Judge Gito - Last Minute Tips in Political Law PDF
Judge Gito - Last Minute Tips in Political Law PDF
Judge Gito - Last Minute Tips in Political Law PDF
POLITICAL LAW
by:
1. What are the crimes which are under the jurisdiction of the
International Criminal Court?
2. What is genocide?
For the purpose of this Statute, "genocide" means any of the following
acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the
group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the
group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life
calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in
part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the
group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another
group.
4. What are the conditions before the ICC can exercise jurisdiction over
the crimes under the jurisdiction of the ICC?
Before the ICC can exercise jurisdiction, it is required that the State
must be a state party to the convention. It is provided under the Rome
Statute that the State party is considered deemed to have accepted the
jurisdiction of the ICC (Article 12). ICC shall also have jurisdiction over
those cases referred to it by the Security Council under Chapter VII of
the UN Charter.
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5. Can the ICC acquire jurisdiction nationals of non-parties?
YES. The ICC may exercise jurisdiction even over nationals of states
that are not parties to the Treaty and have not otherwise consented to
the jurisdiction. Article 12 provides that, in addition to jurisdiction
based on Security Council action under Chapter VII of the UN Charter
and jurisdiction based on consent by the defendant state nationality,
the ICC will have jurisdiction to prosecute the nationals of any state
when crimes within the Court’s subject matter jurisdiction are
committed on the territory of the state party. Likewise, ICC will have
jurisdiction over non-state party, if it consented to ICC jurisdiction.
7. What are the two ways by which the Constitution may be changed?
9. What are the two (2) tests to determine the kind of change that is
proposed?
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10. May people’s initiative be used to revise the Constitution?
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appreciable distance from the nearest shoreline of the Philippine
archipelago (Margallona vs. Ermita).
20. What are the right of a coastal state over maritime zones?
Territorial sea - The coastal state has sovereignty over the territorial
sea subject to this Convention and to other rules of international law
(Art. 2, UNCLOS III).
Contiguous zone - The coastal state has the right to exercise control
necessary to 1) prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration
or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea;
and, 2) punish infringement of the above laws and regulations
committed within its territory or territorial sea (Art. 33, UNCLOS III).
Exclusive economic zone - The coastal state has the sovereign rights
for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing
the natural resources. It has also jurisdiction over the establishment
and use of artificial islands, installations and structures; marine
scientific research; and, the protection and preservation of the marine
environment (Art. 56, UNCLOS III).
Continental shelf - The coastal state has the exclusive right to explore
and exploit its natural resources therein (Art. 77, UNCLOS III).
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The constitutional basis of the principle of separation of powers is the
allocation of powers by the Constitution to the three great departments
of the government and Constitutional Commission. Thus, these three
departments must discharge their respective functions within the
limits of authority conferred by the Constitution (Philippine Coconut
Producers Federation vs. Republic, G.R. Nos. 177857-58, September 17,
2009).
NO. From the moment the law becomes effective, any provision of law
that empowers Congress or any of its members to play any role in the
implementation or enforcement of the law violates the principle of
separation of powers and is thus unconstitutional. Under this
principle, a provision that requires Congress or its members to
approve the implementing rules of a law after it has already taken
effect shall be unconstitutional, as is a provision that allows Congress
or its members to overturn any directive or ruling made by the
members of the executive branch charged with the implementation of
the law (ABAKADA vs. Purisima).
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24. What is legislative veto?
Pork Barrel System as the collective body of rules and practices that
govern the manner by which lump-sum, discretionary funds,
primarily intended for local projects, are utilized through the
respective participations of the Legislative and Executive branches of
government, including its members. (Belgica vs. Executive Secretary,
November 19, 2013).
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32. Section 17, Article XII provides that “in times of national emergency,
when the public interest so requires, the State may, during the
emergency and under reasonable terms prescribed by it, temporarily
take over or direct the operation of any privately owned public utility
or business affected with public interest.” Can this provision be
legally invoked by the President to temporarily take over or direct
the operation of any privately owned public utility or business
affected with public interest during without authority from
Congress?
NO. Without legislation, the President has not power to take over
privately-owned public utility of business affected with public
interest. In short, the President has no absolute authority to exercise all
the power of the State under Section 17, Article XII in the absence of an
emergency powers act passed by Congress (David vs. Arroyo, 489
SCRA 161).
