Alginic acid - Sodium bicarbonate
Kaolin USP (Al 2 O3.2SiO2.2H2O)
1. Protectives
USES: Cathartic, Ingredient of Sedlitz
powder, is the form in which it is 2. Antimicrobial & Astringents
administered as cathartic
TOPICAL PROTECTIVES – usually applied to
Magnesium Sulfate (KNaC4H4O6 . H2 O) areas of the skin which are subject to constant
PREP: irritation due to moisture or friction on areas
Properties:
1. the mineral magnesite with hot
diluted sulfuric acid 1. insolubility
2. dissolving the mineral kierserite in 2. chemically inert
water
3. adsorbent property – useful for
3. heating by calcination of dolomite adsorbing moisture from the surface of
then heating with HCl and evaporating the skin
to dryness
4. it should have small particle size,
USES: an active cathartic, parenterally offers smooth substances
used as anticonvulsant, with anti
phlogistic action *caution: if the area to which the protective are
to be applied is abroided and exuding fluid,
Magnesium Citrate adsorbent type protective should not be used
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USES: astringent and antimicrobial,
used as lubricants in manufacture of
INORGANIC PROTECTIVES tablets
Talc (3MgO. 4SiO2. H2O) Titanium Dioxide USP
AKA: French chalk, Soapstone, Piedra PROPTY: white amorphous, odorless,
grassa, Creta gallica
tasteless powder, insoluble in water
PROPTY: Fine powder or Grayish white with HCl, Nitric acid and Sulfuric acid,
crystalline powder Reaction of Titanium dioxide with
Hydrogen peroxide, in dilute Sulfuric
USES: lubricant & protective dusting acid produces Titanium peroxides
powder, filtering aid, used before in
sterile gloves USES: topical protectants, UV Ray
protectant, white pigment in cosmetics
Zinc Oxide USP paint, opacifying agent in manufacture
AKA: Zinc white, Flores de Zinc, Lana o of capsules
Algodon Filosopicos
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PREP: obtained by condensing the 1. styptic
sulfur vapors produced by heating any
2. anti perspirant
form of Sulfur
3. reduce inflammation
Precipitated Sulfur USP
4. removal of unwanted tissues
AKA: Milk of Sulfur
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PROPTY: white crystalline powder, has a monoxide, Halogens, acids or alkalis
bitter and salty taste, freely soluble in and oxidizing substances
water, insoluble in ether, alcohol and
*green container, with precaution: support
chloroform
combustion
USES: extensively used for topical
OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS IN THE BODY
Fluoride application, freshly prepared
solution at 6 to 12 months intervals, Anoxic – inadequate supply of Oxygen
requires only one application per because the blood arises at a lower
treatment tension
Pumice Anemic – amount of hemoglobin is
inadequate
AKA: Pumice stone, Piedra pomez
Stagnant Anoxic – blood circulation is
PROPTY: substances of volcanic origin,
retarded
consists chieftly of silicates of
Aluminum, Potassium and Sodium, very Histotoxic – cyanide poisoning
light, hard, rough porous, grayish
masses, odorless and tasteless, stable in Carbon Dioxide USP
air, insoluble in water AKA: Carbonic Acid Gas, Carbonic
GRADE OF FINENESS: anhydride
AKA: Dephlogisticated air, Airo vital, TOX: Donald Duck like sound
Empyreal air, Aire pure
Nitrous Oxide USP
USES: all pathological conditions
AKA: Azole
accompanied by cyanosis and dyspnea,
poisoning by Carbon monoxide, Coal USES: official pharmaceutical air to
gas, Nitrous oxide, Chloroform etc displace air to increase shelf life of
STD PURITY: USP XX requires that is easily oxidized product and must be
indicated in the label
contains 99% by volume of Oxide and
limits the presence of Carbon TOX: Azotemia
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RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS diluted to exactly one liter and filter if
necessary
Ammonium Carbonate
USES: expectorant, anti tussive, used
AKA: Preton salt, Sal volatile, Bakeri for asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and
Ammonia Sesquicarbonate sinusitis, antifungal, used to treat goiter
PROPTY: shields between 30% - 34% ANTIDOTES
ammonia without empyreumatic odor,
freely soluble in water, decomposed by - Agent that will counteract the
hot water, only inorganic compounds poison
that still use as respiratory stimulant, a
Mechanism of Action:
strong ammonia solution
PHYSIOLOGICAL – counteracting the effect of
USES: basis of smelling salts, no
poison by producing other effect
valuable in hysterical syncope,
leavening agent Sodium Nitrite USP
Aromatic Ammonia Spirit USP AKA: Natrium, Nitrosum
AKA: Spirit of Hartshorn USES: antidote to cyanide poisoning
PREP: by dissolving ammonia given in the form of 2% solution
administered via IV
USES: respiratory stimulant by inhaling
*sodium nitrite + hemoglobin =
vapors
methemoglobin, HCN + Methemoglobin =
EXPECTORANT Cyanomethemoglobin
PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPIENTS
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS &
TABLETTING AIDS CONTRAST MEDIA
- Physiologically inactive ingredient
NUCLEAR PHARMACY / PHARMACY
RADIATION
Calcium Sulfate USP - Particles or waves coming from the
nucleus of the atom
AKA: Gypsum alabaster, Satin spar,
Light spar for the dehydrate Calcium HALF LIFE
sulfate
- Time required for one half of a
USES: rechargeable laboratory & given atom to decay
industrial dessicant corcrite, tablet
diluent DECAY RATE
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Radioactive substances used for USES: scintillation and scanning of the
diagnosis of certain diseases kidney or the brain
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RADIOISOTOPES - Has an excellent penetrating power
- X – Capture = process whereby a
- Unstable isotopes which undergo type of radiation similar to gamma
random decomposition or decay rays is seen in emission of X- Ray
with the emission of certain
particles
RADIOACTIVE DECAY
Alpha Particles
Beta Particles
Gamma Rays
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