Vedic Maths - Tricks

FIND VALUE OF SIN & COS USING FINGURES :-
Today I am going to share with you a special memory trick for trigonometry, mailed to me by Debasis
Basak – a young Class IX follower of QuickerMaths.com
By this method we can find out Sines and Cosines of different angles. It just requires your hand. Let’s
understand this trick step by step -
Step 1
First mark the angles of 0, 30, 45, 60, and 90 on little, ring, middle and pointer finger and thumb of your
left hand.
Step 2
On the palm of your left hand write the equation (x)^1/2 /2 or square root of x/2
Step 3
On the left will be cosine and on the right will be sine. You will understand why you need to do this in the
next step with an example
Step 4
Suppose, you want to find Cos30

Fold the finger representing 30. i.e. ring finger of your left hand palm.
Count the numbers of fingers on the left of the ring finger, as per step 3. So since there are 3 fingers, x=3;
put the value in the equation given in step 2
Hence, Cos30 = square root of 3/2
and Sin30 will be (sq. root of 1 /2) = 1/2
Squaring any number ending in 9

We can easily calculate the square of any number ending in 9 using the method described in this
post. Let us understand this method with the help of an example –
Finding the square of 39

Firstly add 1 to the number. The number now ends in zero and is easy to square.
40^2 = (4*4*10*10) = 1600. This is our subtotal.
In the next step, add 40 plus 39 (the number we squared plus the number we want to square)
40 + 39 = 79
Subtract 79 from 1600 to get an answer of 1521. To easily do such subtractions, subtract 80 (1 more than
79) from 1600 to get 1520 and then add 1 to get the answer as 1521.
1600 – 79 = 1521 is the square of 39. Answer.
Another Example of finding the square of bigger number ending in 9.
Finding the square of 159

159^2 =
159 + 1 = 160
160^2 = 25600
160 + 159 = 319
25600 – 319 = 25600 – 340 + 1
25600 – 319 = 25281
Another Example,
449^2
450^2 = 202500 (use the shortcut Squaring number ending in 5 to calculate 45^2 and then put double
zeroes in front of the answer)
450+449 = 899
202500 – 899 = 202500 – 1000 + 101 = 201601
To make sure that you have understood the above calculation shortcut, try finding the square of few
numbers ending in 9 by yourself – 39, 119, 349.
FINDING SQUARE OF NUMBERS FROM 51 TO 59
I’ll share with you one simple method of finding the square of numbers between 50 and 60. Like many
other Vedic Mathematics methods, in this method also, we will get the answer in two parts. Since the
numbers are in 50s and square of 50 is 2500, we will just use 25 in our calculations, ignoring the zeros.
1. To get the first part of the answer, add the digit at the units place to 25 and write the sum
2. To get the second part, calculate the square of units place digit and write it
It’ll be easier to understand this with an example.
To find the square of 57 –
First part: 25 + digit at units unit in 57 = 25 + 7 = 32
Second part: square of 7 = 49
Combining both the parts – 3249 is the answer.
Another way to look at it can explain you the logic behind this technique – 57 can be written as
(50+7)^2
= 50^2 +2*50*7 + 7^2
= 2500 + 100*7 + 7^2
=100*(25+7) + 7^2
You can replace 7 by any other number in unit’s place and get answer for it.
SORTCUT TO FIND SQUARE OF NUMBER
Today I will discuss a very simple method of finding square of numbers between 26 to 74 mentally. In the
subsequent post we will cover higher numbers. So keep watching this space to learn squaring any
number within your mind
Square (also called perfect square) is an integer that is the square of an integer; in other words, it is the
product of some integer with itself. So, for example, 9 is a square number, since it can be written as 3 ×
3.
How to find the square of any number?
To apply this method you should know squares of 1 to 25 by heart. You can refer to this table to learn the
same.
Number Square Number' Square'
1 1 13 169
2 4 14 196
3 9 15 225
4 16 16 256
5 25 17 289
6 36 18 324
7 49 19 361
8 64 20 400
9 81 21 441
10 100 22 484
11 121 23 529
12 144 24 576
* * 25 625
For finding square of any number between 26 to 75

Step 1. Find the difference between 50 and the number you want to square.
Scenario 1: If the number to be squared is greater than 50

Step 2. Add that many 100s to 2500 (which is the square of 50)
Step 3. Then add the square of the difference to the result of step 1
Scenario -2: If the number is less than 50

Step 2. Subtract that many 100s to 2500.
Example
Find out the Square of 67.
Step 1. Difference of 67 and 50 = 67-50 = 17

Step 2. This number is greater than 50. So add 1700 to 2500 = 4200
Step 3. Add square of 17 to step 2.
Answer = 4200+ 289 = 4489

Alternative method of calculating the square of a number:
Since, 67-50 = 17
67^2
We will be getting answer in 2 parts; see below – right hand side gives you tens and units digit. Left hand
side gives you the remaining digits.
= 25 + 17 | (17)^2 ( | denotes separation )

= 42 | 289 (17^2 is 289. The 2 shown in subtext will be carried over and added to left hand side)
= 4489
MULTIPLY 2 NUMBERS, SUM OF WHOSE UNIT PALCES IS 10
Vedic Multiplication: This method of multiplication which is from Vedic Maths will make it very easy to
multiply two numbers when sum of the last digits is 10 and previous parts are the same
You will get the answer in two parts.
First part, to get left hand side of the answer: multiply the left most digit(s) by its successor
Second part, to get right hand side of the answer: multiply the right most digits of both the numbers.
Example
First part: 4 x (4+1)
Second part: (4 x 6)
Combined effect: (4 x 5) | (4 x 6) = 2024
*| is just a separator. Left hand side denotes tens place, right hand side denotes units place
More Examples
37 x 33 = (3 x (3+1)) | (7 x 3) = (3 x 4) | (7 x 3) = 1221
11 x 19 = (1 x (1+1)) | (1 x 9) = (1 x 2) | (1 x 9) = 209
As you can see this method is corollary of "Squaring number ending in 5"
It can also be extended to three digit numbers like :
E.g. 1: 292 x 208.
Here 92 + 08 = 100, L.H.S portion is same i.e. 2

292 x 208 = (2 x 3) x 10 | 92 x 8 (Note: if 3 digit numbers are multiplied, L.H.S has to be multiplied by 10)
60 | 736 (for 100 raise the L.H.S. product by 0) = 60736.
E.g. 2: 848 X 852
Here 48 + 52 = 100,
L.H.S portion is 8 and its next number is 9.
848 x 852 = 8 x 9 x 10 | 48 x 52 (Note: For 48 x 52, use methods shown above)
720 | 2496
= 722496.
[L.H.S product is to be multiplied by 10 and 2 to be carried over because the base is 100].
Eg. 3: 693 x 607
693 x 607 = 6 x 7 x 10 | 93 x 7 = 420 / 651 = 420651.
Note: This Vedic Maths method can also be used to multiply any two different numbers, but it requires
several more steps and is sometimes no faster than any other method. Thus try to use it where it is most
effective
VEDIC MULTIPLICATION OF 2 NUMBERS CLOSE TO 100
Vedic Method of Multiplication: Base System of multiplication
Application: Multiplication of two numbers close to Hundred
Case 1: Both numbers greater than 100.

Rule: You will get the answer in two parts
First part, to get left hand side of the answer: Add the difference between 100 and either of the numbers
to the other number
Second part, to get right hand side of the answer: multiply the difference from 100 of both the numbers
Example
103 x 104 = 10712
The answer is in two parts: 107 and 12,
107 is just 103 + 4 (or 104 + 3), and 12 is just 3 x 4.
Similarly 107 x 106 = 11342
107 + 6 = 113 and 7 x 6 = 42
123 x 103 = 12669
(123 + 3) | (23 x 3) = 126 | 69 =12669 .
If the multiplication of the offsets is more than 100 then this method won’t work. For example 123 x 105.
Here offsets are 23 and 5.
Multiplication of 23 and 5 is 115 which are more than 100. So this method won’t work.
But it can still work with a little modification. Consider the following examples:
Example 1
122 x 123 = 15006
Step 1: 22 x 23 = 506 (as done earlier)
Step 2: 122 + 23 (as done earlier)
Step 3: Add the 5 (digit at 100s place) of 506 to step 2
Answer: (122 + 23 + 5) | (22 x 23) = 150 | 06 = 10506
Example 2
123 x 105 (Different representation but same method)
123 + 5 = 128
23 x 5 = 115
128 | 115
= 12915
In the next post I'll tell you about vedic multiplication, i.e., how to multiply two numbers lesser than the
base (in this case 100).
Here's the promised post for you - http://www.quickermaths.com/base-method-of-multiplication/

Speed Vedic Multiplication Trick Vedic Multiplication by 11
Step 1.
Assume that there are two invisible 0 (zeroes), one in front and one behind the number to be multiplied
with 11
say if the number is 234, assume it to be 0 2 3 4 0

Step 2.
Start from the right, add the two adjacent digits and keep on moving left
02340
Add the last zero to the digit in the ones column (4), and write the answer below the ones column. Then
add 4 with digit on the left i.e. 3. Next add 3 with 2. Next 2 with 0.
0+4 = 4
4+3 = 7
3+2 = 5
2+0 = 2
So answer is 2574
Similarly,
36 x 11 = 0+3 | 3+6 | 6+0 = 396
74 x 11 =0+ 7 | 7+4 | 4+0 = 7 | 11 | 4 = 814 (1 of 11 is carried over and added to next digit, so 7+1 = 8
)
6349 x 11 = (0+6) | (6+3) | (3+4) | (4+9) | 9+0 = 69839
This method works for all the number, no matter how long or short, times 11. Just try it yourself and get
amazed at the simplicity of the concept.
In the next post will learn Vedic Multilplication by 111, 1111, 11111, and so on.
RULE FOR MULTIPLIYING ANY NUMBER BY 21
Start from left. Double the first digit and add it to left side neighboring digit. Repeat the steps for
subsequent digits. The last number will be same as the last number of the multiplied number.
This rule is very much like the shortcut for multiplying by 11. Since 21 is sum of 11 and 10, it does belong
to the same family of short cuts.
Let’s understand the whole concept with an example. Let’s multiply 5392 by 21.
The first digit of the answer will be equal to twice the first digit of 5392. To make the rule consistent
assume there is a zero before the number.
So it looks like 05392
0 + (5 x 2) = 10
As stated in the rule above, next, add the first digit of the given number, 5, to twice the second digit, 3.
5 + (2 x 3) = 11
Since we must have a single digit at each step, the tens place of the result above will be carried over and
added to the previous number.
1 | (0 +1) | 1 = 111
The first 3 digits up to this point are 111
The next digit is obtained by adding 3 to twice of 9

3 + (2 x 9) = 21
Thus the first four digits of the answer are -
1 | 1 | (1 + 2) | 1 = 1131 (carried over 2 added to the last digit of 111 )
The next digit is obtained by adding 9 to twice of 2

9 + (2 x 2) = 13
Thus the first five digits of the answer are -
1 | 1 | 3 | (1+1) | 3
The last digit of the answer will be same as the last digit of the number itself.
Hence, in this case last digit will be 2.
Therefore the answer is 113232
When any number has to be multiplied by a series of 9s, like 9, 99, 999, 9999 and so on than we can
apply this very simple vedic maths technique to increase your speed of calculation.
Multiplication with 9/ 99 / 999 and so on.
we know, 789 × 999 = 788,211

