Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society

Remarks on the Genera Ectomaria, Koken, and

Hormotoma, Salter, with Descriptions of British
Species
Jane Donald

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 1899; v. 55; p. 251-272

doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1899.055.01-04.19

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© 1899 Geological
Society of London
Vol. 55.] ~CTO~Aai.t A~D ttOR~OTOM,t. 251

17. RE~ARKS On the GENERA ECTOMARIA,KOI;EN, and tt01~OTO2WA~

SALTER, with DESCRIPTIONSof BRITIS~ SPECIES. By Miss J ~
DOnaLD. (Communicated by J. G. GOODCItILD, Esq., F.G.S.
Read February 22nd, 1899.)

[PL.~TE8 XXI & XXII.]

INTRODUCTION.
I~ my previous papers on the Carboniferous Murchisoniee I have
given some account of most of the different genera or sections into
which the family Murchisoniid~e has been divided. I t is not,
therefore, necessary to refer to many of these again, as I am here
only describing the British members of one of these established
genera, namely H~rmotoma, Salter, 1 and also of the uew genus
.Ectomaria, Koken. 2
These two genera contain some of the oldest known species of
elongated gasteropoda. They are both distinguished from the typical
Murchisonice by merely possessing a sinus in the outer lip, instead"
of having a deep narrow slit with parallel edges; also the lines of
growth retreat towards, and advance from, the sinus more obliquely.
The protoconch, which throws so important a light upon the
affinities of the gasteropoda, is so far unknown in Ectomaria and
Hormotoma, neither has it been found out whether these shells have
opereula.
In the present state of our knowledge it is doubtful in what
degree these genera are related either one to another, or to the typical
.Murvhisonice. lIormotoma agrees with .Murchisonia therein that
the sinus gives rise to a band, though it is generally somewhat
indistinctly limited ; whereas Ectomaria can hardly be said to possess
a band, the greatest sinuosity of the lines of growth being merely
situated between two keels. Koken does not place Ectomaria in
the ]~urchisoniid~e, and it is not clear to which family he would
refer it ; apparently it stands in the Raphistomid~e, a though he
states that it, Murvhisonia, and Zoxonema are closely allied, and he
also says that Ectomaria reminds one of certain Glauconice and
Turritellid~e. Ulrich & Scofield consider that Solenospira (which
is most probably identical with Ectomaria) may be "an early repre-
sentative of the Turritellidm, and it certainly bears a strong
resemblance to some members of that family. They include i t ,
however, in the Pleurotomariid~e, in which family they also place
many other elongated forms that have a sinus or slit in the outer lip.
I prefer to follow Koken in separating the elongated shells from
the shorter Pleurotoraariee, and letting them constitute the family
Geol. Surv. Can.' Canad. Organ. Rem.' dee. i (1859) p. 18.
' Die Leitfossilien,' 1896, p. 395.
a , Die Gastrop. des Balt. Untersilurs,' Bull. Aead. Imp. Sol. St. Petersb.
set. 5, vol. vii (,1897) no. 2, p. 201.
 (Ou.ar%. J o u r n Oe ol. Soc.Vol. LV, P1. XXI.
1. 2.

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E C T 0 1 v E A R I A & H O R M 0 T01V~A .
 Q~a:ct. J ou_~n. Oe o l S oc .Vol. LV, P1. XXiI,

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H O R M 0 TOM~A.
252 ross zany. ~)O~ALI) 0.~ T~E GF~N~ [May i899,

Murehisoniid~e. I n the meantime, I would place both Iformotoma

and Ectomaria provisionally in this family, awaiting the results of
further research which may throw more definite light both upon
the affinities and limits of these groups.
I desire here to offer my most sincere thanks to all who have
rendered me assistance. For the loan of specimens I am deeply
indebted to Mrs. Gray (Edinburgh), the Council of the Geological
Society, the Geological Survey of Scotland, Pros Hughes, Prof.
Sollas, Prof. LindstrSm, M. and Mine. (Eh]ert, and Mr. Whiteaves ;
while Messrs. R. Etheridge, E. T. Newton, R. ]3. Newton, A. S. Wood-
ward, H. A. Allen, Fortey (Ludlow), and Madeley (Dudley), and
]=[err Rau (Assistant to Prof. Koken) have helped me either by
drawing my attention to collections, or by giving me every facility
for studying those under their charge. I am greatly obliged to
Mr. MeHenry for information concerning Irish localities and hori-
zons, and to Mr. Goodehild for revising this paper.

Family ~V[urchisoniid~e, Koken.

Genus EeTO~A~A, Koken.

:Eetomaria, E. Koken, 1896, ' Die Leitfossilien,' p. 395 ; 1897, ' Die Gastrop. des
Balt. Untersilurs,' Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. ser. 5, vol. vii, no. 2, p. 201.
Solenospira, E. O. Ulrich & W. H. Scofield, 1897 Final Rep. Geol. & Nat. Hist.
Surv. Minn vol iii pt ii (Pal~eont) p 959 ; J F Whiteaves 1897 Geol Surv. Can.
9 o ..., 9 .. _ -_ ~ _ ~ . , , 9

Pal. Foss.' vol. 111,pt. m, p. 193.

Murchisonia (pars) F. Schmidt, 1858, Archly Naturk. Liv-, Ehst- u. Kurlands,
ser. 1, vol. ii, p. 202.
•unema ? (pars) J. W. Salter, 1859, Geol. Surv. Can. 'Canad. Organic Rem.'
dec. i, p. 30; E. Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. & Geol. vol. iv, p. 360.
Murchisonia (pars) E. Billings, 1865, Geol. Surv. Can. ' Pal. Foss.' vol. i, pp. 231
& 307.
l~unema (?) J. J. Bigsby, 1868, 'Thes. Sil.' p. 153; (2ars) S.A. Miller, 1889,
' :N. Amer. Geol. & Pakeont.' p. 403.

Murchisonia ? (Eunema ?) R. P. Whitfield, 1882, ' Geol. Wisconsin,' vol. iv, pt. iii
(Pal~eont.) p. 918.
D e s e r i p t i o n . - - S h e l l elongated, turreted. Whorls numerous,
ornamented by spiral keels. The lines of growth slope obliquely
backward and then forward, forming a broad but shallow tongue-
shaped sinus, situate between two keels near or below the middle
of the whorl. Aperture broadly channelled below.
D i m e n s i o n s . - - T h e length ranges from about 30 up to 75, or
even to 100 mm. if M. Missisquoi, :Billings, belong to this genus.
R e m a r k s . - - T h i s genus was first defined by Koken in ' D i e
Leitfossihen,' p. 395, and was afterwards more fully described by
him in ' Die Gastropoden des :Baltisehen Untersilurs,' p. 201. :He
gives Murehisonia _NieszIcows~ii, Schmidt, as the type. I can
discern no essential difference between the characters of this genus
and those of the genus Solenospira, founded by Ulrich & Scofield
fbr the reception of Eunema (?)pagoda, Salter. I have examined
Koken's type-specimens, and have also seen examples which appear
t~) be identical with E. (?)pagoda, Salt., in the British Museum (Nat.
Hist.) from Allumette Island. The lines of growth on the latter
Yol. 55-] rC~0,~AnIA A~CDrr0~0~0~A. 253

are very indistinct, but on one individual they may be discerned on

the lower part of a whorl, where they agree with those of Ulrich
& Scofield's figure, op. supra tit. pl. lxx, fig. 56, which evidently
is mo~e perfectly preserved.
E. 2Vieszkowskii greatly resembles E. (?) pagoda in general form,
ornamentation, and in the lines of growth; but the latter species
is smaller and more slender. As Koken's name has the priority, it
must stand. The only other species which he describes is E. kir-
naensis: it has more evenly convex whorls and less prominent
ornamentation than the type.
R e s e mb 1a n c e s.--Ectomaria may be distinguished from ttormo-
torna by its possession of a shallower sinus which does not give rise
to a distinct band, and by the circumstance that its whorls are
ornamented by more prominent keels. I t comes nearest to Hyper-
gonla, but in that section the sinus is situated above, instead of
on the widest part of the whorl. In Aclisoides the sinus is deeper,
and the whorls are more evenly convex.
R a n g e . - - I n the British Isles at present I only know of four
forms which probably belong to this genus: namely, E. pagoda
vars. Peachii and orientalis, E. girvanensis, and E. exig~a.
M'Coy ('/Brit. Pal. Foss.' p. 292) refers a shell from the Lower
/Bala of Knockdollian, near Ballantrae, to ~Iurc~hisonia angustata,
]=[all. The fossil is much worn and too imperfec~ for accurate
determination ; but, so far as can be judged, it appears to have more
ia common with members of this genus than with Hormotoma
angustata, ~all, which Ulrich & Scofield consider to be a variety
of H. gracilis, Hail. M'Coy's specimen gives evidence of two
rather strong keels on the lower half of each whorl.
These are all from the Cambrian and Ordovician rocks of Scotland,
So far, I have not met with any well-authenticated species from a
higher horizon.
As already mentioned, Ectomaria occurs in the Ordovician rocks
of the Baltic Provinces, where i~ is represented by two species,
according to Koken.
In Canada there are Eunema prisca, Billings, from the Calci-
ferous Group, ~ and Eunema (?) lvagoda, Salter, from the Black River
Limestone, both of which have also been described by Ulrich &
Scofield from the Stones River Group; the former a~ Minneapolis
(Minn.), Dixon (Ill.), and Murfreesboro (Tenn.); the latter near
Cannon ~'alls (Minn.), and near Beloit (Wisc.). Whitfield refers
a shell from the Trenton Group of Wisconsin to E. (?)pagoda,
but Ulrich & Scofield consider it identical with /i: prisca.
Whiteaves describes a form from the Galena and Trenton formation
of Lake Winnipeg, which he states is a variety of Solenospira
7oagoda, Salt., and designates it occidentalis, blurchisonia Adelina,
Billings, from the Quebec Group of Canada, also probably belongs
1 The Calciferous Group is by some regarded as Upper Cambrian, and by
others as Lower Ordovician; the Stones River, Black l~iver, Trenton, and
Quebec Groups belong to the Ordovician, the Hamilton to the Middle Dev.onian,
and the St. Louis to the Lower Carboniferous System.
 254 ~trss ~ g D0~AZD 0~ Zrt~. G~.~ERX [May x899,

