Vedanta Limited: Cairn Oil & Gas
Vedanta Limited: Cairn Oil & Gas
Vedanta Limited: Cairn Oil & Gas
EPC CONTRACTOR
Revision A2
PROCEDURE FOR SCAFFOLDING SAFETY
Contents
Foreword………………………………………………………………………………………………4
1.0 Purpose…………………………………………………………………………………………...4
2.0 Scope………………………………………………………………...……………………………4
3.0 Application.………………………………………………………………………………………..4
4.0 Responsibilities…………………………………………………………...………………………4
4.1 Business/Asset Managers………………………………………………………………….…...4
4.2 Installation/Terminal/Site Manager…………………………………..…………………………5
4.3 Issuing/Area Authority……………………………………………………………………………5
4.4 HSE Manager…………………………………………………………………………………….5
4.5 Scaffolding Contractor………………………………………………...…………………………6
4.6 Scaffolding Supervisor………………………………………………..…………………………6
4.7 Scaffolding Competent Person ………………………………………………………………...7
4.8 Scaffolding Users………………………………………………………………………………...7
4.9 Deviation………………………………………………………………….……………………….7
6.0 Supporting Documents………………………………………………….……………………….7
5.0 Objective......................................................................................................................
…...7
6.0 Safety ……………………..………………………………………………………………………7
6.1 Safe Work Practice………………………………………………………………………………7
7.0 Training……………………………………………………………………………………………8
7.1 Personnel Who Use Scaffolding for Access…………….…………………………………….9
7.2 Personnel Who Use Scaffolding to Perform Work……………………………………………9
7.3 Personnel Who Erect, Dismantle, Maintain or Inspect Scaffolding…………..……………10
7.4 Personnel Who Need Re-Training……………………………………………………….…...10
8.0 Scaffold Design Requirements…………………………………………………………..…....10
8.1 Sound Design…………………………………………..……………………………………….10
8.2 Technical Standards……………………………………..……………………………………..11
8.3 Scaffolding Design Considerations …………………………………………………………..11
8.4 Ground Conditions…………………………………………………………………………..….12
8.5 Support & Bracing ………………………………………………..…………………………….12
8.6 Loading ………………………………………………………….………………………………13
8.7 Tying and Anchoring……………………………………………………………………………13
8.7.1 Tying………………………………………………………………...…………………………13
8.7.2 Anchor Points…………………………………………………………………………………14
9.0 Ladders ……………………………………………………………..…………………………..15
10.0 Process Hazards……………………………………………………..……………………….15
11.0 Electrical Hazards ………………………………………………………….…………………15
12.0 Powered Mobile Plant & Traffic…………………………………….…….………………….16
13.0 Types of Scaffold…………………………………………………….…….………………….16
13.1 Self-Supporting Scaffold……………………………………………….….………………….16
13.2 General Requirements……………………………………………….……….………………16
13.3 Fabricated Frame Scaffolding……………………………………….……….………………16
13.4 Tube and Coupler Scaffolding……………………………………….………………………17
13.5 Alternatives to Tube and Coupler Scaffolding……………………….…….……………….17
13.5.1 Trestle Scaffolds……………………………………………………………….……………17
13.5.2 Pre-Fabricated Scaffolding……………………………………………………….………..18
13.6 Mobile Scaffolds……………………………………………………………………….…… 18
13.7 Suspension Scaffolds ……………………………………………………………….……….18
13.8 Special Scaffolding……………………………………………………………………..……..19
13.8.1 Cantilever Scaffolding……………………………………………………………..………..19
14.0 Scaffold Planning……………………………………………………………………..……….19
14.1 Scaffold Plan…………………………………………………………………………….…….19
15.0 Scaffolding Requests and Permit to Work Process……………………………….………20
15.1 Assessing the Risks…………………………………………………………………….…… 20
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FOREWORD
1.0 PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to highlight the measures that should be taken to comply
with the law during the erection, dismantling and use of scaffolding, with respect to protecting
personnel. It does not replace any national safety information or guidance provided for
scaffolding companies or employers by the relevant states or country nor does it constitute a
risk assessment or safety method statement.
2.0 SCOPE
The scope covers the type of assembly structure, usually temporary in nature, used to
support workers and materials while they build or repair equipment or facilities. It involves
fixed and mobile structures of varying height, breadth and width, supported from the ground
or suspended from above.
It is a working document which sets out a structured approach when undertaking work that
involves the erection, dismantling or use of scaffolding. It aims to produce a consistent
approach to the application of scaffolding.
3.0 APPLICATION
The guidelines contained in this HSEQ Procedure is intended for the users and providers of
temporary access systems at any Cairn India Limited Installation, Terminal, Site or Premises
It applies to all businesses, the workers, supervisors, scaffold qualified persons and scaffold
custodians
.