Completeness test - The law must be complete in all its essential terms
when it leaves the legislature so that there will be nothing left for the
delegate to do when it reaches him except to enforce it. A law is
complete when it sets forth therein the policy to be executed, carried
out or implemented by the delegate (Pelaez vs. Auditor General, 122
Phil. 965).
35. Congress passed a law which provides that all candidates for
elective public office should undergo mandatory drug testing. Law
provides that those who will not undergo drug testing, they will be
allowed to assume the function of the office for which they were
elected, even if they were proclaimed. Is the law valid?
No. Under the constitution, each province shall have at least one (1)
representative. Thus, the creation of a province carries with it the
creation of legislative district. And only Congress can create a
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legislative district. Therefore, only Congress can create a province
(Sema vs. COMELEC).
The sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and
qualifications of the members of the Senate and the House of
Representatives (Section 17, Article VI).
45. When does the jurisdiction of the Comelec over the candidates for
House end and when does the jurisdiction of the Electoral Tribunal
begins?
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The jurisdiction of an Electoral Tribunal begins once a winning
candidate has been: 1) Proclaimed; 2) Taken his oath; 3) Assumed
office
When the president signs it. When the president vetoes it, but the veto
was overridden by two thirds of all the members of the House. When
the president does not act upon it within thirty days after it shall have
been presented to him.
49. May the President approve some part or parts of the bill and
veto the rest?
Sec. 25(1), Art. VI - Section 25. (1) The Congress may not increase the
appropriations recommended by the President for the operation of the
Government as specified in the budget. The form, content, and manner
of preparation of the budget shall be prescribed by law.
The following are considered savings under the law: 1) Funds which
are still available after the completion or final discontinuance or
abandonment of the work, activity or purpose for which the
appropriation is authorized. 2) There can be savings when there is
unpaid compensation and related costs pertaining to vacant positions.
3) There can be savings from cost-cutting measures adopted by
government agencies (Araullo vs. Aquino III).
56. What are the requisites for the valid transfer of appropriated funds
under Section 25(5), Article VI of the 1987 Constitution?
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57. What is the difference between the power of Congress under Section
22 (Question hour) and its power to conduct legislative
investigation?
When Congress exercises its power of inquiry, the only way for
department heads to exempt themselves therefrom is by a valid claim
of privilege. They are not exempt by the mere fact that they are
department heads. Only one executive official may be exempted from
this power — the President on whom executive power is vested, hence,
beyond the reach of Congress except through the power of
impeachment (Senate vs. Ermita).
59. Can Congress compel the justices of the Supreme Court to appear
during congressional inquiry?
No. By the same token, members of the Supreme Court are also exempt
from this power of inquiry. Unlike the Presidency, judicial power is
vested in a collegial body; hence, each member thereof is exempt on
the basis not only of separation of powers but also on the fiscal
autonomy and the constitutional independence of the judiciary
(Senate vs. Ermita).
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First, communications must relate to “quintessential and non-
delegable power of the President. Second, the communications are
received by the President close advisors. Third, there is no adequate
showing of compelling need that would justify the limitation of the
privilege and of the unavailability of the information elsewhere.
61. For how long can the Congress detain a person cited for legislative
contempt?
The Court finds that the period of imprisonment under the inherent
power of contempt by the Senate during inquiries in aid of
legislation should only last until the termination of the legislative
inquiry under which the said power is invoked. In Arnault, it was
stated that obedience to its process may be enforced by the Senate
Committee if the subject of investigation before it was within the range
of legitimate legislative inquiry and the proposed testimony called
relates to that subject. Accordingly, as long as there is a legitimate
legislative inquiry, then the inherent power of contempt by the Senate
may be properly exercised. Conversely, once the said legislative
inquiry concludes, the exercise of the inherent power of contempt
ceases and there is no more genuine necessity to penalize the detained
witness (Balag vs. Senate, G.R. No. 234608, July3, 2018).
