A Technical Seminar Report entitled

On

SMART E-HEALTH GATEWAY

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by

DOULTHABAD PADMAVATHI(16E51A0433)
Under the Esteemed guidance of

Ms.M.H.Bindhu Reddy M.Tech,

Associate Professor

Department of ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

HYDERABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Gowdavelly, Medchal, Hyderabad, Telangana 501401
(Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, TS)
2019-2020

1
 HYDERABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, TS, INDIA)

Department Of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the technical seminar entitled “SMART E-HEALTH

GATEWAY” is a bonafide work carried out by DOULTHABAD PADMAVATHI bearing
Roll No. 16E51A0433 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree BACHELOR
OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING at
HYDERABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT submitted to
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, during the academic year 2019-2020.
The matter contained in this document has not been submitted to any other university or institute
for the award of any degree or diploma.

Internal Supervisor Head of the Department

Ms.M.H.Bindhu Reddy M.Tech Dr.Rahul Vivek Purohit PhD.
Associate Professor Professor & H.O.D.
Department of ECE Department of ECE

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 Acknowledgement
An endeavour of a long period can be successful only with the advice of many well wishers.

I would like to thank our chairman Sri. ArutlaPrasanth for providing all the facilities to
carry out technical seminar successfully.

I would like to thank our Honourable Principal Dr. J. Shiva Kumar who had inspired lot
through his speeches and providing this opportunity to carry out technical seminar successfully.

I am very much thankful to our Head of the Department, Dr.Rahul Vivek Purohit and
B-Tech project Coordinator Mr. K. Anil Kumar, M. Tech, MISTE.

I would like to specially thank my internal supervisor Ms.M.H.Bindhu Reddy,M.Tech

Associate Professor for his technical guidance, constant encouragement and enormous support
provided to me for carrying out my technical seminar.

I wish to convey my gratitude and express sincere thanks to all D.C (Departmental
Committee) and P.R.C (Project Review Committee) members, non-teaching staff for their
support and Co-operation rendered for successful submission of my technical project work.

I also want to express my sincere gratitude to all my family members and my friends for
their individual care and everlasting moral support.

DOULTHABAD PADMAVATHI (16E51A0433)

DATE:

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LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

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 ABSTRACT

There have been significant advances in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) recently. At the
same time there exists an ever-growing demand for ubiquitous healthcare systems to improve
human health and well-being. In most of IoT based patient monitoring systems, especially at
smart homes or hospitals, there exists a bridging point (i.e., gateway) between a sensor network
and the Internet which often just performs basic functions such as translating between the
protocols used in the Internet and sensor networks. These gateways have beneficial knowledge
and constructive control over both the sensor network and the data to be transmitted through the
Internet. In this paper, we exploit the strategic position of such gateways to offer several higher-
level services such as local storage, real-time local data processing, embedded data mining, etc.,
proposing thus a Smart e-Health Gateway. By taking responsibility for handling some burdens of
the sensor network and a remote healthcare center, a Smart e-Health Gateway can cope with
many challenges in ubiquitous healthcare systems such as energy efficiency, scalability, and
reliability issues. A successful implementation of Smart e-Health Gateways enables massive
deployment of ubiquitous health monitoring systems especially in clinical environments. We also
present a case study of a Smart e-Health Gateway called UTGATE where some of the discussed
higher-level features have been implemented. Our proof-of-concept design demonstrates an IoT-
based health monitoring system with enhanced overall system energy efficiency, performance,
interoperability, security, and reliability.