4.0 RESPONSIBILITIES
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The /Site Manager are responsible for ensuring their staff and contractors are aware of this
procedure and its content and for ensuring their facility/site has in place a process for
assessing and monitoring the competence of those involved with scaffolding activities and
for ensuring a robust audit and inspection process covering scaffolding is in place at their
site.
Has the responsibility for ensuring any scaffolding work activities undertaken in their area of
responsibility is carried out in compliance with this HSEQ Procedure. They must also:
Accurately define the scope of the access requirements, to assist the scaffolding
contractor in ensuring that the structure is ‘fit for purpose’ on erection;
Ensure that reasonable timescales are provided to allow sufficient pre task planning and
risk assessment to be carried out by the Scaffolding Supervisor;
Ensure fit for purpose scaffolding equipment is provided for the job;
Ensure that personnel involved with scaffolding work, either staff or contractors, are
qualified, competent, and familiar with the requirements of this procedure;
Ensure scaffold inspection records are retained on file;
To ensure that the scaffolding / access platform is maintained to as safe a standard as
practical;
Conduct a Job Safety Analysis (JSA) for the activities to be carried out on the scaffolding
structure;
Identify and manage any conflicting activities that occur when using the scaffolding /
access structure;
Ensure that the scaffold is ‘fit for purpose’ for the intended work-scope;
Ensure any alterations to the structure are carried out by trained and competent
scaffolders;
Notify the scaffolding supervisor of any changes to the scaffold due to weather, damage
or collision;
Ensuring a high level of housekeeping / tidiness is maintained by those erecting,
dismantling or working on the access platform;
Formally notify the scaffold supervisor when work on scaffold has ceased, ensuring the
access platform is left in an acceptable condition.
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Scaffold Contractors
Scaffold contractors are responsible for providing a suitable stable working platform, built
from materials that comply with national and industry codes and standards, designed for the
work to be undertaken and erected by competent scaffolding personnel . Provide technical
support to the scaffolding supervisor. Responsibilities include: -
Providing a Safe System of Work, in conjunction with the Cairn India Limited.
Ensuring that the quality of the equipment supplied for erecting the scaffold / access
structures meets the relevant standards.
Providing the Scaffold Supervisor with suitably trained and competent personnel to
complete the work-scopes safely.
Providing access to competent design engineers.
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Allocate personnel to the task ensuring competencies and numbers are sufficient to
complete tasks safely;
Inspect and verify scaffold meets the criteria for the scaffolds purpose prior to handover
of the completed scaffold structure to Issuing/Area Authority;
Ensure that a competent person is available to conduct weekly inspections and to
maintain the inspection tags and scaffold;
Make adequate provisions available (labour) for the safe dismantle of access structures.
4.5 Scaffolding Competent Personnel
Have a responsibility to erect scaffold in a safe and professional manner compliant with the
relevant codes and standards and meet the requirements of this procedure.
5.0 OBJECTIVES
The objective is to provide guidance on types of temporary access used in the work places
and the health and safety issues arising from the provision and use of the temporary access
systems by outlining the method for the safe use during the erection, use, modification,
inspection and dismantling of scaffolds
6.0 SAFETY
National and international industry standards recommend that scaffold arrangements are
reviewed regularly and that reviews take account of factors which include, but are not limited
to:
Scaffolding design implementation;
Arrangements for securing scaffolding to structures;
Intended and actual loadings on scaffolds, including the impact of wind;
The risk of direct impact by construction plant or vehicles;
The frequency and thoroughness of scaffold inspection arrangements;
Systems in place for the handover of new or modified scaffolds;
The training and competence of scaffold erectors;
The adequacy of the scaffold foundations; and
The prevention of unauthorised modifications.
6.1 Safe Work Practice
Before any scaffolding personnel undertake work at height, it is necessary for a suitably
competent person to carry out a risk assessment. Based on the findings of such an
assessment, a comprehensive method statement detailing BOTH erection and dismantling of
the scaffold must be prepared.
Work at height rules in India sets the limit of 1.5 meters above which any work to be
undertaken is classed as working at height. The rules also provide guidance for managing
and selecting equipment for work at height. Clearly, scaffolders cannot avoid working at
height; and therefore before any such activity is allowed to be undertaken those involved
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must be provided with fall prevention and protection measures, e.g. personal fall protection
systems.
When a personal fall arrest system is used, consideration must be given to reducing the
distance a person is liable to fall and the consequences of the fall, particularly the ease of
rescue of a person suspended in a harness.
Except for “basic” scaffolds, it is necessary to carry out analysis and design of any scaffold.
Designs and calculations should clearly state the purpose, limitations of use, maximum load
and include all fall protection measures that will form part of the finished structure. This
information shall be available to site personnel who will erect the scaffold.