You will get the answers in two parts,
o The left hand side of the answer: subtract 1 from 789, which is 788
o The right hand side of the answer subtract 789 from 1000 = 1000-789= 211
Thus, 999 x 789 = 789-1 | 1000-789 = 788, 211 (answer)
{for the right hand side of the answer, 789 should be subtracted from (999+1)}
or, 99999 x 78 = 78-1 | 100000 - 78
= 7799922
{78 should be subtracted from (99999+1)}
Another example:
1203579 × 9999999 = 1203579-1 | 10000000- 1203579
=120357887964 21
Number in red is 1 less than 1203579. Number in blue is (10000000-1203579). Hence the answer.
This method has to be altered a little bit when number of 9s are lessers than the number of digit in the
divisor.
1432 x 9 = 1432 (10 – 1) = 14320 – 1432 = 12888
So for multiplication with 9, put a zero after that number and subtract the number itself from that.
Likewise for 99 put two zeroes after that number .
3256 x 99 = 325600 – 3256 = 322344
Learn Amazingly Fast Vedic Mathematics Subtraction

Very often we have to deduct a number from numbers like 1000, 10000, 100000 and so on.
This Vedic Maths Subtraction method found as sutra in ancient vedas, is given below is very useful for
such subtractions.
Memory Trick: ALL FROM 9 AND THE LAST FROM 10
Use the formula all from 9 and the last from 10, to perform instant subtractions.
For example 1000 - 357 = ? (subtraction from 1000)

We simply take each figure in 357 from 9 and the last figure from 10.
Step 1. 9-3 = 6
Step 2. 9-5 = 4
Step 3. 10-7 = 3
So the answer is 1000 - 357 = 643

And that's all there is to it!
This always works for subtractions from numbers consisting of a 1 followed by noughts: 100; 1000;
10,000 etc.
Similarly 10,000 - 1049 = 8951 (subtraction from 10000)
9-1 = 8
9-0 = 9
9-4 = 5
10-9 = 1
So answer is 8951,
For 1000 - 83, in which we have more zeros than figures in the numbers being subtracted, we simply
suppose 83 is 083.
So 1000 - 83 becomes 1000 - 083 = 917
Corollary: If last term is 0, keep that last term as 0 and subtract the last non Zero term from 10 .
Illustration: 10000 - 920 = 10000 - 0920 = (9-0) (9-9) (10-2) 0 =9080
Illustration: 100000 - 78010 = (9-7) (9 - 8 ) (9- 0) (10 - 1) 0 = 21990
FINDING CUBE ROOT
This is an amazing trick which was always appreciated by the audience I have addressed in various
workshops. This awe inspiring technique helps you find out the cube root of a 4 or 5 or 6 digits number
mentally.
Before going further on the method to find the cube root, please make a note of the following points –
1) Cube of a 2-digit number will have at max 6 digits (99^3 = 970,299). That implies if you are given with
a 6 digit number, its cube root will have 2 digits.
2) This trick works only for perfect cubes, it will not work for any arbitrary 6-digit
3) It works only for integers
Now let us start with the trick to find cube root of a 5 or 6 digit number in vedic mathematic way.
Say you have to find the cube root of 54872. It is known that it’s a perfect cube.
Now divide this number into two parts. The right hand side should always have 3 digits. Remaining digits
will come in left hand side. Do it as shown below.
54 | 872
You know the answer will have 2 digits. Digit at tens place and digit at units place. We will get the digit at
tens place using the left hand side of the original number (54) and digit at units place using right hand
side of the number (872)
Step 1.
Memorize these tables (very soon you will know why) –
Table 1: Cube of 1 to 10
Numbe Cub
r e
1 1
2 8
3 27
4 64
5 125
6 216
7 343
8 512
9 729
100
10 0
Table 2: Unit’s digit of Cube Roots
Cube Ends Cube Root

in Ends in
1 1
2 8
3 7
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 3
8 2
9 9
0 0
Step 2.
For left hand side we need to use table 1. We have to see between which 2 numbers in the 2nd column do
54 lies. In this case it lies between 27 and 64. So we will take the cube root of the smaller number i.e. 27
which is 3.
So 3 is the tens digit of the answer.
Step 3.
For right hand side we need to use table 2. Since our original number (the perfect cube) ends in 2 (see
54872), its cube root will ends in 8.
Thus the units digit will be 8.
Combining the results we get the answer as 38.
Thus (54872)^1/3 = 38
Try for perfect cubes like 185193, 42875, 1728.
You might also be interested in the trick of finding square root of any number
Multiplication of a number consisting of only ones with another number becomes very easy usingVedic
Maths techniques. You must see the earlier post on shortcut for multiplying a number by 11
MULTIPLYING A NUMBER BY 111
To multiply a two-digit number by 111, add the two digits and if the sum is a single digit, write this digit
TWO TIMES in between the original digits of the number. Some examples:
36x111= 3996
54x111= 5994
The same idea works if the sum of the two digits is not a single digit, but you should write down the last
digit of the sum twice, but remember to carry if needed. So
57x111= 6327
because 5+7=12, but then you have to carry the one twice.
For 3 digit numbers

Carry if any of these sums is more than one digit.
Thus 123x111 = 1 | 3 (=1+2) | 6 (=1+2+3) | 5 (=2+3) | 3
Similarly,
241x111 = 26751
For an example where carrying is needed
Say, 352x111=3 | 8 (=3+5) | 10 (=3+5+2)| 7 (=5+2)| 2

= 3 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 2 = 3 | 9 | 0 | 7 | 2
= 39072
(Because of the carries, it may be easier to do the sums and write the answer down from right to left.)
such subtractions.

Step 1. 9-3 = 6
Step 2. 9-5 = 4
Step 3. 10-7 = 3
So the answer is 1000 - 357 = 643

10,000 etc.
9-1 = 8
9-0 = 9
9-4 = 5
10-9 = 1
So answer is 8951,
suppose 83 is 083.
So 1000 - 83 becomes 1000 - 083 = 917
Illustration: 10000 - 920 = 10000 - 0920 = (9-0) (9-9) (10-2) 0 =9080
Illustration: 100000 - 78010 = (9-7) (9 - 8 ) (9- 0) (10 - 1) 0 = 21990
Multiplication Method - multiplying 2 numbers starting with same digit(s)

This vedic maths trick will help you in multiplying two numbers when these numbers start with the same
digit. For example 34 x 37; see their ten’s digit (starting digit) is same. Another example can be 234 x
232, see their hundred’s and ten’s digits (starting two digits) are same.
In one of the earlier post a similar method was described. In that like this trick the starting digit(s) should
be same but at the same time the sum of digit at unit’s place should be 10 – please check that out - Vedic
multiplication
Learn Multiplication
34 x 37
To multiply 34x37, we know they are in the base 30. Hence the reference point (base) will be 30.
Step 1.
Determine how much more is 34 from 30. The answer is 4
Determine how much more is 37 from 30. The answer is 7
Step 2.
Either add 4 to 37 = 41 or 7 to 34 = 41.

The result will be same always.
Step 3.
Multiply the resultant number from step 2 by the base, which is in this case 30
41x30 = 41x3x10 = 123x10 = 1230
Step 4.
Add to the resultant of step 3 the product of the numbers obtained from step 1. This will give you the
answer.
1230+ (4x7) = 1230 + 28 = 1258

Another example,
23 x 29
From step 1 and step 2 above, 23 + 9 = 32 or 29 + 3 = 32
From step 3 : 32 x 20 = 640
From step 4 : 640 + (3x9) = 667
One more example,
234 x 232
From step 1 and step 2 above, 234 +2 = 236 or 232 + 4 = 236
From step 3 : 236 x 230 = 54280
From step 4 : 54280 + (4x2) = 54288
There are so many shortcuts for multiplication but hardly any shortcuts for division. Nandeesh has
translated a Sanskrit Sutra to reduce long division to one line short-cut. Join me in thanking him for his
great efforts.
Long Division reduced to one-line shortcut
Example 1: 716769 ÷ 54.

Reduce the divisor 54 to 5 pushing the remaining digit 4 “on top of the flag” (Dhvajanka so to say).
Corresponding to the number of digits flagged on top (in this case, one), the rightmost part of the number
to be divided is split to mark the placeholder of the decimal point or the remainder portion.
Let us walk through the steps of this example:

716769 ÷ 54 = 13273.5
1. 7 ÷ 5 = 1 remainder 2. Put the quotient 1, the first digit of the solution, in the first box of the
bottom row and carry over the remainder 2
2. The product of the flagged number (4) and the previous quotient (1) must be subtracted from
the next number (21) before the division can proceed. 21 - 4 x 1 = 1717 ÷ 5 = 3 remainder 2. Put
down the 3 and carry over the 2
3. Again subtract the product of the flagged number (4) and the previous quotient (3), 26 - 4 x 3
= 1414 ÷ 5 = 2 remainder 4. Put down the 2 and carry over the 4
4. 47 - 4 x 2 = 3939 ÷ 5 = 7 remainder 4. Put down the 7 and carry over the 4
5. 46 - 4 x 7 = 1818 ÷ 5 = 3 remainder 3. Put down the 3 and carry over the 3
6. 39 - 4 x 3 = 27. Since the decimal point is reached here, 27 is the raw remainder. If decimal
places are required, the division can proceed as before, filling the original number with zeros after
the decimal point27 ÷ 5 = 5 remainder 2. Put down the 5 (after the decimal point) and carry over
the 2
7. 20 - 4 x 5 = 0. There is nothing left to divide, so this cleanly completes the division
Example 2: 45026 ÷ 47
Reduce the divisor 47 to 4 pushing the remaining digit 7 “on top of the flag” (Dhvajanka so to say).
Corresponding to the number of digits flagged on top (in this case, one), the rightmost part of the number
to be divided is split to mark the placeholder of the decimal point or the remainder portion.
Let us walk through the steps of this example:
45026 ÷ 47 = 958.0
4 9 7 5
47 4 5 0 2 6
0 9 5 8 0
1. 4 ÷ 4 = 0 remainder 4. Put the quotient 0, the first digit of the solution, in the first box of the
bottom row and carry over the remainder 4
2. The product of the flagged number (7) and the previous quotient (0) must be subtracted from
the next number (45) before the division can proceed. 45 - 7 x 0 = 4545 ÷ 4 = 9 remainder 9. Put
down the quotient 9 and carry over the remainder 9.
3. Again subtract the product of the flagged number (7) and the previous quotient (9), 90 - 7 x 9
= 2727 ÷ 4 = 5 remainder 7. Put down the quotient 5 and carry over the remainder 7.
4. 72 - 7 x 5 = 3737 ÷ 4 = 8 remainder 5. Put down the quotient 8 and carry over the remainder
5.
5. 56 - 7 x 8 = 0there is nothing left to divide, so this cleanly completes the division.
In reply to the query of Pratiush
To divide 716769 by 156: Split divisor as 15 and 6
--------------------- 11 17 12 12 15 9
15 6 71 6 7 6 9 0 0
----------------- 4 5 9 4 6 7 3
Answer: 4594.673
Remarks: In the first step we have written that 4 ÷ 4 = 0 remainder 4 instead of 4 ÷ 4 = 1 remainder 0.
Otherwise, in the following step, we would have to subtract 7*1=7 from 05 which is not possible.
How to find value of polynomial function :-
Horner's method is commonly used to find the roots of a polynomial function. However it can also be
used to evaluate the polynomial function for a given value of x.
Suppose, we want to evaluate the polynomial
p(x) = 4x^5 - 3x^4 + 7x^3 + 6x^2 + 3x + 9 at x = 2.41.
The usual method of evaluation is to evaluate each product (such as 4*2.41^5 or 7*2.41^3) separately
and then add. The drawback is that to evaluate any power of x, we go through all of the previous powers.
A slightly better method is to make a table of powers of 2.41 and put them in the given polynomial.
But Horner’s method is still more efficient. It results in fewer multiplications and additions and is faster
and more precise when using float variables.
Ex: Compute p(x) = 4x^5 - 3x^4 + 7x^3 + 6x^2 + 3x + 9 at x = 2.41.
Start with the coefficient of highest power of x as the starting value of the required answer.
It is 4.
Multiply by x and add coefficient of next lower power of x.
Repeat this till all powers of x are exhausted.
4 * 2.41 – 3 = 6.640
6.640 * 2.41 + 7 = 23.002
23.002 * 2.41 + 6 = 61.436
61.436 * 2.41 + 3 = 151.060
151.060 * 2.41 + 9 = 373.055
So, the value of the polynomial is 373.055 at x=2.41.
Imagine, evaluating the first to fifth powers of 2.41 and doing all those multiplications and additions. Is not
the Horner's method great?
Horner’s method is equivalent to rewriting the above polynomial as ((((4x-3)x+7)x+6)x+3)x+9 and

evaluating.
A convenient method of using Horner’s method is to write the computations in the form of Horner’s table
as given below for the above polynomial.
Polynomial p(x) = 4x^5 - 3x^4 + 7x^3 + 6x^2 + 3x + 9
2.41 4 -3 7 6 3 9 Coeff
9.64 16.002 55.436 148.060 364.055 x*coeff