Sec. 22. Report of Committee. Within fifteen (15) days after the
conclusion of the inquiry, the Committee shall meet to begin the
consideration of its Report. The Report shall be approved by a majority
vote of all its members. Concurring and dissenting reports may
likewise be made by the members who do not sign the majority report
within seventy-two (72) hours from the approval of the report. The
number of members who sign reports concurring in the conclusions of
the Committee Report shall be taken into account in determining
whether the Report has been approved by a majority of the members
x x x x.
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63. The law allows the holder of appointive position in the executive
department hold any other office other than he is presently holding.
Is the law constitutional?
No. Prohibition under Section 15, Article VII does not apply to
appointments to fill a vacancy in the Supreme Court or to other
appointments to the Judiciary (De Castro vs. JBC)
65. The signing of the appointing papers and the transmittal of the same
was made before the ban but the acceptance and oath of office
happened during the ban. Is the appointment valid?
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66. Does the president have disciplinary jurisdiction over Deputy
Ombudsman?
The following are the military powers of the president: 1) calling out
power; the power to suspend writ of habeas corpus; 3) the power to
declare martial law? (Section 18, Art. VI).
70. What are the limitations on the military power of the president?
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a. He may call out the armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless
violence, invasion or rebellion only.
b. The grounds for the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas
corpus and the proclamation of martial law are now limited only to
invasion or rebellion.
e. The Congress may then, by majority votes of all its members voting
jointly, revoke his action. The revocation may not set aside by the
President.
f. By the same vote and in the same manner, the Congress may, upon
initiative of the President, extend his suspension or proclamation
for a period to be determined by the Congress if the invasion or
rebellion shall continue and the public safety requires extension.
h. Martial law does not automatically suspend the privilege of the writ
of habeas corpus or the operation of the Constitution. The civil
courts and the legislative bodies shall remain open. Military courts
and agencies are not conferred jurisdiction over civilians where the
civil courts are functioning.
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71. What kind of proceeding should be initiated to question the
sufficiency of the factual basis of the suspension or proclamation
under Sec. 18, Art. VII?
73. What quantum of proof does the President need to satisfy for the
declaration and/or suspension?
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proclamation of martial law and/or suspension of the privilege of the
writ of habeas corpus (Padilla vs Pimentel, 2017).
77. What are the limitations on the pardoning power of the president?
78. Can congress pass a law, increasing the appellate jurisdiction of the
Supreme Court?
79. Can Congress pass a law prohibiting the court from issuing TRO or
Injunction?
NO. This will violate the rule making power of the Supreme Court
under Section 5(5). The issuance of TRO or injunction is a matter of
procedure which is under the exclusive prerogative of the Supreme
Court.
80. In order to decongest the cases pending before the Supreme Court,
the Congress passed a law which provides that the judgement of the
Court of Appeals in criminal cases imposing a penalty of reclusion
perpetua is final and executory and that said decision may not
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anymore be questioned by whatever procedural means. Is the law
constitutional?
81. What are the subject of the rule making power of the Supreme
Court?
82. The law provides: SEC 23. Plea-Bargaining Provision. -Any person
charged under any provision of this Act regardless of the imposable
penalty shall not be allowed to avail of the provision on plea-
bargaining. Is the law constitutional?
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the position of Chairman resulted from death, resignation, disability or
removal by impeachment.
No. Under Section (3), Article IX-C, the COMELEC can decide all
question relating to election except the right to vote?
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92. What are the requisites for a valid ordinance?
The following are the requisites for a valid ordinance: 1) It must not be
contrary to the Constitution or law; 2) It must not be unfair or
oppressive 3) It must not be partial or discriminatory; 4) It must not
prohibit but regulate trade; 5) It must not be unreasonable
93. What is the nature of the taxing power of the local government units?
Customs duties are also taxes because they are exactions whose
proceeds become public funds. According to Garcia v. Executive
Secretary, customs duties is the nomenclature given to taxes imposed on
the importation and exportation of commodities and merchandise to
or from a foreign country (Mandanas vs. Executive Secretary, GR No.
199802, July 3, 2018).
98. When will the 3 term limit of local elective officials apply?
Two requisites must concur: 1) Official must have been elected to the
same position 3 times; 2) He must have served three full terms.
99. What are the rules on term limits of local government elective
officials?
b. If the official runs again for the same position he held prior to his
assumption of the higher office, then his succession to said position
is by operation of law and is considered an involuntary severance
or interruption (Montebon v. COMELEC, [2008]).