7.0 TRAINING
Employees and contractors should receive instruction on the particular types of scaffolds that
they are to use. Training should focus on proper erection, handling, use, inspection, removal
and care of the scaffolds. Training must also include the installation of fall protection, and the
proper selection, use and care of fall arrest equipment.
The competent person(s) shall receive additional training regarding the selection of
scaffolds, recognition of site conditions, scaffold hazards, protection of exposed personnel
and the public, repair and replacement options, and requirements of standards.
Training specific to the scaffold and/or scaffolding work and to the workplace should also be
provided to workers. Workers in a supervisory role should be experienced and trained in the
fundamentals of scaffolding.
All employees who perform work on a scaffold shall be trained annually to recognise the
hazards associated with the type of scaffold being used and the procedures to control or
minimise those hazards.
Training is required for personnel who: (1) use scaffolds for access or perform work while on
scaffolds, (2) are involved in erecting, disassembling, moving, repairing, maintaining, or
inspecting scaffolds, and (3) have lost the requisite proficiency
.
7.1 Personnel Who Use Scaffolds for Access
Personnel who use scaffolds to access process equipment for plant operation and inspection
will be trained by a qualified person to recognise the hazards associated with the type of
scaffold being used and to understand the procedures to control or minimise those hazards.
The training will include the following areas as applicable:
Proper use of scaffolds;
Proper handling of equipment and materials on scaffolds;
Proper erecting, maintaining and disassembling of fall protection systems;
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Personnel who perform work on scaffolds will be trained by a qualified person to recognise
the hazards associated with the type of scaffold being used and to understand the
procedures to control or minimise those hazards. The training will include the following areas
as applicable:
The nature of and the correct procedures for scaffolding close to areas where there is
live electrical equipment or overhead power lines;
The nature of and the correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling
the fall protection and falling object protection systems used;
The proper use of the scaffold, and the proper handling of materials on the scaffold;
The maximum intended load and the load-carrying capacities of the scaffolds used;
Fall protection refresher training; and
Any other pertinent requirements of the national or international rules.
7.3 Personnel, Who Erect, Dismantle, Maintain, or Inspect Scaffolds
When an individual lacks the skill or understanding needed for safe work involving the
erection, use or dismantling of scaffolds, the employee or contractor will be retrained so that
the requisite proficiency is regained. Retraining will be done in at least the following
situations:
Where changes at the worksite present a hazard about which the employee/contractor
has not been previously trained.
Where changes in the types of scaffolds, fall protection, falling object protection, or other
equipment present a hazard about which an employee has not been previously trained.
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The scaffold should be capable of supporting its own weight and at least four times the
maximum intended load to be applied or transmitted to the scaffold and components.
Suspension ropes should be capable of supporting six times the maximum intended load.
Guardrails should be able to withstand at least 200 pounds (900 Newton’s) of force on the
top rail and 100 pounds (450 Newton’s) on the mid-rail. On complex systems, the services of
an engineer may be needed to determine the loads at particular points.
All scaffolding shall be designed according to manufacturers or engineering guidelines, and
scaffolding codes such as IS-4014, IS-2750. An experienced scaffold designer should be
consulted during the design of any scaffold structure to provide input on ways to minimise
the risk of injury.
The term designer includes anyone who modifies the design. For example, if the capacity of
the scaffold is to be increased by adding additional components, a designer will need to
complete additional calculations to ensure the modified structure is capable of supporting the
additional load.
The person designing the addition has designer duties and, if they are not the original
designer, they should consult the original designer to ensure the new configuration does not
compromise the existing design specifications or safety factors.
The design process may be simple or complex depending on the size and complexity of the
scaffold. However, a scaffold must be designed by a competent person, for example an
engineer experienced in structural design, to ensure that it is capable of carrying the loads
that will be applied to it.
Scaffold designers should consider the work practices necessary to carry out the erection
and dismantling of the scaffold as designed and identify health and safety risks and controls
at the design stage. Design matters to be considered include:
The method and sequence of erecting and dismantling the scaffold and the related risks,
particularly relating to manual handling
The provision of safe access to and egress from the work areas on and around the scaffold
minimizing the working heights for persons erecting and dismantling scaffold
That edge protection (including guardrails, mid-rails and toe-boards), containment sheeting,
fall arrest systems including horizontal life lines or other fall risk controls are able to be
installed when working at height
Advice and information (such as drawings, scope of work instructions and bills of quantity)
to be provided to the scaffolding contractor and the principal contractor regarding the use of
the scaffold
Minimising any sloping surfaces on a scaffold that may cause slip hazards and ensure
appropriate risk control measures are identified and included in the design.
A designer may use any technical standard or combination of standards and engineering
principles that are relevant to the design requirements as long as the outcome is a design
that meets all regulatory requirements, including for work health and safety. Engineering
principles would include, for example, mathematical or scientific procedures outlined in an
engineering reference manual or standard.
