Unit 2, Module 1: Electric Fields

Electricity and Magnetism  The electric field is defined as the

force that would be exerted on a
Learning Competencies: stationary test particle of unit
 How is electricity related to magnetism? charge by electromagnetic forces.
 How does electricity produce  Electric field is defined as the
magnetism? electric force per unit charge. The
 How does magnetism produce direction of the field is taken to be
electricity? the direction of the force it would
 How does an electric motor work? exert on a positive test charge. The
 How does an electric generator work? electric field is radially outward
 What is electromagnetic induction? from a positive charge and radially
toward a negative point charge.
ELECTRICITY  Electric fields are caused by electric
 There are two types of electric charge: charges or varying magnetic fields.
Positive and Negative
 Like charges repel; opposite charges
attract Current Electricity
 Certain substances may be electrified by As opposed to static electricity where
rubbing charges gather and remain at rest, current
electricity is dynamic, charges are always on the
ELECTRICITY move.
 A form of energy that is carried through
wires and is used to operate machines, STATIC ELECTRICITY
lights, etc.  Static electricity exists when there is
 The collection or flow of electrons in a build-up of opposite chages on
the form of an electric charge. objects separated by an insulator.
 Static (as in “at rest”) electricity
exists until the two groups of
opposite charges can find a path
Electric Current between each other to balance the
An electric current is a flow of electric system out.
charge.
MAGNETISM
 There are two types of magnetic pole:
Electric Current North-seeking and south-seeking
 It is the flow of charged paticles through  Like poles repel; opposite poles attract
a conducting medium, such as a wire.  Certain substances can be magnetized
 This form of electricity exists when by rubbing (steel rod with lodestone).
charges are able to constantly flow.
MAGNETISM
Electric Field Magnetism is a property of material to
 Force field surrounding electric charges exert forces of attraction or repulsion that acts
or group of charges where a force acts at a distance.
on charges within the field.
Magnetic Fields Difference between Electric Charges and
 A magnetic field is a region in which a Magnets
magnetic force can be detected.
 Magnetic fields can be investigated  Magnets are dipole.
using small compass and magnetizable  Electric charges are monopole.
materials like iron fillings.
Magnets are made from magnetic materials
Magnetic Fields – iron, nickel and cobalt. These are the only
 A compass consists of a tiny magnetic pure metals that can be turned into a
needle that spins around then placed permanent magnet. Steel is an alloy of iron and
near a magnet. Spinning stops when the so can also be made into a magnet.
north-seeking pole and the south- A magnet is an object that exhibits a strong
seeking pole of the needle become magnetic field and will attract materials like iron
oriented toward the north pole and the to it.
south pole of the magnet.
 The filings arrange themselves in lines
running from pole to pole. The lines are Types of Magnets
called magnetic field lines. 1. Permanent Magnets
2. Temporary Magnets
Magnetic Field 3. Electromagnets
A magnetic field is consists of imaginary
lines of flux coming from moving or spinning Permanent Magnets
electrically charged particles.  Permanent magnets can retain a level of
magnetism.
 Materials used for permanent magnets
MAGNETIC FORCE are:
Attraction or repulsion that arises  Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB
between the magnetic field of objects. or NIB)
 Samarium Cobalt (SmCo)
Magnetic Properties of Iron and Steel  Alnico
 Magnetism induces in iron is temporary  Ceramic or Ferrite
(SOFT)
 Magnetism induced in steel is Temporary Magnets
permanent (HARD)  Act like permanent magnets when they
are within a strong magnetic field but
The Ancient Magnet lose their magnetism when the
 More than 2000 years ago, people in magnetic field disappear.
Asia discovered black, metallic rocks
that can attract iron. These were called Electromagnets
lodestones.  An electromagnet is a type of magnet in
 Lodestone means “leading stones” by which the magnetic field is produced by
the Greeks and Arabs. an electric current.
 These stones always pointed in the
same direction when hung. States of Magnetism
 Later, lodestone was termed magnetite.  Ferromagnitism – is a state wherein a
material exhibits magnetization through
the alignment of internal ions.
  Anti-ferromagnitism – is a state of Is a region within a magnetic material in
matter where adjacent ions in a which the magnetization is in a uniform
material are aligned in opposite or direction.
“anti-parallel” arrays.
 Diamagnetism – when a diamagnetic Conductors Insulators
materil is placed near a magnet, it will  Silver  Glass
be repelled from the region of greater  Copper  Rubber
magnetic field.  Gold  Oil
 Paramagnetism – when a paramagnet  Aluminum  Asphalt
material is placed near a magnet, it will  Iron  Fiberglass
be attracted to the region of greater  Steel  Porcelain
magnetic field.  Brass  Ceramic
 Bronze  Quartz
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS  Mercury  (dry) cotton
1. Magnets have the ability to attract  Graphite  (dry) paper
materials that are magnetic in nature.  Dirty water  (dry) wood
2. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract  Concrete  Plastic
each other.  Air
3. When allowed to hang freely, magnets  Diamond
always align in one particular direction.  Pure water
4. Magnetic poles always occur in pairs.