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c. An elective official, who has served for three consecutive terms and
who did not seek the elective position for what could be his fourth
term, but later won in a recall election, had an interruption in the
continuity of the official’s service. For, he had become in the
interim, i.e., from the end of the 3rd term up to the recall election, a
private citizen (Adormeo v. Comelec, [2002]); Socrates v. Comelec,
[2002]).
g. The break or interruption need not be for a full term of three years
or for the major part of the 3-year term; an interruption for any
length of time, provided the cause is involuntary, is sufficient to
break the continuity of service (Socrates v. Comelec; Lonzanida v.
Commission on Elections).
The voters of the unit or units directly affected (Tan vs. Comelec,
[1986]).
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functions, to review executive orders issued by the city mayor, and to
approve resolutions and ordinances enacted by the city council. The
province will also be divested of jurisdiction over disciplinary cases
concerning the elected city officials of the new HUC, and the appeal
process for administrative case decisions against barangay officials of
the city will also be modified accordingly. Likewise, the registered
voters of the city will no longer be entitled to vote for and be voted
upon as provincial officials (Umali vs. COMELEC, 2014).
Gutierrez vs. The House of Representatives, Feb. 25, 2011, rules that
“an impeachment complaint need not alleged only one impeachable
offense.” In fact, multiple complaints may be considered so long as
they would all be simultaneously referred or endorsed to the proper
committee.
All lands are owned by the “Crown.” This is reflected in the 1987
Constitution. Thus: “All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals,
coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy,
fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural
resources are owned by the State.”
No. The minerals are owned by the State under the “regalian
doctrine”. The land is thus converted into mineral land. For the loss
sustained by the owner, he is entitled to compensation (Republic vs.
CA, 160 SCRA 228).
110. Are there lands which are not covered by regalian doctrine?
Yes. When, as far back as testimony or memory goes, the land has been
held by individuals under a claim of private ownership, it will be
presumed that to have been held in the same way from before the
Spanish conquest, and never to have been public land (Carino vs.
Insurer, 41 Phil. 935; Cruz vs. DENR).
111. Who are qualified to take part with the State in the exploration,
development and utilization of natural resources?
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The State may enter into “co-production, joint venture, or production
sharing agreement with Filipino citizens, or corporations, associations
at least sixty per cent of whose capital is owned by Filipino citizens.
113. When husband and wife purport to buy land, and the husband is
alien while the wife is Filipino, is the property conjugal such that it
may not be disposed of without the consent of the husband?
114. May a Filipino seller question the legality of sale he made in favour
of an alien. Will pari delicto apply?
The seller may question the sale made to the alien. The principle of pari
delicto is not applicable (Philippine Banking corporation vs. Lui She,
[1967]).
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Since the constitutional requirement of at least 60 percent Filipino
ownership applies not only to voting control of the corporation but
also to the beneficial ownership of the corporation, it is therefore
imperative that such requirement apply uniformly and across the
board to all classes of shares, regardless of nomenclature and category,
comprising the capital of a corporation. Under the Corporation Code,
capital stock consists of all classes of shares issued to stockholders, that
is, common shares as well as preferred shares, which may have
different rights, privileges or restrictions as stated in the articles of
incorporation. (Gamboa vs. Finance Secretary, MR [2012])
No. The Constitution provides that the CHR has the power to
“investigate, on its own or on complaint by any party, all forms of
human rights violations involving civil and political rights.” (Section
18, Article XIII; Simon, Jr. vs. CHR, [1994]).
It is the power of the State to regulate liberty and property for the
common good. The power of promoting the public welfare by
restraining the use of liberty and property.
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Police power (Manila Memorial Park, Inc., vs. Secretary, December
13, 2013).
121. What are the two (2) tests to determine the validity of the exercise of
police power?
Lawful means – the means employed are reasonably necessary for the
accomplishment of the purpose and must not be unduly oppressive.
YES. Section 6, Article XII provides that the use of property bears a
social function, and all economic agents shall contribute to the
common good. Individuals and private groups, including
corporations, cooperatives, and similar collective organizations, shall
have the right to own, establish, and operate economic enterprises,
subject to the duty of the State to promote distributive justice and to
intervene when the common good so demands. Property rights of
individuals may be subjected to restraints and burdens in order to
fulfill the objectives of the government in the exercise of police power.
