Fundi Kotzer

PREFACE
Students entering the field of nursing have a tremendous amount to learn in a very short time.
This concise study guide has been developed to help you learn and apply key concepts and
procedures, and master critical thinking skills based on Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of
Nursing, Tenth Edition.
On the nursingpearsonhighered.com website you will find a variety of activities such as Case
Studies and Application Activities that help you apply concepts to clinical scenarios.
In addition, each chapter of this study guide includes a variety of questions and activities to
help you comprehend difficult concepts and reinforce basic knowledge gained from textbook
reading assignments. The following is a list of features included in this edition that will enhance
your learning experience:
0 Key Term Review help you review the important terms in each chapter.
0 Key Topic Review exercises contain matching, fill—in-the—blank, and true/false questions
on key terms and key topics from each chapter.
0 Focused Study Tips help you recall the important nursing concepts from each chapter.
0 Case Studies provide clinical settings for critical thinking and the opportunity to apply
learned processes and procedures.
0 Review Questions are NCLEX®—style questions to help you prepare for the NCLEX®.
0 Answers with complete rationales are included in the answer key to provide immediate
reinforcement and to permit you to check the accuracy of your work.
It is our hope that this study guide will serve as a valuable learning tool and will contribute to
your success in the nursing profession.
Preface iii
CONTENTS
Chapter Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice .............................................. 1
Chapter Evidence-Based Practice and Research in Nursing ......................................... 7
Chapter Nursing Theories and Conceptual Frameworks ............................................ 13
Chapter Legal Aspects of Nursing .................................................................................. 18
Chapter Values, Ethics, and Advocacy .......................................................................... 26
Chapter Health Care Delivery Systems ......................................................................... 31
Chapter Community Nursing and Care Continuity ..................................................... 36
Chapter Home Care ......................................................................................................... 40
Chapter Electronic Health Records and Information Technology ............................. 44
Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning ...................................................... 49
Chapter 11 Assessing ............................................................................................................ 54
Chapter 12 Diagnosing ......................................................................................................... 59
Chapter 13 Planning ............................................................................................................. 64
Chapter 14 Implementing and Evaluating ......................................................................... 69
Chapter 15 Documenting and Reporting ............................................................................ 73
Chapter 16 Health Promotion .............................................................................................. 78
Chapter 17 Health, Wellness, and Illness ........................................................................... 83
Chapter 18 Culturally Responsive Nursing Care .............................................................. 87
Chapter 19 Complementary and Alternative Healing Modalities ................................... 92
Chapter 20 Concepts of Growth and Development ........................................................... 97
Chapter 21 Promoting Health from Conception through Adolescence ......................... 101
iv Contents
Chapter 22 Promoting Health in Young and Middle-Aged Adults ................................ 106
Chapter 23 Promoting Health in Older Adults ................................................................ 110
Chapter 24 Promoting Family Health ............................................................................... 114
Chapter 25 Caring .............. 117
Chapter 26‘ Communicating ............................................................................................... 121
Chapter 27 Teaching ........................................................................................................... 126
Chapter 28 Leading, Managing, and Delegating ............................................................. 131
Chapter 29 Vital Signs ........................................................................................................ 136
Chapter 30 Health Assessment .......................................................................................... 142
Chapter 31 Asepsis .............................................................................................................. 148
Chapter 32 Safety ................................................................................................................ 154
Chapter 33 Hygiene ............................................................................................................ 160
Chapter 34 Diagnostic Testing ........................................................................................... 166
Chapter 35 Medications ..................................................................................................... 172
Chapter 36 Skin Integrity and Wound Care .................................................................... 178
Chapter 37 Perioperative Nursing .................................................................................... 184
Chapter 38 Sensory Perception ......................................................................................... 190
Chapter 39 Self-Concept .................................................................................................... 195
Chapter 40 Sexuality ........................................................... 200
Chapter 41 Spirituality ....................................................................................................... 206
Chapter 42 Stress and Coping ........................................................................................... 212
Chapter 43 Loss, Grieving, and Death .............................................................................. 218
Chapter 44 Activity and Exercise ...................................................................................... 223
Contents v
Chapter 45 Sleep ................................................................................................................. 229
Chapter 46 Pain Management ........................................................................................... 235
Chapter 47 Nutrition .......................................................................................................... 241
Chapter 48 Urinary Elimination ....................................................................................... 247
Chapter 49 Fecal Elimination ............................................................................................ 253
Chapter 50 Oxygenation ..................................................................................................... 259
Chapter 51 Circulation ....................................................................................................... 265
Chapter 52 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid—Base Balance ................................................... 271
Answer Key ...................................................................................................... 277
vi Contents
CHAPTER 1
HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY

NURSING PRACTICE
KEY TERM REVIEW

Match each term with its appropriate definition.
1. Caregiver . Degree of wellness or well—being that the client

experiences
2. Case manager
3. Client . Role the nurse assumes to help clients learn
about their health and the health care
4. Client advocate procedures they need to perform to restore or
5. __ Communicator maintain their health.
6 7 , Consumer ‘. Process of helping a client to recognize and

cope with stressful psychological or social
7. Continuing education (CE)
problems; to promote personal growth
8. Counseling
. Process by which people learn to become
9. Demography members of groups and societies
10. Florence Nightingale . Influences others to work together to
11. Governance accomplish a specific goal
12. # Harriet Tubman . An occupation that requires extensive education
13. Health g. Recipient of nursing care

14. In-service education . A role that traditionally included those activities
15, Leader that assist the client physically
16. Manager '. Nursing role of pleading the cause of a client
17. _fifi Profession '. Nurse who works with the multidisciplinary
health care team to measure the effectiveness of
18. Patient Self—Determination Act (PSDA)
the case management plan and to monitor
l9. Professionalism outcomes.
20. Socialization . A role that requires knowledge about

21. Standards of Practice organizational structure, leadership, advocacy,
delegation, supervision, and evaluation
22. # Standards of Professional Performance
. An individual who is skilled at communication
23. Teacher and conveying concepts
24. Telehealth
25. Telenursing
© 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

2 CHAPTER 1 / Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice
m. An individual, a group of people, or a . Describe behaviors expected in the professional

community that uses a service or commodity nursing role
. Refers to formalized experiences designed to A specific type of CE program offered by an
enhance the knowledge or skills ofpracticing employer that is designed to upgrade the
professionals knowledge or skills of employees, as well as to
validate continuing competence in selected
. The study of population, including statistics
procedures and areas of practice
about distribution by age and place of residence,
mortality (death), and morbidity (incidence of . Refers to professional character, spirit, or
disease) methods; a set of attributes, a way of life that
implies responsibility and commitment
. Also known as the “Lady with the Lamp”; work
during Crimean War established hospital and '. Provided care and safety to slaves fleeing to the
procedure reform North during the Civil War on the Underground
Railroad
The establishment and maintenance of social,
political, and economic arrangements by which . Use of medical information exchanged from
practitioners control their practice, their self- one site to another via electronic communica-
discipline, their working conditions, and their tions to improve the patient’s health status
professional affairs
. The use of telecommunications and information
Requires that every competent adult be technology to provide nursing practice at a
informed in writing on admission to a health distance
care institution about his or her rights to accept
. Describe the responsibilities for which nurses
or refuse medical care and to use advance
are accountable
directives
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. The four functions identified within the scope of nursing practice are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. The role of religious orders in the development of nursing includes:
a. instilling the values of hard work.
b. influencing the image of nursing.
c. identifying an increased need for nurses.
d. imprinting the profession as involving hard work.