4 6.64 23.002 61.436 151.060 373.055 total
The first figure is of course the value of x for which polynomial is to be evaluated.
1. The first line is of the coefficients of the polynomial.

2. Write the first coefficient (4) as it is in the third line.
3. Multiply 2.41 with 4 and write 9.64 under the second coefficient in the second line.
4. Add -3 and 9.64 and write total 6.64 in the third line.
5. Multiply 2.41 with 6.64 and write 16.002 in the second line under the third coefficient.
6. Repeat the above process.
Under the last column we get the answer 373.055 as the value of the polynomial at x=2.41.
SIMLIFY MULTIPLICATION USING LATTICE METHOD
Multiplication tables are a pillar of growing up no matter where you are in the world. Spending most of
fourth grade learning how to multiply up to 12 x 12 was a fun and exciting time, but I was never a fan of
how long it took to multiply larger numbers. I didn’t learned the lattice method until later but as a fan of
matrices in calculus, this alternative method of multiplication appealed to me. Here’s how it works:
Step 1) Draw a. grid 8 x 5 should give you enough space, and make sure it’s large.
Step 2) Reserve the top right of this grid for a 4 x 4 grid. Then draw diagonal lines as the image below
shows. You should have many of those squares divided in half.
Step 3) Enter the numbers you want to multiply in the grid.
Step 4) Multiply number by their respective places: hundreds by hundreds, tens by tens, etc. In this
example, it would be 3 x 4, 7 x 9, and 1 x 2. Take the products of each of these and enter them into the
corresponding square, placing the tens digit in the left triangle and the ones digit on the right triangle. If
there is no tens digit as is the case with 1 x 2, use 0 as a placeholder.
Step 5) Starting from the right (important), add up the numbers in each diagonal column and place them
at the bottom on said diagonal column. Don’t forget to carry!
Step 6) Voilá! The product is 182532!
Is this an easier or more tedious multiplication method for you?
“I’m having trouble above 10x10.”

This was a statement I heard many times while interacting with students preparing for competitive
examinations including CAT. This was in response to my appeal to them to memorize tables up to 20x20.
Today I am posting here on QuickerMaths.com, the method which I recommend to my students too.
How to multiply up to 20x20 in your head?

Assumption: You know your multiplication table reasonably well up to 10×10.
I am trying to explain this with an example,

Say you want to multiply - 16 x 13
Step 1 – Add the unit’s digit of one to the other number –
Here, add 16 + 3 = 19
Or, add 13 + 6 = 19
Step 2 – Put a zero after the number (i.e. multiply it by 10)

Here, 19 becomes 190
Step 3 – Multiply unit’s digit of both the numbers

Here, 6x3 = 18
Step 4 – Add the product to the result of Step 2

Here, 190 + 18 = 208
Simple!! Isn’t it?
Another example, 17x19 = (17+9)*10 + (7*9) = 260 + 63 = 323
(10+a) * (10+b) = 100 + 10b + 10a + a*b

= (10+a+b) * 10 + a*b
==========
This can be extended to sums like 23 * 28
(20+a) * (20+b) = 400 + 20b + 20a + a*b
= (20+a+b) * 20 + a*b
So, 23*28 = (23+8)*20 + 3*8 = 620 + 24 = 644.
==========
& so on.
SIMPLE FAST MULTIPLICATION TIPS & TECHNIQUES :-
Fast Multiplication by 5: Multiply by 10 (just place 0 after the original number) and divide the result by 2.
Fast Multiplication by 6: Sometimes subsequent multiplication by 3 and then 2 is easy.
Fast Multiplication by 9: Multiply by 10 (just place 0 after the original number) and subtract the original
number.
Multiply by 12: Multiply by 10 and add twice the original number.
Multiply by 13: Multiply by 3 and add 10 times original number.
Multiply by 14: Multiply by 7 and then multiply by 2
Multiply by 15: Multiply by 10 and add 5 times the original number, as above.
Multiply by 16: You can double four times, if you want to. Or you can multiply by 8 and then by 2.
Multiply by 18: Multiply by 20 and subtract twice the original number (which is obvious from the first step).
Multiply by 19: Multiply by 20 and subtract the original number.
Multiply by 24: Multiply by 8 and then multiply by 3.
Multiply by 27: Multiply by 30 and subtract 3 times the original number (which is obvious from the first
step).
step).
Multiply by 90: Multiply by 9 (as above) and put a zero on the right.
Multiply by 98: Multiply by 100 (just place 00 after the original number)and subtract twice the original
number.
Multiply by 99: Multiply by 100 (just place 00 after the original number)and subtract the original number.
TRICKS FOR ADDING TIME
Have you ever faced any problem in adding time?

If you have ever have faced the slightest difficulty in adding time or duration expressed in hours and
minutes, this trick is meant for you.
Say you have to add 4 hours 55 minutes and 2 hours 40 minutes.
Make 4 hours 55 minutes into one number, which will give us 455 and do the same for the other number,
2 hours 40 minutes, giving us 240.
Shortcut Trick to Add Two Numbers

Simply add these two numbers together:
455
240
------
695
What you need to do is add 40 to the above result. No matter what the hours and minutes are, just add
the constant 40 to the total obtained by adding the time in above manner.
695 + 40 = 735; this means 7 hours 35 minutes.
Be Careful
If there is no carryover from minutes to hours and the minutes digits are less than 60, don't add 40. What
you get after first step is your final answer. Say for example, if you have to add 2 hours 20 minutes and 3
hours 35 minutes:
220
335
------
555
So you straight away get your answer as 5 hours 55 minutes.
Another Illustration
Similarly, if someone is coming after 3 hours 55 minutes and right now the time is 1:35PM, you can use
the above method to find the time of arrival.
355
135
-----
490
Adding 40 + 490, we get 530. Hence the person will arrive at 5:30PM.
More than two duration

This method can easily be extended for adding more than two time/duration.
So say for example, if you have to add 3 hours 40 minutes, 2 hours 25 minutes and 1 hour 55 minutes,
we can do it like this:
340
225
155
------
720
Adding 40 twice to 720, we get 800. Hence, the answer is 8'o Clock.
Mind Reading on Internet!
Recently one of the regular QuickerMaths visitor stumbled upon a website that claims to read your mind
using some sort of math trick. He got perplexed that how is it possible? How come every time it gives
correct answer? He asked me if I could unravel the secret. Fortunately I could. I am sure many of you
would be able expose the trick behind this mind reading game. At least all of you should try.
Regifting Robin
The website is called Regifting Robin. It asks you to pick any 2 digit number and then subtract the digits
of the number from your two digit number. Say you pick 37. Then you do 37 - 3 - 7 = 27.
On the next screen, you are given grid of numbers, numbered 1 - 99. You are instructed to find the box
with your number (in this case, 27) and read the name of the gift inside the box. Click next and Robin tells
you the gift you selected. You can check this works every time.
Try it yourself
CHOCOLATE MATHS TRICK
You can do this little cute mathematics trick with your friends or girl-friends. This trick will be applicable for
year 2011. Let me know if you like it.
Age by Chocolate - Mathematics Trick

Step 1. Choose the number of times a week that you would like to have chocolate between 1 and 10.
Step 2. Multiply this number by 2. Add 5. Multiply it by 50.
Step 3. If you have already had your birthday this year add 1761. If you haven't, add 1760.
Step 4. Now subtract the four digit year that you were born. You should end up with a three digit number.
The first digit is the number of times you like chocolate in the week.
The last two digits is your age!

Let me explain this to you using my date of birth as an example. You can try with yours.
Step 1. I choose to eat chocolate 6 times in a week. I love chocolates
Step 2. 6*2=12+5=17*50=850
Step 3. My birthdate is 5th April 1983 and my birthday in 2011 is yet to come. It will be there tomorrow
So we have to add 1761 to 850 = 2611
Step 4. Subtracting 1984 from 2611 gives 627.
Here 6 is the number of time I would like to have chocolate and 27 is my age. Isn’t it fun?
WHICH DAY OF THE WEEK IS MY BIRTHDAY
Find the answer to these questions instantly using the simple trick given below -
How to find the day of the week on which your birthday will fall next year?
or,
Which day of week was my birthday last year?
Today it is my birthday and somehow I was curious to know the day of the week on which I was born.
Using Microsoft excel I found out that it was Thursday. I also tried listing the day of the week for all my
birthdays till I will be 100 years old. I noticed a very simple but interesting facts about the days on which
our birthday falls.
Every year the day advances by one day from previous year. For example I was born on 5thApril 1984,
Thursday. On my first birthday that is on 5yh April, 1985 it will be Friday.
But on every leap year it advances by 2 days. To understand this please refer the table below -
Date Day
5-Apr-
84 Thursday
5-Apr-
85 Friday
5-Apr-
86 Saturday
5-Apr-
87 Sunday
5-Apr-
88 Tuesday
5-Apr-
89 Wednesday
5-Apr-
90 Thursday
5-Apr-
91 Friday
5-Apr-
92 Sunday
5-Apr-
93 Monday
5-Apr-
94 Tuesday
5-Apr-
95 Wednesday
5-Apr-
96 Friday
As per the above table, you can see from year 1984 to 1987, every year the days were advancing by one
day. But from 1987 to 1988 (leap), increased by 2 days. Then again it from 1988 to 1991 it increases by
one day each year.
So with above logic, now if any one ask me what day was it on my last (2009) birthday, if this year (2010)
my birthday is on Monday. It’s very simple, it was Sunday. And next year (2011) it will be Monday. After
that (2012 – leap year) it will be Wednesday as on a leap year it will increase by 2 days.
DAY ON ANY DATE IN THE CALENDER
Zeller's Rule : With this technique named after its founder Zeller, you can solve any 'Dates
and Calendars' problems.
Zellers rule can be used to find the day on any particular date in the calendar in the history. All you have
to know is the formula given below and how to use it.
Zeller's Rule Formula:

F = K + [(13xM - 1)/5] + D + [D/4] + [C/4] - 2C
K = Date => for 25/3/2009, we take 25

In Zellers rule months start from march.
M = Month no. => Starts from March.
March = 1, April = 2, May = 3
Nov. = 9, Dec = 10, Jan = 11
Feb. = 12
D = Last two digits of the year => for 2009 = 09
C = The first two digits of century => for 2009 = 20
Example: 25/03/2009
F = 25 + [{(13 x1)- 1}/5] + 09 + 09/4 + 20/4 - (2 x 20)
= 25 + 12/5 + 09 + 09/4 + 20/4 - 2x20
=25+2+09+2+5-40 [ We will just consider the integral value and ignore the value after decimal]
= 43 - 40 =
Replace the number with the day using the information given below.
1 = Monday
2 = Tuesday
3 = Wednesday
4 = Thursday
5 = Friday
6 = Saturday
7 = Sunday
So it's Wednesday on 25th march, 2009.
If the number is more than 7, divide the no. by 7. The remainder will give you the day.
I shall be very grateful if anyone of you can provide me the java script for this formula, so that I can post it
here for everyone's convenience.
RULE OF 72 : ESTIMATION OF COMPOUND TNTT & TIME
Effect of Compounding
The Rule of 72 is a good quick math shortcut to find out the following –
o Time required for an amount to double itself, at a given rate of interest

o Rate at which an amount should grow to double itself in given time
This formula can be applied for “Doubling Problems” related to money, population, etc. which grows at an
annual compounded rate.
Formulae
1. To calculate the time; T = 72/R
2. To calculate the rate of interest; R= 72/T
T = Time required to double a sum of money at the rate of R% per annum.
R = Rate of interest at which a sum of money gets doubled in T years.
Explanation of the formula

To find out the number of years required to double an investment in a fixed deposit which gives you 9%
rate of interest compounding annually, divide 72 by 9.
For example, if you invest Rs. 10000 with compounding interest at a rate of 9% per annum, the rule of 72
gives 72/9 = 8 years required for the investment to become Rs. 20000; an exact calculation gives 8.0432
years. So there is small margin of approximation.
The above formula is more accurate at lower interest rates (say up till 10%). The approximation error
starts increasing after that.
HOW TO CALCULATE EMI
In our daily life we face enormous application of mathematics. Calculation of equated monthly
installments (EMI) for car or home loan is one such common application of mathematics.
EMI or equated monthly installments is the most popular form of loan payment. It is a fixed amount of
repayment made every month towards the loan, which includes payment towards both principal and
interest. Most of us always believe the bank executives blindly on the figure which they quote as EMI.
This post is to explain the mathematics behind EMI and how to calculate it in excel using inbuilt excel
function.
Calculation of EMI
EMI= P x r x (1 + r)^n / ((1+r)^n -1)
Here p = principal amount (loan taken)
r = interest rate per month (ex: if interest rate per annum is 10% then 10/(12*100))
n= tenure in months
For example,
EMI = 100000*0.01*(1+0.01)^24 /((1+0.01)^24 -1) = 4707
Where,
p = loan taken = 1,00,000
r = interest rate per month = 1% = 0.01
n= tenure in months = 2 Years = 24 months
This formula assumes, EMI payment is made at the end of each period (month). This is also called EMI in
arrears. If EMI is paid at the beginning of each period it is called EMI in advance.
Further additions will be done on EMI for any other processing fee or possible charges which may be
applicable as per the rules of financing institutions (bank).
Calculation of EMI in excel

In excel it is very simple to calculate EMI. There is an inbuilt formula for EMI calculation calledPMT
PMT(rate,nper,pv)
Where,
Rate – Interest rate for the loan.
nper – Total number of payments for the loan.
PV – Present value/principal or loan taken.
FV – Future value (you can omit it)
Type – we have to put the value either 0 or 1. If payments are made at the beginning (EMI in advance) of
each period, 1 is used. If EMI payments are made at the end of the period (EMI in arrears) put 0. If
omitted 0 is taken a default value.
In the post titled Trigonometry Formula Memorization Trick, I agreed to write about a simple memory trick
for memorizing the value of all major angles of different trigonometry ratios like sin30, cos45, tan60, etc.
So here you go –
Let’s start with most commonly used angles of Sin. The angles are 0°, 30° (π/6), 45° (π/4), 60° (π/3), 90°
(π/2). For these angles we’ve to make fractions for which we’ve to write 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the numerators
and write 4 in the denominator of each fraction. After that take the square root of each of these fractions
and there you are. Refer to the table below for better understanding.
For Cosine we simply have to write the results of Sin in reverse order. Refer to the table below. The
values in the Cos row is in reverse order to that of Sin row.
Tan is very simple. You just have to remember that Tan=Sin/Cos. Hence, to get the value of Tan we’ve to
divide values of angles of Sin from SinA row by values of angles of Cos from CosA row.
I am glad that of late, many QuickerMaths.com readers have started participating actively in discussions
(comments) under various posts. A quick calculation trick/technique/method from your side can also be
posted on QuickerMaths.com. You just have to write it properly and send it to me at
vineetpatawari@gmail.com. Don't forget to write a brief description (2-3 lines) of yours, to be added at
the end of the post.
SHORTCUT FOR ADDITION OF CONSECUTIVE NUMBERS
In this post I’ll share with you a useful shortcut maths trick for “finding out the sum of consecutive
numbers”. For example, this trick I am talking about can help you in finding the sum of all the numbers
from 23 to 31 or any other set of numbers.
Shortcut Addition Trick
Add the smallest number to the largest number of the given set of consecutive numbers. Then multiply
the result by the number of numbers in the set. Finally divide the result by two.
Solving the above example, let’s find: 23+24+25+26+27+28+29+30+31

Step 1: Add the smallest and the largest number from the above set of numbers:
23 + 31 = 54
Step 2: Multiply the result by the number of numbers in the above set. In the above set there are 9
numbers from 23 to 31.
Therefore, multiply 54 by 9
54 x 9 = 486
Step 3: Finally, divide the above result by 2
486/2 = 243
Hence, 23+24+……..+31 = 243
So now, since you know this simple calculation trick, you don’t have to add up each number individually
to get the answer. With a little practice, this trick might become a good tool to save lot of your time.
If you want to suggest some additions or modification in the above method, feel free to post your
suggestion as comment below.
I am glad to include the suggestions posted as comment below, for the benefit of everyone.
Suggestion by Sagar Shah -

"If there are odd number of terms then multiply the middle term with number of terms and you get the
answer.
We will take the same example. 23+24+25+26+27+28+29+30+31
Here the middle term = 27 and the num of terms is 9.
Therefore the answer is 9*27 = 243
If there are even number of terms then take the mean of the two middle terms
eg 23+24+25+26+27+28+29+30
Here there are 8 terms and the two middle terms are 26 and 27. So mean is 26.5. Multiply it with num of
terms i.e 8
Solution is 26.5 * 8 = 212"
Mental multiplication by 5, 25, 50, 250, 500 and so on.
Any number can be expressed in different ways. For example, 5 can be expressed as 10x(1/2).
Trick: Multiplication by 5
Step 1: Multiply the number by 10, i.e. simply place a zero after the number.
Step 2: Halve the resultant number.
Example 1:
5 × 136 = ten times of 136 i.e. 1360 should be divided by 2 = 1360/2 = 680
Example 2:
5 × 343, half of 3430 is 1715
Also check out, how to mentally multiply by 111?

Trick: Multiplication by 50, 500, 5000 and so on..
The above logic can also be applied to 50 which is half of 100 i.e. 1/2x100
Instead of multiplying the number by 10 we have to multiply by 100. So we have to place two zeroes after
the number.
Example 1:
50 × 136 = hundred times of 136 i.e. 13600 should be divided by 2 = 13600/2 = 6800
Example 2:
50 × 647 = hundred times of 647 i.e. 64700 should be divided by 2 = 64700/2 = 32350
Same logic can be extended to numbers like 500, 5000 and so on.
Trick: Multiplication by 25
For multiplication by 25, we have to go one step further, 25=100 x (1/2) x (1/2)
Step 1: Multiply the number by 100, i.e. simply place two zeroes after the number.
Step 2: Halve the resultant number.
Step 3: Again halve the resultant number.
Example 1:
25 × 136 = hundred times of 136 i.e. 13600 should be divided by 2 = 13600/2 = 6800. Again halve this
number, 6800/2 = 3400
Example 2:
25 × 343, half of 34300 is 17150. Again half of 17150 is 8575.
The above logic can also be extended to numbers like 250, 2500 and so on.
Conversion from decimal to binary and other number bases

In order to convert a decimal number into its representation in a different number base, we have to be
able to express the number in terms of powers of the other base. For example, if we wish to convert the
decimal number 100 to base 4, we must figure out how to express 100 as the sum of powers of 4.
100 = (1 x 64) + (2 x 16) + (1 x 4) + (0 x 1)
= (1 x 4^3) + (2 x 4^2) + (1 x 4^1) + (0 x 4^0)
Then we use the coefficients of the powers of 4 to form the number as represented in base 4:
100 = 1 2 1 0 base 4
Take another example; convert 117 into binary system –
Now since we have to convert 117 into binary we have to express 117 as the sum of the powers of 2.
Obviously all the powers need to be less than 128 (=2^7)
117 = (1 x 64) + (1 x 32) + (1 x 16) + (0 x 8 ) + (1 x 4) + (0 x 2) + (1 x 1)
117 in decimal = 1110101 in binary
This method is less of calculation and more of application of mind and needs a lot of practice to master.
The other way to do this, which is more frequently used, is to repeatedly divide the decimal number by
the base in which it is to be converted, until the quotient becomes zero. As the number is divided, the
remainders - in reverse order - form the digits of the number in the other base.
Example: Convert the decimal number 82 to base 6:

