Vedanta Limited: Cairn Oil & Gas

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VEDANTA LIMITED

Cairn Oil & Gas

SULPHATE REMOVAL PLANT


PROCEDURE FOR SCAFFOLDING SAFETY

Doc No: G225IEX-SRP-R-PRO-5008

OWNER’S CONSULTANT & PMC

TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING PVT. LTD.

EPC CONTRACTOR

ION EXCHANGE INDIA LIMITED

A2 22-06-2019 Issued for Review & Comment CR TA SK


Checked Approved Approved
Rev Date Purpose of Issue Prepared by
by By By
Doc No.
G225IEX-SRP-R-PRO-5008

Revision A2
PROCEDURE FOR SCAFFOLDING SAFETY

Contents

Foreword………………………………………………………………………………………………4
1.0 Purpose…………………………………………………………………………………………...4
2.0 Scope………………………………………………………………...……………………………4
3.0 Application.………………………………………………………………………………………..4
4.0 Responsibilities…………………………………………………………...………………………4
4.1 Business/Asset Managers………………………………………………………………….…...4
4.2 Installation/Terminal/Site Manager…………………………………..…………………………5
4.3 Issuing/Area Authority……………………………………………………………………………5
4.4 HSE Manager…………………………………………………………………………………….5
4.5 Scaffolding Contractor………………………………………………...…………………………6
4.6 Scaffolding Supervisor………………………………………………..…………………………6
4.7 Scaffolding Competent Person ………………………………………………………………...7
4.8 Scaffolding Users………………………………………………………………………………...7
4.9 Deviation………………………………………………………………….……………………….7
6.0 Supporting Documents………………………………………………….……………………….7
5.0 Objective......................................................................................................................
…...7
6.0 Safety ……………………..………………………………………………………………………7
6.1 Safe Work Practice………………………………………………………………………………7
7.0 Training……………………………………………………………………………………………8
7.1 Personnel Who Use Scaffolding for Access…………….…………………………………….9
7.2 Personnel Who Use Scaffolding to Perform Work……………………………………………9
7.3 Personnel Who Erect, Dismantle, Maintain or Inspect Scaffolding…………..……………10
7.4 Personnel Who Need Re-Training……………………………………………………….…...10
8.0 Scaffold Design Requirements…………………………………………………………..…....10
8.1 Sound Design…………………………………………..……………………………………….10
8.2 Technical Standards……………………………………..……………………………………..11
8.3 Scaffolding Design Considerations …………………………………………………………..11
8.4 Ground Conditions…………………………………………………………………………..….12
8.5 Support & Bracing ………………………………………………..…………………………….12
8.6 Loading ………………………………………………………….………………………………13
8.7 Tying and Anchoring……………………………………………………………………………13
8.7.1 Tying………………………………………………………………...…………………………13
8.7.2 Anchor Points…………………………………………………………………………………14
9.0 Ladders ……………………………………………………………..…………………………..15
10.0 Process Hazards……………………………………………………..……………………….15
11.0 Electrical Hazards ………………………………………………………….…………………15
12.0 Powered Mobile Plant & Traffic…………………………………….…….………………….16
13.0 Types of Scaffold…………………………………………………….…….………………….16
13.1 Self-Supporting Scaffold……………………………………………….….………………….16
13.2 General Requirements……………………………………………….……….………………16
13.3 Fabricated Frame Scaffolding……………………………………….……….………………16
13.4 Tube and Coupler Scaffolding……………………………………….………………………17
13.5 Alternatives to Tube and Coupler Scaffolding……………………….…….……………….17
13.5.1 Trestle Scaffolds……………………………………………………………….……………17
13.5.2 Pre-Fabricated Scaffolding……………………………………………………….………..18
13.6 Mobile Scaffolds……………………………………………………………………….…… 18
13.7 Suspension Scaffolds ……………………………………………………………….……….18
13.8 Special Scaffolding……………………………………………………………………..……..19
13.8.1 Cantilever Scaffolding……………………………………………………………..………..19
14.0 Scaffold Planning……………………………………………………………………..……….19
14.1 Scaffold Plan…………………………………………………………………………….…….19
15.0 Scaffolding Requests and Permit to Work Process……………………………….………20
15.1 Assessing the Risks…………………………………………………………………….…… 20
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15.2 Controlling the Risks……………………………………………….…………………………21


15.3 Combination of Control Measures………………………………….……………………….21
15.4 Reviewing the Risk Control Measures……………………………….……………………..22
15.5 Emergency Plan………………………………………………………….……………………22
15.6 Perimeter Screening…………………………………………………….…………………….22
16.0 General Scaffolding Procedure…………………………………………..………………….22
16.1 Scaffolding Construction…………………………………………………..………………….23
16.2 Hoisting and Lifting……………………………………………………….…………………...23
16.3 Working Platforms……………………………………………………….……………………24
16.4 Guard Rails ……………………………………………………………………………………25
16.5 Access/Egress…………………………………………………………………..…………….25
16.6 Mobile Scaffolds…………………………………………………………………..…………..25
16.6.1 Mobile Scaffold Safety……………………………………………………….……..………25
17.0 Handover, Inspection and Tagging……………………………………………...…………..26
17.1 Handover……………………………………………………………………………………….26
17.2 Inspection …………………………………………………………………………...…………26
17.2.1 Frequency of Inspection…………………………………………..………………....…….27
17.2.2. Inspection of Scaffolding Components …………………………….....…………………27
17.3 Tagging…………………………………………………………………………………………28
18.0 Scaffolding Use…………………………………………………………………….………….29
18.1 Working Safely………………………………………………………………..……………….29
18.1.1 Personnel Movement on Scaffolding………………………………………..……………29
18.2 Before Use ……………………………………………………………………….……………29
18.3 During Use………………………………………………………………………..……………30
18.4 Fall’s and Falling Objects………………………………………………………….…………30
18.4.1 Fall’s……………………………………………………………………………….…………30
18.4.2 Falling Objects………………………………………………………….………..………….30
18.5 After Use…………………………………………………………………….…………………30
19.1 Scaffold storage……………………………………………………………….………………31
20.0 Scaffold inspection checklist…………………………………………………….…………32

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FOREWORD

Scaffolding has a variety of applications. It is used in new construction, alteration, routine


maintenance, renovation, painting, repairing, and removal activities. Scaffolding offers a
safer and more comfortable work arrangement compared to leaning over edges, stretching
overhead, and working from ladders. Scaffolding provides employees safe access to work
locations, level and stable working platforms, and temporary storage for tools and materials
for performing immediate tasks.
Scaffolding is a commonplace industry component but one that should never be taken for
granted because the consequences are serious, accidents happen when scaffolding
activities go wrong, these mainly involve personnel falls and falling materials caused by
scaffolds that have collapsed due to faulty or defective scaffolds insecure bracing, use of
shoddy construction materials and lack of attention to safety procedures equipment failure,
and environmental conditions. Additionally, scaffolding overloading is a frequent single
cause of major scaffold failure.

1.0 PURPOSE

The purpose of this procedure is to highlight the measures that should be taken to comply
with the law during the erection, dismantling and use of scaffolding, with respect to protecting
personnel. It does not replace any national safety information or guidance provided for
scaffolding companies or employers by the relevant states or country nor does it constitute a
risk assessment or safety method statement.