e. improving the status of nursing.
3. The contemporary nursing leader who defined nursing is:
a. Clara Barton.
b. Florence Nightingale.
c. Linda Richards.
d. Virginia Henderson.
© 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc,

CHAPTER 1 / Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice 3
4. A nurse registered to practice in one state is relocating to another neighboring state. What should this nurse do
to ensure the ability to work as a nurse in the new state?
a. Nothing. The nurse is registered as a nurse.
b. Contact the state’s department ofnursing.
c. Enroll in a school ofnursing in the new state.
(1. File the paperwork to take the new state’s nursing licensing examination.
5. From the following list, select the definition that best defines these terms:
a. Caregiver f Helps the client modify behaviors.
b. Communicator _ This can be provided by the nurse or delegated to someone else.

0. Teacher _ Supervises and evaluates performance.
d. Client advocate #__ Uses the outcomes of scientific study to improve the delivery of care.
e. Counselor _ Acts to protect the client.
f. Change agent _ Influences others to work together to reach a common goal.
g. Leader __ Done verbally or written.

h. Manager _ Care is oriented to the client and controls costs.
i. Case manager __ Helps promote personal growth.
j. Research consumer iA Assesses readiness to learn.
6. The terms used to identify the recipients of nursing are:

a.
b.
c.
7. Of the following nursing roles, select the ones that provide more autonomy within the practice of nursing.
a. Nurse anesthetist
b. Staff nurse on an orthopedic unit

0. Operating room nurse
d. Clinical nurse specialist

e. Nurse in a physician’s office
8. The process a nurse undergoes in an effort to be viewed as an integral member of the discipline of nursing is
termed
9. A nurse is interested in participating with the American Nurses Association. Participating with this
organization is an example of:
a. autonomy.
b. governance.
0. extended education.
(1. service.
CC) 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

10. The purpose of nursing students working together on projects is to:
a. begin the process of socialization into the profession.
b. get more work done faster.

c. help each other through difficult courses.
(1. make new friends.

ll. The payments for hospital services implemented by Medicare are termed (DRGs).
12. A nurse who provides care to a client over the telephone will need to:
a. obtain licensure in the client’s state of residence.
b, take a course in telenursing.

c. find out if the client’s state is one of mutual recognition for licensure.
d. do nothing.
13. The Patient Self-Determination Act requires that every client be provided with and
14. a, programs are the responsibility of all nurses to maintain constant professional updating
and growth.
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Why is it important to review the history of nursing as one of the first steps in the education of a new nurse?
What value does understanding the history of nursing provide to the contemporary nursing student?
. What are the characteristics of a profession? How does nursing address each of these characteristics?
. What are Benner’s five stages ofnursing practice? In which stage is a nurse considered proficient? Why?
. How have economics, consumer demands, and the family structure impacted the profession of nursing?
. A nurse who has been in the profession for over 25 years does not know how to operate a computer. What
suggestions do you have to help this nurse? Why should this nurse be concerned with the inability to utilize
current technology?
Identify the reasons for the current nursing shortage. How will this affect the future education of new nurses
entering the profession?
The nurses in a hospital are contacting a labor union. Why do you think the nurses are contacting this union?
What benefits will be gained by working with a union? What disadvantages are associated with nurses
working with a union?
. What do Sigma Theta Tau and the Association of Colleges of Nursing (ACN) represent in nursing? What are
the differences between the two organizations and what are the similarities? Which organization offers
continuing units for nurses? Compare these organizations with others such as the American Nursing
Association (ANA) and the American Academy of Colleges in Nursing (AACN).
Why is it important for nurses to practice under a license? Why is a standardized licensing exam appropriate
for all nurses?

CHAPTER 1 / Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice 5
CASE STUDY
A client with adult-onset asthma is attempting to quit his two-pack-per-day tobacco habit. The nurse, who has been
practicing for 4 years, is assisting the client with supportive measures to improve his health status. The nurse is
discussing the plan ofcare with the physician.
1. What role is the nurse acting in by representing the client’s needs and wishes and assisting the client in
behavior modification plans?
2. The nurse is in the process of assisting the client to recognize and cope with both the asthma condition and the
tobacco cessation program. The nurse is acting as a change agent, and what other role is the nurse representing?
3. According to Benner’s stages of nursing expertise, in what stage is the nurse functioning?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A female is considering a career as a nurse because of the aspects of caring and nurturing. This individual is
using which factor of nursing to base her decision?
1. Women’s roles
2. Religion
3. War
4. Economics
2. A registered nurse is considering additional education so that she can provide nonemergent acute care in an
ambulatory clinic. This nurse is considering which expanded career role?
1. Nurse anesthetist
2. Clinical nurse specialist
3. Nurse practitioner
4. Nurse administrator
3. A nurse is able to provide care to several complex clients and focuses on those items that are the most
important. Within which stage of Benner’s stages of nursing expertise is this nurse functioning?
1. Stage II
2. Stage III
3. Stage IV
4. Stac
4. The organization recently added a new wing to the hospital. What factor is likely to be influencing this
organization related to the nursing shortage they are experiencing?
1. Aging workforce
2. Aging population
3. Increased demand for nurses
4. Workplace issues

5. Which of the following actions performed by an organization would best improve the image of nursing?
l. Offering scholarships to high school students to attend nursing school
2. Television commercials showing nurses and doctors providing care together

3. A print advertisement with the statement “Nursing~The hardest job you’ll ever love”
4. An ANA-sponsored radio commercial explaining the role of nurses in society today
6. The nurse, who is working in a well-baby clinic, administers routine immunizations and recognizes this as
practicing within what area of nursing practice?
1. Promoting health and wellness
2. Preventing illness
3. Restoring health
4. Providing care to the dying

7. While attending a continuing education seminar, several nurses from different states are discussing their indi—
vidual state requirements for nursing licensure. Which of the following is the one common thread between all
of the states’ departments of nursing?
1. Protect the public.
2. Further nursing education.

3. Obtain continuing education contact hours.
4. Gain specialization.
8. A new nursing student is disappointed because classes so far are focused on topics such as communication and
planning, and she wanted to be a nurse to “provide care.” This nursing student is describing which role of the
nurse?
1. Teacher
2. Client advocate
3. Caregiver
4. Counselor
9. The student nurse is learning how to fit into the nursing profession by learning the rules defining relationships,
the behavior expected of a nurse, and to see the world in a manner similar to other nurses. This is known as:
1. case management.
2. professionalization.
3. socialization.
4. governance.
10. The nurse moves to a new area of the country and learns the new area has many people of South African
descent, a higher incidence of hypertension, and people whose average age is 37. This information would be
considered:
1. news.
2. health statistics.
3. a targeted area of study.
4. demography.