Solution: 82/6 = 13 remainder 4
13/6 = 2 remainder 1
2/6 = 0 remainder 2
The answer is formed by taking the remainders in reverse order: 214 in base 6
Multiplication of a decimal Fraction by a Power of 10: Rule: Shift the decimal point to the right by as
many places of decimal as is the power of 10.
Multiplication of Decimal fractions:- Rule :-Multiply the given numbers considering them without the
decimal point. Now, in the product, the decimal point is marked off to obtain as many places of decimal
as is the sum of the number of decimal in the given numbers.
Dividing a Decimal fraction By a Counting Number
Rule: - Divide the given number without considering the decimal point by the given counting number.
Now, in the quotient, put the decimal point to give as many places of decimal as are there in the
dividend.
Dividing a Decimal fraction By a Decimal Fraction
Rule: - Multiply both the dividend and the divisor by a suitable power of 10 to make divisor a whole
number. Now, proceed as above.
H. C. F. & L. C. M. of Decimal fractions:- Rule :- In given numbers, make the same number of decimal
places by annexing zeros in some numbers, if necessary. Considering these numbers as without
decimal point, find H. C. F. or, L.C.M., as the case may be. Now, in the result, make off as many decimal
places as are there in each of the given numbers.
Is 1 a Prime Number?
Friends, in one of the post where I have described ‘Prime’ and ‘Composite’ Numbers, one of the curious
visitor have asked me a very logical question. I will quote that question for your reference –
Text from Previous post-
“Prime and Composite : Any integer which is divisible by 1 and itself only is called a prime number.
unquote
quote
N.B.: 1 is not a prime number.”
Question
Could you explaine what is the creteria thar excludes 1 from the list of prime numbers?
a) 1 is integer
b) 1 is divisible by 1 and itself (1)
Since anybody in the past has declared that 1 is not prime number, why we should follow this without
thinking and contravene the general rule for prime numbers?
Is 1 as a figure is something which has come from the thin air. It is and always will be an integer. The
criteria for 2 are the same – divisible by 1 and itself. And for all prime numbers.
Most probably the 1 is “guilty” because with 1 starts the series on numbers (natural, odd or prime).
Suppose 2 was the beginning of the series. Should we ignore 2, because series starts with 2?
My Explanation-
1 can be rejected being a prime number because of the given reasons-
The "real" definition of a prime number is "a natural number that has exactly two distinct natural number
divisors." This definition can be considered little confusing for general masses. This in essence means "
Any integer which is divisible by 1 and itself only is called a prime number.", which is easier to digest. The
only problem is that if one uses that phrasing, the number 1 is a little grey zone case. "Well, it is divisible
by 1, and it is divisible by itself," you could think. "Isn't it also a prime number then?"
No, not by the official definition, because it only has a single natural number divisor: 1. This is why the
"exception" had to be made, that 1 is not a prime number.
In short: the definition as we know it is a simplification that doesn't work completely - except if we specify
that 1 is not included.
Is it really important whether 1 is or not a prime number?
It is indeed very crucial to make the distinction. If we consider 1 not to be a prime number, then any
composite number (such as 20) can be written as a product of primes in only one way (here, 2*2*5), not
counting different orders. However, if 1 were a prime number, there would be infinitely many ways! We
could write 20 for example, as 2*2*5, or 1*2*2*5, or 1*1*1*1*1*2*2*5. Having only one way to write a
number as a product of primes is very useful when doing math.
Even and Odd: Any integer which is divisible by two is called an even number. Any integer which is not
divisible by two is called an odd number.
N.B.: Zero has not been categorized in either of the two categories.
Prime and Composite : Any integer which is divisible by 1 and itself only is called a prime
number. All integers which are not prime are calledcomposite number as they are composed of two or
more prime numbers.
N.B.: 1 is not a prime number.
Positive and negative: Any number which is greater than 0 is positive. Any number less than that is
negative.
Perfect numbers:- If the sum of the divisors of N, excluding N itself, is equal to N, then N is called a
perfect number. e.g. 6, 28, 496, 8128 etc.
6 = 1 + 2 + 3;
28 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14;
496 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 31 + 62 + 124 + 248.
Difference Between Natural Numbers and Whole Numbers

There is a very small difference between natural numbers and whole numbers. It is important to know this
because of both the terms are repeatedly used in questions of competitive examinations.
Natural number: Numbers used to count the objects are called the natural numbers e.g. 1, 2, 3…
Whole number: All natural numbers and zero form the set of whole numbers. It is denoted by ’W’. Thus
we can say natural numbers is a sub-set of whole numbers.
FAQs
Can whole numbers and natural numbers have decimals?
Whole numbers and natural numbers cannot have decimals.
What is the difference between Integers and whole numbers and natural numbers?
or,
Can whole numbers and natural numbers be negative integers?
A whole number is a positive integer including zero. The set of natural numbers is the set of positive
integers beginning at one.
Is 0 (zero) a natural Numer?

From the above discussion you might have already got the answer. Zero is not a natural number. Natural
numbers begins at 1 (one)
What is the difference Between Rational and Irrational Numbers?

Rational Numbers: - Every integer and fractions are rational numbers. It can always be denoted as p/q,
where p and q are integers and q is not equal to 0.
Thus for example the rationals include {0, 5/2, -18, -4/3, 27/5}. We unually write rational numbers in their
lowest terms, for example 8/10 is usually written 4/5. We commonly write rationals in decimal form, so
that 1/4 is the same as 0.25, 13/8 = 1.625 and 4/5 = 0.8. Some rationals, however, when written in
decimal form don't stop a few places after the decimal. For example 1/3 = 0.333..., 10/11 = 0.909090...
and 3/13 = 0.230769230769... When you write a rational number in decimal form you obtain either a
decimal that stops after a finite number of terms, or a pattern that repeats as in the latter three examples.
Irrational Numbers: - Infinite non-recurring decimal number can be expressed as an irrational number.
If you construct a decimal that does not terminate and does not repeat it is not a rational number. For
example 0.102003000400005... Numbers that are not rational are called irrational. The most famous of
these is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, called . is approximately
3.14159265358979323846; no matter how far we take the decimal expansion, it never repeats. Another
irrational number is which is approximately 1.4142135623731.
Vulgar Fraction: The fractions such us 3/11, 5/14, 2/10, 67/100 are called common or vulgar fractions.
Imaginary Number: Any number which is of the form √ -1´a is an imaginary number
Real Number: Any number which is not an imaginary number is a real Real Number. Real Numbers may
be divided into two category:
Rational Number: A number which can be represented in the form of p/q where p and q are integers and
q is not equal to 0.
Irrational Number: A number which cannot be expressed in the form of p/q is called an irrational
number.
How to express fractions as decimals or percentage

This post will help you to learn:
1. Express a given percent as a decimal or fraction.

2. Solve a given problem that involves finding a percent.
3. Determine the answer to a given percent problem where the answer requires rounding, and
explain why an approximate answer is needed (e.g., total cost including taxes).
4. Work problems involving pie charts and percents.
5. Work problems involving tables and percents.
Decimal Equivalents of Fractions
You should know these:
1/2 = .5 = 50%
1/3 = .333... = 33.33%
1/4 = .25 = 25%
Starting with the thirds, of which you already know one:
1/3 = .333... = 33.33%
2/3 = .666... = 66.66%
You also know 2 of the 4ths, as well, so there's only one new one to learn:
1/4 = .25
2/4 = 1/2 = .5
3/4 = .75
Fifths are very easy. Take the numerator (the number on top), double it, and stick a
decimal in front of it.
1/5 = .2
2/5 = .4
3/5 = .6
4/5 = .8
There are only two new decimal equivalents to learn with the 6ths:
1/6 = .1666...
2/6 = 1/3 = .333...
3/6 = 1/2 = .5
4/6 = 2/3 = .666...
5/6 = .8333...
One-seventh is an interesting number. Read the comments on Cyclic Numbers

1/7 = .142857142857142857...
For now, just think of one-seventh as: 0.142857

See if you notice any pattern in the 7ths:
1/7 = .142857...
2/7 = .285714...
3/7 = .428571...
4/7 = .571428...
5/7 = .714285...
6/7 = .857142...
Notice that the 6 digits in the 7ths ALWAYS stay in the same order and the starting digit is the only thing
that changes.
If you know your multiples of 14 up to 6, it isn't difficult to work out where to begin the decimal number.
Look at this:
For 1/7, think "1 * 14", giving us .14 as the starting point.
For 4/14, 5/14 and 6/14, you'll have to adjust upward by 1:
For 4/7, think "(4 * 14) + 1", giving us .57 as the starting point.
8ths aren't that hard to learn, as they're just smaller steps than 4ths. If you have trouble
with any of the 8ths, find the nearest 4th, and add .125 if needed:
1/8 = .125
2/8 = 1/4 = .25
3/8 = .375
4/8 = 1/2 = .5
5/8 = .625
6/8 = 3/4 = .75
7/8 = .875
9ths are almost too easy:
1/9 = .111...
2/9 = .222...
....
8/9 = .888...
10ths are very easy, as well. Just put a decimal in front of the numerator:
1/10 = .1
2/10 = .2
...
9/10 = .9
Remember how easy 9ths were? 11th are easy in a similar way, assuming you know your multiples of 9:
1/11 = .090909... = 9.09%

2/11 = .181818... = 18.18%
3/11 = .272727... = 27.27%
.....
10/11 = .909090...
As long as you can remember the pattern for each fraction, it is quite simple to work out
the decimal place as far as you want or need to go!
Lesson Summary
In this lesson, the learner has learnt about:
The decimal equivalents of everything from 1/2 to 10/11
Shortcut to Squaring Any 2-Digit Number

What do you do when your calculator has been confiscated and the world is depending on you to square
a two-digit number within a minute? Don’t panic – just follow three simple steps that require basic addition
and multiplication, and you’ll be able to solve the problem in no time. If you practice enough, you’ll even
be able to complete each step mentally, rendering scratch paper unnecessary. This will save you time on
drills and strengthen your skills so you can tackle other challenges. Eventually, you’ll be able to solve
multi-step squaring problems without ever breaking a sweat – or a pencil.
This is a trick I learned during my old MATHCOUNTS days, but it comes in handy for lots of other
competitive math as well. It was great for sprint, team, target, and countdown problems, but now it just
comes as second nature whenever I run into a more complex problem that involves a squaring step. If
you’re having trouble squaring two-digit numbers on the fly without a calculator, give this method a try. It
seems a bit cumbersome at first, but as you practice, you’ll be able to speed up the process and get your
answer within seconds.
3 Steps for 2-Digit Squares

Let’s work through the steps with an example to better demonstrate the process. Imagine that you’re
expected to square 83 quickly and accurately – the following steps will help you complete the task.
1. Square each digit individually, making sure that you get a two-digit number for each square. If the
number is low and its square gives you only one digit, use 0 as a placeholder.
8² = 64 and 3² = 9 = 09, giving you 6409
2. Now, multiply the two digits and double your answer, adding a 0 to the end.
8 X 3 = 24; 24 X 2 = 48, giving you 480
3. Simply add your answers from steps one and two.
6409 + 480 = 6889, or 83²
SQUARING NUMBER ENDING IN 5
This is the most common, yet very interesting trick of Vedic Maths. Using this technique you can find the
square of any number ending in 5 very easily. Given below is the step by step explanation of thisVedic
Maths Method
Let us take a 2 digit number,
Say the number is a5 (=10a+5), where is the digit in ten's place
Square of a5= a x (a+1) | 25
For example,
452 = (40 + 5) 2, It is of the form (10a+b) 2 for a = 4

Giving the answer a (a+1) | 25 ( | stands for concatenation}
i.e. 4 x (4+1) | 25 = 4 x 5 | 25 = 2025
Similarly we can proceed for 3 digit numbers ending in 5
Few more examples:
952= 9 x 10 | 25 = 9025
1252 = 12 x 13 | 25 = 15625
5052 = 50 x 51 | 25 = 255025
Test yourself
Find out the square of 85, 245, 145, 35, 15, and 95?
Answer: 7225, 60025, 21025, 1225, 225, 9025
Rules for divisibility of 7 , 11 and 13

It is equally good for 11 and 13.
Step 1 Divide into groups of three from the right. 245782 245
782
______________________________________________________________-1 1
Step 2. Write 1,-1,1,-1(alternate 1 and -1) in a row above the number 245 782
( start at the right end and go left)
____________________________________________________________-1 1
Step 3. Divide each Group by 7 (or 11 or 13, whatever the divisor is ) 245 782
0 5
* You can avoid step 2, by simply subtracting first remainder from the second. In this case it will be
simply, 5 – 0 = 5
Step 4. Multiply the corresponding numbers in the top row and bottom row and add 0x -1 + 5x 1 = 5
** Step 4 can also be avoided.
Step 5. a. If the sum obtained is zero, The number is divisible by 7 (or 11 or 13 )
b. If the sum is positive, then that is the remainder when we divide the number by 7 ( or 11 or 13 )
c. If the sum is negative, then add 7 (or 11 or 13 ) to get the remainder.
The sum is always less than the divisor.
In the example given, the sum is 5 . Which can be verified.
When 245782 is divided by 7 by long division, the quotient is 35111 and remainder is 5.
If we test for divisor 11, the bottom row will be 3 1