to this genus; and, as Billings says that M. Missisquoi from

the same formation greatl3r resembles it, perhaps it should be
referred here. But the species is not figured, and neither it nor
-1r shows the lines of growth; therefore we can only be
guided by the general form of the shell, which appears to agree with
that of members of Ectomaria. Ulrich & Scofield refer several
species to Solenospira from the Hamilton and St. Louis Groups of
America, and also from the Devonian and Carboniferous of :Europe.
Some of the latter, they state, having more than four revolving
keels, may belong to Aclisina. In this surmise they are certainly
correct in one instance (M. tenuis, De Ken.), but the other Carboni-
ferous species mentioned belong to different genera.
ECTO~tARIA PX~ODX (Salt.) var. •EACHII nov. (P1. X X I , figs. 1 & 2.)
D e s c r i p t i o n . - - S h e l l elongated and turreted. Whorls angular,
more than eight in number, wide in proportion to the height. Orna-
mentation consisting of a strong keel near the middle of the whorl,
with another equally strong about midway between it and the suture ;
there is also a slighter keel above, immediately below the suture,
and an additional keel below on the body-whorl. The uppermost
space is the widest, and the other two spaces are nearly equal, the
lowest being but slightly narrower than that next above. Lines of
growth indistinct, apparently sloping backward to the middle space
and forward again below. Aperture imperfectly knowu.
R e m a r k s a n d R e s e'm b 1a n e e s.-- Some shells in the Geological
Survey Collection, Edinburgh Museum, resemble Eunema (?) pagoda,
Salt. 1 so closely that I consider it better to regard them as a variety
of that species, rather than as constituting a distinct species. I
designate this variety Peachii after its discoverer. It agrees with
the type in having angular whorls, ornamented by the same number
of keels, but it differs in having the lowest space narrower than
that of Salter's figure, and the whorls are also rather wider in
proportion to the height.
In the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) there is a piece of rock
(No. G. 11489)from Allumette Island, River Ottawa, on which
there is one ikirly good specimen of a keeled shell, and also frag-
ments of two others which accord very nearly with ~alter's figure
and description of E. pagoda. Associated with them there is Mso
a smooth shell similar to Horrnotoma gracilis, Salt. These fossils
were originally presented to the Museum of Practical Geology,
London, by Sir W. Logan, but were transferred to the British
Museum in 1880. The type-specimens described by Salter as
E. pagoda and H. gracilis were collected by Sir W. Logan at Pau-
quettes :Rapids, at the eastern end of Allumette Island. The keeled
shells in the Museum vary slightly from Salter's type, as figured, in
having the lowest space about equal with, instead of wider than
that above; in this character they are intermediate between the
type and the Scottish examples. They, the typical E. 2agoda, and
1 Geol. Surv. Oan. ' Canad. Organ. :Rein.' dec. i (1859) p. 30 & pl. vi, fig. 5.
Vol. 55.] ~erouxarx A~rD Fro~o~oux. 255
the varieties Peachii, orientalis, and oceidentalis, are probably merely
variations of one common form. Eunema 19risca of Billings, ~ as
described by him and also by Ulrich & Scofield, appears to be
another but more slender variety of the same type in which the
uppermost keel is absent. The variety Peachii greatly resembles
M. Adelina, Billings, ~ in the style of the ornamentation, but that
species attains a much greater size and has a smaller spiral angle.
The lines of growth are not well preserved, but where seen on the
varieties Peachii, orier~talis, and the form in the British Museum,
they accord with those characteristic of the genus Ectomaria.
D i m e n s i o n s . - - T h e r e are four examples of this variety in the
Ediaburgh Museum, which are all more or less imperfect and
weathered. That figured (P1. XXI, fig. 1 ) i s distorted obliquely,
the apex is broken, and only five and a quarter whorls remain,
whose length - - 1 3 mm., width ---6~ ram. A fragment of a larger
specimen consists of three whorls, measuring 9~ ram. in length, and
789 ram. in width (P1. XXI, fig. 2).
L o c a l i t y a n d t I o r i z o n . ~ D u r n e s s Limestone, Sutherland,
which is regarded as either Upper Cambrian wholly or in part, or
else Lower 0rdovician.
ECT0~XRIX PXO0VX(Salt.) var. Om~.~TAr,ISnOV. (~P1.XXI, figs. 3 & 4.)
D e s e r i p t i o n . ~ S h e l l very elongated, turreted. Whorls numbering
more than nine, increasing gradually, wide. Ornamentation consist-
ing of two strong, slightly crenulated keels, the strongest of which
is situated near the middle of the whorls of the spire, and slightly
above the middle of the body-whorl, the other is a little distance
below, and is not quite so prominent ; there is a very iine thread
immediately below the suture, and also an additional strong keel on
the body-whorl. The spaces between the keels are somewhat con-
cave ; the uppermost is the widest, and the lowermost the narrowest.
Lines of growth indistinct, apparently sloping backward to and
forward from the space between the two strong keels. Sutures deep.
Aperture subquadrate, slightly channelled below.
R e m a r k s a n d R e s e m b l a n c e s . ~ T h i s appears to be an even
more decided variety of E. pagoda than the var. Peachii. The form
is more slender, the whorls are rather higher, the central keel stronger,
the space between it and the keel below wider, and the lowest space
narrower, i t comes very near the variety called occidental is by
Whiteaves, 3 as he states that his shell has a proportionately broader
slit-band, but his specimen is of much greater size than any of the
Scottish examples that I have seen, and, as he does not figure the
shell, it is impossible to ascertain whether it agrees in other
particulars.
D i m e n s i o n s . - - T h e r e are about ten specimens of this form in
the Geological Survey Collection, Edinburgh Museum. That tigured
in P1. XXI, fig. 3, has the apex broken, and only six whorls remain,
1 Can. Nat. & Geol. vol. iv (1859) p. 360 & fig. 81.
2 Geol. Surv. Can. 'PaI. Foss. vol. i (1865) p. '231 & flg. 217.
3 1bid. vol. iii, pt. iii (1897) p. 193.
256 ~Iss z,x~ V0~CAL1)0r T ~ aE~.R~, []tlay 1899 ,

whose length =-25~ mm., w i d t h - - 9 ] ram. A larger but more

weathered specimen, which also has the apgx broken, leaving nine
whorls, measures 33 ram. in length and 10 ram. in width.
L o c a 1i t y a n d H o r i z o n.--Durness Limestone, Sutherland.
:EcTo~ARIA QI~VAZ~ENSIS,sp. nov. (P1. X X I , fig. 5.)
D e s eri p t i o n.--Shell elongated, turreted, composed of more fihan
seven gradually increasing whorls. Ornamentation consisting of
two strong keels, the uppermost of which is situated near the middle
of the whorl and the other below, a short distance above the suture.
On the body-whorl there is an additional keel below, and there is
also a fine thread above at the suture. The two middle keels are
about equal in strength; the space above them is the widest, and
that below is the narrowest. Lines of growth very indistinct,
apparently sloping backward above the strong keels. Aperture
unknown.
I ~ e m a r k s . - - I n ~ r s . Gray's collection, Edinburgh, there is one
large specimen of this species and a fragment of a smaller specimen
which is most probably identical with it. The surface of the former
is much worn, and the latter is merely an internal mould.
l ~ e s e m b l a n c e s . - - T h i s species resembles E. pagoda and its
varieties, but is distinguished from them all by being a larger and
more solid-looking shell. From the type of E. pagoda it further
differs in the spaces between the keels, being of more unequal
width, though it agrees with this form in the keels being about
equal in strength, whereas in the var. orientalis the central keel is
much the strongest. The character of the ornamentation approaches
most nearly t h a t of Murchisonia Adelina, Billings, but that shell
increases more slowly and is of greater size.
D i m e n s i o n s.--The specimen figured here (P1. XX[, fig. 5)
is embedded in the matrix, and shows only the seven lower whorls ;
these measure 30 ram. in length and 10 ram. in width.
L o c a l i t y a n d H o r i z o n . - - : [ n rocks of Llandeilo [LapworthJ
age at Minuntion (Ayrshire).
EeTOM~aIA (?) ~XIOVA, sp. nov. (P1. X X I , fig. 6.)
D e s cr i p t i o n.--Shell small, slender, turreted. Whorls more than
four, high in proportion to the width, increasing very gradually.
Ornamentation consisting of two strong keels, the uppermost of
which is situated near the middle of the whorl, and the other a little
below ; there is also a fine thread on the body-whorl which is visible
immediately above the lower suture on the penultimate whorl. The
surface of the whorl is slightly adpressed at the suture. Lines of
growth and aperture unknown.
R e m a r k s . ~ T h e r e is but one specimen of this species in the
collection of Mrs. Gray, and it is very imperfect. I therefore refer it
with some hesitation to this genus, to members of which it bears
considerable resemblance ; nevertheless, better preserved examples
may prove it to have a slit in the outer lip, in which ease it would
have to be referred to Murchisonia.
Vol. 55"] ~CTO,~,~RI~ A~I) HOR-~OTO~A. 257