CHAPTER 2
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE AND

RESEARCH IN NURSING
KEY TERM REVIEW

Match each term With its appropriate definition.
1. Comparative analysis 13. Naturalism
2 Content analysis 14. Pilot study
3 Dependent variable 15. Protocol
4 Descriptive statistics 16. Qualitative research
5 Evidence-based practice 17. Quantitative research
6. Hypothesis 18. Reliability
7 Independent variable 19. Sample
8 lnferential statistics 20. Scientific validation
9 Logical positivism 21. Statistically significant

10. ‘k Measures of central tendency 22. Target population
1 1. Measures of variability 23. 7 7 Validity
12. Methodology
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8 CHAPTER 2/ Evidence-Based Practice and Research in Nursing
a. A behavior, characteristic, or outcome that the . Procedures that organize and summarize large
researcher wishes to explain or predict volumes of data, including measures of central
tendency and measures ofvariability
. Detailed instructions
. Involves testing hypotheses about relationships
. Completeness and conceptual accuracy of
between variables or differences between groups
measures
. Philosophical perspective of quantitative
. Thorough critique ofa study for its conceptual
research that maintains the “truth” is absolute
and methodological integrity
and can be discovered by careful measurement
. Results that are not likely to have occurred only
. Statistical procedure that provides a single
by chance
numerical value that denotes the “average” value
. A predictive statement about the relationship for a variable
between two or more variables
. Statistical procedure that describes how values
. The presumed cause of or influence on the for a variable are dispersed or spread out
behavior wished to be explained
. A “dress rehearsal” before an actual study begins
‘ Refers to the consistency of measures
. The systematic collection and thematic analysis
'. Involves assessing study findings for their of narrative data
implementation potential
. The systematic collection, statistical analysis,
‘. Group of individuals in which information is and interpretation of numerical data
desired
. Source of information for a study; may be
. The logistics or mechanics of a study humans, events, behaviors, documents, or
biological specimens
. Using research findings and other sources of
evidence to guide decisions about client care . Maintains that reality is relative or contextual
and constructed by individuals who are
. Data analysis that involves searching for themes
experiencing a phenomenon
and patterns
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

l. is clinical decision making based on the simultaneous use of the best evidence, clinical
expertise, and patients’ values.
2. The four rights of human subjects that nurses must safeguard are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
3. The term means that any information a client relates will not be made public or available to
others without the patient’s consent.
4. What is the definition of research?

5. According to the “Standards of Clinical Nursing” published by the ANA (1998), is included as one of the
standards of professional performance.

CHAPTER 2/ Evidence-Based Practice and Research in Nursing 9
. Select and mark either (1) for quantitative research or (2) for qualitative research for the following items with
regard to research:
a. Associated with naturalistic inquiry that explores subjective and complex experiences of
human beings
b. Data collection and analysis occur concurrently
c. A systematic, logical sequence based on a specific plan designed to collect information in
controlled conditions; analyzed using statistical procedures
d. Theory or framework is developed after the data are analyzed to identify patterns and/or
themes
6. Viewed as “hard science”
. Change in practice requires: (Select all that apply.)
a. assessing the need for change.

b. locating and analyzing the best evidence.
. providing nurses with information essential to nursing practice.
0
d. integrating and maintaining the change.

e. implementing and evaluating the practice change.
. Correctly identify the order of the steps in conducting quantitative research.
a. Review the related literature.

b. Communicate conclusions and implications.
c. Define the study’s purpose or rationale.
d. Conduct a pilot study.
Analyze the data.
arrows»
Formulate hypotheses and define variables.

Collect the data.
Select the population, sample, and setting.

State a research question or problem.
)—I.
j. Select a research design to test the hypothesis.
. From the following list, select the definition that best defines the elements of an ideal study.
a. Research problem Protection of human rights, standards of beneficence,
respect for human dignity, approved by Institutional
Review Board
b. Review of literature Is appropriate, clearly informs, enhances study
c. Study framework _‘ Significant, addresses an issue that is important to

nursing, addresses a researchable problem, is feasible
to address in a study setting
d. Data collection Relevant, thorough, current, authoritative
0. Ethical considerations Appropriate for variables and sample, yields appro—

priate level of measure, reliable and valid, safe and
humane

10 CHAPTER 2 / Evidence-Based Practice and Research in Nursing
10. Describe the two major approaches nurse researchers use to investigate client’s responses to health alterations
and nursing interventions.
a.
b.
1 1. The bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) is the usual level of preparation for the research nurse who:
a. conducts independent research.

b. focuses on the evaluation and use of research.
0. evaluates research findings.
d. understands and applies research findings from nursing and other disciplines in clinical practice.
12. According to the “Standards of Clinical Nursing” published by the ANA (1998), research is included as one of
the standards of professional performance.
a. True
b. False
13. Qualitative research uses measurement in its methods.
a. True
b. False
14. pertains to the availability of time as well as the material and human resources needed to investigate a
research problem or question.
15. A is conducted prior to the actual study to assess the adequacy of the data collection plan and
to identify any potential flaws in the study.
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. What are data collection strategies that nurse researchers use?
Describe three research questions for which a quantitative approach to research is useful.
QP‘PWN
List three examples of documented nursing research in nursing magazines.

Which right ofreseareh study participants do you think is overlooked most often? Explain,
List four ways for a nurse to provide for patient confidentiality.
While many believe that evidence-based practice is best practice for nursing, others would argue that it has its
flaws. What are two disadvantages to evidence-based practice?
CASE STUDY
The nurse, who is working on a medical unit with a large number of older adults diagnosed with diabetes, reads a
research article that indicates a direct correlation between instability of blood glucose levels and age with the oldest
individuals most likely to demonstrate the largest drop in blood glucose levels if they must fast for diagnostic testing.
1. Is this adequate evidence for the nurse to promote changing the practice of having clients fast in preparation
for diagnostic testing?
2. What should the nurse do next?
3. The research article includes a graph with age of clients across the bottom and percentage decrease in blood
sugar levels along the side axis. What type of study is this? v

CHAPTER 2 / Evidence-Based Practice and Research in Nursing 11
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is a violation of a client’s right to self-determination?
1. Hidden inducements
2. Sharing a client’s information with a pharmaceutical company
3. Providing basic care to the client
4. Giving the client information about what participating in a study will involve
2. Upon successful completion of the NCLEX-RN®, the registered nurse is asked to participate in a research
study on the coping and adjustment skills of a newly graduated registered nurse. The plan is to use an oral,
recorded interview with a grounded theory. What type of research study is being conducted?
1. Pilot study
2. Quantitative study
3. Qualitative study
4. Ethnographic study
3. Which of the following activities are examples of how a professional nurse may participate in research?
(Select all that apply.)
1. Critiquing research for application to practice

2. Identifying clinical problems suitable for nursing research
3. Encouraging patient participation in a study without informed consent
4. Using research findings in the development of policies, procedures, and practice guidelines for patient care
4. A nursing student documents the client’s full name and date of birth on the required paperwork for a clinical
course and turns it in to the instructor. Which of the following client rights is being violated?
1. Right not to be harmed