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Each scaffold shall be rigid, stable, and designed to support the weight of its intended load,
including people, materials, tools, the weight of the scaffold, and wind loading. Rigidity shall
be achieved by appropriate cross bracing and stability by adequate tying to a supporting
structure.
Scaffolds shall be tied to, and securely braced against, the structure at intervals not
exceeding 8 metres horizontally and 4 metres vertically.
Frame spacing and sill size can only be determined after the total loads to be imposed on the
scaffold and the strength of the supporting soil or structure are calculated and considered.
The Issuing/Area Authority in consultation with the scaffolding contractor should ensure
ground conditions are stable and inform scaffold erectors of any factors which may affect
ground stability, before the scaffold is erected.
When a scaffold is erected on a surface other than soil it is important the surface is
sufficiently stable to bear the most adverse environmental loads that can reasonably be
expected during the period that the scaffold is in use.
Water and nearby excavations may lead to soil subsidence and the collapse of scaffold. Any
likely watercourse, such as a recently filled trench, which has the potential to create a wash
out under the scaffold base, should be diverted away from the scaffold.
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8.6 Loadings
A scaffold should be designed for the most adverse environmental loads that can reasonably
be expected during the period that the scaffold is in use.
The specifications of the designer, manufacturer or supplier should be followed for the
maximum loads of the scaffold. The environmental loads need to be calculated during the
design stage to ensure the supporting structure and the lower standards are capable of
supporting the loads.
8.7.1 Tying
Tying is the term used for securing the scaffold to hold it place and prevent it from tipping
over. Unless they are classed and built as free standing scaffolds, most scaffolds will be tied
into the existing steelwork or structures by use of clamps etc. Tie methods and spacing need
to be in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer, designer or supplier.
The bottom tie must be placed no higher than four (4) times the minimum base width and
every 4 meters vertically thereafter. Ties should be placed as close to the top of the scaffold
as possible and, in no case, less than four (4) times the minimum base width of the scaffold
from the top.
Vertical ties should be placed at the ends of scaffold runs and at no more than 8 meters
horizontal intervals in between.
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Typical commonly used Tie for connecting scaffold to a beam, the beam. Ties can also be
wire ropes specifically used by scaffolding companies
.
All ties used must be supplied from reputable companies and be certified.
All anchor points shall be capable of holding six (6) times the intended weight of the scaffold. For
Cantilevered or hanging scaffold the designer must address wind loads to ensure safety.
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9.0 LADDERS
Extension or single ladders should only be used as a means of access to or egress from a
work area, not as a working platform. The following are additional safe work practices which
should be followed when working on ladders:
Ladders may be used where access to the working platform is needed by only a few
persons, and where tools and equipment can be delivered separately to the working platform
(for example, by materials hoist, crane or a rope etc.);
Ladders should be within a separate ladder access bay of the scaffold, wherever space
permits;
If the access bay is part of the working platform, a trap door is to be provided. Strict
controls should be implemented to ensure the trap door remains closed while working from
the platform;
Ladders should be set up on a firm, level surface and not used on scaffold bays to gain
extra height.
More detailed guidance on ladders is included in the procedure: Ladder and Step Ladder
Safety.
Consideration shall be given to the hazardous nature of the process system when designing,
erecting, and using scaffolding, specifically:
Very hot and very cold surfaces.
Fusible loop shut-down system tubing,
Electrical control systems circuitry.
Proximity to fire and gas detector heads, and to line of sight gas detection systems.
Proximity to sprinkler and deluge system heads.
Access to emergency alarm, shutdown, and deluge call points.
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Specific control measures must be implemented when work is done in the vicinity of electric
lines. The local electricity supply authority should be consulted and appropriate risk controls
implemented.
Mobile plant and vehicular traffic are hazards which can potentially affect worker safety and
the safe use and structural integrity of a scaffold. Control measures that can be used to
prevent or minimize exposure to the risk of death or injury from moving plant and traffic
include:
Re-route motor vehicles and mobile plant away from the location of the scaffold, for
example, by using traffic controllers to redirect traffic.
Use barricades, signs, posts, buffer rails, guards, or concrete or timber kerbs to prevent
mobile plant and traffic from coming into contact with a scaffold.
Ensure the scaffold does not have any unnecessary protrusions, such as over-length
transoms, putlogs, tie tubes or over-height standards.
There are many different types of scaffolds, each with unique features. Because of this
distinctiveness, procedures for safe erection and use maybe unique to the particular scaffold.
The three commonly used categories: self-supporting scaffolds, suspension scaffolds,
special scaffolds.
A self-supporting scaffold is one or more work platforms supported from below by outriggers,
brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames or similar supports.