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 CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising paradigm to integrate several technologies and

communication solutions. As defined by European Commission Information Society, the Internet
of Things is a manageable set of convergent developments in sensing, identification,
communication, networking, and informatics devices and systems . Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN),as a fundamental enabling technology of IoT, integrates a number of spatially distributed
autonomous sensors into a network and cooperatively pass their data through wireless
communication. This network can be connected to a higher level system via a network gateway.
WSN is built of sensor/actuator nodes, from a few to several hundreds or even thousands nodes,
where each node is typically portable, lightweight, low-cost, and simply deployable. WSN is
extended to a network commonly called Ubiquitous Sensor Networks (USN) when it is
integrated into a system of IoT USN technologies can provide significant possibilities for the
field of healthcare. Intelligent wireless networks can assist patients and their caregivers by
providing continuous medical monitoring, memory enhancement, control of appliances, medical
data access, and emergency communication. The IoT is in the revolutionary road and it will
remodel the healthcare sector on the way in terms of social benefits and penetration as well as
economics. Enabled by ubiquitous computing, all the healthcare system entities (individuals,
appliances, medicine) can be monitored and managed continuously.The IoT’s connectivity
provide a way to monitor, store and utilize health and wellbeing related data on a 24/7 basis and
enable the IoT related data and services to be ubiquitous and customized for personal needs. It
has been predicted that in the following decades, the way healthcare is currently provided will be
transformed from hospital-centered, first to hospital-home-balanced in 2020th, and then
ultimately to home-centered in 2030th. This essential transformation necessitates the fact that the
convergence and overlap of the IoT architectures and technologies for smart spaces and
healthcare domains should be more actively considered. In a smart home or hospital, where the
mobility and location of patients are confined to the hospital facilities or the building, gateways

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can play a key role. Gateways generally act as a hub between body/personal/local area networks
(BAN/PAN/LAN) and a remote health center. The stationary nature of such gateways empowers
them with the luxury of being non-resource constrained in terms of processing power, power
consumption and communication bandwidth.On the one hand, this valuable luxury can be
exploited by outsourcing some burden of resource-constrained sensors/actuators to be performed
on the gateways, and on the other hand, it can be used to add some levels of intelligence to its
basic functionalities and extend its role to an intelligent embedded server.
We present the concept of Smart e-Health Gateway capable of enhancing IoT architectures used
for healthcare applications in terms of energy-efficiency, performance,reliability,interoperability,
just to mention a few. In addition,we elaborate a Smart e-Health Gateway’s features and its
offered services from the viewpoint of cost-benefit analysis. In order to provide a proof of
concept implementation, we also demonstrate our prototype of a Smart e-Health Gateway and
discuss the design and implementation of our demonstrator.

Fig 1-Basic Architecture

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 1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

There have been many efforts in designing gateways for one or several specific applications and
architectural layers. For example, the works presented in [7], [8] propose gateways to
transparently connect networks with different protocols such as ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Ethernet.
However, these gateways have limited flexibility as they cannot be customized for different
applications. In a different category of related work, Mueller et al. [9] present a gateway called
SwissGate which handles and optimize the operation of the sensor network.They specifically
apply SwissGate on home automation applications such as measuring heating, ventilation, and
air conditioning control (HVAC) parameters. Bimschas et al. [10] aim to provide some levels of
intelligence to gateways by enabling them to execute application code. They propose a
middleware for the gateway to offer three possible services: protocol conversion, request
caching, and intelligent caching and discovery. Jong-Wan et al. [11] present a sensor network
system comprising of a main server and several sensing servers acting as gateway and
connecting with different sensor networks. Using network-dependent sensing servers instead of
gateways results in high implementation and hardware cost as well as poor scalability, making
this architecture inefficient for many IoT applications. In a work presented in [12], a plug-
configurable play service-oriented generic gateway is proposed in order to provide simple and
rapid employment of various external sensor network applications. The gateway offers a proper
level of interoperability by facilitating the bridging between heterogeneous sensor networks and
homogenous resources. The middleware presented in their work lacks intelligence and runs on
PC, limiting its advantages for many IoT applications. In a similar attempt, Guoqiang et al. [13]
propose a smart general purpose gateway which provides i) pluggable architecture enabling the
communication among different communication protocols, ii) unified external interfaces fitting
for flexible software development, and iii) flexible protocol to translate different sensor data.

