1479 1838 1 PB PDF
1479 1838 1 PB PDF
Eugene Y. Evasco
ABSTRACT
This study examines four Filipino children’s books that deal with child
sexual abuse. To evaluate the published works, studies by Bruno Bettelheim,
Masha Rudman, and Howard Gardner on how stories and narratives for
children can reinforce education, empowerment, and protection are used as guides.
The four books aim to raise consciousness and provide a suitable strategy to
solve the prevailing problem of child sexual abuse. The study shows the books’
significant attempts at educating children on how to deal with the problem
through concrete solutions. These books delve into the sensitive subject of abuse
while also instructing children on how to seek help from the authorities. The
books introduce children to the touching rules, the concept of private parts of
the body, and how to say no to malicious touching. The study also examines the
weaknesses of the books like the superficial discussion of the subject matter, the
convenient and quick resolution of the story, homophobia, sexism and stereotyping
of sex offenders. In conclusion, this essay analyzes the representation of the
experience, the physical aspects of the text, and the distribution of these alternative
publications for children.
Don’t hold me on your lap, said the little girl, I am very heavy, you
will get very tired.
The man shook his head, and said nothing, but held her on his lap
just the same.
The little girl kept squirming, for somehow she felt uncomfortable to
be held thus, her mother and father always treated her like a big
girl, she was always told never to act like a baby. She looked
around at Vicente, interrupting her careful writing to twist around.
His face was all in sweat, and his eyes looked very strange, and he
indicated to her that she must turn around, attend to the homework
she was writing.
But the little girl felt very queer, she didn’t know why, all of a
sudden she was immensely frightened, and she jumped up away from
Vicente’s lap.
2
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
3
Evasco
4
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
5
Evasco
6
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
7
Evasco
8
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
9
Evasco
10
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
11
Evasco
12
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
13
Evasco
14
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
15
Evasco
16
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
17
Evasco
18
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
19
Evasco
20
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
21
Evasco
Because you believed and did as you do, I know just how
special I am.
If you feel the way I do, then you can say it too—because
that is how I am! (34-35)
22
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
23
Evasco
24
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
25
Evasco
26
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
27
Evasco
28
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
29
Evasco
30
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
31
Evasco
32
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
33
Evasco
34
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
35
Evasco
MGA TALA
1
Kinikilala ng pag-aaral na ito ang dalawang pangunahing kritika sa
pangunahing pag-aaral ni Bruno Bettelheim na The Uses of Enchantment.
Sa pagsusuma ni Jack Zipes noong 1979, kilalang eksperto sa mga
panitikang-bayan, fairy tales, at panitikang pambata, nailahad niyang
ang naturang aklat ay “gumagamit ng mga di kapani-paniwalang metodo
at eksperimento na nakapinsala sa maraming tao at nagpapalaganap ng
maling paniniwala kaugnay sa pagpapahilom at panitikan” [“using dubious
methods and experiments that have harmed numerous people and by
disseminating ideas about therapy and literature that are misleading”]
(2002, 179-180). Dagdag pa niya, “mali ang pagkakagamit ni Bettelheim
sa teoryang sikoanalitikal ni Freud at sa pampanitikang kalikasan o
katangian ng mga fairy tale” (181). Wala ring siyang dokumentasyon
para patunayan na pinakamainam ang fairy tale sa lahat ng anyong
pampanitikan para mapaunlad ang pagkatao ng mga bata; walang
kaalaman sa panitikang pambata, sa ugali sa pagbabasa ng bata (reading
habit); at walang siyentipikong paliwanag sa halaga ng kuwento sa bata
at kung paano ito makatutulong sa bata kaugnay sa kanilang pag-unlad
(183).