Confirm that scaffold and assembly are capable of supporting their own weight and at least
four times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to the scaffold and
components. Ensure that poles, legs, posts, frames and uprights bear on base plates and
mud sills or other adequately firm foundations. Footings must be level, sound and able to
support the loaded scaffold without settlement or displacement. Plumb or brace poles, legs,
posts, frames and uprights to prevent swaying or displacement.
Any supported scaffold with a height of more than four times the minimum width of the base
must be restrained from tipping by guying, tying, bracing or other suitable means. Restraints
are needed for every 8 meters (vertically), with the top restraint as close to the top platform
as possible (but not further from the top than four times the least base dimension).
A fabricated frame scaffold (tubular welded frame scaffold) is a supported scaffold consisting
of a platform(s) supported on fabricated end frames with integral posts, horizontal bearers
and intermediate members.
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bearers and runners. A registered professional engineer may need to be consulted about the
design, construction, and loading of the scaffold particularly for high rise scaffolds and these
must be constructed and loaded consistent with the design.
A trestle scaffold is constructed from trestles and planks. They shall be:
Erected on a hard, level surface with each trestle being fully open;
Not more than 2 m high;
Planked across the full width of the trestle;
Planks shall overhang the trestle by not less than 150 mm, nor more than 250 mm, and,
where necessary be secured against lifting;
Not less than 450 mm wide.
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Frame trestle scaffold may be heavy duty, depending upon the rating of the components, in
which case minimum platform width shall be 900 mm.
The design of each must be registered with the State regulatory body, and the supplier must
supply the following information:
Instructions for erection, storage and maintenance;
Guidance on the type of coupler to be used;
Intended duty and maximum capacity;
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All suspension scaffold support devices must rest on surfaces capable of supporting at least
four times the load imposed on them by the scaffold.
Use the following preferred methods for fixing the inboard length of the cantilevered
beam to the structure:
Fix the beam to the floor below using a positive fixing (for example, a u bolt fitted over
the beam and through the concrete floor slab)
Use counterweights on the beam, or
Install props to the top of the beam and to the underside of the floor above. Ensure the
props are fixed to prevent dislodgement.
Scaffolding work should be carefully planned before work starts so that it can be carried out
safely. Planning involves identifying the hazards, assessing the risks and determining
appropriate control measures in consultation with all relevant persons involved in the work,
including the faIEILity/site management, scaffolding contractor and designers.
Consultation should include discussions on the:
Nature and/or condition of the ground and/or working environment;
Weather conditions;
Nature of the work and other activities that may affect health and safety;
Interaction with other trades;
Access and egress from scaffold;
Management of mobile plant and surrounding vehicular traffic;
Public safety.
14.1 Scaffolding plan
An effective plan will help identify ways to protect persons who are:
Erecting, using, maintaining, altering and dismantling the scaffold
Near the scaffolding work (for example, other workers and members of the public)
A scaffolding plan should be prepared by a competent person on behalf of the person
conducting business or undertaking. In preparing the scaffold plan, the person should
consult with:
The scaffold designer, for example, to discuss the design loads and the capability of the
structure to support any additional loadings
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The builder or principal contractor, for example, to assess the location of underground
drains or pits. The work should be planned so as to avoid excavating service trenches under,
through or adjacent to scaffolds
Workers, health and safety committees, and health and safety representatives regarding
erecting, maintaining, altering and dismantling the scaffold
Other competent persons (for example, an engineer) familiar with such structures
The electricity supply authority if the scaffold is being erected with in the vicinity of
overhead electric lines.
The scaffolding plan should include a site layout plan and detail the elevations and sections
of the scaffold. It is to be made available for inspection at the worksite. The scaffolding plan
should address the following issues:
Basis of design
Foundations (including ground conditions)
The weight bearing capacity of the surface where the scaffold is to be erected.
Size and weight of the scaffold (for example, dead, live and environmental loads)
Supporting structure
Access and egress
Tying and anchors (that is, where anchors will be placed on the supporting structure;
and types of anchors to be used)
Bracing
Type of scaffold
Edge protection.
15.0 SCAFFOLD REQUEST AND PERMIT TO WORK PROCESS
The first step to assuring the scaffold is built right for the task is to make sure that the
scaffold design/erectors understand the intended use of the scaffold. This information should
be communicated to the appropriate scaffolding supervisor by the Issuing/Area Authority
responsible for the area or Maintenance Superintendent who requires the scaffold is to be
built.
When assessing risks relating to scaffolds you should consider things such as:
The type of scaffold to be used
The height of the scaffold to be erected
The scheduling of the scaffolding work
The layout of the workplace, including proximity to public areas
The surface on which the scaffold will be erected (ground conditions, the structural
integrity of the surface to support the scaffold and its load)
The number of people involved
Plant and equipment that will be used on or near the scaffold
The skill and competencies required to erect, use, maintain, alter and dismantle the
scaffold
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Ensure that edge protection (including guardrails, mid-rails and toe-boards), containment
sheeting or other fall risk controls are able to be installed when working at height.