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 CHAPTER-2

2.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The architecture of an IoT-based health monitoring system which can be used in smart hospitals
or home is shown in Figure 1. In such systems, patient health related information is recorded by
body-worn or implanted sensors, with which the patient is equipped for personal monitoring of
multiple parameters. This health data can be also supplemented with context information (e.g.,
date, time, location, temperature). Context-awareness enables to identify unusual patterns and
make more precise inferences about the situation. Other sensors and actuators (e.g., medical
equipment) can be also connected to the systems to transmit data to medical staff such as high-
resolution images (e.g., CAT scan, magnetic resonance imaging). The system architecture
includes the following main components:

1) Medical Sensor Network:

Enabled by the ubiquitous identification, sensing, and communication capacity, biomedical and
context signals are captured from the body/room used for treatment and diagnosis of medical states.
The signal is then transmitted to the gateway via wireless or wired communication protocols such as
Serial, SPI, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or IEEE 802.15.4.
2) Smart e-Health Gateway:
The gateway, which supports different communication protocols, acts as the touching point between
a sensor network and the local switch/Internet. It receives data from different sub-networks, performs
protocol conversion, and provides other higher level services such as data aggregation, filtering and
dimensionality reduction.
3) Back-End System:
The back-end of the system consists of the two remaining components, a local switch and a cloud
computing platform that includes broadcasting, data warehouse and Big Data analytic servers, and
finally Web clients as a graphical user interface for final visualization and apprehension. The
collected health and context information represents a vital source of big data for the statistical and
epidemiological medical research (e.g., detecting approaching epidemic diseases). As can be
noticed from the figure, the strategic location of the smart gateway can be exploited by
offering many higher level services to enhance the system characteristics in many different
aspects.

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 CHAPTER-3
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 2-Block diagram

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 3.2 PRINCIPLE
The main requirement of a gateway is to support various wireless protocols and inter-device
communication. In this section, we extend its role to support several features such as acting also
as repository (i.e. local database) to temporarily store sensors and users information, and
bringing intelligence by enhancing with data fusion, aggregation, and interpretation techniques,
essential to provide preliminary local processing of sensors data, becoming thus a Smart e-Health
Gateway. In the following, we discuss these features in more detail. It is worth noting that the
non-resource constrained local storage and processing characteristic of Smart e-Health Gateway
can open the field of remote health monitoring to various research areas including both hardware
and software perspectives by, for example, introducing innovative wearable technologies and
wireless networking as well as novel data mining and machine learning algorithms.
A. Local Data Processing:-
1) Data Compression: Efficiency of BAN/PAN can considerably increase if data compression is
extended at the gateway. Due to limitation of network bandwidth, and susceptibility of essential
data in healthcare, data compression is considered as a competent feature for Smart e-Health
Gateways as one of the services provided by the Local Data Processing module . When data is
compressed, the communication cost is reduced significantly and the capacity of the
communication channel increases. Furthermore, as the Smart e-Health Gateway is not a
resource-constrained device, even lossless compression techniques can be efficiently executed on
the gateway, therefore, strict requirements of healthcare data can be properly fulfilled. It should
be noted that depending on e-health application requirements, compression can be enforced
either on the node/gateway or both.
2) Data Fusion: Data fusion can be implemented in both centralized and distributed systems. In a
centralized system, all raw data collected from sensors is sent to a central node while in a
distributed system different data fusion methods are implemented on distributed sensors.
Distributed and localized data fusion is more preferable. However, data fusion on distributed
sensors may give unsatisfactory outcomes and result in waste of resources, and misleading
assessments in case of careless design. Therefore, deploying data fusion in the gateway can
overcome problems of imprudence in system designing. Furthermore, there is a limited battery
capacity available in sensor nodes, therefore misusing data fusion in nodes may reduce their
battery lifetime. Besides, data fusion in node is processed and localized by utilizing data