2. Right to full disclosure
3. Right of self-determination
4. Right of privacy and confidentiality
5. Which ofthe following identifies the “C” in PICO?
1. Comprehension
2. Comparison
3. Challenging
4. Confidentiality
6. Formulating a research problem is often facilitated by the researcher performing:
l. a feasibility study.
2. a literature review.
3, a methodology evaluation.
4 . a pilot study.
@ 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

12 CHAPTER 2/ Evidence—Based Practice and Research in Nursing
. Data analysis involves the application of which of the following procedures? (Select all that apply.)
1. Descriptive statistics
2. Inferential statistics
3. Measures of central tendency
4. Measures of variability
Continuing education is the responsibility of the nurse to keep abreast of and changes and also
changes within the nursing profession.
1. Scientific and technologic

2. Medical and technologic
3. Scientific and human responses
4. Cardiac and neurologic
As a nurse researcher, what is involved in a research project? (Select all that apply.)
1. Identifying a research question or problem

Writing a thesis paper
9‘95“.“
Collecting data using various means such as computer searches and/or questionnaires
Analyzing the data and writing up the results
Publishing or presenting the research findings to expand the body of nursing knowledge
10. One of the major responsibilities the nurse has when conducting nursing research is:
l. encouraging thc participation ofclicnts in nursing research.
2. being aware of and advocating on behalf of clients’ rights.
3. exposing clients to the possibility of injury from the research.
4. pressuring clients into participating in the study.
ll. What is the term used to describe a behavior, characteristic, or outcome that the researcher wishes to explain
or predict?
l. Dependent variable
2. Independent variable
3. Hypothesis
4. Sample

CHAPTER 3
NURSING THEORIES AND CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORKS
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Client . Degree of wellness or well-being that the client

‘ e e 'enccs
2 W Conceptual framework Xp r1
. . . . Attributes, characteristics, and actions that provide care
3 Critical theories . . . . .
on behalf of, or in conjunction With the client
4 Environment .
‘. Focus on the exploration of concepts
5 Grand theories _ A belief system
. alth . . .
6 fl He . Those that articulate a broad range of Significant
7 Metaparadigm relationships among the concepts of a discipline
8 Midlevel theories . Recipient of nursing care

9 _ Nursing . A system of ideas that is proposed to explain a given
. henomenon
10. Paradigm p
. . Those that help elucidate how social structures affect a
1 1. _ Philosophy . . .
Wide variety of human experiences
1 . P t‘ d' ci line . .
2 rac we 18 p . A group of related ideas, statements, or concepts
13. 7 Theory
'. The internal and external surroundings that affect the
client
. Major concepts that can be superimposed on almost any

work of nursing
. A pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about
reality and the world
m. Term used for fields of study in which the central focus is
performance of a professional role.
© 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc 13

14 CHAPTER 3/ Nursing Theories and Conceptual Frameworks
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Define theory. List two characteristics of a theory.
2. What is the main function oftheory (and research) in a practice discipline?
3. During the latter halfof the 20th century, disciplines seeking to establish themselves in universities had to
demonstrate something that Nightingale had not envisioned for nursingw-a unique body of theoretical
knowledge.
a. True b. False
4. Disciplines without a strong theory and research base were referred to as “ ,” a negative comparison
with the “ ” natural sciences.
5. What is the term encompassing the “building blocks” of theories?
6. A w is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. It may also be called a theory or
7. The term refers to a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world.
It includes a person’s notions of reality that are largely unconscious or taken for granted.
8. What four major concepts are related to the metaparadigm for nursing?
9. According to Figure 3—1 in your text, what are some of the prevalent foundational theories in nursing?
10. Match each theorist with the appropriate term.
a. Philosophies Orem
b. Conceptual models Nightingale

(3. Midlevel theories Pcplau
Parse
Henderson
Roy
Neuman
Rogers
Leininger
Watson
King
11. Who is considered to be the first nurse theorist?

12. An early effort to define nursing phenomena. serves as the basis for later theoretical formulations.
l3. Debates about the role of theory in nursing practice provide evidence that nursing is maturing as both an
academic discipline and a clinical profession.
a. True b. False

CHAPTER 3/ Nursing Theories and Conceptual Frameworks 15
14. Define the following terms:
a. Client (person)
b. Environment
c. Health
d. Nursing
15. Why is nursing considered to be a practice discipline?
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Describe the two paradigms of nursing theories.
2. List the major points of the following nursing theories:

a. Nightingale’s environmental theory
b. Peplau’s interpersonal relations model
C. Henderson’s definition of nursing
. Roger’s science of unitary human beings
Orem’s general theory of nursing

King’s goal attainment theory
. Neuman’s systems model

. Roy’s adaptation model
Leininger’s cultural care diversity and universality theory
j. Watson’s human caring theory

k. Parse’s human becoming theory
3. Read the Evidence-Based Practice feature titled “How Well Does a Levine—Based Theory Apply to the Care of
Preterm Infants?” that is in this chapter in the text. Identify the implications for nursing practice.
4. Although the various nursing models have been widely used for centuries to care for clients, some may
critique the use of nursing theories. Describe one critique against nursing theories that McCrae identified.
CASE STUDY
The chief executive officer (CEO) has requested that the director of nursing (DON) revise the current philosophy of
nursing that is being used for both a long—term care facility and an assisted living facility. The DON wants to
develop the philosophy based on a nursing theory that adequately reflects both the healthy and ill clients housed in
the facilities. The facilities’ mission statements embrace the ideal of clients improving and sustaining independent
functions, and encourage individualized goals for all clients to meet their individual needs. The DON wants to
emphasize the nurses’ responsibilities during the process of nurseAclient interactions as well as the outcomes of
nursing care.
1. Choose the best nursing theory on which to base the revised philosophy of nursing for this particular facility.
2. Explain your rationale for using the theory that you have chosen.

16 CHAPTER 3/ Nursing Theories and Conceptual Frameworks
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A supposition or system of ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon or something significant is
called a:
l. concept.
2. theory.
3. paradigm.
4. conceptual model.
. Some examples of concepts, which are defined as labels given to ideas, objects, or events, are:
1. intelligence, motivation, and obesity.
2. comfort, fatigue, pain, depression, and/or environment.
3. self-care, adaptation, caring, behavioral system, and/or nurse—client transactions.
4. humanistic endeavors, unitary man, and/or learned helplessness.

Which theorist addresses hospice nursing issues during end—of—life care?
1. Imogene King
2. Callista Roy
3. Dorothea Orem
4. Jean Watson
An example ofa middle-range nursing theory is:
l. Peplau’s psychodynamic nursing model.
2. Jean Watson’s model ofhuman caring.
3. Roy’s adaptation model.

4. Imogene King’s theory of goal attainment.
This theorist based her theory of nursing on the principle that nursing assists clients with 14 essential functions
that move them toward independence.
1. Myra Estrin Levine
2. Dorothea Orem
3. Madeline Leininger
4. Virginia Henderson
One of the goals of Betty Neuman’s health care systems model is:
l. maintenance of system equilibrium.
2. assisting the client to achieve the highest level of self-care.
3. promoting internal and external stimuli that influence the client’s well-being.
4. to heal the client and make the bed available for sicker clients.