The ways of controlling risks are ranked from the highest level of protection and reliability to
the lowest. This ranking is known as the hierarchy of control measures. The duty holder must
always aim to eliminate a hazard first. If this is not reasonably practicable, the risk must be
minimized by using one or more of the following:
Substitution – for example:
Use mechanical aids such as cranes, hoists, pallet jacks or trolleys to move equipment
and materials wherever possible instead of manual lifting.
Use scaffold systems which are made of lighter weight materials and use modern
technologies, for example, modular systems which have shorter standard lengths or systems
that are made of aluminum rather than steel or timber
Isolation – for example, use hard barriers to separate pedestrians and powered mobile
plant to reduce the risk of collision
Engineering controls – for example, provide a catch platform to prevent falling objects
hitting workers or other persons below the work area.
In many cases, a combination of control measures will provide the best solution. For
example, protect workers from falls using fall protection devices, such as guard rails
(engineering), and safe systems of work (administrative), and other workers from falling
objects by establishing an exclusion zone for the work area (isolation) and providing hard
hats (PPE).
The job sites and work areas shall be inspected prior to the erection of scaffolds to determine
the sites ability to support structure, and for location of electric power lines, overhead
obstructions, wind conditions, and the need for overhead protection or weather protection
coverings.
Erection of scaffolding can be extremely hazardous as it often involves working at an
elevated height or over the side of a structure. Scaffold erectors and dismantlers are at
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Particular risk, since they work on scaffolds before ladders, guardrails, platforms and planks
are completely installed; therefore prior to the issuing of a permit to work the Issuing/Area
Authority shall ensure:
Scaffolding team are trained and qualified scaffolding personnel;
Discussion of the job and hazards have been addressed in a JSA;
Method of transferring materials to the work location have been identified and approved;
Controls required by the JSA have been or will be implemented;
Toolbox meeting to take place prior to commencement of scaffolding activities;
The effect of adverse weather have been addressed;
A safe means of access to the scaffold area to be used by the scaffolding personnel has
been identified and scaffold team made aware;
Safety equipment required for the work and location has been identified and is available.
15.4 Reviewing the Risk Control Measures
The control measures that are implemented to protect health and safety must be regularly
reviewed to ensure they are effective and that no new hazards have been introduced by the
control measures.
The Issuing/Area Authority must ensure that an emergency plan is prepared for the
workplace that provides procedures to respond effectively in an emergency.
Note: To ensure a coordinated approach to
responding in an emergency, the
friability/site manager shall ensure any
unexpected incidents, such as scaffold
collapse or people falling from height,
are included in the broader emergency
plan for the construction site prepared
by the principal contractor.
Perimeter containment screening may be used to protect persons from falling objects.
Perimeter containment screens can be made of mesh, a good quality shade cloth, timber,
plywood, metal sheeting or other material suitable for the purpose.
Perimeter containment screens should be located inside the standards on working platforms.
Where used, the lining should be attached to the inside of the mesh. The lining can be
attached using non-structural locating product which keeps the lining in place while
minimising damage to the lining. However, the additional wind loading represented by the
use of linings must be considered in the selection of an appropriate lining material.
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The following general procedures apply to all scaffold operations for Cairn India Limited. A
proper work platform should be considered during the risk assessment even if working at
heights less than 2 meters.
Scaffolds shall be furnished and erected in accordance with country and international
standard for persons engaged in work that cannot be done safely from the ground or from
solid construction, except that ladders used for such work shall conform to regulatory
standards.
All scaffolding shall have the manufacturer’s safety instructions available for erection and
use. Scaffolding shall be erected and used following the manufacturer’s instructions. Scaffold
components manufactured by different vendors shall not be mixed.
Working platforms shall be strong enough for the intended use, and wide enough to
accommodate materials as well as for access. They shall be not less than 450 mm wide. The
following is based on industry best practice and is a general scaffolding guide:
All planking shall be scaffold grade as recognized by grading rules for the species of
wood used. Scaffold planking shall be inspected to confirm they are:
Graded for scaffold use, are sound and in good condition, straight grained, free from saw
cuts, splits and holes;
Of uniform thickness;
Allplanking or platforms shall be overlapped (minimum 300 mm) or secured from
movement.
An access ladder or equivalent safe access shall be provided.
Scaffold planks shall extend over their end supports not less than 150 mm nor more than
300 mm;
Planks must not extend beyond the support by more than 500mm. Such overhangs
should be separated from the work platform by guard-railing so that they cannot be walked
on;
Planks and/or platforms should be secured to scaffolding when necessary to prevent
uplift of displacement due to high winds or other job conditions;
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Only treated or protected fiber rope shall be used for or near any work involving the use
of corrosive substances or chemicals.