Resemblances.~It most nearly resembles E. prisca, Billings,

but is much smaller ; the whorls are higher, and the two strong
keels are nearer the middle of the whorl. From E. pagoda, the
British varieties Peavhii and orientali~, and E. glrvanensis, it is
distinguished at once by i~s much smaller size and by its more slender
form.
D i m e n s i o n s . ~ T h e fragment, consisting of about four whorls,
is embedded in the matrix, and measures 6~ mm. in length, the
width of the penultimate whorl being 2~ ram.
L o c a l i t y a n d I t o r i z o n . ~ I n rocks of Llandeilo [-Lapworth]
ago at Minuntion (Ayrshire).

Genus I-Iol~rOTO~X, Salter, emend.

t~ormotoma, J. W. Salter, 1859, Geol. Surv. Can. 'Canad. Organ. Rein.' dec. i,
p. 18 (Section 2 of Murchisouia).
[The full synonymyis given separately with the descriptions of the different
species.]
D e s c r i p t i o m--Shell elongated, composed of numerous bead-like,
convex or subaugular whorls, which are more or less smooth, being
devoid of prominent ornamentation. Aperture subovate, narrow
and produced below. Outer lip having a deep V-shaped sinus, which
gives rise to a band on all the whorls. This band is fiat or slightly
concave, rarely somewhat raised, being generally more or less level
with the surface of the whorl, and is margined by a slight thread ca
each side, or else it is merely defined by the lines of growth, its
limitation being frequently indistinct. The lines of growth curve
very obliquely back to the band above, and still more strongly for-
ward below. Inner lip reflected on the body-whorl, and sometimes
covering a minute umbilicus.
D i m e n s i o n s . - - T h e length varies from about 20 up to 200 ram.
R e m a r k s . - - T h i s group of shells was separated from the typical
.Murchisonice by Salter, on account, of its having convex bead-like
whorls, and he gives M. gracilis, Hall, from Pauquettes Rapid~, as
the type. Ulrich & Scofield ~ have since shown that Salter's shell
is distinct from that of ]:[all, and they designate it H. S(dteri. Salter
states that the aperture is rounded, instead of being produced and
effuse below as in k[urchisonia ; but this is not really the case, as
may be seen by referring to Ulrich & Scofield's description and
figures 2 (op. cir. p. 1 0 1 6 & pl. lxx, figs. 44-51) or t,o some specimens
(G. 11490) from Allumette Island, in the British Museum ( N a t .
Hist.), which in other respects agree with the description and figure
of :H, Salteri (gracilis) as given by Salter. His specimen was
evidently imperfect, and does not show the prolongation of the aper-
ture, though the reflection of the inner lip is preser~'ed. The most
distinctive features of Hormotoma, besides the bead-like whorls, are
the very oblique direction of the lines of growth, which indicate tha~
1 Final Rep. Geol. & Nat. Itist. Sarv. Minn. re1. iii, p~. ii (1897) p. 1016.
2 The figures of some of"the varieties of tt. gracilis, ~all, as represented by
Ulrich & Seofie]d (op. cir. pl. Ixx, figs. 20, 26, 31 & 36) show the characteristic
elongation of the aperture better than the figures of tt. Salteri.
Q. J . G . S . No. 218. s
258 ~Iss JANg V0~aLD ON T~E O~ERA [May I899 ,

the outer lip retreated greatly towards and advanced still more
strongly from the sinus, and also the possession of a sinus shallower
than that of the typical Murchisoni~, which have a slit bordered
by parallel edges. The surface of the whorls is smooth or merely
ornamented by fine threads, with the exception of the frequent
occurrence of a very strong thread or swelling immediately below
the suture. The position of the band varies in different species,
being near the middle of the whorl in the type, but considerably
below it in H. antiqua and H. cingulata, ttis., while in others it is
intermediate in situation.
Ulrich & Seofield consider the characteristics so distinctive as to
mark out Hormotoma as a separate genus, instead of merely a section
of Murch~onia, and I think it advisable to ibllow them in this
matter.
R e s e m b 1 a n e e s . - - I n general appearance this genus most nearly
approaches Caelocaulus, (Ehl., 1 from which it is distinguished by
its less elongated form, more convex whorls, deeper sinus, more
strongly retreating and advancing lines of growth, a n d aperture of
different shape. I t also bears some resemblance t e a clisoides, Don 2 bu~
differs in having more oblique lines of growth, a very slightly defined
band, and in the ornamentation, when present, not consisting of such
strong raised threads and keels. Ulrich & Seofield believe that the
relationship of ttormotoma lies between Plethospira, U. & So. (type Ho-
lopea cassius Whiff.), and Turritospira, U. & So. (?Turritoma, U. & Sc.).
On p. 1013 (ely. c/t.) Ulrich & Seofield speak of Hormotoma being
related to Turritospira, Ulr., though they do not appear to describe a
genus under that name, but under Turritoma (p. 959), which genus
they also state is related to Hormotoma. Are the two names intended
to designate the same genus? and if so, which is to stand?
M. acrea, Billings, is given as the type of Turritoma, and it
certainly seems unfortunate that the above-mentioned authors~have
chosen as type of a new genus a species in which none of the surface-
markings are represented or described. From Plethospira it is
distinguished by having a deeper sinus in the outer lip, and in being
more elongated. In Turritoma the contour of the whorl is different,
being flatter or slightly convexo-concave above and prominent below,
where the band is situated ; the character of the lines of growth is
not indicated.
R a n g e . - - I n the British Isles" this genus is known first, to occur in
strata referred either to the Upper Cambrian, or else to rocks near
the base of the Ordovician, and it continues from this horizon upwards
throughout the Silurian. The earliest British forms occur in the
]~urness Limestone, and the latest in the Upper Ludlow Rocks. I
am not acquainted with any Devopian or Carboniferous representa-
tives in the British Isles. Salter, in his ' Catal. Cambr. & Silur.
1 I am greatly indebted to ]}r and Mme. (Ehlert for lending me C..Davidsoni
(figured in Bull See. Etudes sei. Angers, 1887, p. 20 & pl. vii, figs. 4-~ld),
the type ot' the genus, and I was thus enabled to compare it with members of
ttormotoma.
2 Quart. Journ. Geol. See. re1. liv (1898)p. 66.
VoI. 55.] Eexo~ARIX XsD nOR~OXO~X. 259

:Foss. Cambridge Museum,' records eight species of 11ormotoma,

namely, M. articulata, Sow., M. ang,~stata, I-]:all, l~. cingulata, Kis.,
M. tor~uata, M'Coy, and four forms which he does not name.
Of these M. articulata and M. cingulata are the only species
which can be placed in this genus. The specimen referred to as
.M. angustata is a very poor cast, which, if one may judge by the
available evidence, appears to have more aifini~y with the genus
Ectomaria. I n M. torqu~ta the lines of growth are not so oblique,
and it bears the characters of the true M**rchisonice, so far as can be
discerned. I t occurs merely as external moulds, and the wax
impressions taken from them do not show the band very distinctly.
The others, given on pp. 97 & 155 (ol). cit.), are merely casts, only
one of which exhibits the lines of growth on a portion of the surface,
and these prove it to have more in common with Loxonema than
with Hormotoma, as the tongue-shaped sinus is absent.
Besides the two individuals mentioned above, there are eight
British Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian species kuown to us at
present, namely, H. Salteri, Ulr. & See., H. (?)9racillima, Salt.,
tl. (?) dubia, sp. nov., H. (?) Piperi, sp. nov., H. Gri~thi, sp. nov.,
It. similis, sp. nov., H. antiqua, sp. nov., and H. Grayiana, sp. nov.,
making a total of ten. Three, however, are too imperfectly preserved
to admit of absolute certainty as to the correctness of their reference
to this genus.
On the Continent species have been recorded from France,
Scandinavia, and I~ussia. In the first-named country D. & P. (Ehlert ~
have described two species from the Devonian of Mayenne, namely,
H. Lebescontei, (Ehl., and 11. clavicula, (]~hl., and they were so good
as to send me the former to examine. I t differs from the type of
Hormotoma in having more regularly convex whorls, which are less
closely coiled and have deeper sutures ; the lines of growth do not
retreat and advance so strongly, and there are traces of a spiral
thread in the middle of the band. The other species also has very
convex whorls which are detached one from the other, and according
to t h e figure the lines of growth are much the same as in H.
Lebescontei. The foregoing considerations show that these species
can hardly be regarded as members of the genus Hormotoma.
The latest work on the Scandinavian Silurian gasteropoda is that
of LindstrSm, 2 in which (pp. 126-127) he divides the Murchisonice
into two groups, namely, Simplices and Ornatge. The former group
contains four species which belong to this genus ; they are M. cingu-
~ata, His., M. cava, Lind., M. moniliform@, Lind., and M. subplicata,
Lind., which al! agree in having smooth beaded whorls, with slightly
margined band and very oblique lines of growth. The other species
associated with them by Lindstr5m are 21/i. obtusangulata, Lind.,
.M. compressa, Lind., M. attenuata, ]:[is., and _M. paradoxa, Lind.
Ulrich & Scofield inc]ude the first-named in Hormotoma, but the
'Descr. qq. Esp. d4von, de la Mayenne,' Bull. See. Etudes sci. Angers,
:1887, pp. 18-19 & pl. vii, figs. 3-3b & 7-7c.
"~ ' Situr. Oastrop. & Pterop; of Gotland,' Kongl. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. gandl.
vol. xix (,1884) no. 6.
S2
260 ~Iss ~x~'~ votary o~r THE ~ErrERA [?flay I899,

