Indian Monsoon Mechanism – Jet Stream Theory

Indian Monsoon Mechanism – Modern Theory: Jet Stream Theory.

• Jet stream Theory is the latest theory regarding the origin of the
monsoons and has earned worldwide acceptance from the
meteorologists.
• To understand how Jet streams affect Indian monsoons, we need
to know the basic mechanism of Jet Stream induced weather
conditions.
How Jet Streams Affect Weather?
• Jet streams have distinct peaks (ridges) and troughs.
• Ridges occur where the warm air mass pushes against the cold air
mass. Troughs occur where cold air mass drops into warm air.
• The region on earth below the trough is at low pressure and the
region below ridge is at high pressure.
• This condition occurs due to weakening of jet stream due to lesser
temperature contrast between sub-tropics and temperate region
(Our concern is STJ only).
• Usually the trough region [the region exactly below the jet stream
trough] creates cyclonic condition (low pressure) at the surface of
earth whereas the ridge regions creates anticyclonic condition.
• Troughs create upper level divergence which is associated with
convergence at the surface (low pressure – cyclonic conditions)
and ridges create upper level convergence which is associated
with divergence at the surface (high pressure – cyclonic
conditions).
• These ridges and troughs give rise to jet streaks which are also
responsible for cyclonic and anticyclonic weather conditions at the
surface.
 • The winds leaving the jet streak are rapidly diverging, creating a
lower pressure at the upper level (Tropopause) in the
atmosphere. The air below rapidly replaces the upper outflowing
winds. This in turn creates the low pressure at the surface. This
surface low pressure creates conditions where the surrounding
surface winds rush inwards. The Coriolis effect creates the
cyclonic rotation (cyclonic vortex) that is associated with
depressions [low pressure cells].
• The winds entering the jet streak are rapidly converging because
of the high pressure at the upper level (Tropopause) in the
atmosphere. This convergence at upper troposphere leads to
divergence (high pressure) at the surface (anticyclonic condition).
• The Coriolis effect creates the anticyclonic rotation that is
associated with clear weather.
But how does this mechanism of jet streams influence Indian
Monsoons?
Indian Monsoon Mechanism – Role of Sub-Tropical Jet Stream (STJ)
• Sub-Tropical Jet stream plays a significant role in both hindering
the monsoon winds as well as in quick onset of monsoons.
STJ – Sub-Tropical Jet Stream
• Sub-Tropical Jet stream is a narrow band of fast moving air flowing
from west to east [Westerlies].
• STJ in northern hemisphere flows between 25° to 35° N in the
upper troposphere at a height of about 12-14 km (all this already
discussed in previous posts on Jet Streams). (Here we will consider
STJ only. Polar Jet has no influence on Indian monsoons).
• The wind speeds in a westerly jet stream are commonly 150 to
300 km p.h. with extreme values reaching 400 km p.h.
The burst of monsoons depends upon the upper air circulation which
is dominated by STJ.
Seasonal Migration of Sub-Tropical Jet Stream – STJ
• In winter STJ flows along the southern slopes of the Himalayas but
in summer it shifts northwards, rather dramatically, and flows
along the northern edge of Himalayas in early June and in late
summer (July-August) along the northern edge of the Tibetan
Plateau.
• The periodic movement of the Jet stream is often the indicator of
the onset (STJ shits to the north of Himalayas in a matter of days)
and subsequent withdrawal (STJ returns back to its position –
south of Himalayas) of the monsoon.
• Northward movement of the subtropical jet is the first indication
of the onset of the monsoon over India.
Sub-Tropical Jet Stream – STJ in Winter
• Westerly jet stream blows at a very high speed during winter over
the sub-tropical zone.
• This jet stream is bifurcated by the Himalayan ranges and Tibetan
Plateau.
• The two branches reunite off the east coast of China.
• The northern branch of this jet stream blows along the northern
edge of the Tibetan Plateau.
• The southern branch blows to the south of the Himalayan ranges
along 25° north latitude.
• A strong latitudinal thermal gradient (differences in temperature),
along with other factors, is responsible for the development of
southerly jet.
 • The southern branch is stronger, with an average speed of about