High Scaffolds shall be secured to permanent structures, through use of anchor bolts,
reveal bolts, or other equivalent means.
Special precautions shall be taken to protect scaffold members, including any wire or
fiber ropes, when using a heat-producing process.
Platform planks shall be laid with their edges close together so the platform will be tight
with no spaces through which tools or fragments of material can fall.
All tube and coupler scaffolds shall be erected by competent and experienced
personnel.
Posts shall be accurately spaced, erected on suitable bases, and maintained. The poles,
legs, or uprights of scaffolds shall be plumb, and securely and rigidly braced to prevent
swaying and displacement.
Overhead protection shall be provided for men on a scaffold exposed to overhead
hazards;
Loads on planks should be evenly distributed and not exceed the allowable loads for the
type of plank being used;
The platform shall not deflect more than 1/60 of the span when loaded;
Where platforms are overlapped to create a long platform, the overlap shall occur only
over supports, and shall not be less than 300mm unless the platforms are nailed;
Platforms shall be entirely planked and decked with space not more than 25mm wide
between the platforms and uprights;
Toe-boards shall be scaffold planks, at least 150 mm high with a gap not exceeding 10
mm between board and platform.
Employees shall not work on scaffolds during storms or high winds.
Employees shall not work on scaffolds which are covered with ice or snow, unless all ice
or snow is removed and planking sanded to prevent slipping.
All platforms shall be kept clear of debris or other obstructions that may hinder the
working clearance on the platform;
Tools, materials, and debris shall not be allowed to accumulate in quantities to cause a
hazard.
Materials being hoisted onto a scaffold shall have a tag line.
Warning: Ladders or make shift devices shall not
be used to increase the height of a
scaffold or platform.
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16.4 Guardrails
All scaffolds more than two meters above the lower level shall protect employees with
guardrails on each open side of the scaffold. Guardrails shall be installed along the open
sides and ends before releasing the scaffold for use by the employees, other than erection or
dismantling crews. Guardrails shall be constructed as follows:
The top edge height of top rails on supported scaffolds shall be installed between 900 –
1100 mm above the platform surface and supported at intervals of not more than 2.4 meters.
1. When mid-rails are used, they shall be installed at a height midway between the top edge
of the guardrail system and the scaffold platform;
2. When screens and mesh are used, they shall extend from the top edge of the guardrail
system to the scaffold platform, and along the entire opening between the supports;
3. Guardrails shall be surfaced to prevent injury to an employee from punctures or
lacerations and prevent snagging of clothing;
4. The ends of all rails shall not overhang the terminal posts except when such overhang
does not constitute a projection hazard;
5. Steel or plastic banding shall not be used as a top rail or mid-rail;
6. Manila or plastic (or other synthetic) rope shall not be used for top rails or mid-rails.
16.5 Access/Egress:
Every scaffold and working platform shall be provided with safe access and egress,
unobstructed for use in an emergency. Access/egress shall be by ladder or stairs:
Ladders shall be industrial grade, single ladders. Inclined ladders shall be set at the
appropriate height to offset ratio, and extend at least 900 mm above the platform. Vertical
ladders fall protection shall conform to the industry norm e.g. fall protection safety harness.
(For use of ladders, refer to Working at Height and Ladder and Step Ladder Safety
procedures).
Stairs to working platforms shall be built to the same standards as the platform and its
supporting scaffold.
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The tower height must not exceed 4 times the minimum base dimension. Outrigger frames or
outrigger units on both sides of the tower may be used to increase base width dimension
when necessary.
All casters/wheels must be secured to frame legs or screw jacks with a nut and bolt or other
secure means. Total weight of tower should not exceed the capacity of the casters/wheels.
Screw jacks must not be extended more than 300mm above caster base. Tower must be
kept level and plumb at all times.
Horizontal/diagonal bracing must be used at the bottom and top of tower and at intermediate
levels of 6 meters. Fabricated planks with hooks may replace the top diagonal brace.
All frames must be fully cross-braced.
Only prefabricated plank or planks fixed by cleats should be used.
Before use, a competent person shall inspect and tag scaffold to ensure it is sound and
stable. Records of the inspection shall be logged in the originating department’s Supervisors
Office.
17.1 Handover
Procedures shall be developed for the inspection and maintenance of the scaffold and
scaffolding components to ensure that the scaffold is safe to use and remains in a safe
condition. The inspection of scaffolds and scaffolding components at a workplace is
particularly important when the scaffold is in place for a prolonged period of time.
The person responsible for the erection of the scaffold from which a person or object could
fall must provide the faIEILity/site manager or the person undertaking the work control on
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behalf of the manager, with a handover certificate which should be kept at the workplace
until the scaffold has been dismantled.