whorls appear more angular and the form of the band is different,.
The three latter species are distinguished from Hormotoma by having
a prominent band, but, are evidently closely allied, as the lines of
growth agree in curving backward and forward very obliquely; and
in adult specimens of 1~[. attenuata, near the aperture, the lines of
growth may be traced from suture to suture, passing over the band
where they are strongly arched, but, there is no break as in the typical
Murehisonice. I t may here be mentioned that Pleurotomaria insignis;
Eichw., ~ lhough of much greater size than the type of Hormotoma,
a ~ e e s with it in all essential characteristics. The band is usually
level with, or but slightly depressed below, the surface of the whorl,
though sometimes in the adult it becomes rather elevated ; the lines of
growth, however, continue from suture to suture, as on the rest of
the shell. There is thus a connecting link between the members of
Hormotoma that have a fiat, slightly margined band, and those forms
where the band is solid and elevated .throughout all the whorls.
This latter group occurs also in America, and is represented by
M. Artemisia, Billings, 2 from the Calciferous Formatiou. I t would
perhaps be more advisable to class it as a sub-genus of Hormotoma,
rather than include it in that genus, or regard it as representing a
distinct genus itself.
Eichwald records Pleurotomaria insiqnis, Eichw., P1. exilis, Eiehw.,
P1. bellicincta, ]-Iall, and P1. cingulata, His., from the Ordovician and
Silurian of the Baltic Provinces and the Urals. The first has since
been more fully described and figured by Koken, who kindly allowed
me to examine his specimens at Tiibingen, and for reasons previously
given I refer it to the genus under discussion. Koken3 considers
that PI. exili~ may possibly be a young example of this species. He
also states that Eichwald has described several distinct forms as
P1. l)ellicincta, Hall, one of which from Hohenholm is more slender,
and Koken 4 designates it Ectomaria ki~'naensis, while others he
believes to be allied to Murchiso~,ia Milleri, tIall. One specimen is
compared with Turbo ci,'rosus, Sow., by Eiehwald. Schmidt 5 says
tha~ the shell from Wesenberg called P1. bellicincta, Hall, by Eichwald
is perhaps identical with P1. insignis, Eichw. ; :Eichwald, however,
st'at,e s t h a t it is one half smaller than that species. He records
1)l. cingulata, His., from both the Upper Stage of the Urals nnd the
Lower Stage of Esthonia. This species is essentially an (Upper)
Silurian form ; i~ is, therefore, doubtful whether the shells from the
latter locality arereally Hisinger's species. Koken considers them
distinct and names them M. Eichwaldi. ~ The examples from the
Urals are much l a r g e r : that figured is evidently different from
a , Leth. l~oss.' vol. i, pt. ii (1860) p. 1164 & pl. xliii, fig. 1.
z Geol. Surv. Can. ' P~I1.Foss.' vol. i (1865) p. 345 & fig. 332.
a , Die Gastrop. des Balt. Untersilurs,' Bull. Aead. Imp. Sei. St. t)etersb.
ser. 5. vol. vii (1897) no. 2, p. 207. 4 Ibid. p. 208.
5 , Untersueh. fiber die Silur. Form. v. Ehstlaud, ~ord-Livla~ad u. (Esel,'
Archly 5"aturk. Liv-, Ehst- u. Kur]ands, set. 1, vol. ii (1858) p. 202.
6 , Ueber die Entwickelung der Gastropoden veto Cambrium bis zur Trias,'
:Neues Jahrb. Beilage-Band vi (1889) p, 371.
Vol. 55"J nCTO~ARI~ XSD ~0R~O'r0MX. 261

it, and I am uncertain of its h~ving any claim to inclusion in

Hormotoma. The specimen figured in ' The Geology of Russia'
by Murehison, De Verneuil, & Von Keyserling, vo]. ii, p. 339 &
pl. xxii, fig. 7, from the (Upper) Silurian is also different: the
authors themselves doub~ its ide,,tity with the Scandinavia~l species,
both on account of its much greater size and its prominent central
band, and if it should prove distiller they suggest the specific name
l)emidorj~. The ibrm of the band and the less oblique lines of
growth distinguish it from Hormotoma. Schmidt also gives M. cin-
gul~ta, His., from l~he Obere (.Esel'sche Gruppe (Upper Silurian).
The Pl. insignis, Pl. exilis~ and P1. bellicincta of Eiehwald are all
from the Lower Stage (Ordo~'ician ?). 1)1. bijugata, Eichw., from
the ~iiddle Stage, may perhaps belong to Hormotoma, but the figure
and description are insufficient to determine this point.
From Oiflev Island, in the Arctic Regions, a large species has been
recorded by ~Ir. R. Etheridge, ~ which he has named M. latifasciata.
An examination of the type-specimen convinces me that it should be
referred to Hormotoma, as it has the very oblique lines of growth
and characteristic band of that species.
Two species of ttormotoma were given by Bigsby in ' Thes. Sil.'
p. 156, fl-om the Gordon Isles (Tasmania,) namely, H. nerincea, Salt,
and H. usitata, Salt. The names are only in )IS., and the original
specimens are probably in the Tasmanian 3~useum, Hobart. They
were afterwards included in the ' Catal. Austral. & Tasman. Foss.'
by R. Etheridge, Jun., in 1878, and were also given in the lists
of Lower Silurian (Ordovician) fossils in the 'System. Aec. Geol.
Tasmania,' by R. Johnston, in 1888, but they were neither described
nor figured.
In the United Stales and Canada there are numerous species of this
genus. Ulrich & Scofield ~ refer the following to it : ~ f . Anna, Bill.,
M. simulatrix, Bill., 31: Vesta, Bill., and .3I. gracilens, Whiff., from
the Calciferous Group ; _~r. Procris, Bill., from the Black River Group ;
M. gracilis, ~all, tt. subangulata, Ulr., H. Salter;, Ulr., ~/. bellicincta,
Hall, H. trentonensis, Ulr., and ? 31. major, Hall (not 3/. major,
W h i t f , which they consider identical with H. trentonensis), from the
Trenton and Cincinnati Groups; and 31. Hebe, Bill., from Gaspd.
They judge it best to place ~g. egregia, Bill., from the Gasp6 Sandstone,
here, although they say the band is too low for i~ to be regarded as a
typical member of the genus. A consideration of the species described
in this paper will, however, show that the band varies in position.
~1. agilis, Bill., from the Quebec Group, they also state may belong
here, but it is insuificiently known. Of 3/1. te~:et~formis, Whiteaves,
they remark that it has all the characters of ltormotoma despite
its great size, and they believe i~ to be dis~inct from the species of
Billings described under that name. They regard M. angustata,
~Iall, as a variety of M. gracnlis.
To the foregoing list must be added H. winnil~egensis , Whiteaves, 3
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxxiv (1878) p. 600 & pl. xxvii, fig. 1.
Final l~ep. Geol. & Nat. I~ist. Surv. Minn. vol. iii, pt. ii (1897) p. 1014.
a Geol. Surv. Can. 'PaL Foss.' vol. iii, pt. iii (1897) 1). 192 & pl. xxi, fig. I.
 262 ross zxrr DO~ALn 0~ THe. SZ~.r~ [May 1899,