CHAPTER 3 / Nursing Theories and Conceptual Frameworks 17
Nightingale, Henderson, and Watson developed philosophies of nursing. Why are their works considered
philosophies when discussed in nursing?
1. Because they were the first three nursing theorists.
2. Because it was an early effort to define nursing phenomena that serves as the basis for later theoretical
Formulations.
3. Because they had grand theories of nursing and not middle—level theories.
4. Because it was a late effort to define nursing.

Disciplines without a strong theory and research base were historically referred to as:
1. hard.
2. concrete.
3. soft.
4. medium.
A conceptual framework is considered to be:
1. a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts.
2. a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world
3. the way to elucidate how social structures affect a wide variety of human experiences, from art to social
practices.
4. a belief system, often an early effort to define nursing phenomena that serves as the basis for later
theoretical formulations.
10. In the late 20th century, much of the theoretical work in nursing focused on articulating relationships among
four major concepts. (Select the major concepts.)
1. Person
2. Environment
3. Nursing
4. Professionalism
5. Health
11. Match the early nurse theorist who developed the nursing action stated below.
1. A nurse performing noncontact therapeutic touch. a. Florence Nightingale

2. A nurse measuring the client’s intake and output b. Hildegard Peplau
3. A nurse demonstrating therapeutic communication C. Martha Rogers
with a client who has been diagnosed with
depression
4. A nurse who plans care with the client to establish (1. Imogene King
mutual goals and outcomes

CHAPTER 4
LEGAL ASPECTS OF NURSING
KEY TERM REVIEW

I. Assault . Laws evolving from court decisions
Autopsy ' . Harm that occurred as a direct result of failure to

WWF‘OEhr'eP’!“
follow standards of care

Battery
. Examination of the body after death
Breach of duty
Burden of proof . Agreement between competent persons, on
sufficient consideration to do or not do a legal
Causation act
Civil law . Communication that is false, and results in injury
Common law to the reputation of a person
Complaint . Defines and enforces duties and rights among

private individuals that are not based on
Contract
H...
t—‘O
contractual agreements
Defamation
. Defamation by means of print, writing, or
Euthanasia pictures
t—ID—l
L"EV
False imprisonment . The requirement that, by law, requires nurses to

report abuse, neglect, or exploitation
Seme-
Informed consent
__.eu
'. Document filed by a person claiming that legal

. Injury
rights have been infringed upon
_ Interstate compact
'. A standard of care that is not observed
Liability
. The willful touching ofa person that may or may
l8. Libel not cause harm
19. Living will . An attempt or threat to touch a person
20. Mandated reporters unjustifiably
21. Plaintiff . Deals with relationships among individuals
22. Responded! superior . The duty of proving an assertion of wrongdoing
23. Right . The unjustifiable detention ol‘a person without

legal warrant to confine the person
24. Tort law
. Type of harm
25. Unprofessional conduct
© 2016 by Pearson Education. Inc. 18

CHAPTER 4/ Legal Aspects of Nursing 19
A privilege or fundamental power to which an . Person who claims that his or her rights have
individual is entitled unless revoked by law or been infringed on by one or more persons
given up voluntarily
. Legal relationship by which the employer
State of being legally responsible for one’s assumes responsibility for the conduct of the
obligations and actions, and to make financial employee
restitution for wrongful acts
. Agreement by a client to accept a course of
Provides specific instructions about what treatment alter being provided complete
medical treatment the client chooses to omit or information
refuse in the event that the client is unable to
. The mechanism used to create mutual
make those decisions
recognition among states
Includes incompetence or gross negligence,
. The act of painlessly putting to death people
conviction for practicing without a license,
suffering from an incurable or chronically
falsification of client records, illegally obtaining,
painful disease
using, or possessing controlled substances
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Why is it important for nurses to know the basics of legal concepts?
2. What is accountability, and what are two reasons it is needed in nursing?
a.
b.
. Name two functions oflaws in nursing.
a.
b.
The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the state.
a. True b. False
Regulation of nursing is a function of state law.
a. True b. False
List two types of laws and give the definition of each type.
a.
b.
Choose the correct definition of criminal action, the correct example of criminal action, and the potential
results if a person is found guilty in a criminal trial. (Select all that apply.)
a. Deals with the relationships among individuals in society.
b. Deals with disputes between an individual and the society as a whole.
C. If found guilty, the defendant may have to pay a sum of money.
If found guilty, the defendant may lose money, bejailed, be executed, and/or lose any professional licenses.
One example of this type of legal infraction is a nurse who deliberately delivers a lethal dose of medication
to a client.
f. One example of this type of legal action is a malpractice suit.

8. The action ofa lawsuit is called

20 CHAPTER 4/ Legal Aspects of Nursing
9. Organize the five steps in the civil judicial process according to the procedural rules.
a. A document, called a complaint, is filed by an individual referred to as the plaintiff, who claims that his or
her legal rights have been infringed on by one or more other individuals or entities referred to as
defendants.
b. In the trial ofthe case, all the relevant facts are presented to ajury or only to ajudge.
c. The judge renders a decision, or the jury renders a verdict. lfthe outcome is not acceptable to one ofthe
parties, an appeal can be made for another trial.
d. Both parties engage in pretrial activities, referred to as discovery, in an effort to obtain all the facts of the
situation.
e. A written response, called an answer, is made by the defendants.

10. What is the legal purpose for defining the scope of nursing, licensing requirements, and standards of care?
a. For the protection of the nurse
b. For the protection of the client
c. For the protection of the public
d. To maintain client confidentiality
e. For the protection of the physician
. Each state has an obligation to define its scope of nursing practice and licensing requirements.
a. True b. False
. The name ofthe newly developed regulatory model is the model. It allows for multistate
licensure for nurses. Nurses can practice in states bordering their own state if both states have an _
compact.
13. is the voluntary practice of validating that an individual nurse has met minimum standards of
nursing competence in specialty areas such as maternal—child health, pediatrics, metal health, gerontology,
and school nursing.
14. Define standards of care and list the two classifications.
a.
b.
15. List four examples of external standards of care:
a.
b.
c.
d.
16. A written contract cannot be changed legally by an oral agreement.
a. True b. False
17. Describe the difference between an expressed contract and an implied contract. Give an example of each type.
18. Explain the difference between a right and a responsibility and give an example of each.
19. A is an organized work stoppage by a group of employees to express a grievance, enforce a
demand for changes in conditions of employment, or solve a dispute with management. Usually, it is a result
of failed collective bargaining between the parties.