In this jurisdiction, it is well-entrenched that taxation may be made
the implement of the state's police power (Ferrer vs. Bautista, 2015).
The power to take private property for public use upon payment of
just compensation.
126. What is the remedy of the land owner if the government refused to
pay the just compensation?
127. The Congress passed a law proving for a formula by which the Court
can compute the amount of just compensation. Is the Court bound
by the formula?
Otherwise, the judge runs the risk of violating the agrarian reform law
should he choose not to use the formula laid down by the DAR for the
determination of just compensation. The Court reaffirmed this
established jurisprudential rule in Alfonso v. Land Bank of the Philippines
when it categorically gave "full constitutional presumptive weight and
credit to Section 17 of RA 6657, DAR AO No. 5 (1998) and the resulting
DAR basic formulas." (LDP vs. Spouses Esteban, 2017).
"A statute or act suffers from the defect of vagueness when it lacks
comprehensible standards that men of common intelligence must
necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application. It is
repugnant to the Constitution in two (2) respects: (1) it violates due
process for failure to accord persons, especially the parties targeted by
it, fair notice of the conduct to avoid; and (2) it leaves law enforcers
unbridled discretion in carrying out its provisions and becomes an
arbitrary flexing of the Government muscle." (SPARK vs. Quezon
City, GR No. 225442, August 20, 2017).
133. What are three (3) tests of judicial scrutiny to determine the
reasonableness of classifications?
The strict scrutiny test applies when a classification either (i) interferes
with the exercise of fundamental rights, including the basic liberties
guaranteed under the Constitution, or (ii) burdens suspect classes. The
intermediate scrutiny test applies when a classification does not
involve suspect classes or fundamental rights, but requires heightened
scrutiny, such as in classifications based on gender and legitimacy.
Lastly, the rational basis test applies to all other subjects not covered
by the first two tests (SPARK vs. Quezon City, GR No. 225442,
August 20, 2017).
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134. What test should be applied on restriction of fundamental rights of
the people like the right to travel?
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All persons or things similarly situated shall be treated a like both as
to the rights conferred and responsibilities imposed (Ichong vs.
Hernandez).
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NO. RA 9262 did not violate the equal protection clause by favoring
women over men as victims of violence and abuse. The distinction lies
on the unequal power relationship between women and men; the fact
that women are more likely than men to be victims of violence; and the
wide spread gender bias and prejudice against women all make for
real differences justifying the classification under the law (Garcia vs.
Drilon, GR No. 179267, June 25, 2013).
142. Does the issuance of PO’s under RA 9262 violates due process?
NO. "(T)he mere fact that an officer is required by law to inquire into
the existence of certain facts and to apply the law thereto in order to
determine what his official conduct shall be and the fact that these acts
may affect private rights do not constitute an exercise of judicial
powers." (Garcia vs. Drilon, GR No. 179267, June 25, 2013).
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145. Petitioner challenged the constitutionality of the RH Law on the
argument that they bound to fund a program of the government
which contrary to their religion?
In the same breath that the establishment clause restricts what the
government can do with religion, it also limits what religious sects can
or cannot do with the government. They can neither cause the
government to adopt their particular doctrines as policy for everyone,
nor can they not cause the government to restrict other groups. To do
so, in simple terms, would cause the State to adhere to a particular
religion and, thus, establishing a state religion.
The Court is of the view that the obligation to refer imposed by the RH
Law violates the religious belief and conviction of a conscientious
objector. Once the medical practitioner, against his will, refers a patient
seeking information on modern reproductive health products,
services, procedures and methods, his conscience is immediately
burdened as he has been compelled to perform an act against his
beliefs. As Commissioner Joaquin A. Bernas (Commissioner Bernas)
has written, "at the basis of the free exercise clause is the respect for the
inviolability of the human conscience." (Imbong vs. Ochoa, April 8,
2014).
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147. Sec. 10. Money Claims. — . . . In case of termination of overseas
employment without just, valid or authorized cause as defined by
law or contract, the workers shall be entitled to the full
reimbursement of his placement fee with interest of twelve percent
(12%) per annum, plus his salaries for the unexpired portion of his
employment contract or for three (3) months for every year of the
unexpired term, whichever is less. Is this constitutional?