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provided by neighbour nodes, however, data might be fused by intermediate nodes before
reaching to the final node. This problem can be solved when applying data fusion in the Smart e-
Health Gateway due to direct availability of raw data collected from nodes. Data fusion in the
Smart e-Health Gateway can be implemented in the Local Processing Module. Applying data
fusion in gateways provides several advantages such as reduced data ambiguity, extended
coverage in space and time, robustness and reliability, and increased quality of data. After data is
fused, only final results are transmitted through the network so the network bandwidth can be
also efficiently utilized and the system can be also more energy efficient.
3) Data Filtering: Physiological systems of the human body such as cardiovascular, nervous and
muscular systems generate bio-signals that are the primary source of information for assessing
the patient health status. Often the acquired signals have small amplitudes making them
susceptible to interference or artifacts that are superimposed on the signal. Any kind of
disturbance that affects the signal and distorts the information carried by it, is considered as noise
and must be minimized. A Smart e-Health Gateway can interface analog and digital sensors
directly and providing analog processing to increase the amplitude of the acquired signal as well
as converting it to the digital domain. For the case of digital sensors, the gateway provides means
to receive the generated signal via serial protocols such as USART, SPI and USB. The received
signal is then processed by the Local Data Processing Module. Filtering of the signal can be done
in the gateway by implementing the required finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse
response (IIR) filters for the removal of undesired low and high frequencies. Further more the
gateway implements different algorithms for biomedical signal processing such as standard
deviation, RMS values, frequency-domain analysis, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), etc., to
extract useful information. Therefore, the gateway can be designed to ensure the integrity of the
information contained in the signal, as well as help making the bio-signal detectable for
monitoring and diagnostics purposes. This will also enhance the system reliability by providing
local feedbacks even during the times of unavailability of internet.
B. Local Storage:-
Data availability is highly critical in e-health applications. The availability factor can be
easily affected during network unavailability which might negate the advantages of the entire
application.Relying on nodes for availability is out-of-question and the only possibility is to take
advantage of the position of the gateway. The gateway requires an operating system to performs

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tasks such as packet forwarding from node to remote server,therefore it can act as an
intermediate storage for certain period of time and also during unforeseen circumstances with
provision of additional storage.
C. Embedded Data Mining:-
The Smart e-Health Gateway has lite processing and local notification module, at its core to
realize the smartness by applying different machine learning and data mining techniques on the
local data storage. The smart gateway can be considered as an intermediate computing layer
between the sensor nodes and the cloud, also known as Fog computing layer. It allows realtime
computing to provide efficient feedbacks and notifications based on rules and coefficients
acquired locally and from the remote cloud server. This minimizes the latency of certain event
notifications to nodes or any subscribers, gives better location and context information as it is
close to the nodes, and facilitate handling of the mobility requirements of the nodes. One simple
case of the local processing is the validation of the incoming raw data from the nodes against a
set of rules. If the data does not conform, the appropriate configured mechanism will be invoked
to notify the (specified) user. The decision making rule can be enforced for specific node or for
the entire network of nodes. Another important part in the lite processing and local notification
module is the local notification service. In healthcare applications, the delivery of critical
information is highly essential.In most cases, the notification service can haverealtime
requirements that could be set depending on the type of patient and criticality of the notification.
The gateway enables us to meet such requirements as compared to the time it could take using
the cloud. Any malfunctions in the notification process may results in serious impact or loss to
person or medical procedure. The results of the decision has to be notified to the user either by
the remote server or by the gateway. Remote server will raise notification over any medium.
Unlike remote server, the resources at the gateway are limited but the important aspect is that the
gateway’s notification will run independent of remote server. Even during the unavailability of
remote server, the notification module running on the gateway can ensure the delivery of critical
information to appropriate users and thus enhancing the efficiency and reliability of the system
operations.
D.Security:-
Security is one of the important aspects of the system. Depending on the implementation of
security mechanisms, we can predict the probability of unsecured ratio of the system. Most of the