The sum of products of the two rows is -2. since it is negative , add 11 .
So the remainder will be 9
Actual division gives the quotient to be 22343 and remainder 9.
It is the same method for dividing by 13 too.
If you want you can simplify the steps 2 ,to 4 as

Find the remainders in each group and alternately add and subtract the remainders starting from the
right. Then use step 5.
Divisibility Rules with Examples
Number Method Example
Subtract 2 times the last digit from remaining Check for 945: : 94-
truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If (2*5)=84. Since 84 is
the result is divisible by 7, the original number is divisible by 7, the original
7 also divisible by 7 no. 945 is also divisible
Check for 3146:: 314+ (4*6)

Add 4 times the last digit to the remaining = 338:: 33+(4*8) = 65. Since
truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If 65 is divisible by 13, the
the result is divisible by 13, the original number is original no. 3146 is also
13 also divisible by 13 divisible
Check for 2278:: 227-

Subtract 5 times the last digit from remaining (5*8)=187. Since 187 is
truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If divisible by 17, the original
the result is divisible by 17, the original number is number 2278 is also
17 also divisible by 17 divisible.
19 Add 2 times the last digit to the remaining Check for 11343::
truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If 1134+(2*3)= 1140. (Ignore
the result is divisible by 19, the original number is the 0):: 11+(2*4) = 19. Since
19 is divisible by 19, original
also divisible by 19 no. 11343 is also divisible
Check for 53935::

5393+(7*5) = 5428 ::
Add 7 times the last digit to the remaining 542+(7*8)= 598:: 59+
truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If (7*8)=115, which is 5 times
the result is divisible by 23, the original number is 23. Hence 53935 is divisible
23 also divisible by 23 by 23
Check for 12528::

1252+(3*8)= 1276 ::
truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If (3*5)=29, which is divisible
the result is divisible by 29, the original number is by 29. So 12528 is divisible
Subtract 3 times the last digit from remaining Check for 49507:: 4950-
truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If (3*7)=4929 :: 492-(3*9) ::
the result is divisible by 31, the original number is 465:: 46-(3*5)=31. Hence
31 also divisible by 31 49507 is divisible by 31
Check for 11026:: 1102 -

Subtract 11 times the last digit from remaining (11*6) =1036. Since 103 -
truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If (11*6) =37 is divisible by 37.
the result is divisible by 37, the original number is Hence 11026 is divisible by
37 also divisible by 37 37
Check for 14145:: 1414 -

Add 13 times the last digit to the remaining

truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If
the result is divisible by 43, the original number is Check for 11739::
also divisible by 43.*This process becomes difficult 1173+(13*9)= 1290:: 129 is
for most of the people because of multiplication divisible by 43. 0 is ignored.
43 with 13. So 11739 is divisible by 43
Subtract 14 times the last digit from remaining

truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If Check for 45026:: 4502 -
the result is divisible by 47, the original number is (14*6) =4418. Since 441 -
also divisible by 47. This too is difficult to operate (14*8) =329, which is 7
for people who are not comfortable with table of times 47. Hence 45026 is
47 14. divisible by 47
Notes:
In applying the above methods, stop repeating the step of adding or subtracting (as the case may be)
from the remaining truncated number as soon as you realize that the truncated number is divisible by the
given number.
While carrying the above process if during addition/subtraction any time the last digit is 0, that has to be
ignored.
Divisibility Rules with Examples
Number Method Example
Subtract 2 times the last digit from remaining Check for 945: : 94-
truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If (2*5)=84. Since 84 is
the result is divisible by 7, the original number is divisible by 7, the original
Check for 3146:: 314+ (4*6)

Add 4 times the last digit to the remaining = 338:: 33+(4*8) = 65. Since
truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If 65 is divisible by 13, the
the result is divisible by 13, the original number is original no. 3146 is also
13 also divisible by 13 divisible
Check for 2278:: 227-

Subtract 5 times the last digit from remaining (5*8)=187. Since 187 is
truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If divisible by 17, the original
the result is divisible by 17, the original number is number 2278 is also
17 also divisible by 17 divisible.
Check for 11343::

Add 2 times the last digit to the remaining 1134+(2*3)= 1140. (Ignore
truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If the 0):: 11+(2*4) = 19. Since
the result is divisible by 19, the original number is 19 is divisible by 19, original
Check for 53935::

5393+(7*5) = 5428 ::
truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If (7*8)=115, which is 5 times
the result is divisible by 23, the original number is 23. Hence 53935 is divisible
Check for 12528::

1252+(3*8)= 1276 ::
truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If (3*5)=29, which is divisible
the result is divisible by 29, the original number is by 29. So 12528 is divisible
Subtract 3 times the last digit from remaining Check for 49507:: 4950-
truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If (3*7)=4929 :: 492-(3*9) ::
the result is divisible by 31, the original number is 465:: 46-(3*5)=31. Hence
31 also divisible by 31 49507 is divisible by 31
Check for 11026:: 1102 -

Check for 14145:: 1414 -
Add 13 times the last digit to the remaining

truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If
the result is divisible by 43, the original number is Check for 11739::
also divisible by 43.*This process becomes difficult 1173+(13*9)= 1290:: 129 is
for most of the people because of multiplication divisible by 43. 0 is ignored.
43 with 13. So 11739 is divisible by 43
Subtract 14 times the last digit from remaining

truncated number. Repeat the step as necessary. If Check for 45026:: 4502 -
the result is divisible by 47, the original number is (14*6) =4418. Since 441 -
also divisible by 47. This too is difficult to operate (14*8) =329, which is 7
for people who are not comfortable with table of times 47. Hence 45026 is
47 14. divisible by 47
Notes:
In applying the above methods, stop repeating the step of adding or subtracting (as the case may be)
from the remaining truncated number as soon as you realize that the truncated number is divisible by the
given number.
While carrying the above process if during addition/subtraction any time the last digit is 0, that has to be
ignored.
How to multiply up to 20x20 in your head?

Assumption: You know your multiplication table reasonably well up to 10×10.
I am trying to explain this with an example,

Say you want to multiply - 16 x 13
Step 1 – Add the unit’s digit of one to the other number –
Here, add 16 + 3 = 19
Or, add 13 + 6 = 19
Step 2 – Put a zero after the number (i.e. multiply it by 10)

Here, 19 becomes 190
Step 3 – Multiply unit’s digit of both the numbers

Here, 6x3 = 18
Step 4 – Add the product to the result of Step 2

Here, 190 + 18 = 208
Simple!! Isn’t it?
Another example, 17x19 = (17+9)*10 + (7*9) = 260 + 63 = 323
(10+a) * (10+b) = 100 + 10b + 10a + a*b

= (10+a+b) * 10 + a*b
==========
This can be extended to sums like 23 * 28
(20+a) * (20+b) = 400 + 20b + 20a + a*b
= (20+a+b) * 20 + a*b
So, 23*28 = (23+8)*20 + 3*8 = 620 + 24 = 644.
==========
& so on.
VEDIC MULTIPLICATION OF 2 NUMBERS CLOSE TO HUNDRED

Vedic Method of Multiplication: Base System of multiplication
Application: Multiplication of two numbers close to Hundred
Case 1: Both numbers greater than 100.

Rule: You will get the answer in two parts
First part, to get left hand side of the answer: Add the difference between 100 and either of the numbers
to the other number
Second part, to get right hand side of the answer: multiply the difference from 100 of both the numbers
Example
103 x 104 = 10712
The answer is in two parts: 107 and 12,
107 is just 103 + 4 (or 104 + 3), and 12 is just 3 x 4.
Similarly 107 x 106 = 11342
107 + 6 = 113 and 7 x 6 = 42
123 x 103 = 12669
(123 + 3) | (23 x 3) = 126 | 69 =12669 .
If the multiplication of the offsets is more than 100 then this method won’t work. For example 123 x 105.
Here offsets are 23 and 5.
Multiplication of 23 and 5 is 115 which are more than 100. So this method won’t work.
But it can still work with a little modification. Consider the following examples:
Example 1
122 x 123 = 15006
Step 1: 22 x 23 = 506 (as done earlier)
Step 2: 122 + 23 (as done earlier)
Step 3: Add the 5 (digit at 100s place) of 506 to step 2
Answer: (122 + 23 + 5) | (22 x 23) = 150 | 06 = 10506
Example 2
123 x 105 (Different representation but same method)
123 + 5 = 128
23 x 5 = 115
128 | 115
= 12915
In the next post I'll tell you about vedic multiplication, i.e., how to multiply two numbers lesser than the
base (in this case 100).
HOW TO FIND VALUE OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
Horner's method is commonly used to find the roots of a polynomial function. However it can also be
used to evaluate the polynomial function for a given value of x.
Suppose, we want to evaluate the polynomial
p(x) = 4x^5 - 3x^4 + 7x^3 + 6x^2 + 3x + 9 at x = 2.41.
The usual method of evaluation is to evaluate each product (such as 4*2.41^5 or 7*2.41^3) separately
and then add. The drawback is that to evaluate any power of x, we go through all of the previous powers.
A slightly better method is to make a table of powers of 2.41 and put them in the given polynomial.
But Horner’s method is still more efficient. It results in fewer multiplications and additions and is faster
and more precise when using float variables.
Ex: Compute p(x) = 4x^5 - 3x^4 + 7x^3 + 6x^2 + 3x + 9 at x = 2.41.
Start with the coefficient of highest power of x as the starting value of the required answer.
It is 4.
Multiply by x and add coefficient of next lower power of x.
Repeat this till all powers of x are exhausted.
4 * 2.41 – 3 = 6.640
6.640 * 2.41 + 7 = 23.002
23.002 * 2.41 + 6 = 61.436
61.436 * 2.41 + 3 = 151.060
151.060 * 2.41 + 9 = 373.055
So, the value of the polynomial is 373.055 at x=2.41.
Imagine, evaluating the first to fifth powers of 2.41 and doing all those multiplications and additions. Is not
the Horner's method great?
Horner’s method is equivalent to rewriting the above polynomial as ((((4x-3)x+7)x+6)x+3)x+9 and

evaluating.
A convenient method of using Horner’s method is to write the computations in the form of Horner’s table
as given below for the above polynomial.
Polynomial p(x) = 4x^5 - 3x^4 + 7x^3 + 6x^2 + 3x + 9
2.41 4 -3 7 6 3 9 Coeff
9.64 16.002 55.436 148.060 364.055 x*coeff
4 6.64 23.002 61.436 151.060 373.055 total
The first figure is of course the value of x for which polynomial is to be evaluated.
1. The first line is of the coefficients of the polynomial.