from the Galena, Trenton, and Black River Formations of Lake

Winnipeg; it is a very large shell, greatly resembling the European
H. insignis, Eiehw. M. melaniaformis, Shnm ard, 1from the Calciferous
Group, and M. Boydii, ttall,2 from the Guelph :Formation, may possibly
also be referred here, but they are both too imperfect for certainty.
Ulrich & Scofield place M. Loganii, Hall, from the Guelph :Formation, in
the genus Cvelocaulus, but it is not well enough represented to say to
which genus it should be referred. As figured in ' Pal. New York,'
vol. ii (1852) pl. lxxxiii, fig. 4 b, by Hall, and in Quart. Journ.
Geol. See. vol. xxxi (1875) pl. xxvi, fig. 3, by Nicholson, it closely
resembles 1t. cingulata, His., but fig. 4a of Hall has a greater spiral
angle.
Ho~Mo~o~tA SAT,~m, Ulrich & Seofleld. (P1. X X I , figs. 7-11.)
•ormotoma Salteri, E. O. Ulrich & W. H. Scofie]d, 1897, Final Rep. Geol. & Nat.
Hist. Surv. Minn. vol. iii, pt. ii (Pal~ont.) p. 1016 & pl. lxx, figs. 44-51.
Murchisonia (Hormotoma) gracilis, J. W. Salter, 1859, Geol. Surv. Can. ' Canad.
Organ. Rein.' dec. i, p. 22 & pL v, fig. 1 (non Mr. gracilis, Hall).
D e s c r i p t i o n . ~ S h e l l elongated, conical, composed of more than
ten whorls. Whorls increasing at a moderate rate, smooth, fiat above,
convex below, with a slight swelling immediately beneath the
suture. Sinual band situated near the middle of the whorl, flat or
rather concave, margined by a faint raised thread or obscure keel
on each side. The lines of growth curve obliquely backward to the
band above, and still more strongly forward below, indicating a V-
shaped sinus of moderate depth in the position of the band. Sutures
deep. Aperture subovoid, produced below and slightly channelled.
Inner lip reflected on the body-whorl, and possibly covering a minute
umbilical chink. Columella somewhat thickened and arched for-
ward. t3ase convex.
R e m a r k s.--This species was first described by Salter, and iden-
tified by him with Murchisonia gracilis, Hall. Ulrich & Scofield
have since pointed out that it is a larger shell with a greater spiral
angle, and they therefore separate it from the typical M. gracilis
under the specific name Salteri. There are two specimens in the
Geological Survey Collect, ion, Edinburgh :Museum, which appear to
agree with this species. As they are merely casts, one cannot,
however, be quite certain of their identity. They are sufficiently
preserved to show some of the distinctive characters, namely, the
smooth, convex, and subangular whorls with slightly thickened
sutural margin, subovoid aperture, reflected inner lip, and indica-
tions of the flat submedian band. In the British Museum (5~at.
Hist.) there are seven specimens of this species from the Trenton
Group, Allumette Island (G. 11489 and G. 11490), with which I
have compared the Scottish shells, and I find that they agree with the
smaller examples. The lines of growth, sinual band, and aperture
are best preserved on a fragment of the largest Canadian shell, which
is probably the var. nitida, Ulr. & Sco. It consists of three whorls,
1 Rep. Geol. Surv. Missouri. 1855, p 208 & pl. C, fig. 13.
' Pal. l~ew York,' vol. ii (1852) p. 346 & pl. lxxxiii, fig. 3.
At~ 55"] ~CTOV~ARIAAND r~Ol~aO~OaA. 263

and is figured in P1. X X I , figs. 10 & 11 ; it measures 28 mm. in length

and 17 mm. in width.
D i m e n s i o n s . - - T h e largest British specimen has about five
whorls, the apex being broken; its length --19 ram., width of
penultimate whorl = 8 4 ram. The smaller shell on the same slab
consists of little more than four whorls, which measure 14~ ram. iu
length and 7~ ram. in width.
L o c a l i t y a n d I - I o r i z o n . - - D u r n e s s Limestone, Sutherland.
Salter gives I'auquettes Rapids, River Ottawa; Ulrich & Scofield
also state the occurrence of the var. canadensis 1 in the Black River
Rocks at the same locality, and say that it is found (more rarely)
together with the var. tennessensis'2 in equivalent or somewhat younger
strata between Nashville and Lebanon (Tenn.). The typical form
was obtained in abundance, and the var. nitida 3 rarely, in the upper
part of the Trentort Group between Burgiu and Danville (Kentucky),
HORMOTOM• (.9) GtlACILLIMA (Salter). (t)l. X X I , fig. 12.)
Murehisonia graeills, var. graeillima, J. W. Salter, 1859, Quart, Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. xv, p. 379 & pl. xiii, figs. 7-8; (2ars) t~. Etheridge, 1888, 'Foss. Brit. Is.'
vol. i (Palmozoic)p.113.
I ) e s c r i p t i o n . ~ S h e l l very elongated, composed of more than
twelve gradually increasing whorls, which are convex, but slightly
angular near the middle. Surface-ornamentation, band, and aper-
ture unknown. Imperforate.
R e m a r k s . ~ T h e s e shells were referred somewhat doubtt~ully by
Salter to Murchisonia yracilis, H a l l ; he observes that they have a
smaller spiral angle and more numerous whorls, and he suggests the
name gracillima if these differences should be considered of specific
value. The only known examples are embedded in the matrix, and
are so imperfect tha~ it is impossible to make a satisfactory com-
parison with other species; but, as they certainly appear more
slender than Hall's species, I consider it advisable to regard Salter's
name as specific instead of merely varietal.
D i m e n s i o n s . ~ T h e r e are two specimens in the Museum of Prac-
tical Geology, London, the largest of which consists of about twelve
whorls, and is refigured in P1. XXI, fig. 12. I t measures 37 ram. in
length and 9~ ram. in width. The smaller shell has about tea whorls,
whose length is 18 ram. Another example is*in the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.), but it als0 is merely a section and is n o t so well
preserved as the others ; it measures 36~ ram. in length.
L o c a l i t y a n d ~ o r i z o n . - - D u r n e s s L i m e s t o n e , Sutherland.
ISORMOTO~A(?) VZ~A, sp. nov. (P1. XXI, fig. 13.)
Murehiso~tia bellleincta (?), J. W. Salter, 1859, Quart. Journ. Geol. See. vol. xv,
p. 380 & pl. xiii, fig. 11.
D e s e r i p t i o n . ~ S h e l l elongated, composed of more than three
whorls. Whorls flattened, and but slightly convex. Band, orna,
mentation, and aperture unknown.
1 This variety has the band on the middle of the whorl.
2 Band a little above the middle of the whorl.
This is of larger size, relatively plump form, and has a wider spiral angte.
264 ~ I s s ZA~E DONALD O~ ZHr~ a E ~ E ~ [May I899 ,

]~emark s and Resemblanees.--A much weathered fragment

of a shell, c o n s i s t i n g of p o r t i o n s of t h r e e w h o r l s , was r e f e r r e d w i t h a
q u e r y by S a l t e r to _Murehisonia bellicincta, H a l l . So far as can be
j u d g e d , h o w e v e r , t h e s p i r a l a n g l e is s m a l l e r t h a n t h a t of H a l l ' s
species, also t h e w h o r l s are less convex. Therefore I provisionally
s e p a r a t e it u n d e r t h e specific n a m e o f d u b i a , a n d place it i n t h e
g e n u s H o r m o t o m a u n t i l b e t t e r s p e c i m e n s are discovered, e n a b l i n g its
t r u e affinities to be d i s c e r n e d .
9 Dimensions.--The l e n g t h is 26 ram. a n d t h e w i d t h 2 4 ram.
Locality and Horizon.--1)urness Limestone, Sutherland.

H o ~ o T o ~ x eI~OVLATA (His.). (Pl. X X [ , figs. 1 4 - 1 7 . )