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cases, the data received from sensor nodes are transmitted as plain text which can be accessed
easily by third party. However, some cases where information is classified as personal, it should
not be accessible by third party. Leaking information might have some serious impacts on the
person involved specially in e-health applications where confidentiality is necessary. , the
gateway requires an operating system or at least a core (kernel) to carry out its operations.
Currently, Linux is highly favored compared to freeBSD and other variants for using as core for
router particularly in IoT due to its efficiency and customizable factors. The Linux kernel comes
with basic setting called IPtables and freeBSD comes with IPFW. These are simple security
mechanisms yet offering robust security depending on the configuration (cryptographic module
and firewall. With IPtables/IPFW, only very few ports will be opened for traffic and rest are
closed. For instance, dedicated ports for gateway-to-node over UDP and database port over
TCP/UDP are opened to carry out respective tasks. The gateway also act as web server during
network unavailability or whenever needed. These web server communications are transferred
over secure HTTPS and accessor identification to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of the
system operation. Apart from the above, the gateway can accommodate and perform several
security related tasks because of its processing power and memory availability. In future, if we
need any specific security mechanism, it can be achieved without the requirement of additional
hardware and also, we can shift or share the load from the node to gateway which allows the
nodes to perform complex tasks.
E. Interoperability and Reconfigurability:-
The other feature of the Smart e-Health Gateway is its ability to interoperate with a wide range
of devices and the ability to reconfigure it to support more protocols and standards. One of the
biggest challenges for the success of the IoT is the fact that different device manufacturers use
different protocols and communication mechanism than the other and there is no defined
standard as in the internet. Interoperability in the general sense can mean different things in the
high-level architecture. It can be at the network level, sensors using different network technology
can work together, or sensors using different standards can understand each others message.

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 CHAPTER-4
4.1WORKING OF THE SYSTEM
The true smartness of the gateway comes here to easily integrate these heterogeneous networking
technologies, protocols and standards thereby enabling them to interoperate at different levels.

1.Device Interoperability:

The sensors which are made by different vendors support variety of network technologies and
they can be arranged in different topologies, for instance, one category using ZigBee and the
other using Bluetooth. These distinct devices can be made to communicate to each other using
variety of ways by implementing techniques serving as adapters for each technology to convert it
to the other. One typical scenario can be the use of sockets to handle the communication where it
is possible. Sockets can also enable us to create a platform independent network. For instance,
WebSockets can be one solution in specific domains. One of the advantages of such a smart
gateway is also to make the device discovery process easier and also the process of joining in to
the network with proper authentication.
2.Protocol Interoperability:
The various networking technologies come with a range of protocols, both at the
network/transport layer and application layer. Starting from the general category of IP based and
non-IP based networks, we face the challenge all the way down in each layer. Tunneling protocol
for instance can be used to encapsulate messages in the network layer. One common example of
tunneling is the case when a 6LoWPAN edge router needs to tunnel between 6LoWPAN and
IPv4/IPv6 protocols. Protocol translators can also be used to buffer an incoming message and
forward in another format and there are implementation of this technique in the cloud these days.
A popular example is the ZigBee gateway which translates between the ZigBee and IP networks.
These functions are realized using the two modules, IP based tunneling interface and non-IP
based translation module. Another opportunity in this realm is presented by the WebSocket
protocol introduced in HTML5 which defines a duplex communication standard for web
browsers and servers. An embedded WebSocket server, Embedded web server module in enables
the gateway to send messages to the client at any time after the WebSockets connection has been
established. This open technology is supported by the most popular Web browsers and
frameworks and has the ability to serve as layer for a higher level web-based communication

15
protocol that in our case is customized for the managing and transmission of remote medical and
context sensors data and health applications related information. This allows us to have
heterogenous networks to interoperate regardless of the topology used or the underlying protocol.
3.Data Interoperability:
As medical data that is exchanged between different hospitals using different applications should
be formatted according to Electronic Health Record (EHR) standards, such , re-formatting data
in different formats to the same standard is done by the smart gateway, in the standardization
module. The discussion of data interoperability can be extended beyond the Electronic Health
Record formatting standards to other technical standards such as data rate and precision
correction as required. Since the formatting is done at the gateway level, the sensor nodes will be
free from processing overhead that results in formatting the data into standards. In addition, the
overhead on the communication channel due to the standards related information that could be
sent with the data is removed. This makes the sensor nodes to be energy and bandwidth efficient
by sending unformatted raw data to the gateway, where it is formatted to standards.
4) Reconfigurability:
In practice,it is difficult to implement all the possible combination of protocols and platforms on
the gateway and wait for any incoming device. However, the smart gateway should be
reconfigured to enable or disable protocols to be used, which types of features to enable/disable,
standards applicable under the given setup and other relevant settings. Reconfigurability of the
smart gateway is one of the key features which makes the remaining features realizable from
performance, security and scalability perspectives.
5.Device Discovery and Mobility Support:
Device discovery has been mentioned in device interoperability from the point of view of the
sensors becoming active after a certain timeout and trying to join the network. In relation to the
mobility of a patient from one place to the other, device discovery plays the major role in
discovering the destination gateway and handing over all the necessary information.Device
discovery and mobility support module determines the destination gateway from the context
sensors and other relevant information, start negotiation to handover and complete the smooth
transition to the next one. Data consistency between the previous and the new gateways is
maintained using the shared cloud server which is connected to all the gateways.