2.0 SCOPE

The scope covers the type of assembly structure, usually temporary in nature, used to
support workers and materials while they build or repair equipment or facilities. It involves
fixed and mobile structures of varying height, breadth and width, supported from the ground
or suspended from above.
It is a working document which sets out a structured approach when undertaking work that
involves the erection, dismantling or use of scaffolding. It aims to produce a consistent
approach to the application of scaffolding.

3.0 APPLICATION

The guidelines contained in this HSEQ Procedure is intended for the users and providers of
temporary access systems at any Cairn India Limited Installation, Terminal, Site or Premises
It applies to all businesses, the workers, supervisors, scaffold qualified persons and scaffold
custodians
.
4.0 RESPONSIBILITIES

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4.1 Site Manager

The /Site Manager are responsible for ensuring their staff and contractors are aware of this
procedure and its content and for ensuring their facility/site has in place a process for
assessing and monitoring the competence of those involved with scaffolding activities and
for ensuring a robust audit and inspection process covering scaffolding is in place at their
site.

4.2 Issuing/Area Authority

Has the responsibility for ensuring any scaffolding work activities undertaken in their area of
responsibility is carried out in compliance with this HSEQ Procedure. They must also:
Accurately define the scope of the access requirements, to assist the scaffolding
contractor in ensuring that the structure is ‘fit for purpose’ on erection;
Ensure that reasonable timescales are provided to allow sufficient pre task planning and
risk assessment to be carried out by the Scaffolding Supervisor;
Ensure fit for purpose scaffolding equipment is provided for the job;
Ensure that personnel involved with scaffolding work, either staff or contractors, are
qualified, competent, and familiar with the requirements of this procedure;
Ensure scaffold inspection records are retained on file;
To ensure that the scaffolding / access platform is maintained to as safe a standard as
practical;
Conduct a Job Safety Analysis (JSA) for the activities to be carried out on the scaffolding
structure;
Identify and manage any conflicting activities that occur when using the scaffolding /
access structure;
Ensure that the scaffold is ‘fit for purpose’ for the intended work-scope;
Ensure any alterations to the structure are carried out by trained and competent
scaffolders;
Notify the scaffolding supervisor of any changes to the scaffold due to weather, damage
or collision;
Ensuring a high level of housekeeping / tidiness is maintained by those erecting,
dismantling or working on the access platform;
Formally notify the scaffold supervisor when work on scaffold has ceased, ensuring the
access platform is left in an acceptable condition.

4.3 HSE Advisor/Manager

Is responsible to the Installation / Terminal / Site Manager for:


Carrying out inductions for the staff and contractors
Reviewing the scaffold inspection reports;
Ensuring those working on the scaffold are following the procedures for access/egress,
dropped objects and storage of materials on the scaffold;
Monitoring conditions at worksites.

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Scaffold Contractors
Scaffold contractors are responsible for providing a suitable stable working platform, built
from materials that comply with national and industry codes and standards, designed for the
work to be undertaken and erected by competent scaffolding personnel . Provide technical
support to the scaffolding supervisor. Responsibilities include: -
Providing a Safe System of Work, in conjunction with the Cairn India Limited.
Ensuring that the quality of the equipment supplied for erecting the scaffold / access
structures meets the relevant standards.
Providing the Scaffold Supervisor with suitably trained and competent personnel to
complete the work-scopes safely.
Providing access to competent design engineers.

4.4 Scaffolding Supervisor


The Scaffolding Supervisor shall be trained in accordance with the regulatory requirements
and will be the central focus for all access activities. This ensures that one central point is
utilised to coordinate all aspects of access/scaffold management, reducing risk and
increasing efficiency. Their responsibilities include:
Directing employees who erect, dismantle, move or alter scaffolding;
Determining if it is safe for employees to work from a scaffold during storms or high
winds, and ensure that a personal fall arrest system is in place;
Training employees involved in erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing,
maintaining, or inspecting scaffolding to recognise associated work hazards;
Inspecting scaffolds and scaffold components for visible defects before each work shift,
and after any occurrence which could affect the structural integrity, and to authorise prompt
corrective action;
Inspecting ropes on suspended scaffolds prior to each work shift and after every
occurrence which could affect the structural integrity, and to authorize prompt corrective
actions;
For suspension scaffolds evaluating direct connections to support the load to be
imposed;
For erectors and dismantlers, determining the feasibility and safety of providing fall
protection and access;
Arrange appropriate Permit to Work;
Coordinate the completion of task risk assessments and toolbox talks to relay
information and instructions to the working party.
Ensure that any potential conflicts of activities are addressed during the pre-job
planning;
Request Design Engineer assistance if access requirements are not within the simple
scaffold parameters;
Ensure that sufficient materials are readily available to complete works scope and that
the materials are correct for the purpose and in good condition;

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Allocate personnel to the task ensuring competencies and numbers are sufficient to
complete tasks safely;
Inspect and verify scaffold meets the criteria for the scaffolds purpose prior to handover
of the completed scaffold structure to Issuing/Area Authority;
Ensure that a competent person is available to conduct weekly inspections and to
maintain the inspection tags and scaffold;
Make adequate provisions available (labour) for the safe dismantle of access structures.
4.5 Scaffolding Competent Personnel

Have a responsibility to erect scaffold in a safe and professional manner compliant with the
relevant codes and standards and meet the requirements of this procedure.

5.0 OBJECTIVES

The objective is to provide guidance on types of temporary access used in the work places
and the health and safety issues arising from the provision and use of the temporary access
systems by outlining the method for the safe use during the erection, use, modification,
inspection and dismantling of scaffolds

6.0 SAFETY
National and international industry standards recommend that scaffold arrangements are
reviewed regularly and that reviews take account of factors which include, but are not limited
to:
Scaffolding design implementation;
Arrangements for securing scaffolding to structures;
Intended and actual loadings on scaffolds, including the impact of wind;
The risk of direct impact by construction plant or vehicles;
The frequency and thoroughness of scaffold inspection arrangements;
Systems in place for the handover of new or modified scaffolds;
The training and competence of scaffold erectors;
The adequacy of the scaffold foundations; and
The prevention of unauthorised modifications.
6.1 Safe Work Practice

Before any scaffolding personnel undertake work at height, it is necessary for a suitably
competent person to carry out a risk assessment. Based on the findings of such an
assessment, a comprehensive method statement detailing BOTH erection and dismantling of
the scaffold must be prepared.
Work at height rules in India sets the limit of 1.5 meters above which any work to be
undertaken is classed as working at height. The rules also provide guidance for managing
and selecting equipment for work at height. Clearly, scaffolders cannot avoid working at
height; and therefore before any such activity is allowed to be undertaken those involved

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must be provided with fall prevention and protection measures, e.g. personal fall protection
systems.
When a personal fall arrest system is used, consideration must be given to reducing the
distance a person is liable to fall and the consequences of the fall, particularly the ease of
rescue of a person suspended in a harness.
Except for “basic” scaffolds, it is necessary to carry out analysis and design of any scaffold.
Designs and calculations should clearly state the purpose, limitations of use, maximum load
and include all fall protection measures that will form part of the finished structure. This
information shall be available to site personnel who will erect the scaffold.