~? Turbinites l~vis major etc., Bromell, 1738,' Lithogr. Suee.' in Acta Lit. Sueei~e,
vo]. iii, p. 37.
Turritella cin#ulata, W. Hisinger, 1829, ' Esquisse d'un Tabl. des Pdtr. de la
Suede,' 1st ed. p. 11; 1831, 'Anteckn.' vol. v, p. 115 & pl. it, fig. 1; ' Esquisse d'un
Tabl. des Pdtr. de la Suede,' 2nd ed. p. 9 ; 1837, ' Leth. Suec.' p. 39 & pl. xii, fig. 6 a.
:Non _Pleurotomaria cingulata, L. yon Buch, 1840, ' Beitr. zur Bestimm. d. Gebirgs-
form. v. Russland,' p. 116; *P W. Hisinger, 1841, ' FSrtekning,' p. 56.
Murchisonia cingulata, A. d'Archiac & E. de Verneuil, 1841, Bull. Soc. ggoL
France, eel. xii, p. 159; non Murchison, De Verneuil & Von Keyserling, 1845,
' Russia & the Ural Mts.' eel. it, p. 339 & pl. xxii, figs. 7 a & b ; non F. M'Coy, 18~6,
' Syn. Silur. Foss. Irel.' p. 16 & pl. i, fig. 18.
Terebra (?) sinuosa, J. W. Salter, 1848, Mere. Geol. Sure. eel. it, pt. i, p. 357 &
pl. xiv, fig. 2 (non Sowerby, 1839, ' Sil. Syst.' p. 619 & pl. viii, fig. 15, nec Phillips,
1841, ' Pal. Foss. Cornw., Dee., & W. Som.' p. 99 & pl. xxxviii, fig. 182).
Murchisonia cingulata (pars), H. G. Bronn, 1848, ' Index Pal~eont.' p. 747; (Tars)
A. d'Orbign~y, 1850, ' Prodr. Pal~ont. strat.' vol. i, p. 31 ; J. Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit.
Foss. p. 259; F. M'Coy, 1855, ' Brit. Pal. Foss.' p. 293 ; P F. Schmidt, 1858, Archly
Naturk. Lie-, Ehst- u. Kurlands, ser. 1, eel. it, p. 202.
.Non l~leurotomaria cingulata, Eichwald, 1860, ' Leth. Ross.' eel. i, pt. it, p. 1166 &
pl. xliii, fig. 6.
Murchisonia cingulata (pars), J. J. Bigsby, 1868, ' Thes. Sil.' p. 158 ; J. W. Salter,
1873, Cat. Cambr. & Silur. Foss. p. 172; non F. Rcemer, 1876, Leth. Geogn.'
pl. xiv, fig. 11; non A. Krause, 1877, Zeitschr. deutsch, geol. Gesellsch. eel. xxix,
p. ~2; *non Kiesow, 1884, ' Ueber Sil. u. Dev. Geschiebe Westpreussens,' p. 58 ;
G. LindstrSm, 1884, ' Silur. Gastr. & Pter. Gotland,' Kongl. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl.
eel. xix, no. 6, p. 127 & pl. xii, figs. 9-10; (Tars) R. Etheridge, 1888, ' Foss. Brit. Is.'
eel. i (Palaeozoic) p. 113.
Description.--Shell large, very elongated, composed of more
t h a n eleven g r a d u a l l y i n c r e a s i n g w h o r l s . W h o r l s c o m p a c t l y coiled,
b r o a d a n d flat, b e i n g v e r y s l i g h t l y convex. O r n a m e n t a t i o n con-
s i s t i n g of n u m e r o u s fine spiral stri~e. S u t u r e s shallow. Sinual
b a n d s i t u a t e d l o w d l ~ n on t h e w h o r l , level w i t h t h e surface, or
r a t h e r depressed, defined on each s i d e b y a fine raised t h r e a d or m e r e l y
b y t h e lines of g r o w t h . L i n e s of g r o w t h d i s t i n c t , strong, i r r e g u l a r i n
s t r e n g t h , c u r v i n g v e r y o b l i q u e l y b a c k w a r d to a n d f o r w a r d f r o m t h e
band. Aperlure imperfectly known. I n n e r lip reflected on t h e
body-whorl. :Base s l i g h t l y f l a t t e n e d , h a v i n g a s h o r t d i s t a n c e b e l o w
t h e b a n d a s u b a n g u l a r i t y , w h i c h occasionally s h o w s above t h e s u t u r e
on some of t h e h i g h e r w h o r l s . T e s t t h i n .
Remarks.~The B r i t i s h shell w h i c h h a s b e e n r e f e r r e d to t h i s
species, t h o u g h a g r e e i n g w i t h ]:[isinger's figure and d e s c r i p t i o n ~ in
o t h e r respects, a p p e a r e d to differ in h a v i n g a s m a l l e r spiral a n g l e ;
* These references are taken fi'om Prof. Lindstr5m's work on the Silur.
Gastropoda & 1)ter0poda of Gotland, for I have not been able to see the works
myself.
1 , Leth. Suec.' 1837, p. 39 & I)1. xii, fig. 6a.
u 55"] ~c~o~AaIx A~D ~OR~OTOMA. 265

therefore I was not quite satisfied with the correctness of the identi-
fication. Through the kindness of' Prof. LindstrSm, however, I have
been able to compare the British with Swedish specimens. He lent
me examples from three different localities in Gotland, namely,
Gothem, Botvaldavik, and ItSrsne, which resemble the British shells,
more especially the example irom Gothem, which appears to have a
slightly smaller spiral angle than those from the other places.
Hisinger's original, Profi L~ndstr6m states, was ' found by him in a
detached stone near the church of Gotbem. The rock is a variety of
oolite peculiar to a quarry at the base of Barabaeke, and consequently
there cannot be any doubt of its being derived from that place.' ~ I n
his letter, when sending me the examples, he writes, ' There may be
slight variations as to the dimensions of the whorls, but on comparing
them with Hisinger's type I am convinced that they are of the same
species.' Thus I have no hesitation in referring the British shell to
this species. The first notice of its occurrence in England is that
of Salter, 2 who mistook it for Terebra (?) sinuosa, Sow., not having
observed its identity with :[Iisinger's species. T. (?) sinuosa, Sow,
however, is a much smaller shell and its structure is quite distinct,
there being no sinual band, and the lines of growth are sigmoidal
as characteristic of Loxonema. ~l'Coy was the first to refer an
example of this form as well as Salter's specimen to Murchisonia
ciny~data (His.). 3 But he is at fault in considering an Irish shell
as a variety of this species, ~ for it has narrower whorls and the
sinual band is situated higher up.
R e s e m b l a n e e s . ~ T h i s species differs from the other members of
the genus Hormotoma in having less convex whorls, the band situated
lower down on the whorl, a subangularity on the base, and in having
the surface covered with fine spiral strim which are reticulated by
the lines of growth. These spiral stri0e are visible only on well-
preserved examples, and the surface of but one of t h o s e sent
from Sweden (that from Botvaldavik) is good enough to show
traces of them. This shell also shows the lines of growth on the
sinual band, which I have not observed so clearly on any British
specimen. I n spite of the differences in structure from the type,
I consider i~ advisable to place this species in the genus Hormoton~a
for the present, especially as I know of no other genus with which
it more nearly agrees. In contour it resembles members of Coelo-
caulus, (Ehl., but there the sinus in the outer lip is shallower, the
lines of growth do not sweep backward and forward so obliquely,
and the umbilicus is deeper. The British species to which it beaIs
most likeness is Ho~'motoma Pi2eri, but it is distinguished by its
smaller spiral angle, less convex whorls, and shallower sutures. I t
also resembles _hr. antique in the low position of the band and
slightly convex whorls, but in that shell the whorls are lower and
.the lines of growth more oblique. Among American species it is
1 , Silur. Gastr. & Pter. of Gotland,' Kongl. Svensk. Vet.-kkad. ttandl.
vol. xix (1884) No. 6, p. 128.
2 Mere. Geol. Surv. vol. if, pt. i (1848) p. 857~ :,
a , Brit. Pal. Foss.' 1855, p. 293.
' Syn. 8ih~r. Foss. Irel.' 1846, p. 16.
266 uxss ~ArCED0~ALD oN TrtE OErCEr~ [May I899,

very like 211. Loganii, Hall, especially as represented in ' Pal. New
York,' vol. ii (1852), pl. lxxxiii, fig. 4 b, and by ~Nicholson, in Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi (1875)pl. xxvi, fig. 3 ; fig. 4 a , Hall,
appears to have a greater spiral angle. None of these figures,
however, are sufficiently distinct for satisfactory comparison.
L o c a 1i t y a n d H o r i z o n.--This species is fairly abundant in the
Silurian rocks, but is rarely well preserved. Salter's type (P1. :KXI,
fig. 15) was in the collection of the Rev. T. T. Lewis, and is now in
the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) ; it comes from tile Aymestry Lime-
stone of Mocktree (Herefordshire). About three and a half whorls
are preserved, which measure 52 ram. in length and 25 ram. in width.
The specimen mentioned by M'Coy is in the Woodwardian Museum,
Cambridge, and comes from the Aymestry Limestone of Leint-
wardine (Shropshire). Besides these there are four examples in the
Piper Collection, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), from the Aymestry
Limestone of Knapp Lane, L e d b u r y ; three in the Museum of
Practical Geology, London, which are all casts and badly preserved,
from the Lower Ludlow near Ledbury, and the Aymestry Lime-
stone of JAanbadock and N.E. Leintwardine respectively; and four
much-weathered casts in the Ludlow Museum from the Aymestry
Limestone, for which no locality is given. There are about ten speci-
mens in the Grindrod Collection, Oxford University Museum, from the
Lower Ludlow and one from the Upper Ludlow; no localities are
given, and few of the shells are particularly well preserved; one
(P1. X X I , fig. 16) has the lines of growth very distinct, and another
shows the spiral stri~e all over the surface. An individual in the
Museum of the Geological Society of London, from Aymestry, has the
surface well preserved, and is figured in P1. X X [ , fig. 14. It consists
of seven whorls ; both the apex and base are imperfect ; its length
is 52 ram.. andwidth 20 mm. LindstrSm gives 63 ram. as the length,
and 28 ram. as the width. The specimen which he sent me from
Gothem is the largest; it consists of about eight and a half whorls, and
has the apex broken. It measures 84 mm. in length, and 28 mm. in
width. Some of the British examples, if entire, would quite equal
these in size. The Swedish forms, according to Prof. LindstrSm,
occur rather high up in the geological series, in the uppermost lime-
stone, about homotaxial with the Upper Ludlow of Great Britain.
HOR~0T0~A (?) PIPERI, sp. nov. (P1. X X I I , figs. 1 & 2.)
D e s e r i p t i o n . - - S h e l l elongated, turreted. Whorls more than
five, increasing at a moderate rate, convex and smooth. Sutures
deep. Band probably situated below the middle of the whorl.
Aperture imperfectly known. Umbilicus closed.
R e m a r k s . - - T h e r e are four specimens of this species in the
Piper Collection in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) ; they are all
casts, and show no traces of ornamentation or lines of growth.
One shell bears indications of the sinual band on the body-whorl.
"I place it in Hormotoma, on account of its general resemblance to
other members of the genns.
R e s e m b 1a n e e s.--This species resembles most nearly H. cingu-
Vol. 55.] ~C~o~AatA ~'I)~OR~OV0~A. 267