2. Write the first coefficient (4) as it is in the third line.
3. Multiply 2.41 with 4 and write 9.64 under the second coefficient in the second line.
4. Add -3 and 9.64 and write total 6.64 in the third line.
5. Multiply 2.41 with 6.64 and write 16.002 in the second line under the third coefficient.
6. Repeat the above process.
Under the last column we get the answer 373.055 as the value of the polynomial at x=2.41.
This post is contributed by Nandeesh Nagarajaia. He is a Chemical Engineer who did his B.Tech from
NIT Suratkal. He is now in IT field as Assistant General Manager(Systems) in Hindustan Copper
Limited. He love Maths and enjoy teaching Maths to his sons.
Square (also called perfect square) is an integer that is the square of an integer; in other words, it is the
product of some integer with itself. So, for example, 9 is a square number, since it can be written as 3 ×
3.
How to find the square of any number?
To apply this method you should know squares of 1 to 25 by heart. You can refer to this table to learn the
same.
Number Square Number' Square'
1 1 13 169
2 4 14 196
3 9 15 225
4 16 16 256
5 25 17 289
6 36 18 324
7 49 19 361
8 64 20 400
9 81 21 441
10 100 22 484
11 121 23 529
12 144 24 576
* * 25 625
For finding square of any number between 26 to 75

Step 1. Find the difference between 50 and the number you want to square.
Scenario 1: If the number to be squared is greater than 50

Step 2. Add that many 100s to 2500 (which is the square of 50)
Scenario -2: If the number is less than 50

Step 2. Subtract that many 100s to 2500.
Example
Find out the Square of 67.
Step 1. Difference of 67 and 50 = 67-50 = 17

Step 2. This number is greater than 50. So add 1700 to 2500 = 4200
Step 3. Add square of 17 to step 2.
Answer = 4200+ 289 = 4489

Alternative method of calculating the square of a number:
Since, 67-50 = 17
67^2
We will be getting answer in 2 parts; see below – right hand side gives you tens and units digit. Left hand
side gives you the remaining digits.
= 25 + 17 | (17)^2 ( | denotes separation )

= 42 | 289 (17^2 is 289. The 2 shown in subtext will be carried over and added to left hand side)
= 4489
QUICK CALCULATIONS OF EXTREEMLY LARGE NUMBERS
Quick calculations with a few logarithms

If you can remember a few logarithms, you can do many calculations quite easily without the aid of
calculators or computers.
Try to remember the logarithms of just seven numbers:

Log 2 = 0.30, log 3 = 0.48, log 7 = 0.85, log 11= 1.04, log 13= 1.11, log 17 = 1.23 and log 19=1.28.
The logarithm of a composite number is equal to the sum of the logarithms of its prime factors; you can
formulate the following table of logarithms:
Number Logarithm Number Logarithm

2 0.30 11 1.04
3 0.48 12 1.08
4 0.60 13 1.11
5 0.70 14 1.15
6 0.78 15 1.18
7 0.85 16 1.20
8 0.90 17 1.23
9 0.95 18 1.26
19 1.28
Note: Logarithm of 11 is 1.04. It means log 1.1 = 0.04. Log 5 = log (10/2) = log10 – log 2.
With the above figures in hand you can do a lot of calculations quite easily.
1. What is 2 raised to power 37?

Logarithm of 2 is 0.30.
37 times 0.30 is 11.10
Since logarithm of 1.2 is 0.08 and logarithm of 1.3 is 0.11, antilog of 0.10 is about 1.26.
So antilog of 11.10 is 1.26 * 10^11.
That is 2^37 = 1.26 * 10^11.
2. What is the 31st root of a 35 digit number?

This can be answered even without knowing the number.
Log of 35th digit number is 34. …

Log of 31st root = 34. …./ 31
This lies between 34/31 and 34.99/31 or between 1.09 and 1.13.
From the above table, we can see that in this interval, logarithm of 13 is 1.11.
So, 31st root of a 35 digit number is 13.

3. What is the 64th root of a 20 digit number? Answer is 2.
4. What is the cube root of say 74567?
Log of 74567 = 4.873 (interpolating between log 7 =0.85 and log 8 = 0.90).
4.873 / 3 = 1.624.
Antilog of 0.624 is 4.24 (because log 4 = 0.60 and log 5 = 0.70).
So, cube root of 74567 is about 42.4
FINDING CUBE ROOT VEDIC MATHS WAY
his is an amazing trick which was always appreciated by the audience I have addressed in various
workshops. This awe inspiring technique helps you find out the cube root of a 4 or 5 or 6 digits number
mentally.
Before going further on the method to find the cube root, please make a note of the following points –
1) Cube of a 2-digit number will have at max 6 digits (99^3 = 970,299). That implies if you are given with
a 6 digit number, its cube root will have 2 digits.
2) This trick works only for perfect cubes, it will not work for any arbitrary 6-digit
3) It works only for integers
Now let us start with the trick to find cube root of a 5 or 6 digit number in vedic mathematic way.
Say you have to find the cube root of 54872. It is known that it’s a perfect cube.
Now divide this number into two parts. The right hand side should always have 3 digits. Remaining digits
will come in left hand side. Do it as shown below.
54 | 872
You know the answer will have 2 digits. Digit at tens place and digit at units place. We will get the digit at
tens place using the left hand side of the original number (54) and digit at units place using right hand
side of the number (872)
Step 1.
Memorize these tables (very soon you will know why) –
Table 1: Cube of 1 to 10
Numbe Cub
r e
1 1
2 8
3 27
4 64
5 125
6 216
7 343
8 512
9 729
100
10 0
Table 2: Unit’s digit of Cube Roots
Cube Ends Cube Root

in Ends in
1 1
2 8
3 7
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 3
8 2
9 9
0 0
Step 2.
For left hand side we need to use table 1. We have to see between which 2 numbers in the 2nd column do
54 lies. In this case it lies between 27 and 64. So we will take the cube root of the smaller number i.e. 27
which is 3.
So 3 is the tens digit of the answer.
Step 3.
For right hand side we need to use table 2. Since our original number (the perfect cube) ends in 2 (see
54872), its cube root will ends in 8.
Thus the units digit will be 8.
Combining the results we get the answer as 38.
Thus (54872)^1/3 = 38
Try for perfect cubes like 185193, 42875, 1728.
You might also be interested in the trick of finding square root of any number
Heron’s method of finding square root

If n is the square root of N, obviously, dividing N by n gives n.
We can look at the square root as the average of the factor and the quotient.
If you divide N by a number x which is not the square root, you will get the quotient different from the
square root.
However the average of the factor and the quotient is closer to the actual root than the starting number x.
This is the principle of Heron’s method of finding square root of a number.
Ex: To find the square root of 500:

Let us guess that the square root is 20.
Divide 500 by 20 to get the quotient 25.
Take the average of the factor 20 and the quotient 25 which is 22.5.
This 22.5 is closer to the actual root of 500 than the initial estimate of 20.
Repeating the above process:
500/22.5 = 22.2222
Average of 22.5 and 22.2222 is 22.3611.
For more accuracy, we can repeat the step once again to get the next estimate as 22.36068.
The actual square root of 500 is 22.36068.
I love to extend this Heron’s method for finding any root of any number.
For finding cube root, divide twice and take the average of the two divisors and the final quotient.
For finding fourth root, divide thrice and take the average of the three divisors and the final quotient.
Ex: To find the cube root of say 78654.

Let the initial guess be 40.
Step 1: 78654 / 40 = 1966.35
Step 2: 1966.35 / 40 = 49.15875
The average of 40, 40 and 49.15875 is 43.05292.
You can repeat the above process with the starting number as 43 (No need to start with 43.05292).
Actual cube root of 78654 is 42.84567.
Even if you start with a very wild initial guess, you will only need a few more iterations to reach the
answer.
Ex: To find the fourth root of say 78654.

Step 1: 78654 / 20 = 3932
Step 2: 3932 / 20 = 196
Step 3: 196 / 20 = 10
The average of 20, 20, 20 and 10 is 17.5.
Repeat the above process with the starting number as say 17.
Step 1: 78654 / 17 = 4627
Step 2: 4627 / 17 = 272
Step 3: 272 / 17 = 16
The average of 17, 17, 17 and 16 is 16.75.
Actual 4th root of 78654 is 16.74674.

Ex: To find the fifth root of say 78654.
Step 1: 78654 / 10 = 7865.4
Step 2: 7865.4 / 10 = 786.54
Step 3: 786.54 / 10 = 78.654
Step 4: 78.654 / 10 = 7.8654
The average of 10, 10, 10, 10 and 7.8654 is 9.5731.
Actual 5th root of 78654 is 9.531125.

Our first iteration itself is quite close to the actual root. Is it not great?
Tips: Start with a convenient round figure as the initial guess to make divisions easier. The next starting
number can again be rounded or adjusted for easing future divisions."
SIMPLE FAST MULTIPLICATION TECHNIQUES
Fast Multiplication by 5: Multiply by 10 (just place 0 after the original number) and divide the result by 2.
Fast Multiplication by 6: Sometimes subsequent multiplication by 3 and then 2 is easy.
Fast Multiplication by 9: Multiply by 10 (just place 0 after the original number) and subtract the original
number.
Multiply by 12: Multiply by 10 and add twice the original number.
Multiply by 14: Multiply by 7 and then multiply by 2
Multiply by 15: Multiply by 10 and add 5 times the original number, as above.
Multiply by 16: You can double four times, if you want to. Or you can multiply by 8 and then by 2.
Multiply by 18: Multiply by 20 and subtract twice the original number (which is obvious from the first step).
Multiply by 19: Multiply by 20 and subtract the original number.
Multiply by 24: Multiply by 8 and then multiply by 3.
step).
step).
Multiply by 90: Multiply by 9 (as above) and put a zero on the right.
Multiply by 98: Multiply by 100 (just place 00 after the original number)and subtract twice the original
number.
Multiply by 99: Multiply by 100 (just place 00 after the original number)and subtract the original number.
SORTCUT TO FIND CUBE ROOTS OF NUMBERS
cubes of first ten natural numbers -

13 = 1, 23 = 8, 33 = 27, 43 = 64, 53 = 125,
3 3 3 3
6 = 216, 7 = 343, 8 = 512, 9 = 729, 103 = 1000
To find the cube of any 2 digit number, we have to take the following steps
First Step: The first thing we have to do is to put down the cube of the tens-digit in a row of 4 figures.
The other three numbers in the row of answer should be written in a geometrical ratio in the exact
proportion which is there between the digits of the given number.
Second Step: The second step is to put down, under the second and third numbers, just two times of
second and third number. Then add up the two rows.
Finding the cube of 12
Or, 123 = ?
First Step: Digit in ten’s place is 1, so we write the cube of 1. And also as the ratio between 1 and 2 is 1:2,
the next digits will be double the previous one. So, the first row is
1248
Step II: In the above row our 2nd and 3rd digits (from right) are 4 and 2 respectively. So, we write down 8
and 4 below 4 and 2 respectively. Then add up the two rows.
Ex 2: 163 = ?
Soln:
Explanations: 13 (from 16) = 1. So, 1 is our first digit in the first row. Digits of 16 are in the ratio 1:6, hence
our other digits should be 1×6 = 6, 6×6 = 36, 36×6 = 216. In the second row, double the 2nd and
3rd number is written. In the third row, we have to write down only one digit below each column (except
under the last column which may have more than one digit). So, after putting down the unit-digit, we carry
over the rest to add up with the left-hand column. Here,
i) Write down 6 of 216 and carry over 21.
ii) 36 + 72 + 21 (carried) = 129, write down 9 and carry over 12.
iii) 6 + 12 + 12 (carried) = 30, write down 0 and carry over 3.
iv) 1 + 3 (carried) = 4, write down 4.
Multiplication with 9/ 99 / 999 and so on.

we know, 789 × 999 = 788,211
You will get the answers in two parts,
o The left hand side of the answer: subtract 1 from 789, which is 788
o The right hand side of the answer subtract 789 from 1000 = 1000-789= 211
Thus, 999 x 789 = 789-1 | 1000-789 = 788, 211 (answer)
{for the right hand side of the answer, 789 should be subtracted from (999+1)}
or, 99999 x 78 = 78-1 | 100000 - 78
= 7799922
{78 should be subtracted from (99999+1)}