The supreme Court ruled that the subject clause violates Section 1,
Article III of the Constitution, and Section 18, Article II and Section 3,
Article XIII on labor as a protected sector (Serrano vs. Gallant, GR No.
167614, March 24, 2009).
148. Can Congress re-enact a law which was already declared by the SC
unconstitutional?
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152. The judge issued warrant when what was submitted was only the
Resolution of the Investigating Prosecutor and Affidavits of the
complainant. The prosecutor did not attached copies of the affidavit
of the witnesses for the complainant and the counter-affidavit of the
respondent. Is the Judge correct?
NO. Because it was not the Judge who determine probable cause but
the Prosecutor because the judge relied only to the finding of probable
cause by the prosecutor (Okabe vs. Judge Gutierrez, May 27, 2004).
NO. Government in effect, seizes and places the computer data under
its control and disposition without warrant. DOJ order cannot
substitute judicial warrant (Disini vs ES, February 14, 2014).
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a. the law enforcement officer in search of the evidence has a prior
justification for an intrusion or is in a position from which he can
view a particular area;
b. the discovery of the evidence in plain view is inadvertent; and
c. it is immediately apparent to the officer that the item he observes
may be evidence of a crime, contraband, or otherwise subject to
seizure (People vs. Chi Chan Liu, January 21, 2015).
159. What are the two tests in determining whether one is entitled to the
right of privacy?
160. Angela Tan, a high school student at St. Theresa’s College (STC),
uploaded on Facebook several pictures of her and her classmates
(Nenita Daluz and Julienne Suzara) wearing only their
undergarments. Thereafter, some of their classmates reported said
photos to their teacher, Mylene Escudero. Escudero, through her
students, viewed and downloaded said pictures. She showed the
said pictures to STC’s Discipline-in-Charge for appropriate action.
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Is the right of the children to privacy violated?
162. DOJ and NTC issued a warning if TV and Radio stations plays the
“Garci Tape”, their franchises would be revoked. Is it content based
regulation or content neutral regulation?
44
SC ruled that it is content-based. The form of expression is just as
important as the information conveyed that it forms part of the
expression. Large tarpaulins, therefore, are not analogous to time and
place. They are fundamentally part of expression protected under
Article III, Section 4 of the Constitution.
The State cannot rob him of this right without violating the
constitutionally guaranteed freedom of expression. Unsolicited
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advertisements are legitimate forms of expression (Disini vs. DOJ,
February 18, 2014).
Police line-up is not part of the custodial investigation; hence, the right
to counsel guaranteed by the Constitution cannot yet be invoked at
this stage. This is because during a police line-up, the process has not
yet shifted from the investigatory to the accusatory and it is usually
the witness or the complainant who is interrogated and who gives a
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statement in the course of the line-up (People v. Amestuzo, 413 Phil.
500 (2001; People vs. Escordial, January 16, 2002).
YES. In Govt. of Hongkong vs. Olalia, April 19, 2007, the SC ruled
that that the right to bail is granted by the Universal Declaration of
Human rights of which the Philippine is a signatory. While not a
treaty, its principles, including the right to bail, are recognized as
customarily binding upon the members of the community. If the right
to bail is granted to a deportee, there is no reason why the right should
be deprived of the extradite.
176. What are the requisites for the validity of administrative rule with
penal sanction?
The doctrine holds that if a case is such that its determination requires
the expertise, specialized training, and knowledge of an
administrative body, relief must first be obtained in an administrative
proceeding before resort to the court is had even if the matter may well
be within the latter's proper jurisdiction. The objective of the doctrine
of primary jurisdiction is to guide the court in determining whether it
should refrain from exercising its jurisdiction until after an
administrative agency has determined some question or some aspect
of some question arising in the proceeding before the court (Nestle,
Philippines, Inc., et al. v. Uniwide Sales, Inc., et al., 648 Phil. 451, 459
(2010).
179. What is a petition to deny due course the certificate of candidacy and
on what ground?
181. What is the effect if the certificate of candidacy is declared void for
lack of material misrepresentation?
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183. How is petition for disqualification different from petition to deny
due course the “CoC”?
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