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48 unit 11
1 IDENTIFY *Read about tennis star Martina Hingis. Underline all the verbs in the
present perfect. Circle all the time expressions whit since or for.
Martina Hingis picked up her first

tennis racket at the age of two. Since then ,
she has become one of the greatest tennis
players in the world. Born in Slovakia, she
has lived in Switzerland for many years.
She became the outdoor Swiss champion
at the age of nine. Since then she has won
many international competitions including
Wimbledon, the US Open and the
Australian Open.
For young stars like Martina, life has

its difficulties. They are under constant
pressure to win and they don’t have time to
just relax with friends. In fact, Martina
hasn’t been to school since 1994 and she
has been in the public spotlight for years. But she seems to be handling her
success well. Since she turned professional, she has played tennis all over the
world and has earned millions of dollars. She sees her life as normal because
tennis has been the most important thing to her since she was a little girl.
2 COMPLETE & CHOOSE*Read this magazine article about a child genius. Complete
it with the present perfect form of the verbs in brackets. Choose between since and for.
Thirteen-year-old Ronnie Segal has loved (love) maths since (since

/for) he was a little boy. “I (be) interested in numbers
tttttttttttttttttt(since/for) nine years, five months, three weeks, and two days“, says
Ronnie. (since/for) the past year, Ronnie (attend) classes
at university. He (not do) badly. (since/ for)January,
he (take) five exams and (not get) a mark of less than a
hundred per cent on any of them. (since/for) Ronnie began classes, He
tttttttttttttttt (meet)an average of 1.324 people a month. And his future? Young
Ronnie (not think) about it for years. He (know)
ttttttttttttttt(since/for) he was a little boy that he’s going to become a famous
sports announcer,get married, and have exactly 2.2 children.
Present perfect: Already, just and yet 51
EXPRESS CHECK
SHORT ANSWERS
Unscramble these words to form a
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE question. Answer the question.
Yes, they have No, they haven't
it has it hasn't You *have *yet *lunch *had
.
………………………………………?
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…….
Grammar explanations Examples
1. We often use the present perfect with A: Is your daughter going to get her flu jab?
already and just to talk about things that B: She’s already had it. And I’ve just had it, too.
have happened before now.
Already means ´at some time before now´.

Just means ´very recently: a moment or two
ago´
DON’T SAY: She’s already had it last month.
BE CAREFUL: Do not use the present
* She’s just had it last month.
perfect with already when you mention a
specific time in the past.
 Researchers have already discovered
Already and just usually come between have
cures for many diseases.
and the past participle.
 I’ve just recovered from a bad cold.
Already can also come at the end of the  They’ve made a lot of progress already.
clause.
2. Use the present perfect with not yet to talk

 They haven’t discovered a cure for the
about things that have not happened before
common cold yet, but they hope to
now.
discover one in the future.
Notice that yet usually comes at the end of  The flu season hasn’t arrived yet.
the clause.  They haven’t yet discovered a cure for
the common cold.
Yet can also come between have not and the
past participle.
3. We usually use yet in questions to find out

if something has happened before now.  Has your son had his flu jab yet?
 Has he already had his flu jab? The flu
USAGE NOTE: Sometimes we use already in a
season hasn’t begun yet.
question to express surprise that something
has happened sooner than we expected it to.
4. In spoken American English, people often  I already read that book.

use already, just and yet with the past  We just go back from Los Angeles.
simple to talk about the recent past.  Did you do the shopping yet?

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48 unit 11

Martina Hingis picked up her first

For young stars like Martina, life has

Thirteen-year-old Ronnie Segal has loved (love) maths since (since

Already means ´at some time before now´.

2. Use the present perfect with not yet to talk

3. We usually use yet in questions to find out

4. In spoken American English, people often  I already read that book.

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