Another example:
1203579 × 9999999 = 1203579-1 | 10000000- 1203579
=120357887964 21
Number in red is 1 less than 1203579. Number in blue is (10000000-1203579). Hence the answer.
This method has to be altered a little bit when number of 9s are lessers than the number of digit in the
divisor.
1432 x 9 = 1432 (10 – 1) = 14320 – 1432 = 12888
So for multiplication with 9, put a zero after that number and subtract the number itself from that.
Likewise for 99 put two zeroes after that number .
3256 x 99 = 325600 – 3256 = 322344
HOW TO FIND THE AVERAGE SPEED?
Lot of students gets confused while finding out the average speed, when various distances are travelled
with different speed. Say for example, trip to Agra from Delhi is made at an average speed of 40 km/hr
and the trip back at an average speed of 60 km/hr. Find their average speed for the entire trip. (Hint: It's
Not 50 Km/hr)
Rule: If a person travels a distance at a speed of x km/hr and the same distance at a speed of y km/hr,
then the average speed during the whole journey is given by 2xy/x + y km/hr.
Or, If a person travels half the distance at a speed of x km/hr and the other half at a speed of y km/hr,
then the average speed during the whole journey is given by 2xy/x + y km/hr.
So answer to the above question:
(2*60*40)/(60+40) Â = 48 Km/hr
If a person travels three equal distances at a speed of x km/hr, y km/hr and z km/hr respectively, then the
average speed during the whole journey is 3xyz/xy + yz + xz km/hr.
This problem can also be dealt with assuming some hypothetical distance.
Cyclicity
In CAT and other MBA entrance examinations you get questions based on cyclicity every year. Here we
are explaining in details the concept of cyclicity and how it should be used for solving problems.
To understand cyclicity let us take a simple example.
Take any two numbers say 43 and 97.
If they are multiplied, the answer is 4171. The last digit of the product is same as the last digit of 3 x 7.
Hence, it is 1.
This concept could be extended to a host of situations. An interesting pattern emerges when we look at
the exponents of the numbers. We would find conclusions as given below.
The last digits of the exponents of all numbers have cyclicity i.e. every Nth power of the base shall have
the same last digit, if N is the cyclicity of the number. All numbers ending with 2, 3, 7, 8 have a cyclicity of
4.
For instance,
2^1 ends with 2
2^2 ends with 4
2^3 ends with 8
2^4 ends with 6
2^5 end with 2 again.
The same set of the last digits shall be repeated for the subsequent powers. So, if we want to find the last
digit of (say) 2^45, divide 45 by 4.
The remainder is 1
So the last digit would be the same as last digit of 2^1, which is 2
Let us take a CAT level example
(3) The digit in the unit place of the number represented by (795 â€“ 358) is
A. 7
B. 0
C. 6
D. 4
Answer: D (4)
Cycle of 7 is
7 1=7
7 2=49
7 3= 343
7 4= 2401
If we divide 95 by 4, the remainder will be 3.
So the last digit of (7)95 is equals to the last digit ofÂ (7)3 i.e. 3.
Cycle of 7 is
31 =3
32 =9
33= 27
34= 81
35= 243
If we divide 58 by 4, the remainder will be 2.
The content in this post is a part of FireUp's Free E-Book on Number System. Click on Online CAT
Preparation to download
Working out similarly for all other digits we get
CYCLICITY TABLE
1 1
2 4
3 4
4 2
5 1
6 1
7 4
8 4
9 2
10 1
DIVISIBILITY RULE INCLUDING 7 & 13
Divisibility by 2: If its unitâ€™s digit is any of 0,2,4,6,8.

Ex : 100 is divisible by 2 while 101 is not.
Divisibility by 3: If the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
Ex: 309 is divisible by 3, since sum of its digits = (3+0+9) = 12 , which is divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 4: If the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4
Ex: 2648 is divisible by 4, since the number formed by the last two digits is 48 which is divisible by 4.
Divisibility by 5: If its units digit is either 0 or 5.

Ex: 20825 and 50545 are divisible by 5.
Divisibility by 6: If it is divisible by both 2 & 3.
Ex: 53256 is divisible by 6 because it is divisible by 2 as well as 3.
Divisibility by 7: If after subtraction of a number consisting of the last three digits from a number
consisting of the rest of its digits the result is a number that can be divided by 7 evenly
Ex.: 414141 is divisible 7 as 414-141= 273 is divisible by 7
Many different ways to test divisibility by seven have been devised. Some are long and complex, a few
involve rewriting the digits, and one even consists of a grid-like box. We have chosen one of the more
simplistic versions even though in almost every case it is quicker to merely perform long division.
Divisibility by 8: If the last three digits of the number are divisible by 8.

Ex: 3652736 is divisible by 8 because last three digits (736) is divisible by 8.
Divisibility by 9: If the sum of its digit is divisible by 9.
Ex: 672381 is divisible by 9, since sum of digits = (6+7+2+3+8+1) = 27 is divisible by 9.
Divisibility by 10: If the digit at unitâ€™s place is 0 it is divisible by10.
Ex: 69410, 10840 is divisible by 10.
Divisibility by 11: If the difference of the sum of its digits at odd places and sum of its digits at even
places, is either 0 or a number divisible by 11.
Ex: 4832718 is divisible by 11, since:
(Sum of digits at odd places) â€“ (sum of digits at even places)
= (8+7+3+4)-(1+2+8) = 11
Divisibility by 12: A number is divisible by 12 if it is divisible by both 4 and 3.
Ex: 34632
(i) The number formed by last two digits is 32, which is divisible by 4
(ii) Sum of digits = (3+4+6+2) = 18, which is divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 13:Â Remove the last digit of a number. Multiply it by 4 and add it to the remaining
truncated number. Â Continue doing these steps until you reach a 2 digit number. If the result is divisible
by 13, then so was the first number.
Example: 113945-->11394+20=11414-->1141+16=1157-->115+28=143 (since this number is divisible by
13, you can say 113945 is also divisible by 13)
You can go a step forward
14 + 12 = 26 is 2*13, so 113945 is divisible by 13.
Divisibility by 14: If a number is divisible by 2 as well as 7.

Divisibility by 15: If a number is divisible by both 3 & 5.
Divisibility by 16: If the number formed by the last 4 digits is divisible by 16.
Ex: 7957536 is divisible by 16, since the number formed by the last four digits is 7536, which is divisible
by 16.
Divisibility by 40: If it is divisible by both 5 & 8.
Next in this series, based on your responses, we will share the divisibility rules of 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37,
41, 43, 47
MULTIPLYING A NUMBER BY 111

To multiply a two-digit number by 111, add the two digits and if the sum is a single digit, write this digit
TWO TIMES in between the original digits of the number. Some examples:
36x111= 3996
54x111= 5994
The same idea works if the sum of the two digits is not a single digit, but you should write down the last
digit of the sum twice, but remember to carry if needed. So
57x111= 6327
because 5+7=12, but then you have to carry the one twice.
For 3 digit numbers

Carry if any of these sums is more than one digit.
Thus 123x111 = 1 | 3 (=1+2) | 6 (=1+2+3) | 5 (=2+3) | 3
Similarly,
241x111 = 26751
For an example where carrying is needed
Say, 352x111=3 | 8 (=3+5) | 10 (=3+5+2)| 7 (=5+2)| 2

= 3 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 2 = 3 | 9 | 0 | 7 | 2
= 39072
(Because of the carries, it may be easier to do the sums and write the answer down from right to left.)

such subtractions.

Step 1. 9-3 = 6
Step 2. 9-5 = 4
Step 3. 10-7 = 3
So the answer is 1000 - 357 = 643

10,000 etc.
9-1 = 8
9-0 = 9
9-4 = 5
10-9 = 1
So answer is 8951,
suppose 83 is 083.
So 1000 - 83 becomes 1000 - 083 = 917
Illustration: 10000 - 920 = 10000 - 0920 = (9-0) (9-9) (10-2) 0 =9080
Illustration: 100000 - 78010 = (9-7) (9 - 8 ) (9- 0) (10 - 1) 0 = 21990

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FIND VALUE OF SIN & COS USING FINGURES :-

Suppose, you want to find Cos30

Hence, Cos30 = square root of 3/2

and Sin30 will be (sq. root of 1 /2) = 1/2

Squaring any number ending in 9

Finding the square of 39

1600 – 79 = 1521 is the square of 39. Answer.

Another Example of finding the square of bigger number ending in 9.

Finding the square of 159

FINDING SQUARE OF NUMBERS FROM 51 TO 59

First part: 25 + digit at units unit in 57 = 25 + 7 = 32

Second part: square of 7 = 49

Combining both the parts – 3249 is the answer.

= 50^2 +2*50*7 + 7^2

= 2500 + 100*7 + 7^2

SORTCUT TO FIND SQUARE OF NUMBER

Number Square Number' Square'

For finding square of any number between 26 to 75

Scenario 1: If the number to be squared is greater than 50

Scenario -2: If the number is less than 50

Step 1. Difference of 67 and 50 = 67-50 = 17

Answer = 4200+ 289 = 4489

= 25 + 17 | (17)^2 ( | denotes separation )

MULTIPLY 2 NUMBERS, SUM OF WHOSE UNIT PALCES IS 10

Combined effect: (4 x 5) | (4 x 6) = 2024

It can also be extended to three digit numbers like :

E.g. 1: 292 x 208.

Here 92 + 08 = 100, L.H.S portion is same i.e. 2

60 | 736 (for 100 raise the L.H.S. product by 0) = 60736.

E.g. 2: 848 X 852

L.H.S portion is 8 and its next number is 9.

848 x 852 = 8 x 9 x 10 | 48 x 52 (Note: For 48 x 52, use methods shown above)

Eg. 3: 693 x 607

693 x 607 = 6 x 7 x 10 | 93 x 7 = 420 / 651 = 420651.

VEDIC MULTIPLICATION OF 2 NUMBERS CLOSE TO 100

Vedic Method of Multiplication: Base System of multiplication

Application: Multiplication of two numbers close to Hundred

Case 1: Both numbers greater than 100.

Here's the promised post for you - http://www.quickermaths.com/base-method-of-multiplication/

say if the number is 234, assume it to be 0 2 3 4 0

36 x 11 = 0+3 | 3+6 | 6+0 = 396

RULE FOR MULTIPLIYING ANY NUMBER BY 21

The first 3 digits up to this point are 111

The next digit is obtained by adding 3 to twice of 9

Thus the first four digits of the answer are -

1 | 1 | (1 + 2) | 1 = 1131 (carried over 2 added to the last digit of 111 )

The next digit is obtained by adding 9 to twice of 2

Therefore the answer is 113232

Multiplication with 9/ 99 / 999 and so on.

we know, 789 × 999 = 788,211

or, 99999 x 78 = 78-1 | 100000 - 78

{78 should be subtracted from (99999+1)}

1203579 × 9999999 = 1203579-1 | 10000000- 1203579

1432 x 9 = 1432 (10 – 1) = 14320 – 1432 = 12888

Likewise for 99 put two zeroes after that number .

3256 x 99 = 325600 – 3256 = 322344

Learn Amazingly Fast Vedic Mathematics Subtraction

For example 1000 - 357 = ? (subtraction from 1000)

= 50^2 +2507 + 7^2

Another example, 17x19 = (17+9)10 + (79) = 260 + 63 = 323