Warning: During the dismantling of scaffolding,


poles and fittings shall not be dropped to
the ground but always carefully lowered.

7.0 TRAINING

Employees and contractors should receive instruction on the particular types of scaffolds that
they are to use. Training should focus on proper erection, handling, use, inspection, removal
and care of the scaffolds. Training must also include the installation of fall protection, and the
proper selection, use and care of fall arrest equipment.
The competent person(s) shall receive additional training regarding the selection of
scaffolds, recognition of site conditions, scaffold hazards, protection of exposed personnel
and the public, repair and replacement options, and requirements of standards.

Note: Site management personnel should also


be familiar with correct scaffolding
procedures so they can better determine
needs and identify deficiencies.

Training specific to the scaffold and/or scaffolding work and to the workplace should also be
provided to workers. Workers in a supervisory role should be experienced and trained in the
fundamentals of scaffolding.
All employees who perform work on a scaffold shall be trained annually to recognise the
hazards associated with the type of scaffold being used and the procedures to control or
minimise those hazards.
Training is required for personnel who: (1) use scaffolds for access or perform work while on
scaffolds, (2) are involved in erecting, disassembling, moving, repairing, maintaining, or
inspecting scaffolds, and (3) have lost the requisite proficiency
.
7.1 Personnel Who Use Scaffolds for Access

Personnel who use scaffolds to access process equipment for plant operation and inspection
will be trained by a qualified person to recognise the hazards associated with the type of
scaffold being used and to understand the procedures to control or minimise those hazards.
The training will include the following areas as applicable:
Proper use of scaffolds;
Proper handling of equipment and materials on scaffolds;
Proper erecting, maintaining and disassembling of fall protection systems;

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Maximum intended load and load-carrying capacities of scaffolds used;

Fall protection refresher training; and


Any other pertinent requirements of the national or international rules.
7.2 Personnel Who Use Scaffolds to Perform Work

Personnel who perform work on scaffolds will be trained by a qualified person to recognise
the hazards associated with the type of scaffold being used and to understand the
procedures to control or minimise those hazards. The training will include the following areas
as applicable:
The nature of and the correct procedures for scaffolding close to areas where there is
live electrical equipment or overhead power lines;
The nature of and the correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling
the fall protection and falling object protection systems used;
The proper use of the scaffold, and the proper handling of materials on the scaffold;
The maximum intended load and the load-carrying capacities of the scaffolds used;
Fall protection refresher training; and
Any other pertinent requirements of the national or international rules.
7.3 Personnel, Who Erect, Dismantle, Maintain, or Inspect Scaffolds

Personnel who erect, disassemble, maintain, or inspect scaffolds shall be trained by a


qualified person and have been certified as competent to recognise the various types of
scaffold and hazards associated with the work being done. The training will include the
following topics as applicable:
The nature of scaffold hazards;
The correct procedures for erecting, disassembling, moving, repairing, inspecting, and
maintaining the type of scaffold in question;
The design criteria, maximum intended load-carrying capacity, and intended use of the
scaffold.
Fall protection refresher training.
Any other pertinent requirements of this subpart.

7.4 Personnel Who Need Re-Training

When an individual lacks the skill or understanding needed for safe work involving the
erection, use or dismantling of scaffolds, the employee or contractor will be retrained so that
the requisite proficiency is regained. Retraining will be done in at least the following
situations:
Where changes at the worksite present a hazard about which the employee/contractor
has not been previously trained.
Where changes in the types of scaffolds, fall protection, falling object protection, or other
equipment present a hazard about which an employee has not been previously trained.

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Where inadequacies in an affected employee/contractor's work involving scaffolds


indicate that the employee/contractor has not retained the requisite proficiency.

8.0 SCAFFOLDING DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

8.1 Sound Design

The scaffold should be capable of supporting its own weight and at least four times the
maximum intended load to be applied or transmitted to the scaffold and components.
Suspension ropes should be capable of supporting six times the maximum intended load.
Guardrails should be able to withstand at least 200 pounds (900 Newton’s) of force on the
top rail and 100 pounds (450 Newton’s) on the mid-rail. On complex systems, the services of
an engineer may be needed to determine the loads at particular points.
All scaffolding shall be designed according to manufacturers or engineering guidelines, and
scaffolding codes such as IS-4014, IS-2750. An experienced scaffold designer should be
consulted during the design of any scaffold structure to provide input on ways to minimise
the risk of injury.
The term designer includes anyone who modifies the design. For example, if the capacity of
the scaffold is to be increased by adding additional components, a designer will need to
complete additional calculations to ensure the modified structure is capable of supporting the
additional load.
The person designing the addition has designer duties and, if they are not the original
designer, they should consult the original designer to ensure the new configuration does not
compromise the existing design specifications or safety factors.
The design process may be simple or complex depending on the size and complexity of the
scaffold. However, a scaffold must be designed by a competent person, for example an
engineer experienced in structural design, to ensure that it is capable of carrying the loads
that will be applied to it.
Scaffold designers should consider the work practices necessary to carry out the erection
and dismantling of the scaffold as designed and identify health and safety risks and controls
at the design stage. Design matters to be considered include:
 The method and sequence of erecting and dismantling the scaffold and the related risks,
particularly relating to manual handling
 The provision of safe access to and egress from the work areas on and around the scaffold
 minimizing the working heights for persons erecting and dismantling scaffold
 That edge protection (including guardrails, mid-rails and toe-boards), containment sheeting,
fall arrest systems including horizontal life lines or other fall risk controls are able to be
installed when working at height
 Advice and information (such as drawings, scope of work instructions and bills of quantity)
to be provided to the scaffolding contractor and the principal contractor regarding the use of
the scaffold
 Minimising any sloping surfaces on a scaffold that may cause slip hazards and ensure
appropriate risk control measures are identified and included in the design.

8.2 Technical standards

A designer may use any technical standard or combination of standards and engineering
principles that are relevant to the design requirements as long as the outcome is a design
that meets all regulatory requirements, including for work health and safety. Engineering
principles would include, for example, mathematical or scientific procedures outlined in an
engineering reference manual or standard.

8.3 Scaffold Design Considerations


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The design of the scaffold should take into account:


 The strength, stability and rigidity of the supporting structure
 The intended use and application of the scaffold
 The safety of persons engaged in the erection, maintenance, alteration and dismantling of
the scaffold
 The safety of persons using the scaffold
 The safety of persons in the vicinity of the scaffold.

Caution: Care is required when using aluminum


components in Zone 1 hazardous areas.

Each scaffold shall be rigid, stable, and designed to support the weight of its intended load,
including people, materials, tools, the weight of the scaffold, and wind loading. Rigidity shall
be achieved by appropriate cross bracing and stability by adequate tying to a supporting
structure.
Scaffolds shall be tied to, and securely braced against, the structure at intervals not
exceeding 8 metres horizontally and 4 metres vertically.
Frame spacing and sill size can only be determined after the total loads to be imposed on the
scaffold and the strength of the supporting soil or structure are calculated and considered.

