Lab Session 2

EXPERIMENT NO 2
To verify the ‘Impulse Momentum Principle’ for a jet of water striking on 120 and 180
deflectors to investigate the effect of velocity of flow on impulse force of the jet for curved
plate deflector.
2.1 Learning Objectives

At the end of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Derive the expression for impact of jet on hemispherical plates.
 Calculate the co-efficient of impact.
2.2 Apparatus
1 Impact of Jet Apparatus with Deflector (120 and 180)
2 Hydraulic Bench
3 Stop Watch
4 Thermometer
5 Curved Plate
2.3 Related theory:

Impulse Momentum Principle:
It states that the algebraic sum of all the external forces acting on the control volume of the
fluid is equal to the rate of change of momentum.
Δ𝑃
∑𝐹 =
Δ𝑇
Mathematical:
According to the newton’s 2nd law of motion
∑𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑑𝑉 𝑚
∑𝐹 = 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑀. 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Where
𝑀 = 𝜌𝑄
So,𝜃
∑𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄. 𝑑𝑉
∑𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄. (𝑉1 − 𝑉2)
∑𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄. (𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
∑𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄. 𝑉(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
Let K = (1 - cos𝜃)
∑𝐹 = 𝐾𝜌𝑄𝑉 (2.1)
1
As 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 so,
∑𝐹 = 𝐾𝜌𝐴𝑉 2 (2.2)
Figure 2.1: Impact of Jet Apparatus on Hydraulic Bench
Figure 2.2: Curved Plate 120 and 180 Deflector
2
2.4 Impact of Jet Apparatus:
Impact of jet apparatus is a very simple apparatus which directly measure the impulse force of
the jet by an equivalent weight placed in the pan. The direction of axis of jet is vertical.
This apparatus consists of following parts
 Nozzle
 Valve
 Glass Chamber
 Vertical Rod with collar on upper part
 Deflector
 Weights
 Pointer
Figure 2.3: Schematic Representation of Impact of Jet Apparatus (Flat Plate)
3
2.5 Experimental Procedure
1 Place the test set-up on the hydraulic bench so that the drain routes the water into the
channel. Fit connecting hose between hydraulic bench and equipment.
2 Use adjusting screw to set pointer to zero (zero notch). When doing so, do not place
any loading weights on measurement system.
3 Now make sure that the defector is almost 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎 away from the nozzle before
applying any load with the help of spring and the plate.
4 Place the load of 100 gm and gradually open the valve till the collar reaches its original
position.
5 Note down the time to collect the known volume of water.
6 Repeat the previous steps for 100 gm load increment till the valve is completely open.
7 Switch off pump, open drain.
2.6 Observations & Calculations

Volume (m3) …………....
Jet diameter (mm) 8 mm
Density = 𝜌 (kg/m3) 1000 (kg/m3) Approx.

𝛑
Area = a = 𝐃𝟐 …………….
𝟒
𝟐𝝆𝑸𝟐
𝑭𝒕𝒉 = 𝝆𝑸𝑽𝟏 =
𝑨
𝑽 3 𝝆𝑸𝟐
𝑭𝒕𝒉 = 𝝆𝑸(𝑽 ) =
𝟐 2 𝑨
4
Table 2.1: Table of Observations and Calculations
Mass 𝐕𝐨𝐥. 𝑸 Ci = Fact
Deflector Sr. Fexp= Mg Time Q= V= Fth= 𝐾𝝆QV Error
(M) 𝒕 𝑨 / Fth
θ No.
(kg) (N) (sec) (m3/s) (m/s) (N) %
1
2
θ = 120
3
Mass 𝐕𝐨𝐥. 𝑸 Ci = Fact

Deflector Sr. Fexp= Mg Time Q= V= Fth= 𝐾𝝆QV Error
(M) 𝒕 𝑨 / Fth
θ No.
(kg) (N) (sec) (m3/s) (m/s) (N) %
1
2
θ = 180
3
5
Figure 2.4: Graph between F exp & F th for 120 and 180 Deflectors
Figure 2.5: Graph between F exp & V for 90, 120 and 180 Deflector
2 Results
6
1 The graphical relationship between F exp & F th for 120 and 180 deflectors are
shown in Figure ………...
2 The graphical relationship between F exp & V for 90, 120 and 180 deflector is shown
in Figure ………...
3 Relationship between F exp & F th for 120 and 180 deflector are …………..
4 Relationship between F exp & V for 120 and 180 deflector are ……………
5 With increase in deflection angle of the deflector, the impulse force of jet
…………….
6 What about standard deviation in values? Please discuss it in detail in comments
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EXPERIMENT NO 2

2.1 Learning Objectives

2.3 Related theory:

Figure 2.1: Impact of Jet Apparatus on Hydraulic Bench

Figure 2.2: Curved Plate 120 and 180 Deflector

Figure 2.3: Schematic Representation of Impact of Jet Apparatus (Flat Plate)

2.6 Observations & Calculations

Jet diameter (mm) 8 mm

Density = 𝜌 (kg/m3) 1000 (kg/m3) Approx.

Mass 𝐕𝐨𝐥. 𝑸 Ci = Fact

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