CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute/Department:

AIT CSE H8
Subject Name: IA
Subject Code: CST 327
UID: 17BCS4542

Assignment-2

1. Q:Explain in detail about the Network layer protocol. In

detail
ANS:ARP:ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol.
It is used to associate an IP address with the MAC address.
Each device on the network is recognized by the MAC address imprinted
on the NIC. Therefore, we can say that devices need the MAC address for
communication on a local area network. MAC address can be changed
easily. For example, if the NIC on a particular machine fails, the MAC
address changes but IP address does not change. ARP is used to find the
MAC address of the node when an internet address is known
How ARP works
If the host wants to know the physical address of another host on its
network, then it sends an ARP query packet that includes the IP address
and broadcast it over the network. Every host on the network receives and
processes the ARP packet, but only the intended recipient recognizes the
IP address and sends back the physical address. The host holding the
datagram adds the physical address to the cache memory and to the
datagram header, then sends back to the sender.
There are two types of ARP entries:
Dynamic entry: It is an entry which is created automatically when the
sender broadcast its message to the entire network. Dynamic entries are
not permanent, and they are removed periodically.
Static entry: It is an entry where someone manually enters the IP to MAC
address association by using the ARP command utility.

RARP
o RARP stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
o If the host wants to know its IP address, then it broadcast the
RARP query packet that contains its physical address to the entire
network. A RARP server on the network recognizes the RARP
packet and responds back with the host IP address.
o The protocol which is used to obtain the IP address from a server is
known as Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
o The message format of the RARP protocol is similar to the ARP
protocol.
o Like ARP frame, RARP frame is sent from one machine to another
encapsulated in the data portion of a frame.
ICMP
o ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol.
o The ICMP is a network layer protocol used by hosts and routers to
send the notifications of IP datagram problems back to the sender.
o ICMP uses echo test/reply to check whether the destination is
reachable and responding.
o ICMP handles both control and error messages, but its main
function is to report the error but not to correct them.
o An IP datagram contains the addresses of both source and
destination, but it does not know the address of the previous router
through which it has been passed. Due to this reason, ICMP can
only send the messages to the source, but not to the immediate
routers.
o ICMP protocol communicates the error messages to the sender.
ICMP messages cause the errors to be returned back to the user
processes.
o ICMP messages are transmitted within IP datagram.

2. Q:Justify the Statement: Broadcast by a DHCP server to a

DHCP client acknowledging the DHCP Request message
ANS:The interaction between Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) clients and servers enables a client to obtain its IP address and
corresponding configuration information from a DHCP server.
This process occurs through a series of steps, illustrated in the following
figure.
Figure 1. DHCP client-server interaction
Client requests DHCP information: DHCPDISCOVER
First, the client sends out a DHCPDISCOVER message requesting an IP
address. The DHCPDISCOVER message contains an identifier unique to
the client (typically the MAC address). The message might also contain
other requests, such as requested options (for example, subnet mask,
domain name server, domain name, or static route). The message is sent
out as a broadcast. If the network contains routers, those routers can be
configured to forward DHCPDISCOVER packets to DHCP servers on
attached networks.
DHCP server offers information to client: DHCPOFFER
Any DHCP server that receives the DHCPDISCOVER message might
send a DHCPOFFER message in response. The DHCP server might not
send a DHCPOFFER message back to the client for multiple reasons: the
most common reasons are that all available addresses are currently leased,
the subnet is not configured, or the client is not supported. If the DHCP
server sends a DHCPOFFER message in response, the DHCPOFFER will
contain an available IP address and any other configuration information
that is defined in the DHCP setup.
Client accepts DHCP server offer: DHCPREQUEST
The client receives DHCPOFFER messages from the DHCP servers that
responded to the DHCPDISCOVER messages. The client compares the
offers with the settings that it requested, and then selects the server that it
wants to use. It sends a DHCPREQUEST message to accept the offer,
indicating which server it selected. This message is broadcast to the entire
network to let all DHCP servers know which server was selected.
DHCP server acknowledges the client and leases the IP address:
DHCPACK
If a server receives a DHCPREQUEST message, the server marks the
address as leased. Servers that are not selected will return offered
addresses to their available pool. The selected server sends the client an
acknowledgment (DHCPACK), which contains additional configuration
information.
The client might now use the IP address and configuration parameters. It
will use these settings until its lease expires or until the client sends a
DHCPRELEASE message to the server to end the lease.
Client attempts to renew the lease: DHCPREQUEST, DHCPACK
The client starts to renew a lease when half of the lease time has passed.
The client requests the renewal by sending a DHCPREQUEST message
to the server. If the server accepts the request, it will send a DHCPACK
message back to the client. If the server does not respond to the request,
the client might continue to use the IP address and configuration
information until the lease expires. As long as the lease is still active, the
client and server do not need to go through the DHCPDISCOVER and
DHCPREQUEST process. When the lease has expired, the client must
start over with the DHCPDISCOVER process.
Client ends the lease: DHCPRELEASE
The client ends the lease by sending a DHCPRELEASE message to the
DHCP server. The server will then return the client's IP address to the
available address pool.