Dalawang pangunahing punto naman ang kritika ni Alan Dundes,
pangunahing folklorista sa U.S. na naggiit sa folklore bilang disiplina sa
akademiya, sa pag-aaral ni Bettelheim—ang “omission” at ang
“commission” (1991, 76). Tinutukoy ni Dundes sa “omission” ang
kawalan/ kakulangan ni Bettelheim ng batayang kaalaman sa kalikasan
ng panitikang-bayan o folklore. Nailahad din niyang “ignorante” sa
mahahalagang pag-aaral ang The Uses of Enchantment, pabaya at hindi
sistematiko ang iskolarsyip kaya mapapansin ang mga pagkakamali sa
interpretasyon ng mga fairy tale na sakop sa pag-aaral (76-77). Samantala,
inilalahad naman sa “commission” ang kawalan ng pagkilala ng
mananaliksik sa mga sinangguning pag-aaral. Nailahad din ni Dundes
ang halos parehong pagkakaayos ng pagtalakay ng mga fairy tale na
nakapadron sa aklat ni Julius E. Heuscher ni A Psychiatric Study of Myths
and Fairy Tales na nalathala noong 1963 (79). Pinakapangunahing atake
ni Dundes kay Bettelheim ay may kinalaman sa akademikong integridad
o ang “wholesale borrowing of key ideas” (80). Sa huli, pinagtibay ni
Dundes ang naunang pahayag ni Zipes, “Si Bettelheim ay lantarang
authoritarian sa paniniwalang batid niya ang di-malay na pagkakaunawa
ng mga bata sa mga kuwento; siya’y labis na moralistiko, at isinasantabi
niya ang mga pagkakaibang panlipunan at pagkakaiba batay sa uri kapag
ipinapalagay niyang nauunawaan ng lahat ng bata ang fairy tale sa
magkakahalintulad na paraan.” [“Bettelheim is overtly authoritarian—
in claiming that he knows how children unconsciously understand the
36
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
37
Evasco
• Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas
Section 3 (2): The State shall defend the rights of the child
to assistance, proper care and nutrition, and special protection
from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation, and
other condition that may be prejudicial to their development.
• Family Code (Executive Order 209, Article 149)
The family, being the foundation of the nation, is a basic
social institution which public policy cherishes and protects.
Consequently, family relations are governed by law and no
custom, practice or agreement destructive of the family shall
be recognized or given effect.
• PD 603 (Children and Youth Welfare Code of the Philippines)
Mga karapatan ng bata na kaugnay sa pag-aaral
# 5: To be brought up in an atmosphere of morality and
rectitude
#8: To protection against exploitation, improper influences,
hazards and other conditions or circumstances prejudicial
to his physical, mental, emotional, social and moral
development
• RA 7610 - Special Protection of Filipino Children Against
Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination
This law is the Anti-child Abuse Law of the Philippines. It
defines certain acts of child abuse (neglect and abandon-
ment, and physical, emotional and sexual abuse) and other
forms of acts that would deter the development of the child.
• RA 8353 - The Anti-Rape Law of 1997
The law makes the crime of rape a crime against person.
Before this, the crime of rape was a crime against chastity
where a complaint* was necessary to file a charge of rape.
The said requirement contributes to the non prosecution of
rape offenders and curtails the view on the ill effects of rape.
The law expands the definition of rape to include rape by
sexual assault and marital rape. Also, the law provides that
strong resistance is not necessary in order to show absence of
consent by the victim. A mere indication of “no” is enough.
*Complaint is a sworn written statement subscribed by the
victim or another person as may be allowed by the rules of
Court charging another person with a crime.
38
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
39
Evasco
40
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
6
Mahalagang bukal ng panitikang pambata ang kultura ng bata at kultura
ng kabataan. Halaw ito kay Feny delos Angeles, na tinalakay ni Rene O.
Villanueva sa kaniyang sanaysay na “Pagsulat ng Kuwentong Pambata.”
Sang-ayon dito, “Ang kultura ng bata ay tumutukoy sa lahat ng maraming
konteksto ng mga batang Filipino; sa kanilang kinalalagyang komunindad,
sa kinabibilangan nilang kasaysayan, tradisyon at uri ng pamumuhay.
