(P4) - Vectors PDF
(P4) - Vectors PDF
(P4) - Vectors PDF
LECTURE 4
Y
^
j ^
-k
^ 1 unit ^
-i 1 unit i
X
it O
un
^ 1
k ^
-j
Z
How to Resolve Vectors?
F F
θ θ
Vertical Vertical
F (Magnitude F) F (Magnitude F)
F F F sin θ
F sin θ
θ θ
Horizontal
Horizontal
F cos θ F cos θ
Q R
θ
A
P
Q R
θ
A
P
Parallelogram law of vector addition
Summary
=R = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos θ
Q R
θ
A
P
Example Find magnitude of resultant force of the 2 vectors.
A. √1F
B. √2F
600 F C. √3F
D. √ 4F
2F
Solution Find magnitude of resultant force of the 2 vectors.
600 F
R = √ A2 + B2 + 2ABcosθ
A. (√3 – 1 )N
B. (√4 – 1 )N (A = 2)
→
C. (√5 – 1 )N A
D. (√6 – 1 )N
600
→
B
→ → →
Resultant of 2 vectors A and B makes an angle of 450 with B.
Solution → →
If magnitude of A is 2 then find the magnitude of B. Also the angle
between A & B is given to be 600
(A = 2)
A. (√3 – 1 )N
B. (√4 – 1 )N → →
A R
C. (√5 – 1 )N
D. (√6 – 1 )N
450
0
60
→
B
→ → →
Resultant of 2 vectors A and B makes an angle of 450 with B.
Solution → →
If magnitude of A is 2 then find the magnitude of B. Also the angle
between A & B is given to be 600
A sin θ
→ tan α =
→ R B + A cos θ
A
2 ×√3/2
tan (450) = = 1
(A = 2) 450 B + 2 ×1/2
0
60
→ √3
B = 1 B = (√3 – 1 )N
B+1
→ → → → → →
Example If |A + B| = |A – B| find angle between A and B
A. 900
B. 1000
C. 1100
D. 1200
→ → → →
Solution If |A + B| = |A – B| find angle between A and B
√ A2 + B2 + 2ABcosθ = √ A2 + B2 – 2ABcosθ
A2 + B2 + 2ABcosθ = A2 + B2 – 2ABcosθ
4ABcosθ = 0
cos θ = 0
∴ = 900
θ
→ → 0
→
Example The angle between
→ A and B is 60 .
Find the angle
→
between -2A and B/2.
A. 1000
B. 1200
C. 1400 A
D. 1600
600
B
→ →
The angle between A and B is 600 . Find the angle
Solution → →
between -2A and B/2.
A
A
600 600
B B/2 B
A
-2 1200
→ → →
Example If the angle between the vectors a and b is an acute angle,
→ →
then prove that the difference a − b is the minor diagonal of the
→ →
parallelogram and the sum a + b is the major diagonal of the
parallelogram.
b b
a a
→ →
Solution If the angle between the vectors a and b is an acute angle,
→ →
then prove that the difference a − b is the minor diagonal of the
→ →
parallelogram and the sum a + b is the major diagonal of the
parallelogram.
s R
a
b −b
+b
a
P a Q
→ →
Solution If the angle between the vectors a and b is an acute angle,
→ →
then prove that the difference a − b is the minor diagonal of the
→ →
parallelogram and the sum a + b is the major diagonal of the
parallelogram.
s R
a
b −b We can observe that PQRS is a
+b Parallelogram where PR and
a
SQ are the two diagonals.
P a Q
→ →
Solution If the angle between the vectors a and b is an acute angle,
→ →
then prove that the difference a − b is the minor diagonal of the
→ →
parallelogram and the sum a + b is the major diagonal of the
parallelogram.
s R
a
b −b We can observe that PQRS is a
+b Parallelogram where PR and
a
SQ are the two diagonals.
P a Q
PR = a + b major diagonal
SQ = a − b minor diagonal
What is Polygon Law of Vector addition?
Polygon law of vector addition
If a number of vectors are represented in magnitude and direction, by the
side of an incomplete polygon taken in certain order, then their resultant is
represented in magnitude and direction by the remaining side of the
polygon, taken in opposite order.
A3 A3
+
A2
+
A1
A2
A1
Consider 3 vectors to be added OA, AB and BC;
A3 A3
+
A2 B OB = A1 + A2
+
A1
A2 OC = OB + BC
O A
A1 OC = A1 + A2 + A3
Y ^ ^ ^
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
^
j ^ ^ ^ ^
-k B = Bx i + By j + Bz k
1 unit
^ ^
-i 1 unit i
X
it O A + B = (Ax + Bx)^i + (Ay + By)^j + (Az + Bz)^
un
^ 1
k
k ^
-j
Z Similarly,
^ ^ ^
A - B = (Ax - Bx) i + (Ay - By) j + (Az - Bz) k
→ → → → → →
Example ABCDEF is a regular Hexagon. If, AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = x AD,
Determine x
E D
A. x = 9
B. x = 7
C. x = 5
D. x = 3
F C
A B
→ → → → → →
Example ABCDEF is a regular Hexagon. If, AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = x AD,
Determine x
E D
Solution
F C
A B
→ → → → → →
Example ABCDEF is a regular Hexagon. If, AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = x AD,
Determine x
E D AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = x AD
Solution
AB + AB + BC + AD + AD + DE + AF = x AD
AB + BC + AD + AD + AF = x AD
F C
AB + BC + AD + AD + CD = x AD
AD + AD + AD = x AD
A B x=3
3 AD = x AD
^ ^ ^
A= 2i + 4j + 6k
^ ^ ^
B= -i + 3j - 2k
Find :-
a) A+B= ? A-B= ?