20. What are the two types of informed consent?
a.
b.
21. It is the nurse’s responsibility to have the informed consent form signed prior to an invasive procedure.
a. True b. False
22. What three things does the nurse’s signature confirm with the signed consent form?
a.
b.
c.
23. if a client refuses to sign the consent form, what actions does the nurse need to take?
24. What are two reasons for nurses to be knowledgeable regarding the Nurse Practice Act in their state of
practice?
25. Nurses are included as mandated reporters of violence, abuse, and/or neglect.
a. True
b. False
26. How is the nurse involved in the Americans with Disabilities Act? Explain your answer.
27. State laws regulate the distribution and use of controlled substances such as narcotics, depressants, stimulants,
and hallucinogens.
a. True b. False
28. is cited as one of the main reasons for chemical dependence in health care workers.
29. Define the terms and list any nursing responsibilities about the following legal issues surrounding death:
a. Advance directives
b. Autopsies
c. Certification of death
d. Do—not—resuscitate orders (DNRs)
e. Euthanasia
f. lnquests
g. Organ donation
30. law is usually involved with nursing liability.
. Choose the types ofinvasion from which the client must be protected. (Select all that apply.)
a. Reporting the number of births that occurred in the hospital for statistical analysis
b. Reporting of infections and communicable diseases

c. Taking photographs or having nursing students observe the client’s care without the client’s consent
d. Revealing the name of a client who was treated for domestic violence
e. Reporting violent incidents to the local authorities

22 CHAPTER 4 / Legal Aspects of Nursing
32. What is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996, and why is it important?
What are the four specific areas of HIPAA? Refer to the HIPAA website found on the Companion Website. «w
33. What are four categories that nurses must question to protect themselves legally when carrying out health care
provider’s orders?
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

l. Define and give an example of the following laws. Which is the highest level of law?
a. Civil law
b. Common law
c. Contract law
d. Law
e. Private law
f. Public law
g . Statutory law
h. Tort law
. Refer to Figure 44 in the text. Describe how laws are created from constitutions, statutes, administrative
agencies, and decisions of courts.
. Why is it important to know the state legislators who represent your state? Name the state legislators for your
state. How do you contact your legislators, and why is it necessary to contact them regarding nursing issues? \_/
State your position on having malpractice insurance as a registered nurse. Is it your responsibility or the
responsibility of your employer? Under what circumstances could you use the malpractice insurance? Refer to
the Application Activity: Nurse Practice Act on the Companion Website.
. What are the procedures that occur when a nursing license is revoked in the state in which you will practice?
Go to the NCSBN website and list the states that have passed the NLC legislation. Refer to Box 4—l in the text
for additional information.
What are the statutes in your state for “consent”? What is considered the legal age of consent?
. Discuss the areas of potential liability in nursing and define the following terms: malpractice, intentional torts.
crime, felony, manslaughter, misdemeanors, duty, and torts.
. Determine the difference between defamation and slander. Give an example of each that might occur in the
health care setting. Who could bring a defamation/slander lawsuit?
10. What are some legal protections in nursing practice to protect the nurse from litigation? Is the Good Samaritan
Act designed for nurses? What are the responsibilities of nurses who choose to render emergency care? Does
your state require nurses to assist in emergencies?
ll. Discuss and defend your position on professional liability insurance. Is it a requirement for all nurses? List the
advantages of maintaining professional liability insurance.

12. Why is nurse documentation so important? What is the purpose of nurse documentation? How can it be used
in a court of law? Does the nurse need to document if an incident report is filled out in the client’s chart?
Refer to the text, Chapter 4, Figure 4—5, for additional information.
13. What measures can nursing students implement in order to fulfill responsibilities to clients and to minimize
the chances for liability? Refer to Boxes 45 and 4—6 in Chapter 4 of the text.
14. The nurse is caring for a client who has been declared legally brain dead. The client did not specify if he
wishes to be an organ donor. What is the nurse’s best action?
15. Discuss the difference between a crime and a tort.
CASE STUDY
A client was scheduled for the surgical removal of the left ovary. During the surgery, the surgeon noticed that the
appendix of the client was inflamed. He decides to remove it to prevent further problems. The client’s consent for
surgery only listed removal of the left ovary.
1. Did the surgeon adhere to the signed consent form that the client signed before the surgery?
2. Under the circumstances, what type of tort is the surgeon liable for?
3. What was the operating nurse’s role in this incident?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Which nurse would be considered to be the “best expert witness” for the defense in a case regarding an
obstetric patient who died after delivery complications?
1. A nurse who holds a bachelor’s degree in nursing and has been practicing for 2 years
2. A nurse who holds a master’s degree in nursing and has a certification in emergency nursing
3. A nurse who holds a doctorate of nursing science in pediatric care
4. A nurse who holds a master’s degree in nursing and a state certification in matemal—infant nursing
2. Which clients could make decisions regarding health care? (Select all that apply.)
1. A woman who arrives in the emergency department with an altered mental state and the aroma of ethyl
alcohol
2. The parents ofa l4-year—old girl involved in a car collision
3. A middle-aged man who has the mental capacity of an 8—year-old
4. A 10-year—old boy who has arrived with friends and has a shallow laceration needing three sutures
5. A competent older adult who requires surgery on a prolapsed bladder

3. A client was discharged after having a l—day surgery on her gallbladder. The nurse discharging the client
failed to give the client oral or written discharge instructions. This failure to carry out the provision of
discharge instructions could result in charges of:
l. malpractice.
2. negligence.
3. assault.
4. battery.

24 CHAPTER 4/ Legal Aspects of Nursing
4. Which statement indicates that the client understands informed consent of a surgical procedure?
1. The nurse discovers the signed informed consent form on the bedside table before the surgeon discusses the
procedure with the client.
2. The client’s oldest son stated that he explained the procedure to the client and the client told him that he
wanted the surgery.
3. The client states that the surgeon explained the procedure to him, allowed him to ask questions, and
explained the risks ofnot permitting the surgery.
4. The client been declared legally incompetent; however, the client states understanding of the surgical
procedure.
5. While reviewing the transfer papers of a client, the nurse notes that the client has both a living will and a
durable power of attorney. A living will differs from a durable power of attorney in that a living will:
1. describes how the client wants his wishes carried out in the event of a terminal illness.
2. designates who should make medical decisions if the client is incapable of making independent decisions.
3. determines which relative gets the house.

4. allows a health care provider to make decisions if the client is unable to make decisions.
6. A nurse threatens to give a loud, disruptive client an injection that will “knock the client out.” The nurse
follows through on the threat and gives the injection Without the client’s consent. What has the nurse
committed?
l. Threat, assault
2. Battery, invasion of privacy
3. Assault, invasion ofprivacy
4. Assault, battery
7. A nurse documents in the client’s chart that the health care provider is incompetent because the health care
provider did not respond promptly to the nurse’s call regarding the client. This is an example of
and
1. defamation
. slander
Ut-b-UJN
. libel
. battery
. unprofessional conduct
8. Conviction for practicing nursing without a license, incompetence or gross negligence, falsification of client
records, and illegally obtaining, using, or possessing controlled substances is called:
1. libel.
2. slander.
3. unprofessional conduct.
4 . assault.

CHAPTER 4 / Legal Aspects of Nursing 25
9. Most statutes include conscience clauses that are designed to protect hospitals and nurses in matters dealing
with abortion services. These clauses allow the nurse to be protected from:
1. prejudicial statements.
2. discrimination or retaliation.
3. defamation or unjust prejudice.
4. legal liability.
10. Identify the element that is NOT one of the functions of the law in the nursing environment.
1. Accountability helps to maintain a minimum standard of nursing practice.
2. Law differentiates nurses’ responsibilities from those of other health care professionals.
3. Law specifies which nursing actions are legal in caring for clients.
4. Law specifies which hospital policies are legal in caring for clients.