Bawat batang Filipino ay napaliligiran ng kasaysayan, tradisyon, grupong-
panlipunan, uri ng pamumuhay at paniniwala at marami pa. Lahat nang
ito ay maaaring maging balon ng mga kuwento na mapaghahanguan ng
kuwento ng sinomang nagnanais makasulat ng kuwentong-pambata.
Samantala, tumutukoy naman ang kultura ng kabataan sa lahat ng tao,
lugar, damdamin, at karanasan ng bawat batang Filipino kaugnay ng
kanyang pagiging bata, ng kanyang paglaki at pagkakagulang.”
7
Tugon ito sa pahayag ni Roland Tolentino sa kaniyang binasang papel
na “Ang Pinag-aagawang Bata sa Panitikang Pambata: Folklore, Media
at Diskurso ng Bata” sa Unang Pambansang Kumperensiya sa Panitikang
Pambata sa UP Diliman, 25 Hulyo 2007. Ayon sa kaniyang mapanuring
pagsisiyasat, “Bakit di tulad ng nakakatandang panitikan—at hindi lamang
dahil mas nauna itong umunlad—na maaring maging palaban ang laman
at porma ng sektoral at rehiyonal na panitikan, ang panitikang pambata
ay masyadong “wholesome” o ang komentaryong panlipunan at historikal
ay limitado sa personal na antas?” Sa aking palagay, humantong sa
paglalahat ang naturang pahayag ni Tolentino. Natuon lamang ang
kaniyang pagsisiyasat sa industriya ng aklat pambata sa mga komersiyal
na uri. Hindi niya nakita ang iba pang produksiyon ng aklat pambata na
taguyod ng mga NGO at mga organisasyong may malasakit sa kapakanan
at karapatan ng mga bata. May produksiyon din ng mga kathang pambata
ang kilusang lihim na malayo ang paksain sa mga mainstream na akda.
Dagdag pa, may subersiyon sa mga komersiyal na aklat pambata, lalo
na sa mga muling pagsasalaysay ng mga tradisyonal at kuwentong-bayan
gaya ng Pilandok. Hindi ko masisisi ang nasabing kritiko dahil hindi rin
naman visible ang mga aklat na sakop ng aking pag-aaral. Kulang sa
marketing, distribusyon, at pagpapaabot sa mga bata ang mga aklat na
aking sinuri.
8
Mataas ang presyo ng mga aklat sa saliksik na ito kumpara sa ibang
lokal na aklat pambata. PHP 175 ang presyo ng Hoy bata! Mahalaga ka!,
PHP 160 ang manwal na Ang Aking Aklat para sa Pansariling Kaligtasan,
at PHP 221 ang Erika and Jay Learn the Touching Rules noong nabili ko
ito sa National Bookstore.
Sa kasalukuyan, pinakamurang aklat pambata sa Pilipinas ay PHP 10.
Ito ang mga piniratang bersiyon ng mga Aklat Adarna at aklat ng Disney
na lantarang itinitinda sa mga talipapa at lansangan. Mahinang uri ng
41
Evasco
42
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
BIBLIOGRAPIYA
Aguirre, Alwin C. 2006. Hoy bata! Mahalaga ka! Sina Biboy at Nina para
sa patakaran sa ligtas na paghawak. Illus. Aldy C. Aguirre. Quezon
City: Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Sexual
Abuse.
Aguirre, Alwin C. (tagasalin) 2003. Ang aking aklat para sa pansariling
kaligtasan. Illus. Jim Marpa. Quezon City: Center for the
Prevention and Treatment of Child Sexual Abuse.
Almario, Virgilio S. 2007. “Mga gampanin para sa kaunlaran ng
panitikang pambata” talumpating binigkas sa Unang Pambansang
Kumperensiya sa Panitikang Pambata, 25 Hulyo, Pulungang
Claro M. Recto, Unibersidad ng Pilipinas Diliman.