8.4 Ground Conditions

The Issuing/Area Authority in consultation with the scaffolding contractor should ensure
ground conditions are stable and inform scaffold erectors of any factors which may affect
ground stability, before the scaffold is erected.
When a scaffold is erected on a surface other than soil it is important the surface is
sufficiently stable to bear the most adverse environmental loads that can reasonably be
expected during the period that the scaffold is in use.
Water and nearby excavations may lead to soil subsidence and the collapse of scaffold. Any
likely watercourse, such as a recently filled trench, which has the potential to create a wash
out under the scaffold base, should be diverted away from the scaffold.

Note: Special consideration is required when


scaffolding is to be erected on recently
filled or soft ground.

8.5 Support and Bracing


Scaffolding must be securely supported or suspended,
and where necessary braced to ensure stability. Unless
constructed as independent scaffolding, it must be
rigidly connected with the building or structure, as
indicated in the following diagram. Ties, guys (wire or
cables used to stabilise a structure), bracing and/or
outriggers may be needed to assure a safe stable
scaffold assembly. Determining the need for stability
bracing is dependent on a number of factors.
The requirement for stability bracing is dependent
upon:
The height of the scaffold in relation to the minimum
base width
 The use of brackets or cantilevered platforms
 Imposed scaffold loads

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8.6 Loadings
A scaffold should be designed for the most adverse environmental loads that can reasonably
be expected during the period that the scaffold is in use.
The specifications of the designer, manufacturer or supplier should be followed for the
maximum loads of the scaffold. The environmental loads need to be calculated during the
design stage to ensure the supporting structure and the lower standards are capable of
supporting the loads.

Note: Consideration shall be given to


environmental loads, particularly the
effects of wind and rain on the scaffold.
For example, environmental loads
imposed by wind and rain may be
heightened if perimeter containment
screens are attached to the scaffold.

8.7 Tying and Anchoring

8.7.1 Tying

Tying is the term used for securing the scaffold to hold it place and prevent it from tipping
over. Unless they are classed and built as free standing scaffolds, most scaffolds will be tied
into the existing steelwork or structures by use of clamps etc. Tie methods and spacing need
to be in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer, designer or supplier.
The bottom tie must be placed no higher than four (4) times the minimum base width and
every 4 meters vertically thereafter. Ties should be placed as close to the top of the scaffold
as possible and, in no case, less than four (4) times the minimum base width of the scaffold
from the top.
Vertical ties should be placed at the ends of scaffold runs and at no more than 8 meters
horizontal intervals in between.

Note: Ties should be installed as the erection


progresses and not removed until the
scaffold is dismantled to that height.

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Typical commonly used Tie for connecting scaffold to a beam, the beam. Ties can also be
wire ropes specifically used by scaffolding companies

.
All ties used must be supplied from reputable companies and be certified.

8.7.2 Anchor Points


Anchor points are the part of the existing structure where the tie is to be connected. The
anchor point may be part of the existing structure or it may be a temporary anchor attached
to the structure.

All anchor points shall be capable of holding six (6) times the intended weight of the scaffold. For
Cantilevered or hanging scaffold the designer must address wind loads to ensure safety.

Warning: Process piping shall not be used to hang


or cantilever scaffolding. If necessary,
always hang or cantilever from the
structure.
Warning: Cable trays, instrument tubing, screwed
pipe, conduit, and sprinkler systems
shall not be used to secure scaffolding.

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PROCEDURE FOR SCAFFOLDING SAFETY

IEIL INDIA RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE


HOT WORK

9.0 LADDERS

Extension or single ladders should only be used as a means of access to or egress from a
work area, not as a working platform. The following are additional safe work practices which
should be followed when working on ladders:
Ladders may be used where access to the working platform is needed by only a few
persons, and where tools and equipment can be delivered separately to the working platform
(for example, by materials hoist, crane or a rope etc.);
Ladders should be within a separate ladder access bay of the scaffold, wherever space
permits;
If the access bay is part of the working platform, a trap door is to be provided. Strict
controls should be implemented to ensure the trap door remains closed while working from
the platform;
Ladders should be set up on a firm, level surface and not used on scaffold bays to gain
extra height.

More detailed guidance on ladders is included in the procedure: Ladder and Step Ladder
Safety.

10.0 PROCESS HAZARDS

Consideration shall be given to the hazardous nature of the process system when designing,
erecting, and using scaffolding, specifically:
Very hot and very cold surfaces.
Fusible loop shut-down system tubing,
Electrical control systems circuitry.
Proximity to fire and gas detector heads, and to line of sight gas detection systems.
Proximity to sprinkler and deluge system heads.
Access to emergency alarm, shutdown, and deluge call points.

Note: The consequences of interference with


any of the above shall be fully
understood by personnel designing,
erecting and using scaffolding.

11.0 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS


Any scaffolding work that is carried out on or near energized electrical installations or
services is high risk and a JSA must be prepared before this work commences. Contact with
overhead electric lines has the potential to cause serious life threatening injuries or death.
Electrical power sources, whether overhead or underground can be a major hazard. In
addition to direct electric shock and possible electrocution, contact with overhead electric
lines can lead to a variety of hazards including arcing, explosion or fire causing burns,
unpredictable cable whiplash and the electrifying of other objects (for example, signs, poles,
trees or branches).

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Specific control measures must be implemented when work is done in the vicinity of electric
lines. The local electricity supply authority should be consulted and appropriate risk controls
implemented.

12.0 POWERED MOBILE PLANT AND TRAFFIC HAZARDS

Mobile plant and vehicular traffic are hazards which can potentially affect worker safety and
the safe use and structural integrity of a scaffold. Control measures that can be used to
prevent or minimize exposure to the risk of death or injury from moving plant and traffic
include:
 Re-route motor vehicles and mobile plant away from the location of the scaffold, for
example, by using traffic controllers to redirect traffic.
 Use barricades, signs, posts, buffer rails, guards, or concrete or timber kerbs to prevent
mobile plant and traffic from coming into contact with a scaffold.
 Ensure the scaffold does not have any unnecessary protrusions, such as over-length
transoms, putlogs, tie tubes or over-height standards.

13.0 TYPES OF SCAFFOLDS

There are many different types of scaffolds, each with unique features. Because of this
distinctiveness, procedures for safe erection and use maybe unique to the particular scaffold.
The three commonly used categories: self-supporting scaffolds, suspension scaffolds,
special scaffolds.

13.1 Self-Supporting Scaffolds

A self-supporting scaffold is one or more work platforms supported from below by outriggers,
brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames or similar supports.

13.2 General Requirements

Confirm that scaffold and assembly are capable of supporting their own weight and at least
four times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to the scaffold and
components. Ensure that poles, legs, posts, frames and uprights bear on base plates and
mud sills or other adequately firm foundations. Footings must be level, sound and able to
support the loaded scaffold without settlement or displacement. Plumb or brace poles, legs,
posts, frames and uprights to prevent swaying or displacement.

Any supported scaffold with a height of more than four times the minimum width of the base
must be restrained from tipping by guying, tying, bracing or other suitable means. Restraints
are needed for every 8 meters (vertically), with the top restraint as close to the top platform
as possible (but not further from the top than four times the least base dimension).