States of Magnetism Conductivity

 Ferromagnetism refers to materials  It is the material’s ability to conduct an
(such as iron and nickel) that can electric current.
retain their magnetic properties  Measures how tightly bound an
when the magnetic field is electron is to an atom.
removed.
 Antiferromagnetism describes Conductors – elements with high conductivity,
substances that behave like which have very mobile electrons.
paramagnetic substances with Insulators – Elements with low conductivity that
respect to their permeabilitybut prevent the flow of electrons.
behave like ferromagnetic
substances when their temperature Ferromagnetic Materials
is changed.  Substances which exhibit strong
magnetism in the same
States of Magnetism direction of the field, when a
 Diamagnetism refers to materials that magnetic field is applied to it.
are not affected by a magnetic field.  Examples: Iron, nickel,
 Paramagnetism refers to materials like cobalt,gadolinium and their
aluminum or platinum which become alloys.
magnetized in a magnetic field but their
magnetism disappears when the field is If metals have not been turned into a
removed. permanent magnet, they will still be attracted to
a magnet if placed within a magnetic field. In
Magnetic Domain this situation, they act as a magnet – but only
while in the magnetic field. This is called
induced magnetism.
 the rare earth or Lanthanoid series
of the periodic table of the
elements.
Induced Magnetism  Alnico is made up of aluminum,
When a piece of unmagnetized nickel, and cobalt.
magnetic material touches or is brought near to  Ceramic or Ferrite magnets are the
the pole of a permanent magnet, it becomes a most popular types of magnets
magnet itself. The magnetism is induced. available today.

 There are materials which are described

as hard magnetic or soft magnetic
Static Discharge materials.
 Nonmagnetic materials include metals
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) such as copper, zinc, aluminum, tin, and
Is the sudden flow of electricity brass. Nonmetals are also nonmagnetic.
between two electrically charged objects  Magnets can be demagnitized.
caused by contact, an electrical short, or dialect
breakdown. 1. Magnets have the ability to atrract
materials that are magnetic in nature.
Static Discharge  The forces of attraction are
When the charges do find a means of produced by the ends of the
equalizing, a static discharge occurs. magnet, the North pole (N) and
the South pole (S), called
magnetic poles.
Destroying magnetism (Demagnitization)  Magnetic materials can be
 Hammering a magnet magnetized and is attracted to
 Heating magnets.
 Dropping a magnet  Strongly magnetic materials
 Demagnitizing by using reduced contain iron, nickel or cobalt.
alternating current through a coil of They are called ferromagnetics.
wire wrapped round a magnet.
2. When allowed to hang freely, magnets
Electromagnetic Field always align in one particular
It is a combination of invisible electric and direction.
magnetic field of force.  If you suspend a bar magnet by
a thread, the north pole of the
Electrostatic Force magnet will point toward the
Electrostatic force is a force that north pole of the earth and
operates between charges. It states that charges south pole will point toward the
of the same type repel each other, while south pole of the earth.
charges of opposite types are attracted  Earth itself is a giant magnet.
together. Opposites attract, and likes repel.  Contrary to popular belief, the
magnetic south pole of the
earth is located near the earth’s
 Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB or geographic north pole, and the
NIB) and Samarium Cobalt (SmCo) earth’s magnetic north is near
magnets are rare earth magnets its geographic south.
since their compounds come from
3. Like poles repel and unlike poles
attract each other
 If you move the north pole of a
magnet toward the north pole
of the other magnet, they will
move away (repel).
 The south pole of the magnet
will attract the north pole of
another magnet.

4. Magnetic poles always occur in pairs

 The force of magnetic poles
behave like the force of elctric
charges.
 Magnets always have two
opposite poles.
 If you break the nagnet in half,
each is still a complete magnet
with two poles, North and
South.

Summary
 Magnetism is a force that acts at a
distance and is caused by a magnetic
field.
 The magnetic force strongly attracts an
opposite pole of another magnet and
repels a like pole.
 The magnetic field is both similar to and
different from an electric field.