Western Disturbances
• Meteorologists believe that southern branch of jet stream exercises a
significant influence on the winter weather conditions in India.
• The upper jet is responsible for steering of the western depressions
[Western Disturbances] from the Mediterranean Sea.
• Some of the depressions continue eastwards, redeveloping in the zone
of jet stream confluence about 30° N, 105° E (near east coast of China).
• Winter rain and heat storms in north-western plains and occasional
heavy snowfall in hilly regions are caused by these disturbances.
• These are generally followed by cold waves in the whole of northern
plains.

240 km compared with 70 to 90 km p.h. of the northern branch.

• Air subsiding beneath this upper westerly current gives dry out
blowing northerly winds from the subtropical anticyclone over
northwestern India and Pakistan.
Why no south-west monsoons during winter?
• Reason 1: ITCZ has left India (the winds that blow over India are
mostly offshore –– land to land or land to ocean –– so they carry
no moisture).
• Reason 2: During winter, the southern branch of STJ is strong and
is to the south of Himalayas. The ridge of the jet lies over north-
western India and is associated with strong divergence of winds
and creates a high pressure region (sub-tropical high pressure
belt) over entire north India. [This is how the mechanism of jet
streams influence Indian Monsoons in winter season]
 • Reason 3: There is already a strong high pressure over Tibet. [High
Pressure due to STJ + High Pressure over Tibet = strong divergence
= no rainfall]
Sub-Tropical Jet Stream – STJ in Summer
• With the beginning of summer in the month of March, the STJ
[upper westerlies] start their northward march.
• The southerly branch of STJ remains positioned south of Tibet,
although weakening in intensity.
• The weather over northern India becomes hot, dry and squally
due to larger incoming solar radiation and hot winds like loo.
• Over India, the Equatorial Trough (ITCZ) pushes northwards with
the weakening of the STJ [upper westerlies] south of Tibet, but the
burst of the monsoon does not take place until the upper-air
circulation has switched to its summer pattern.
• By the end of May the southern jet breaks and later it is diverted
to the north of Tibet Plateau and there is sudden burst of
monsoons (the ridge moves northwards into Central Asia = high
pressure over north-west India moves northwards into Central
Asia = makes way for south-west monsoon winds). An Easterly jet
emerges over peninsular India with the northward migration of
STJ.
• The upper air circulations are reversed with the emergence of
Easterly jet [convergence in upper layers is replaced by divergence
== divergence in lower layers is replaced with convergence ==
high pressure at lower layers is replaced by low pressure system].
The easterly winds become very active in the upper troposphere
and they are associated with westerly winds in the lower
troposphere (south-west monsoon winds).
 • Western and eastern jets flow to the north and south of the
Himalayas respectively. The eastern jet becomes powerful and is
stationed at 15° N latitude.
• This results in more active south-west monsoon and heavy rainfall
is caused.
Why no south-west monsoons in March – May (summer)?
• There is good sun’s insolation from March – May but still there is
no s-w monsoons.
Reason: The ridge region of Southern branch of STJ creates strong
divergence (high pressure) in north-west India. The diverging air
blocks incoming winds and prevents strong convergence of winds
along ITCZ.
• During the summer season in the Northern Hemisphere, low
pressure areas develop at the ground surface near Peshawar
(Pakistan) and north-west India due to intense heating of ground
surface during April, May, and June.
• As long as the position of the upper air jet stream is maintained
above the surface low pressure (to the south of Himalayas), the
dynamic anti-cyclonic conditions persist over north-west India.
• The winds descending from the upper air high pressure [because
of the ridge of STJ] obstructs the ascent of winds from the surface
low pressure areas, with the result that the weather remains
warm and dry.
• This is why the months of April and May are generally dry and
rainless in spite of high temperatures (low pressure on land) and
high evaporation.