13.3 Fabricated Frame Scaffolds

A fabricated frame scaffold (tubular welded frame scaffold) is a supported scaffold consisting
of a platform(s) supported on fabricated end frames with integral posts, horizontal bearers
and intermediate members.

13.4 Tube and Coupler Scaffolds

A tube and coupler scaffold is a supported scaffold consisting of platforms supported by


individual pieces of tubing, erected with coupling devices connecting uprights, braces,
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bearers and runners. A registered professional engineer may need to be consulted about the
design, construction, and loading of the scaffold particularly for high rise scaffolds and these
must be constructed and loaded consistent with the design.

13.5 Alternatives to Tube and Coupler Scaffold

13.5.1 Trestle Scaffold

A trestle scaffold is constructed from trestles and planks. They shall be:
Erected on a hard, level surface with each trestle being fully open;
Not more than 2 m high;
Planked across the full width of the trestle;
Planks shall overhang the trestle by not less than 150 mm, nor more than 250 mm, and,
where necessary be secured against lifting;
Not less than 450 mm wide.

Note: Work shall be carried out


only between the trestles.

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Frame trestle scaffold may be heavy duty, depending upon the rating of the components, in
which case minimum platform width shall be 900 mm.

13.5.2 Prefabricated Scaffold

Categories of prefabricated scaffold are:


Modular systems,
Frame systems,
Tower-Frame systems.

The design of each must be registered with the State regulatory body, and the supplier must
supply the following information:
Instructions for erection, storage and maintenance;
Guidance on the type of coupler to be used;
Intended duty and maximum capacity;

Height and maximum number of working platforms;


Guide to safe working practices.
If necessary, verification of the design for compliance should be made against Indian
standard codes by a competent person.

Warning: Parts from one pre-fabricated system


shall not be mixed with parts from
another unless approved to do so by the
supplier.

13.6 Mobile Scaffolds

A mobile scaffold is a powered or non-powered, portable, caster or wheel-mounted


supported scaffold. Mobile scaffolds can be constructed of tube and coupler components or
of fabricated frames, each type must conform to design, construction and loading
requirements for these scaffolds. Loading capacity is limited by the weight its casters/wheels
can support.
Warning: While in a stationary position, casters
and wheels must be locked with a
positive wheel and/or wheel and swivel
locks, or equivalent means to prevent
movement.

Warning: People shall not be allowed to ride on a


mobile scaffold while it is being moved
from one location to another.

13.7 Suspension Scaffolds

A suspension scaffold is one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid


means from an overhead structure(s).
Each scaffold and scaffold component must be capable of supporting, without failure, its own
weight and at least four times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to it. Each
suspension rope, including connecting hardware, used on non-adjustable suspension
scaffold must be capable of supporting, without failure, at least six times the maximum
intended load applied or transmitted to that rope.

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All suspension scaffold support devices must rest on surfaces capable of supporting at least
four times the load imposed on them by the scaffold.

13.8 Special Scaffolds

13.8.1 Cantilever Scaffold

A cantilever scaffold is a scaffold that is supported by cantilevered load-bearing members.


The following risk control measures should be implemented for a cantilevered scaffold:
Design and position cantilever beams in accordance with the engineer’s requirements
and the scaffolding plan
Ensure a competent person certifies that the supporting structure can support the
cantilevered scaffold

Use the following preferred methods for fixing the inboard length of the cantilevered
beam to the structure:
Fix the beam to the floor below using a positive fixing (for example, a u bolt fitted over
the beam and through the concrete floor slab)
Use counterweights on the beam, or
Install props to the top of the beam and to the underside of the floor above. Ensure the
props are fixed to prevent dislodgement.

14.0 SCAFFOLD PLANNING

Scaffolding work should be carefully planned before work starts so that it can be carried out
safely. Planning involves identifying the hazards, assessing the risks and determining
appropriate control measures in consultation with all relevant persons involved in the work,
including the faIEILity/site management, scaffolding contractor and designers.
Consultation should include discussions on the:
Nature and/or condition of the ground and/or working environment;
Weather conditions;
Nature of the work and other activities that may affect health and safety;
Interaction with other trades;
Access and egress from scaffold;
Management of mobile plant and surrounding vehicular traffic;
Public safety.
14.1 Scaffolding plan
An effective plan will help identify ways to protect persons who are:
Erecting, using, maintaining, altering and dismantling the scaffold
Near the scaffolding work (for example, other workers and members of the public)
A scaffolding plan should be prepared by a competent person on behalf of the person
conducting business or undertaking. In preparing the scaffold plan, the person should
consult with:
The scaffold designer, for example, to discuss the design loads and the capability of the
structure to support any additional loadings

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The builder or principal contractor, for example, to assess the location of underground
drains or pits. The work should be planned so as to avoid excavating service trenches under,
through or adjacent to scaffolds
Workers, health and safety committees, and health and safety representatives regarding
erecting, maintaining, altering and dismantling the scaffold
Other competent persons (for example, an engineer) familiar with such structures
The electricity supply authority if the scaffold is being erected with in the vicinity of
overhead electric lines.
The scaffolding plan should include a site layout plan and detail the elevations and sections
of the scaffold. It is to be made available for inspection at the worksite. The scaffolding plan
should address the following issues:
Basis of design
Foundations (including ground conditions)
The weight bearing capacity of the surface where the scaffold is to be erected.
Size and weight of the scaffold (for example, dead, live and environmental loads)
Supporting structure
Access and egress
Tying and anchors (that is, where anchors will be placed on the supporting structure;
and types of anchors to be used)
Bracing
Type of scaffold
Edge protection.
15.0 SCAFFOLD REQUEST AND PERMIT TO WORK PROCESS

The first step to assuring the scaffold is built right for the task is to make sure that the
scaffold design/erectors understand the intended use of the scaffold. This information should
be communicated to the appropriate scaffolding supervisor by the Issuing/Area Authority
responsible for the area or Maintenance Superintendent who requires the scaffold is to be
built.

15.1 Assessing the Risks

When assessing risks relating to scaffolds you should consider things such as:
The type of scaffold to be used
The height of the scaffold to be erected
The scheduling of the scaffolding work
The layout of the workplace, including proximity to public areas
The surface on which the scaffold will be erected (ground conditions, the structural
integrity of the surface to support the scaffold and its load)
The number of people involved
Plant and equipment that will be used on or near the scaffold
The skill and competencies required to erect, use, maintain, alter and dismantle the
scaffold

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What exposures might occur, such as noise or ultraviolet (UV) radiation


Local weather conditions, particularly wind forces.
Having assessed the risks it should then be possible to:
Select the most suitable type of scaffold for the work
Minimise the working heights for persons erecting and dismantling scaffolds

Ensure that edge protection (including guardrails, mid-rails and toe-boards), containment
sheeting or other fall risk controls are able to be installed when working at height.

15.2 Controlling the Risks

The ways of controlling risks are ranked from the highest level of protection and reliability to
the lowest. This ranking is known as the hierarchy of control measures. The duty holder must
always aim to eliminate a hazard first. If this is not reasonably practicable, the risk must be
minimized by using one or more of the following:
Substitution – for example:
Use mechanical aids such as cranes, hoists, pallet jacks or trolleys to move equipment
and materials wherever possible instead of manual lifting.
Use scaffold systems which are made of lighter weight materials and use modern
technologies, for example, modular systems which have shorter standard lengths or systems
that are made of aluminum rather than steel or timber
Isolation – for example, use hard barriers to separate pedestrians and powered mobile
plant to reduce the risk of collision
Engineering controls – for example, provide a catch platform to prevent falling objects
hitting workers or other persons below the work area.