CHAPTER 5
VALUES, ETHICS, AND ADVOCACY
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Accountability 5‘9“ Mental positions or feelings
2 Active euthanasia . Fairness

Telling the truth
an
3 Advocate
. Answerable to self and others for one’s own actions
4. Assisted suicide
Do no harm
:rtmrnsv
5 Attitudes
One who expresses and defends the cause of another
6, _ Autonomy
. Actions that bring about the client’s death directly
7. Beliefs . Rules governing the behavior of nurses related to the
8. _ Beneficence morality of human behavior.
9. Bioethics
Withdrawing or withholding life-sustaining therapy
. A formal statement of a group’s ideals and values
10. Code of ethics
To be faithful to agreements and promises
11. Fidelity
An individual’s enduring beliefs or attitudes about the
12. Justice worth ofa person, object, idea, or action
l3. Moral development . Process of client taking his or her own life with help from
another individual
14. Moral distress
The concept of “doing good” for the benefit of others
15. Moral rules
Interpretations or conclusions that people accept as true
16. Nonmaleficence
p. Ethics as applied to human life or health
17. Nursing ethics q. Process oflearning to tell the difference between right
18. Passive euthanasia and wrong and of learning what should and should not be
done
19. Personal values
Specific prescriptions for action based on an individual’s
20. Veracity principles or beliefs.
The right to make one’s own decisions
Conflict that arises when what the nurse believes needs to
be done cannot be carried out due to an obstacle such as
client wishes. personal beliefs, or facility regulations.
© 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. 26

CHAPTER 5 / Values, Ethics, and Advocacy 27
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

. Define values and describe why values are important in nursing.
r—d
. Describe the difference between values and beliefs.
are mental positions or feelings toward a person, object, or idea.
List five values identified by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN, 2008). Refer to
Box 5—1 in the text.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
When should the nurse use values clarification as a nursing intervention?
pouoxu:
Which type of ethics is used when nurses make decisions about the acts of abortion or euthanasia?
What is the term that is similar to ethics and often used interchangeably?
Moral development is the process of learning to tell the difference between right and wrong. It begins in
young adulthood and continues through life.
a. True b. False
Match the following three moral framework theories with the correct descriptive terms.
a. Consequence—based (teleological) theories These theories involve logical and

b. Principles-based (deontological) theories formal processes.
These theories look to outcomes or
c. Relations—based (caring) theories — ,
consequences of an action.
These theories promote the common
good or the welfare of the group.
These theories stress individual rights.
One form of these types of theory is
called utilitarianism.
These theories focus on issues of
fairness.
These theories stress courage,

generosity, commitment, and the need to
nurture and maintain relationships.
These theories involve logical, formal
processes and emphasize individual rights,
duties, and obligations.
10. Within recent years, what statements regarding ethics have been made broader in scope or added to the Code
afEthz'csfiN‘ Nurses? Refer to Box 5—3 in the text.
11. What is the goal of ethical reasoning within the context of nursing?
12. What are three functions of the advocacy role that nurses assume?
13. means “doing good.”

28 CHAPTER 5 / Values, Ethics, and Advocacy
14. is often referred to as fairness.
15. refers to telling the truth.

16. _ means “answerable to oneself and others for one’s own actions,” while refers to “the
specific accountability or liability associated with the performance of duties of a particular role.”
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

l. What are your values regarding life, death, health, and illness?
2. Practice assisting someone (a friend, parent, significant other, etc.) in clarifying their values and identifying
behaviors that may need further clarification by using the seven values clarification steps listed in Box 5A2 of
the text.
What are some factors that have led to increased ethical concerns? Why do ethical concerns even exist?
List 6 of the 12 rights of the Bill of Rights for clients receiving health care. As a nurse, what are your
responsibilities in promoting the Bill of Rights?
. What common ethical issues do health care professionals currently face? How do some hospitals resolve
ethical issues?
Define harm. Give one example of unintentional harm and one example of intentional harm.
. When caring for a client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), what is the moral obligation of
the nurse according to the ANA position statement?
Define veracity. What is the moral obligation of the nurse to use veracity, even when it is known that using
veracity will cause harm?
Compare and contrast accountability and responsibility as applied to the nursing profession.
CASE STUDIES
1. You are the nurse caring for a 45-year—old client who is in the end stages of acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS). She is married and has two children, ages 14 and 17. The client is unable to perform the
care needed for her children and spouse, and she had to take a leave of absence from employment 8 months
ago due to her advanced AIDS. Her family is experiencing emotional turmoil and financial stress due to her
prognosis and inability to fully function in her roles as a contributor to income, mother, and wife. The client
requests your assistance in deciding what end-of—life decisions she should make. Her family and friends want
her to do everything in her power to survive; however, she tells you that she is “so tired.”
a. What considerations should you take into account in assisting the client to make these decisions?
b. In what way could you assist the client in reaching decisions about further health care?
c. Would an ethics committee be involved in this matter?
d. What principles of autonomy are applied to this situation?
A well—known government official is in the hospital for cosmetic surgery. A story and photograph of the client
and his medical information appear in the local paper. The client feels that his privacy has been invaded.
a. What are his rights as a client?

b. Could he take legal actions?

CHAPTER 5 / Values, Ethics, and Advocacy 29
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. When distinguishing between morality and legal correctness, what indicators would the nurse recognize as
reflecting the morality of a situation? (Select all that apply.)
1. Feelings such as shame, guilt, or hope
2. Tendency to respond to the situation with words such as Should, rig/it, ought to, or good
3. Legislative regulations requiring or preventing a specific action
4. Infringement on an individual’s human rights
5. Fear of imprisonment
What is the best example of altruism exhibited by a nurse?

1. Turning the bed—bound client every 4 hours
2. Withholding scheduled pain medication to a client who has a level 6 pain scale rating
3. lnsisting that a client use the bedpan instead of assisting the client to the restroom because it is easier for
the nurse
4. Allowing a Catholic client to keep his rosary beads within reach as a comfort measure
What client behavior might indicate unclear self—values?
l. A client with coronary heart disease who follows the recommended diet plan to reduce cholesterol and fat
2. A mother with a child diagnosed with asthma stops smoking tobacco
3. A client who has multiple admissions to the chemical dependency program
4 . A client with diabetes who monitors finger-stick blood sugars and other health concerns relating to the
diabetic condition
. What statement is true regarding ethical committees and the role these committees play in dealing with health
care conflicts?
1. Ethical committees ensure that relevant facts of a case are presented

2. Ethical committees are not designed to reduce the institution’s legal risk
3. Ethical committees decide when laws have been violated.