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 Fig 3-Overview

A.Compression at UT-GATE:-
UT-GATE can perform data compression to save network bandwidth and improve certain levels
of efficiency. However, not all data compression algorithms and methods can be processed in the
Smart e-Health Gateway due to different levels of accuracy and latency. Lossless and lossy
algorithms can be applied for data compression; nevertheless, lossless algorithm seems to be an
appropriate choice for our e-health application comparing with lossy algorithms. The
computation needed for lossless algorithms is not an important issue for UT-GATE due to the
availability of high-performance processing elements in the gateway. Power consumption is not
also a problem for the UT-GATE as it is plugged in to the power supply. Realtime processing is
an essential issue in e-health applications. Thus, latency during data compression process must
be considered.
B.Filtering at UT-GATE:-
Once data is received from the sensor node, UT-GATE proceeds to filter the acquired raw signal.
A set of filters for cleaning an ECG signal is implemented for evaluation purposes using the
Python programming language together with the open-source SciPy and NumPy extensions.

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C. Local Storage, Notification, and Security at UT-GATE:-
The UDP server running at gateway on port 5700 receives data modules for the 6LoWPAN
network and under RTXOS on RTX Wi-Fi modules for the Wi-Fi network. Similarly, the
Bluetooth nodes send data to the Bluetooth module in UTGATE. Received data is processed and
stored in the local repository apart from forwarding the same data to the remote server.
D. WebSocket Server on UT-GATE:-
An embedded WebSocket server was implemented on UTGATE using the Tornado non-
blocking Web server framework for Python. The server receives data as a UDP server directly
from the sensor nodes functioning as a UDP client. Another configuration involves receiving the
signal from the MySQL database configured to serve as a streaming database. The benefit of this
approach is multi-user support for the WebSocket server since the signal is always stored and
can be retrieved many times. On the client side, a WebSocket enabled browser accesses an
HTML page hosted at the gateway that offers the JavaScript interface and necessary parameters
to establish the two-way asynchronous WebSocket link between the browser and the gateway.

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CHAPTER-5
5.1 RESULT

Fig 4

Fig 5

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 5.2 CONCLUSION
In this paper, we presented the concept of Smart e-Health Gateway. The gateway serves as a
bridge for medical sensors and home/hospital building automation appliances to IP based
networks and cloud computing platforms. We showed that by exploiting the unique strategic
position of gateways in IoT architectures, a Smart e-Health Gateway can tackle many challenges
in ubiquitous healthcare systems such as energy efficiency, scalability, interoperability, and
reliability issues. We presented a proof of concept implementation of an IoT-based remote health
monitoring system which includes our demo of a Smart e-Health Gateway called UT-GATE.
UT-GATE provides efficient local services for health monitoring applications such as local
repository, compression, signal processing, data standardization, WebSocket server, protocol
translation and tunneling, firewall, and data mining and notification. The system demonstrator
includes all the dataflow process from the bioelectrical signal acquisition at sensor nodes to the
remote cloud-based healthcare center and web clients.

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 5.3 REFERENCES
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[13] S. Guoqiang et al. Design and Implementation of a Smart IoT Gateway. In Proceedings of
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