Berger, Arthur Asa. 1996. Manufacturing desire: Media, popular culture, and
everyday life. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
Bettelheim, Bruno. 1989. The uses of enchantment: The meaning and importance
of fairy tales. New York: Vintage Books.
Cayaban, Ma. Agnes. 2005. Erika and Jay learn the touching rules. Illus.
Jim Marpa. Quezon City: Center for the Prevention and
Treatment of Child Sexual Abuse.
Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Sexual Abuse. 2004.
“Child sexual abuse in the Philippines” http://www.cptcsa.org/
home.php?go=about. Accessed 12 February 2008.
Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Sexual Abuse. 2004.
“What is child sexual abuse?” http://www.cptcsa.org/
home.php?go=about. Accessed 12 February 2008.
Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Sexual Abuse. 2004.
“Child sexual abuse and the law” http://www.cptcsa.org/
home.php?go=about. Accessed 12 February 2008.
Child Protection in the Philippines. 2003. “Child abuse: A silent epidemic”
http://www.childprotection.org.ph/factsfigures/index.html.
Accessed 12 February 2008.
Chua, Apolonio B. et.al. 1999. Linangan: Mga babasahin sa Humanidades
I. Quezon City: Office of the Vice-Chancellor for Research
and Development, Office of the Vice-Chancellor for Academic
Affairs, Departamento ng Filipino at Panitikan ng Pilipinas,
University of the Philippines, Diliman.
43
Evasco
Cruz, Isagani R. (pat.) 2000. The best Philippine short stories of the twentieth
century: An anthology of fiction in English. Manila: Tahanan Books.
Delvigny-Jean, Thierry. 2005. “Freed from sex trade, girls get a new
start”http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/philippines
28082.html. Accessed 12 February 2008.
Dundes, Alan. 1991. “Bruno Bettelheim’s uses of enchantment and
abuses of scholarship” nasa The Journal of American Folklore Vol.
104, No. 411 (Winter), pp. 74-83 http://www.jstor.org/stable/
541135. Accessed 9 October 2008.
Engelbrecht, Lois J. 2003. “Every child needs to learn personal safety”
h t t p : / / w w w. h i n d u o n n e t . c o m / f l i n e / f l 2 0 2 1 / s t o r i e s /
20031024002009200.htm. Accessed 12 February 2008.
Flores-Oebanda, Ma. Cecilia. 2005. “Child domestic work in the
Philippines” http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/antislavery/
award/cdwphilippines2005.htm. Accessed 12 February 2008.
Henson, Maria Rosa L. 1996. Comfort women: Slave of destiny. Pasig City
: Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism.
Jenkins, Elwyn. 2001. “Reading outside the lines: Peritext and authenticity
in South African children’s books” nasa The Lion and the Unicorn
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 115-127.
Jimeno, Jaileen F. 2007. “RP market for children’s books defies growth”
http://www.gmanews.tv/story/48840/PCIJ-RP-market-for-
childrens-books-defies- growth. Accessed 16 October 2007.
Kintanar, Thelma B. (pat.) 2001. Women’s bodies, women’s lives: An anthology
of Philippine fiction and poetry on women’s health issues. Quezon City:
Center for Women’s Studies, University of the Philippines.
Lucero, Rosario Cruz. 1990. Herstory. Manila: Babaylan Women’s Pub.
Collective.
Lurie, Alison. 1990. “Folktale liberation” nasa Don’t tell the grown-ups:
The subversive power of children’s literature. Boston: Little, Brown
and Company.
Lurie, Alison. 2003. “What fairy tales tell us” nasa Boys and girls forever:
Children’s classics from Cinderella to Harry Potter. New York: Penguin
Books.
Lurie, Alison. 2003. “Enchanted forests and secret gardens” nasa Boys
and girls forever: Children’s classics from Cinderella to Harry Potter.
New York: Penguin Books.
44
Kapag Maselan ang Larong-bata
45
Evasco
46