lata (]:[is.), from which it is distinguished by its more convex whorls,

greater spiral angle, and also the position of the band, which is
apparently rather higher. Better preserved specimens may perhaps
prove it to be a variety of that species, for it is difficult to make a
satisfactory comparison from casts. All the internal moulds of
H. cingulata (His.), however, that I have seen have the whorls still
flatter than in the shell itself.
Locality and Horizon.--The specimens are all from t h e
Aymestry Limestone of Knapp Lane, Ledbury. The largest example
(P1. X X I I , fig. 2) is slightly compressed; it measures 61 ram. in
length, and 30 ram. in width.
Ho~o~o~A G~,vw~.~, sp. nov. (P1. XXlI, figs. 3-5.)
Murchlsonia ci~gulata, ? vax., F. M'Coy, 1846, ' Syn. Silur. Foss. Irel.' p. 16 &
pl. i, fig. 18.
Non Turritella cingulata, W. Hisinger, 1837, ' Leth. Suec.' p. 39 & pl. xli, fig. 6.
Non Murchisouia oinqu~ata, F. M'Coy, 1855, 'Brit. Pal. Foss.' p. 293; (pars)
J. J. Bigsby, 1868, 'Thes. Sil.' p. 158; (Tars) R. Etheridge, 1888, ' Foss. Brit. Is.'
vol. i (Palaeozoic)p. 113.
D e s c r i p t i o n.--Shell elongated, conical, composed of more than
four whorls. Whorls increasing gradually, high, smooth, slightly
convex. Sutures of moderate depth, rather oblique. Sinual band
situated slightly above the midd!e of the body-whorl, and near the
middle of the higher whorls, flat, very little depressed, bounded by
a groove on each side. Lines of growth strong, sharp, retreating
very obliquely backward to the band and ibrward again below,
invisible on the band itself. Aperture subovoid. Columella slightly
thickened and arched forward. Base produced.
Remarks and Resemblances.--This species was described
by M'Coy as a variety of M. cinqulata (His.), from which it is dis-
tinguished by its narrower whorls, the higher position of the band,
and more produced base. In M'Coy's figure a keel is represented
below the suture, but I cannot discern any distinct traces of it, there
being merely part of the matrix left in some of the sutures. What
appear to be grooves limiting the band may be the result of wea"
thering, and originally there may have been a raised thread on each
side, as is usually the case in Hormotoma, but these threads are
generally so slight as to be easily obliterated. The specimens are
greatly compressed, so much so that it is impossible to make a just
comparison with other species, tt. Gri~thi bears some likeness to
11. articulata, but is of much greater size; there are no signs o f
lines of growth on the band, and the whorls are apparently not so
convex. H. similis resembles it more ia size, but the position of
the band is much lower.
Dimensions a n d L o c a l i t y . ~ T h e r e are only two specimens
in the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin, both fragmentary, greatly
compressed, and partially embedded in ~he matrix. That figured
in P1. X X I I , fig. 3, consists of four whorls which measure 44 ram. in
length. I t is from Cappacorcogue, Cong (Co. Galway). The other
(P1. X X I I , figs. 4 & 5) alone shows the lines of growth, but has only
two and a half whorls preserved, which measure 44 ram. in length,
268 ~Iss ;r.~l~ DOI~'~LDO~ THV.GSNERA [May I899 ,

and 23 ram. in widtJa. I t occurs in grey calcareous slates at

Kilbride, Cong. M'Coy states that this species is not uncommon
at the ibrmer locality, but is rare at the latter.
H o r i z o n . - - i n rocks of Wenlock age.

HORMOrO~A SlmlLIS, sp. nov. (PI. XXlI, fig. 6.)

D e s c r i p t i o n . - - S h e l l elongat~3d, t,urreted, composed of more than
three whorls. Whorls slightly convex, smooth, with the exception
of a thread at, the sub, ire. Band level with, or rather depressed
below the surface, situated below the middle of the whorls of the
spire, and near the middle o1~ the body-whorl, but slightly defined
by an indistinct thread on each side. The lines of growth curve
very obliquely forward from it below, and are not well seen above.
Aperture imperfectly known, apparently longer than wide.
R e s e m b l a n c e s . ~ T h i s species appears to be ir~termediate
between 1t. Grid~thi and H. articulata. It resembles the first in
general form, so far as can be judged, considering that the specimens
of both species are greatly compressed ; but it is rather smaller, and
the band is situated much lower down on the whorl. From the
latter it is distinguished by its greater size, the lower position of
the band, and its less convex whorls.
L o c a l i t y a n d H o r i z o n . ~ T h e r e is only one specimen
(PI. X X I I , fig. 6) in the Fletcher Collection in the Woodwardian
Museum, Cambridge, from the Lower Ludlow of Dudley. It is
broken and much flattened by pressure. The fragment consists
of only the three lower whorls, which measure 213 ram. in length
and 15~. mm. in width.

HOltllO'l'OllA ARIICULATA(Sow.), (P1. X X I I , figs. 7 & 8.)

_Pleurotoma ariiculata, J. Sowerby, 1839, 'Sil. Syst.' p. 612 & pl. v, fig. 25.
Jllurchisonia articulata, A. d'Archiac & E. de Verneuil, 1841, Bull. Soc. g~ol.
France, vol. xii, p. 160; F. M'Coy, 1846, 'Syn. Silur. Foss. Irel.' p. 16; H. G. Bronn,
1848, 'Index Pal~eont.' p. 747.
_~leurotorna articulata, T. Brown, 18-~9, ' Illustr. Foss. Conch. Gr. Brit. & Irel.'
p. 253 & ph xxxvii*, fig. 20.
Murehisonla artieulata, A. d'Orbigny, 1850, ' Prodr. Pal~ont. strat.' vol. i, p. 31 ;
J. Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 258 ; J. Sowerby, 1867, ' 8iluria,' 4th ed. pl. xxiv,
fig. 2 ; J. J. Bigshy, 1868, ' Thes. Sih' p. 157.
l"1orrnotorna articulata, J. W. Salter, 1873, Cat. Cambr. & Silur. Foss. p. 172.
Murchisonia articulata, J. D. La Touche, 1884, ' Geol. of Shropshire,' p. 80 &
pl. xviii, fig. 635; F. Rtemer, 1885, Pal. Abhandl. vol. ii, pt. v, p. 1-~ & pl. ix,
fig. 18 ; R. Etheridge, 1888, ' Foss. Brit. Is.' vol. i (Pala3ozoic) p. 113.
D e s e r i p tio n.mShell very elongated, turreted, composed of more
than ten whorls. Whorls increasing gradually, high, convex,
smooth. Sutures deep, moderately inclined. Sinual band situated
near the middle of the whorl, level with the surface or but slightly
depressed, defined either by a very fine thread on each side, or
merely by the lines of growth. Lines of growth retreating very
obliquely backward above the band, and forward below, strongly
arched on the band itself, indicating a deep sinus in the outer lip.
Aperture subovoid. Columella rather inclined, arched forward,
slightly thickened. Base produced. Umbilicus closed.
Vol. 55"] v c~ouxRIx A.~'DHOR~tOTOXA. 969

Remarks and Resemblances.--This species was first de-

scribed by Sowerby i n ' The Silurian System' as Pleurotoma articulate.
Succeeding palmontologists referred it to .Murchisonia, but Salter
(' Cat. Cambr. & Silur. Foss.' p. 1 7 2 ) w a s the first to place it in
tIormotoma, which he regarded as a section of Murchisonia. I t is
remarkable for the height of the whorls and the great obliquit.y of the
lines of growth above the band. In this latter character it resembles
t L Gri~thi and H. antiffua. It is also like the former in having
high whorls and a submedian band, but the whorls are more convex,
and the shell is much smaller and more slender. The broad, very
slightly convex whorls and low position of the band distinguish
H. antigua from it.
L o c a l i t y a n d It o r i z o n . - - T h e type-specimen (P1. X X I I , fig. 7),
which is in the Museum of the Geological Society of London, is from
the Upper Ludlow of Dog IIill, Ledbury; it is compressed, and the
apex is broken, leaving five whorls, which measure '22 mm. in length
and 67~ ram. in width. In the Woodwardian Museum examples of this
species are recorded from three different localities, namely, Lambrigg
Fell and Benson Knott, Kendal, and Dudley. The specimens from
the two first-named localities are too imperfect, for identification.
That from Dudley is probably this species, but it is partly an internal
and partly an external mould, consisting of about nine whorls, which
measure 39 mm. in length (P1. X X I I , fig.~8). The Museum of
Practical Geology, London, contains two specimens from the Lower
Ludlow of Ledbury, which are neither of them entire; one is
undoubtedly this species; the bad condition of the other prevents
certainty in its identification. There are also some casts from
Underbarrow, Kendal, marked M. articulate, which are not well
enough preserved to make out what they are. An example in the
Piper Collection in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), from the
Lower Ludlow at Colston's Corner, Ledbury Dome, is probably this
species, but it is so much weathered that it is impossible to be quite
sure. Mr. Madeley (Stourbridge) has a specimen in his collection
from the railway-tunnel shale of Sedgley. This shale is situated
above the Wcnlock Limestone and below strata of Lower Ludlow
age. In the Science and Art Museum, Dublin, there is an internal
and also an external mould in rock of Wenloek age from Tonlegee,
Cong; these are marked ~l. articulate, but their poor state of
preservation makes it impossible to determine the species. Ludlow
is given as another locality in ' The Silurian System,' but I have no~
seen any well-authenticated specimens from there. Some casts
embedded in matrix in the Ludlow Museum, from the Upper
Ludlow of Whitcliffe, are labelled articulata, but the surface is
absent, and the traces of the band which remain make it appear
narrower and more deeply grooved than in the type. Phillips ~ gives
the following localities for this species : - - F r i t h Farm, :Malvern;
Welsh Court, Bodenham, and Shucknall in the Woolhope District ;
Llangibby in the Usk district; Golden Grove in the Llandeilo
:District; and Marloes Bay. I have not, however, seen any
1 ]Ylem.Geol. Surv. vol. it, pt. i (1848) p. 258.
270 ~Iss ~A~v, Do~ALv o2 ~ ~ER~ [ ~ a y ~899,