17.2 Inspection
The frequency of inspections may vary depending on weather and workplace conditions, the
type and size of the scaffold and the risks associated with scaffold collapse.
The supplier of the scaffold should also be consulted on the appropriate intervals for
inspection when the scaffold is first installed.
Inspection records should be kept on site and include the location, comments, date and time
of inspections, relevant design or specification reference and the person who conducted the
inspection.
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Procedures for the regular inspection of new and re-used scaffolding components should be
developed and implemented to ensure scaffold defects are detected and any affected
components are identified, repaired or disposed of and replaced as appropriate.
The scaffold must also be structurally sound and safe to use. Where issues are identified
and repairs, alterations and/or additions are made, the scaffold must be re-inspected and
confirmed as safe to use.
17.3 Tagging
Tags which provide information on the scaffold status and its use shall be used on all
scaffold structures whether complete or part complete/dismantled to indicate whether or not
the scaffolding is safe to use. They must be positioned prominently at access points to
scaffold structures.
All access points to the scaffold, such as stairs and ladders, shall be fitted with a scaffold
tag indicating the current status of the scaffold.
If there is no tag, the scaffold shall be considered unsafe for use, tagged as such, and re-
inspected.
Scaffold tags shall not be removed until the work is completed and the scaffold is ready
for disassembly.
1. During erection and dismantling a RED or “Danger” tag shall be affixed to the scaffold on
or directly adjacent to all access points in plain view at approximately eye level. The red or
“Danger” tag shall be used when the scaffold is unattended by erection personnel who can
directly prevent use of the scaffold. A red or “Danger” tag indicates that the scaffold is NOT a
properly completed platform and not to be used.
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3. When a scaffold is complete and no special precautions are required, a GREEN tag shall
be affixed to the scaffold on or directly adjacent to the access ladder(s) in plain view at
approximately eye level. Green tagged scaffolding may be used without restriction.
While working on scaffold, personnel shall take care to climb safely. The following work
practices shall apply:
Climb safely. In particular, when on ladders:
Face the rungs as you climb up or down.
Use both hands on the ladder and maintain ‘three point’ contact
Keep one hand firmly on frame or ladder at all times
Do not try to carry materials while you climb
Ensure footing and balance before releasing hand grips
Do not work on slippery rungs.
Do not overload platforms with materials
Do not extend working heights by using planking guardrails or by use of boxes or ladders
on scaffold platforms
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Do not remove any component of a completed scaffold assembly except under the
supervision of a qualified person
The job site should be inspected to determine ground conditions or strength of supporting
structure, and for proximity of electric power lines, overhead obstructions, and wind
conditions, the need for overhead protection or weather protection coverings.
Special care is needed when scaffolding is to be erected on fill or other soft ground or on
frozen ground. These conditions must be evaluated and provided for.
18.4.1 Falls
Hazards which may increase the risk from a fall while erecting, altering or dismantling
scaffold include:
Poor environmental conditions, for example:
Strong winds that may cause workers to lose balance
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Loose articles and materials must be kept to an absolute minimum on scaffolding platforms.
All necessary precautions must be taken to prevent objects from falling from scaffolds, e.g.
by use of toe boards.
To maintain the structural integrity, and as far as practicable, scaffold materials shall be
stored in locations free from the environment e.g. rain. Tubulars shall be stacked and
constrained from dislodgement and rolling. All swivel joints and screwed fittings shall be oiled
to prevent seizure during storage.
Timber scaffold planks shall be stored flat, in covered stacks to prevent twisting, warping,
cracking, splitting, or other mechanical damage.
The Competent Person should use a written checklist for daily inspections of scaffolds.
Appendix 1 has a sample checklist; this is not all-inclusive and should be used as a starting
point for the Competent Person to develop a checklist specific to the type of scaffolds used
and jobsite conditions encountered. The Competent Person should inspect scaffolds before
each work shift and after any occurrence which could affect a scaffold’s structural integrity.
The most effective means of communication between the scaffold builder and the scaffold
user is a scaffold tag.
The following guidelines will assist you in developing an appropriate tagging system:
Inspection and tagging of the scaffold is to be performed by a competent worker
experienced in the erection of scaffolds.
A unique scaffold identification tag number must be clearly identified on all tags for
tracking purposes.
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All scaffolds shall be inspected after erection as per Cairn India Limited Requirements.
All scaffold identification tags will be of solid green, yellow, or red color with black
lettering.
Green Tags will be hung on scaffolds that have been inspected and are safe for use.
Yellow “CAUTION” tags are used whenever the scaffold has been modified to meet work
requirements, and as a result could present a hazard to the user; this tag also informs the
user of any fall requirements devices that may be needed.
Red “DANGER - DO NOT USE” tags will used during erection or dismantling when the
scaffold is left unattended and replace all green and yellow tags in the event a scaffold has
been deemed unfit for use.
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