If risk remains it must be minimized by implementing administrative controls, so far as is


reasonably practicable. For example store scaffolding components as close as practical to
the work area in order to minimize the distance over which loads are manually moved. Clear
access ways should also be ensured so that materials and equipment can be easily
accessed.
Any remaining risk must be minimized with suitable Personal Protective Equipment (PPE),
such as providing workers with hard hats, hearing protectors and high visibility vests.
Caution: Administrative control measures and
PPE rely on human behavior and
supervision, and used on their own, tend
to be least effective in minimizing risks.

15.3 Combinations of Control Measures

In many cases, a combination of control measures will provide the best solution. For
example, protect workers from falls using fall protection devices, such as guard rails
(engineering), and safe systems of work (administrative), and other workers from falling
objects by establishing an exclusion zone for the work area (isolation) and providing hard
hats (PPE).
The job sites and work areas shall be inspected prior to the erection of scaffolds to determine
the sites ability to support structure, and for location of electric power lines, overhead
obstructions, wind conditions, and the need for overhead protection or weather protection
coverings.
Erection of scaffolding can be extremely hazardous as it often involves working at an
elevated height or over the side of a structure. Scaffold erectors and dismantlers are at

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Particular risk, since they work on scaffolds before ladders, guardrails, platforms and planks
are completely installed; therefore prior to the issuing of a permit to work the Issuing/Area
Authority shall ensure:
Scaffolding team are trained and qualified scaffolding personnel;
Discussion of the job and hazards have been addressed in a JSA;
Method of transferring materials to the work location have been identified and approved;
Controls required by the JSA have been or will be implemented;
Toolbox meeting to take place prior to commencement of scaffolding activities;
The effect of adverse weather have been addressed;
A safe means of access to the scaffold area to be used by the scaffolding personnel has
been identified and scaffold team made aware;
Safety equipment required for the work and location has been identified and is available.
15.4 Reviewing the Risk Control Measures

The control measures that are implemented to protect health and safety must be regularly
reviewed to ensure they are effective and that no new hazards have been introduced by the
control measures.

15.5 Emergency Plan

The Issuing/Area Authority must ensure that an emergency plan is prepared for the
workplace that provides procedures to respond effectively in an emergency.
Note: To ensure a coordinated approach to
responding in an emergency, the
friability/site manager shall ensure any
unexpected incidents, such as scaffold
collapse or people falling from height,
are included in the broader emergency
plan for the construction site prepared
by the principal contractor.

15.6 Perimeter Containment Screening

Perimeter containment screening may be used to protect persons from falling objects.
Perimeter containment screens can be made of mesh, a good quality shade cloth, timber,
plywood, metal sheeting or other material suitable for the purpose.
Perimeter containment screens should be located inside the standards on working platforms.
Where used, the lining should be attached to the inside of the mesh. The lining can be
attached using non-structural locating product which keeps the lining in place while
minimising damage to the lining. However, the additional wind loading represented by the
use of linings must be considered in the selection of an appropriate lining material.

Note: Scaffolds constructed outside the


handrails of the friability or overboard,
shall be properly secured. Work carried
out under these circumstances shall
meet the requirements of HSEQ
procedures for Working at Height.

16.0 GENERAL SCAFFOLDING PROCEDURES

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The following general procedures apply to all scaffold operations for Cairn India Limited. A
proper work platform should be considered during the risk assessment even if working at
heights less than 2 meters.
Scaffolds shall be furnished and erected in accordance with country and international
standard for persons engaged in work that cannot be done safely from the ground or from
solid construction, except that ladders used for such work shall conform to regulatory
standards.
All scaffolding shall have the manufacturer’s safety instructions available for erection and
use. Scaffolding shall be erected and used following the manufacturer’s instructions. Scaffold
components manufactured by different vendors shall not be mixed.

16.1 Scaffold Construction


Warning: Scaffolds and their components shall be
capable of supporting without failure at
least four times the maximum intended
load.

Warning: Scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess


of the working load for which they are
intended.

16.2 Hoisting and Lifting

Warning: Scaffold shall not be used as material


hoist towers or for mounting derricks
unless the assembly is designed and
approved for that purpose.

16.3 Working Platforms

Working platforms shall be strong enough for the intended use, and wide enough to
accommodate materials as well as for access. They shall be not less than 450 mm wide. The
following is based on industry best practice and is a general scaffolding guide:
All planking shall be scaffold grade as recognized by grading rules for the species of
wood used. Scaffold planking shall be inspected to confirm they are:
Graded for scaffold use, are sound and in good condition, straight grained, free from saw
cuts, splits and holes;
Of uniform thickness;
Allplanking or platforms shall be overlapped (minimum 300 mm) or secured from
movement.
An access ladder or equivalent safe access shall be provided.
Scaffold planks shall extend over their end supports not less than 150 mm nor more than
300 mm;

Planks must not extend beyond the support by more than 500mm. Such overhangs
should be separated from the work platform by guard-railing so that they cannot be walked
on;
Planks and/or platforms should be secured to scaffolding when necessary to prevent
uplift of displacement due to high winds or other job conditions;

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Only treated or protected fiber rope shall be used for or near any work involving the use
of corrosive substances or chemicals.
High Scaffolds shall be secured to permanent structures, through use of anchor bolts,
reveal bolts, or other equivalent means.
Special precautions shall be taken to protect scaffold members, including any wire or
fiber ropes, when using a heat-producing process.
Platform planks shall be laid with their edges close together so the platform will be tight
with no spaces through which tools or fragments of material can fall.
All tube and coupler scaffolds shall be erected by competent and experienced
personnel.
Posts shall be accurately spaced, erected on suitable bases, and maintained. The poles,
legs, or uprights of scaffolds shall be plumb, and securely and rigidly braced to prevent
swaying and displacement.
Overhead protection shall be provided for men on a scaffold exposed to overhead
hazards;
Loads on planks should be evenly distributed and not exceed the allowable loads for the
type of plank being used;
The platform shall not deflect more than 1/60 of the span when loaded;
Where platforms are overlapped to create a long platform, the overlap shall occur only
over supports, and shall not be less than 300mm unless the platforms are nailed;
Platforms shall be entirely planked and decked with space not more than 25mm wide
between the platforms and uprights;
Toe-boards shall be scaffold planks, at least 150 mm high with a gap not exceeding 10
mm between board and platform.
Employees shall not work on scaffolds during storms or high winds.
Employees shall not work on scaffolds which are covered with ice or snow, unless all ice
or snow is removed and planking sanded to prevent slipping.
All platforms shall be kept clear of debris or other obstructions that may hinder the
working clearance on the platform;
Tools, materials, and debris shall not be allowed to accumulate in quantities to cause a
hazard.
Materials being hoisted onto a scaffold shall have a tag line.
Warning: Ladders or make shift devices shall not
be used to increase the height of a
scaffold or platform.