3. Q:What is Wireless HART ? elaborate with the help of a

significant diagram
ANS:WirelessHART is a subset of the HART industrial
instrument communication standard as of version 7,
communicating process data over 2.4 GHz radio waves.
WirelessHART is a wireless mesh network communications
protocol for process automation applications.
Each individual instrument in the HART wireless connection is
connected through a mesh network. Each individual instrument is
connected to a common input and adjustment instruments. If an
instrument is far from the gateway or the route is blocked, it can not
connect to the gateway. Although you can communicate with the gateway
through other instruments. Therefore, each device in the mesh network
can serve as a router for messages from other devices.

The purpose of a mesh network is to provide redundant data pathways in

case of device failure or changes in the environment interrupting radio
communication between devices.

A network administrator responsible for configuring the network,

scheduling communications between devices, managing message routes,
and monitoring the state of the network. Network Manager can be
integrated into the gateway, the host application or the process
automation controller.

This extends the reach of the network and provides redundant

communication paths to increase reliability. Network Manager
determines redundant routes based on latency, efficiency and reliability.
To ensure that redundant routes remain open and unobstructed.

4.Q:Why is Zigbee protocol so important for the Internet of

Things
implementation?

ANS:Zigbee

ZigBee, like Bluetooth, has a large installed base of operation, although

perhaps traditionally more in industrial settings. ZigBee PRO and ZigBee
Remote Control (RF4CE), among other available ZigBee profiles, are
based on the IEEE802.15.4 protocol, which is an industry-standard
wireless networking technology operating at 2.4GHz targeting
applications that require relatively infrequent data exchanges at low
data-rates over a restricted area and within a 100m range such as in a
home or building.

ZigBee/RF4CE has some significant advantages in complex systems

offering low-power operation, high security, robustness and high
scalability with high node counts and is well positioned to take advantage
of wireless control and sensor networks in M2M and IoT applications.
The latest version of ZigBee is the recently launched 3.0, which is
essentially the unification of the various ZigBee wireless standards into a
single standard. An example product and kit for ZigBee development are
TI’s CC2538SF53RTQT ZigBee System-On-Chip IC and CC2538
ZigBee Development Kit.

 Standard: ZigBee 3.0 based on IEEE802.15.4

 Frequency: 2.4GHz
 Range: 10-100m
 Data Rates: 250kbps
Zigbee one of the low-range protocol defined as per IEEE 802.15.4
specification. The main goal of Zigbee is to create Wireless Personal
Area Networks (WPAN) with small and lower-power radios. In case of
Internet-Of-Things (IoT) typically devices will have smaller form factor
with lesser processing power which need to communicate with a higher
configuration system or device called IoT gateway. In order to have this
communication going, Zigbee is one of the protocols that is being used.
In the similar lines there are many other options for IoT device -> IoT
gateway communications which include Bluetooth, NFC, 6LoWPAN etc..
Check out the link to get complete details of various protocols that are
getting used in IoT.