→ → →
b) when C is added to A, the resultant is unit vector along x-axis. Find C
^ ^ ^
A= 2i + 4j + 6k
^ ^ ^
B= -i + 3j - 2k
a) A+B= ? A-B= ?
→ → →
b) when C is added to A, the resultant is unit vector along x-axis. Find C
Solution
a) → → ∧ ∧ ∧ b) → ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
A+B = i+7j+4k C + 2i + 4 j + 6 k = i
→ → ∧∧ ∧ → ∧ ∧ ∧
A – B = 3i + j + 8 k C = –i – 4 j – 6 k
Addition of Two vectors resolved along 3 Dimensions
Y ^ ^ ^
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
^
j ^ ^ ^ ^
-k B = Bx i + By j + Bz k
1 unit
^ ^
-i 1 unit i
X
it O A + B = (Ax + Bx)^i + (Ay + By)^j + (Az + Bz)^
un
^ 1
k
k ^
-j
Z Similarly,
^ ^ ^
A - B = (Ax - Bx) i + (Ay - By) j + (Az - Bz) k
Example In a Cartesian coordinate system the coordinates of two points P and Q are
(2, 4, 4) and (– 2, – 3, 7) respectively. Find PQ and its magnitude.
A. √ 71 units
B. √ 72 units
C. √ 73 units
D. √ 74 units
Example In a Cartesian coordinate system the coordinates of two points P and Q are
(2, 4, 4) and (– 2, – 3, 7) respectively. Find PQ and its magnitude.
Solution
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
P = 2i + 4j + 4k and Q = – 2i – 3j + 7k
PQ = PQ
PQ = Q – P
∧ ∧ ∧ = √ (– 4)2 + (– 7)2 + (3)2
∧ ∧ ∧
= – 2i – 3j + 7k – 2i + 4j + 4k =
∧ ∧
√ 16 + 49 + 9
∧
= (– 2 – 2) i + (– 3 – 4) j + (7 – 4) k = √ 74 units
∧ ∧ ∧
= – 4i – 7 j + 3k
How to Multiply Vectors?
Multiplication of Vectors
P.Q = PQ cosθ
Introduction to scalar product or dot product
θ
Q
P.Q = PQ cosθ
= (Pcosθ)Q
Introduction to scalar product or dot product
P.Q = Q .P
θ
Q
Example of scalar product or dot product
→ →
i.e. A . A = A A cos 0 = A2
→ →
A . A = A2
3) a . b = ab cos θ B
900
cos θ = a . b
ab A
B
θ
a . b =0 ⇒ θ = 90°
A
a . b >0 ⇒ θ = Acute
a . b <0 ⇒ θ = Obtuse θ
B
A
^ ^ ^
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
4) If
^ ^ ^
B = Bx i + By j + Bz k
^
A . B = (Ax Bx) i + (Ay By) ^j + (Az Bz)^k
^ ^ ^
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
4) If
^ ^ ^
B = Bx i + By j + Bz k
^
A . B = (Ax Bx) i + (Ay By) ^j + (Az Bz)^k
Proof
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
A .B = Ax i + Ayj + Azk . Bx i + By j + Bzk
^ ^
= i . i AxBx + ^j . ^i AyBx + ^k . ^i A B
z x
+ ^i . ^j AxBy + ^j . ^j A B + ^k . ^j A B
y y z y
+ ^i . ^k AxBz + ^j . k^ A B + ^k . ^k A B
y z z z
^ ^
A . B = i . i AxBx + ^j . ^i AyBx + ^k . ^i A B Using
z x
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
+ ^i . ^j AxBy + ^j . ^j A B + ^k . ^j A B i.i = j.j = k.k = 1
y y z y
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
+ ^i . ^k AxBz + ^j . k^ A B + ^k . ^k A B i.j = j.k = k.i = 0
y z z z
A.
B.
C.
D. Null Vector
If A = and B = , the vector having the same
magnitude as B and parallel to A is
A.
B.
C.
D.
The unit vector parallel to the resultant of the vectors
and is
A.
B.
C.
D.
The position vector of a particle is determined by the expression
A. 500m
B. 300m
C. 150m
D. 100m
Unit vector parallel to the resultant vectors and
Will be
A.
B.
C.
D. None of these
The three vectors
form ,
A. An equilateral triangle
B. Isosceles triangle
D. No triangle
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