examples from these places. Rcemer refers a cast from the Upper
Silurian of Rostock, l~ieder-Kunzeadorf, and Lerchenborn somewhat
doubtfully to this species. A. yon Alth ~ and F. Schmidt '~ record it
from the Silurian of Podolia; and the last-named author3 also
mentions its occurrence, under the name of Pleurotomaria articuo
lata, in the Island of Gotland ; LindstrSm, however, thinks that the
shell referred to may be the species named by him Murchisonia
moniliformis.
~.ORNOTOMA ANTIQUt, sp. nOV. (P1. XXII, fig. 9.)
D e s e r i p t i o n . - - S h e l l very elongated, turreted. Whorls more
than twelve, increasing gradually, smooth, slightly convex, wide in
proportion to the height. Sutures deep. Sinual band situated on the
lower half of the whorl, near the anterior suture, slightly depressed,
limited on each side by a raised thread. Lines of growth strong,
sweeping very obliquely backward to the band above, and forward
below, indistinct on the band itseif. Aperture rounded, rather
produced below, inner lip reflected on the body-whorl. Columella
nearly straight.
R e m a r k s a n d R e s e m b l a n e e s . - - T h i s species is remarkable
for the great obliquity of the lines of growth.above the band, and for
the low position of tha band ; the whorls are also flatter than in the
type of the genus. " I n the former characteristic it resembles
H. articulata, and to some extent H. Gri~thi, but from both it is
distinguished by the much lower situation of the band and the great
width of the whorls. The position of the band resembles that of
]t. cingulata, but there the lines of growth above are not so oblique,
and the whorls are still less convex. I t is most like H. Anna,
Billings, but the band is narrower and rather higher in that species,
the lines of growth less oblique, and the whorls not quite so wide.
The width of the whorls in tl. antiqua is about twice the height.
I n general form it greatly resembles Ectomaria .Nieszkowskii, but
has not its prominent ornamenting keels ; and the lines of growth,
though not distinct on the band, as seen above and below~ appear
to indicate the deep sinus characteristic of 11ormotoma.
D i m e n s i o n s . - - I have seen only one really good specimen of this
species; it is in the Geological Survey Collection, Edinburgh Museum,
but there are ten worn fragments associated with it, from the
same locality, which are possibly identical. The length of the
example figured (P1. X X I I , fig. 9) is 56 ram., and the width is
about 18 mm.
H o r i z o n a n d L o c a l i t y . ~ D u r n e s s Limestone, Sutherland.
]~OR~OTOMA GRAYIANA,sp. nov. (1)1. X X I I , fig. 10.)
D e s c r i p t i o n . - - S h e l l very elongated, conical, composed of more
1 , 1)al~oz. Gebilde l%doliens u. deren Verstein.' Abh. k. k. geol. ~Reichsanst.
vol. vii (1874) p. 31.
2 , Bemerk. fiber die Podolisch-Galizische Silurformation u. deren PetreL'
Verh. russ. k. mineral. Gesellsch. ser. 2, vol. x (1876) p. 16.
a ']3eitrag zur Geol. der Insel Gotland,' Arehiv ~Naturk. Liv-, Ehst- u.
Kurlands, set. 1, ~-ol.ii (1861) p. 441.
Vol. 55.] ECT0_MA~IA A~D a0RMo~0MA. 271

than eight whorls. Whorls increasing gradually, convex, smooth,

with the exception of a raised thread just below the suture. Sinual
band situated below the middle of the whorl, level with the surface
or but slightly depressed, limited by a raised thread on each side.
Lines of growth fine, sharp, curving strongly backward to the band
above, and still more obliquely forward below, not visible on the
band itselL Aperture imperfectly known, probably subovoid.
Resemblanees.--This species may be distinguished from If.
Salteri by its greater size, apparently higher whorls, the lower
position of the sinual band, and by having a strong raised thread
below the suture instead of merely a swelling. I t resembles that
species, however, in the structure of the band, the smoothness of
the whorls, and the character of the lines of growth.
Dimensions.--The best-preserved specimen is figured in
P1. X X I I , fig. 10; it is crushed and imperfect, both apex and
base being broken; the eight existing whorls measure 40 ram. in
length, and the penultimate whorl measures 10 ram. in width.
Three other individuals are associated with this, but they are mere
casts, and are too imperfect to be identified with certainty.
L o c a l i t y a n d H o r i z o n . - - A l l the examples are in Mrs. Gray's
collection, and occur in rocks of X[iddle Llandovery age [Lapworth]
at Woodland Point.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES X X I & XXlI.

PLAT~. XXl.
Figs. 1 & 2. Ec~omari~ pagoda (Salt.) var. Peachii nov. Fig. I. Laterally
compressed, )<2. Fig. 2. Fragment of another specimen, • 2.
Durness. Geol. Surv. Coil.,Edinburgh Museum.
3 & 4. I~\ pagoda (Salt.) var. orientalis nov. Fig. 3, • Fig. 4.
Aperture of another specimen, • Durness. Geol. Surv. Coll.,
Edinburgh Museum.
Fig. 5. E..qirvaner~'is, sp. nov. Specimen partially embedded in matrix, • 189
Miuuntion. Gray Coll., Edinburgh.
6. E. (?) exigua, sp. nov., • 4. Minuntion. Gray Coll., Edinbm-gh.
Figs. 7-11. Hormotoma Salteri, Ulr. & See. Fig. 7, • Fig. 7a. View
of base, • Fig. 7 b. Side view of body-whorl, • Fig. 8.
Another specimenon the same piece of rock, • Darness. Geol.
Surv. Coll., Edinburgh Museum. Fig. 9. Front view of specimen, • 2.
Fig. 10. Back view of another, nat. size. Fig. 11. View of aperture
of same, n~t. size (probably the var. nitida, Ulr. & Sco.), for com-
parison, from the Trenton formation, Allumette Island. British
Museum (Nat. Hist.).
Fig. 12. H. (?) gracil[tmc~ (Salt.). Nat. size. Durness. Museum of Praet.
Geol., London.
13. H. (?) dubia, sp. nov. :Nat. size. Durness. Museum of Pract. Geol.,
London.
Figs. 14-17. H. cingu[~ta (His.). Fig. 14. View of specimen partially embedded,
nat. size. Awnestry. Museum ofGeol. Soe., London. Fig. 15. Front
view of typeof Terebra (1~ sinuosa, Salt., nat. size. Moektree. Lewis
Coll., British Museum (Nat. tIist.). Fig. 16. Portion of whorl of
specimen showing lines of growth, slight angularity above the suture,
and apparent depthof sinus, • 2. Grindrod Coll., Oxford University
Museum. Fig. 17. Portion of whorl of another specimen, showing
lines of growth and some of the spiral ornamenting threads, •
Knapp Line, Ledbury. Piper Coll., British Museum (Nat. Hist.). "
272 ZCrOMA~rX A~D Homto:roxtx. [May I 8 9 9 ,

PLA*~. XXlI.
Figs. 1 & 2. Hormotoma Piperi. sp. nov. Fig. 1. Front view, nat. size.
Fig. 2. Back view of another specimen which is slightly compressed,
nat. size. Knapp Lane, Ledbury. Piper Coll., British Museum (Nat.
Hist.).
3--5. H. Gri~thi, sp. nov. Fig. 3. Specimen partially embedded in
matrix, nat. size. Cappacorcogue, Cong. Fig. 4. Back view of'
another specimen, nat. size. Fig. 5. Front view of the same, nat,.
size. Kilbride, Gong. Museum of Science & Art, Dublin.
trig. 6. 1t. similis, sp. nov. Back view, nat. size. Dudley. Woodwardian
Museum, Cambridge.
Figs. 7 & 8. It. artic.u[ata (Sow.). Fig. 7. Front, view of type, • Fig. 7 a.
Penultimate whorl, • 6, showing the lines of growth. Dog Hill,
Ledbury. Museum of Geol. See., London. Fig. 8. Front view of
another specimen, • l~. Dudley. Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge.
Fig. 9. H. dntiqua, sp. nov. Front view, nat. size. Fig. 9 a. Back view of
body-whurl, • 16-. Duruess. Geol. Surv. Coll., Edinburgh Museum.
10. tt. Grayiana, sp. nov., • Woodland l~oint. Gray Coll.,
Edinburgh.

])ISCUS8101~~
Prof. SE~.LEr and Prof. SOLLAS spoke.