Note: The footing or anchorage for scaffolds


shall be sound, rigid, and capable of
carrying the maximum intended load
without settling or displacement.
Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes,
loose brick, or concrete blocks shall not
be used to support scaffolds or planks.
The platform shall be properly secured
to prevent movement.

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Warning: Scaffold components manufactured by


different manufacturers shall not be
intermixed unless the components fit
together without force and the scaffold’s
structural integrity is maintained.

Warning: Scaffold components made of dissimilar


metals shall not be used together unless
a competent person has determined that
galvanic action will not reduce the
strength of any component.

16.4 Guardrails

All scaffolds more than two meters above the lower level shall protect employees with
guardrails on each open side of the scaffold. Guardrails shall be installed along the open
sides and ends before releasing the scaffold for use by the employees, other than erection or
dismantling crews. Guardrails shall be constructed as follows:
The top edge height of top rails on supported scaffolds shall be installed between 900 –
1100 mm above the platform surface and supported at intervals of not more than 2.4 meters.
1. When mid-rails are used, they shall be installed at a height midway between the top edge
of the guardrail system and the scaffold platform;
2. When screens and mesh are used, they shall extend from the top edge of the guardrail
system to the scaffold platform, and along the entire opening between the supports;
3. Guardrails shall be surfaced to prevent injury to an employee from punctures or
lacerations and prevent snagging of clothing;
4. The ends of all rails shall not overhang the terminal posts except when such overhang
does not constitute a projection hazard;
5. Steel or plastic banding shall not be used as a top rail or mid-rail;
6. Manila or plastic (or other synthetic) rope shall not be used for top rails or mid-rails.

16.5 Access/Egress:

Every scaffold and working platform shall be provided with safe access and egress,
unobstructed for use in an emergency. Access/egress shall be by ladder or stairs:
Ladders shall be industrial grade, single ladders. Inclined ladders shall be set at the
appropriate height to offset ratio, and extend at least 900 mm above the platform. Vertical
ladders fall protection shall conform to the industry norm e.g. fall protection safety harness.
(For use of ladders, refer to Working at Height and Ladder and Step Ladder Safety
procedures).

Stairs to working platforms shall be built to the same standards as the platform and its
supporting scaffold.

Warning: Use only the safe means of access


provided. Do not climb bracing or
frames not specifically designed for
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climbing. If access is not provided, insist


that it be provided.

16.6 Mobile Scaffolds

The tower height must not exceed 4 times the minimum base dimension. Outrigger frames or
outrigger units on both sides of the tower may be used to increase base width dimension
when necessary.
All casters/wheels must be secured to frame legs or screw jacks with a nut and bolt or other
secure means. Total weight of tower should not exceed the capacity of the casters/wheels.
Screw jacks must not be extended more than 300mm above caster base. Tower must be
kept level and plumb at all times.
Horizontal/diagonal bracing must be used at the bottom and top of tower and at intermediate
levels of 6 meters. Fabricated planks with hooks may replace the top diagonal brace.
All frames must be fully cross-braced.
Only prefabricated plank or planks fixed by cleats should be used.

Warning: Do not ride manually propelled rolling


scaffold. No personnel shall be on the
scaffold tower while it is being moved.

Lock all casters before getting on the tower.


Work only within the platform area: do not try to extend overhead work area by reaching
out over guard railing.
Do not bridge between two rolling towers with plank or stages.
Secure all materials before moving scaffolds.
Be sure floor surface is clear of obstructions or holes before moving scaffold.
Be sure there are no overhead obstructions or electric power lines in the path of rolling
scaffold.
Rolling towers must only be used on level surfaces.
Move rolling towers by pushing at the base level only. Do not pull from the top.

17.0 HANDOVER, INSPECTION AND TAGGING

Before use, a competent person shall inspect and tag scaffold to ensure it is sound and
stable. Records of the inspection shall be logged in the originating department’s Supervisors
Office.

17.1 Handover

Procedures shall be developed for the inspection and maintenance of the scaffold and
scaffolding components to ensure that the scaffold is safe to use and remains in a safe
condition. The inspection of scaffolds and scaffolding components at a workplace is
particularly important when the scaffold is in place for a prolonged period of time.
The person responsible for the erection of the scaffold from which a person or object could
fall must provide the faIEILity/site manager or the person undertaking the work control on

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behalf of the manager, with a handover certificate which should be kept at the workplace
until the scaffold has been dismantled.

Warning: The person with management control


shall ensure that the scaffold is not used
unless the person receives written
confirmation from a competent person,
who has inspected the scaffold, that
construction of the scaffold has been
completed

17.2 Inspection

Guidelines for inspecting scaffolding:


Newly erected scaffolding shall be inspected by a competent person, and tagged prior to
being placed in service.
The inspection will confirm the scaffolding is assembled correct for the work to be
undertaken
It will confirm that the scaffolding is level and plumb and properly tied in or has guides
fitted
Base plates are firm and bracings in place and connected
Platforms are fully planked and with guardrails in place
The scaffold is provided with safe access
There are no overhead obstruction or electric lines within 4 metres of the scaffold
assembly
Thereafter, the competent person shall make weekly inspections and reports.
Users shall inspect the scaffolding daily prior to use, to determine if the scaffold has been
altered in any way.
Any altered, or incomplete, scaffold shall be tagged and not used until it is re-inspected
by the competent person and confirmed safe for use.

17.2.1 Frequency of Inspection

The frequency of inspections may vary depending on weather and workplace conditions, the
type and size of the scaffold and the risks associated with scaffold collapse.
The supplier of the scaffold should also be consulted on the appropriate intervals for
inspection when the scaffold is first installed.
Inspection records should be kept on site and include the location, comments, date and time
of inspections, relevant design or specification reference and the person who conducted the
inspection.

Warning: The person with management control


must ensure that the scaffold and its
supporting structure are inspected by a
competent person:
 Before use of the scaffold is resumed
after an incident occurs that may
reasonably be expected to affect the
stability of the scaffold (for example,
strong winds or storms)
 Before use of the scaffold is resumed
after repairs; and
 At least every 7 days.
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17.2.2 Inspection of Scaffolding Components

Procedures for the regular inspection of new and re-used scaffolding components should be
developed and implemented to ensure scaffold defects are detected and any affected
components are identified, repaired or disposed of and replaced as appropriate.
The scaffold must also be structurally sound and safe to use. Where issues are identified
and repairs, alterations and/or additions are made, the scaffold must be re-inspected and
confirmed as safe to use.

Warning: If an inspection indicates that a scaffold


at a workplace or its supporting structure
creates a risk to health or safety, the
person with management control must
ensure that:
 Any necessary repairs, alterations and
additions are made or carried out; and
 The scaffold and its supporting
structure are inspected again by a
competent person before use of the
scaffold is resumed.

17.3 Tagging

Tags which provide information on the scaffold status and its use shall be used on all
scaffold structures whether complete or part complete/dismantled to indicate whether or not
the scaffolding is safe to use. They must be positioned prominently at access points to
scaffold structures.
All access points to the scaffold, such as stairs and ladders, shall be fitted with a scaffold
tag indicating the current status of the scaffold.
If there is no tag, the scaffold shall be considered unsafe for use, tagged as such, and re-
inspected.
Scaffold tags shall not be removed until the work is completed and the scaffold is ready
for disassembly.

When scaffolding is incomplete (whether partly erected or dismantled) or considered to be


unsafe for any reason, the tag must be pulled to display the red (Do Not Use) tag. In addition
to withdrawing the tag, access to the scaffold shall be closed off by use of a barrier as soon
as practicable.
The following is the accepted rule for scaffolding and should be put into practice by the
friability/site.

1. During erection and dismantling a RED or “Danger” tag shall be affixed to the scaffold on
or directly adjacent to all access points in plain view at approximately eye level. The red or
“Danger” tag shall be used when the scaffold is unattended by erection personnel who can
directly prevent use of the scaffold. A red or “Danger” tag indicates that the scaffold is NOT a
properly completed platform and not to be used.
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2. When a scaffold is complete but there is a condition of particular note or concern, a


YELLOW (Caution) tag shall be affixed to the scaffold on or directly adjacent to the access
ladder(s) in plain view at approximately eye level. The condition will be identified on the tag.
Any additional equipment or precautions (i.e., fall protection devices, etc.) necessitated by
the condition shall be used. Those conditions can be, but are not limited to; missing guard or
mid-rail, low head clearance, hole in deck, hot surfaces, obstacles, etc. Personal fall arrest
system is required when indicated on the yellow tag.

3. When a scaffold is complete and no special precautions are required, a GREEN tag shall
be affixed to the scaffold on or directly adjacent to the access ladder(s) in plain view at
approximately eye level. Green tagged scaffolding may be used without restriction.

Note: Scaffolding that appears to be


incorrectly tagged shall be reported to
the supervisor and the competent
person. Prevent use of the scaffold by
removing the green or yellow tag until
the scaffold is evaluated by the
competent person.

Warning: Scaffolding without a tagging


system in place shall not be used.

18.0 SCAFFOLD USE

18.1 Working Safely

18.1.1 Personnel Movement on Scaffold

While working on scaffold, personnel shall take care to climb safely. The following work
practices shall apply:
Climb safely. In particular, when on ladders:
Face the rungs as you climb up or down.
Use both hands on the ladder and maintain ‘three point’ contact
Keep one hand firmly on frame or ladder at all times
Do not try to carry materials while you climb
Ensure footing and balance before releasing hand grips
Do not work on slippery rungs.
Do not overload platforms with materials
Do not extend working heights by using planking guardrails or by use of boxes or ladders
on scaffold platforms

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Do not remove any component of a completed scaffold assembly except under the
supervision of a qualified person
The job site should be inspected to determine ground conditions or strength of supporting
structure, and for proximity of electric power lines, overhead obstructions, and wind
conditions, the need for overhead protection or weather protection coverings.
Special care is needed when scaffolding is to be erected on fill or other soft ground or on
frozen ground. These conditions must be evaluated and provided for.

18.2 Before Use

Before use, a scaffold shall be inspected and:


Be fit for its intended use, conform to the appropriate code, and be free of any scaffold
tag prohibition or defects.
Have appropriate, and unobstructed, means of access and egress.
Have appropriate means of movement of materials to and from the platform.
Have suitable illumination of access-ways and working platforms, avoiding glare and
deep shadow.

Scaffold users shall:


Have undergone appropriate training, and be conversant with the procedures for the use
of the scaffolding, working at heights, and working over water (where applicable).
Be familiar with provisions for emergency egress from the work platform.
Discuss the proposed work in a JSA and/or toolbox meeting, to identify and address
hazards.

18.3 During Use

Scaffold users shall:


Make daily job start inspections of the scaffold.
Confirm that the permission-to-use scaffold tag is in place at the start of each use. Wear
and use the appropriate personal protective equipment and fall arrest systems.
Observe the load limitations of the work platform and correct procedures for attachment
of mechanical lifting devices.
Maintain good housekeeping practices by:
Storing tools and materials away from platform edges to prevent falling objects, and to
maintain the emergency exit;
Keeping scaffold platforms clear of slippery substances such as oil, grease, etc.;
Not stockpiling materials on scaffold platforms;
Not to extend themselves beyond the guardrail, or work from the scaffold structure.
Observe and report any faults or damage that may develop in the scaffold structure or
work platform.

18.4 Fall’s and Falling Objects

18.4.1 Falls

Hazards which may increase the risk from a fall while erecting, altering or dismantling
scaffold include:
Poor environmental conditions, for example:
Strong winds that may cause workers to lose balance
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Rain causing a slippery work surfaces


Glare emitted from work surfaces and/or poor lighting affecting visibility
Materials, equipment or protruding objects below, or in adjoining work area
Void areas not identified or protected, for example, ladder access voids
Incomplete scaffolds or loose scaffolding components where work is being done, or is
likely to be done, and
Inadequate training, instruction and supervision of scaffold workers.
18.4.2 Falling Objects

Loose articles and materials must be kept to an absolute minimum on scaffolding platforms.
All necessary precautions must be taken to prevent objects from falling from scaffolds, e.g.
by use of toe boards.

18.5 After Use

The user shall:


Remove all materials from the working platform, including tools, rubbish, redundant
equipment, excess scaffold planks, poles, and couplers.
Report any faults or damage not previously reported.

19.0 SCAFFOLD STORAGE

To maintain the structural integrity, and as far as practicable, scaffold materials shall be
stored in locations free from the environment e.g. rain. Tubulars shall be stacked and
constrained from dislodgement and rolling. All swivel joints and screwed fittings shall be oiled
to prevent seizure during storage.
Timber scaffold planks shall be stored flat, in covered stacks to prevent twisting, warping,
cracking, splitting, or other mechanical damage.

20.0 SCAFFOLD INSPECTION CHECKLIST

The Competent Person should use a written checklist for daily inspections of scaffolds.
Appendix 1 has a sample checklist; this is not all-inclusive and should be used as a starting
point for the Competent Person to develop a checklist specific to the type of scaffolds used
and jobsite conditions encountered. The Competent Person should inspect scaffolds before
each work shift and after any occurrence which could affect a scaffold’s structural integrity.

Appendix 2: Samples of Scaffold Tagging Systems


SCAFFOLD TAGGING

The most effective means of communication between the scaffold builder and the scaffold
user is a scaffold tag.
The following guidelines will assist you in developing an appropriate tagging system:
Inspection and tagging of the scaffold is to be performed by a competent worker
experienced in the erection of scaffolds.
A unique scaffold identification tag number must be clearly identified on all tags for
tracking purposes.

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All scaffolds shall be inspected after erection as per Cairn India Limited Requirements.
All scaffold identification tags will be of solid green, yellow, or red color with black
lettering.
Green Tags will be hung on scaffolds that have been inspected and are safe for use.
Yellow “CAUTION” tags are used whenever the scaffold has been modified to meet work
requirements, and as a result could present a hazard to the user; this tag also informs the
user of any fall requirements devices that may be needed.
Red “DANGER - DO NOT USE” tags will used during erection or dismantling when the
scaffold is left unattended and replace all green and yellow tags in the event a scaffold has
been deemed unfit for use.

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