4. Nurses usually do not serve as team members on ethical committees.
. What moral framework is the nurse operating under if she refuses to participate in a surgery for a 93—year-old
client who has stated on numerous occasions that he does not want further surgery? His family and surgeon
are insisting on the client having the surgery. The nurse’s rationale is that the nursewclient relationship
commits her to protecting him and meeting his needs.
1. Relationships-based theory
2. Consequences-based theory
3. Deontological—based theory
4. Principles-based theory
Which clinical scenario is an example of nonmaleficence and unintentional harm?
1. Not looking a wheelchair and transferring a client into the wheelchair

2. Catching a client who is falling and bruising the client’s arm
3. A client’s allergic reaction to a prescribed medication

4. Administering oxygen at 6 L/min to a client when the order is for 2 L/min

30 CHAPTER 5 / Values, Ethics, and Advocacy
7. Identify behaviors that would be classified as an invasion of privacy for a client. (Select all that apply.)
I. A nurse who removes articles from a bedside table in order to “clear out some of that junk”
2. A middle-aged, mentally alert client who requests a nursing assistant to “get rid of a bedpan, used ketchup
container, and other unused items”
3. A nursing student who documents the client’s name and address on paperwork to hand in to the clinical
faculty member
4. A cousin who wants to review the chart for lab results and the health care provider’s orders
What is the correct action by the nurse if a health care provider asks the nurse to perform a task in which the
nurse does not have adequate knowledge or experience performing?
1. Inform the health care provider about the lack of education and experience, and then perform the task.
2. Do not inform the health care provider and carry out the task.
3. Inform the health care provider regarding the lack of education and/or experience necessary to safely
perform the task. Refuse to do the task.
4. Inform the health care provider, and then both parties can attempt to figure it out.
What is the best example of documentation by the nurse in the client’s record?
1. All facts and information regarding a person’s condition, treatment, care, progress, any refusal or consent
of treatment, and response to illness and treatment are noted.
2. All facts and information regarding a person’s condition, treatment, care, progress, and response to illness
and treatment are noted.
3. All facts and information regarding a person’s condition, treatment, care, progress, any refusal or consent
of treatment, physician’s competence, and response to illness and treatment are noted.
4. All facts and information regarding a patient that the nurse feels are appropriate are noted.
10. Organ donation prohibits the: (Select all that apply.)
1. donation of organs in clients diagnosed with brain death.

2 . sale of body organs.
3. marketing of body organs.
4 . donation of cartilage and bones.
CD 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 6
HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEMS
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Case management . Similar to HMOs, care is provided in offices, where the

client pays a fixed amount
Coinsurance
flE’P‘PP’N
. Provides direct client care under the direction of a

Critical pathways
registered nurse, physician or other licensed practitioner
Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)
. A delivery model that brings services and providers to
Differentiated practice the clients
Health care system . Incorporates acute care services, home health care,
Health maintenance organization extended and skilled care facilities, and outpatient
(HMO) services
Independent practice associations . A health care system whose goals are to provide cost—
(IPAs) effective, quality care
Integrated delivery system (IDS) . National and state health insurance program for older adults
Licensed vocational (practical) nurse . Federal public assistance program that provides health
(LVN/LPN) care coverage to people who require financial assistance
ll. Managed care . The percentage share of a government-approved charge
that is paid by the client
12. Medicaid
A classification system that establishes pretreatment
13. Medicare
diagnosis billing categories
14 Patient focused care
Health care plan that contracts with a group of providers
15. Preferred provider arrangements or agency that provides services at a discounted rate
16 Preferred provider organization . Involves multidisciplinary teams that assume
17. _ Supplemental Security Income collaborative responsibility for planning, assessing
needs, and coordinating, implementing, and evaluating
care for groups of clients.
An interdisciplinary plan or tool that specifies
assessments, interventions, treatments, and outcomes for
health—related conditions across a time line
. A group health care agency that provides health

maintenance and treatment services to voluntary
enrollees

32 CHAPTER 6 / Health Care Delivery Systems
n. Government-funded benefits available to p. System in which the best use of nursing personnel is
people with disabilities based on the personnel’s educational preparation and
o. The totality of services offered by all health Sklll sets
disciplines q, Health care plan that contracts with individual health
care providers
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. What are the three types of health care services?
a.
b.
c.
2. What is the purpose of primary prevention health care systems?
a. Health promotion and illness prevention

b. Rehabilitation, health restoration, and palliative care
0. Diagnosis and treatment

(1. To promote the World Health Organization
3. What is the purpose of secondary prevention?

c. Diagnosis and treatment

d. To promote the World Health Organization
4. What is the purpose of tertiary prevention?

c. Diagnosis and treatment
d. To promote the World Health Organization
5. What are the primary goals of Healthy People 2020?
a.
b.
c.
d.
6. Which is an example of a secondary prevention health care service?
a, Health care providers’ offices

b. Weight control programs
c. Blood pressure clinics
(1. Rehabilitation hospitals
7. is the official agency at the federal level for public health.
8. What is the function of an occupational health clinic? Give some examples of the types of roles that a nurse might
perform in that environment.

CHAPTER 6 / Health Care Delivery Systems 33
Name four factors affecting health care delivery in today’s health care environment.
a.
b.
e.
d.
. According to the US. Census, the expected number of individuals over age 85 will be the growing population
segment in the United States and will number over million by 2020 and million by 2030.
. What impact does the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 have on the health care
system?
. What are critical pathways, and how are critical pathways used in case management and managed care?
13. What are two advantages of ambulatory care centers?
a.
b.
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Discuss the World Health Organization (WHO) project and Healthy People 2020.
2. What role does the federal government have in providing care to veterans and merchant mariners?
3. Define the roles ofthe following providers of health care:
a. Registered nurse
b. Licensed vocational nurse or licensed practical nurse
c. Advanced practice nurse
(1. Complementary care provider
e. Case manager
f. Dentist
g. Dietitian
h. Occupational therapist
i. Paramedical technologist
j. Pharmacist
k. Physical therapist
1. Physician
m. Physician assistant
n. Podiatrist
0. Respiratory therapist
p, Social worker
q. Spiritual support personnel
r. Unlicensed assistive personnel

34 CHAPTER 6 / Health Care Delivery Systems
4. Discuss in depth the uneven distribution of health services in the United States. What are two facets of this problem?
5. Discuss the relationship between technological advances and the rising costs of health care in the United States.
CASE STUDIES
1. The nurse is collecting a health and physical assessment from an 80—year-old client who is blind and was recently
admitted to the acute care facility.
a. What type of health care coverage is the client almost guaranteed of carrying?
b. lfthe client’s income is below the poverty level, what type of coverage could also be included in the health care
coverage plan?
The client is getting ready for discharge. The health care provider has written an order for physical therapy after
discharge. In addition, the health care provider requests that a dietitian follow up with additional education
regarding the client’s newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
a. What roles do the physical therapist and dietitian fulfill?
b. Where could the client receive the services, and what type of coverage could possibly pay for these services?
. Refer to the Evidence-Based Practice feature in the text (Box-21) to answer the following questions regarding the
types of nurses and delivery models in hospitals and how those factors influence patient outcomes.
a. What is the true regarding clients with chronic conditions or disabilities and access to care?
b. What are the nursing implications when caring for clients with chronic conditions or disabilities?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Which two frameworks for care are used for the delivery of nursing care that supports continuity of care and cost- V
effectiveness? (Select all that apply.)
1. Managed care
2. Nonfunctional method
3. Secondary nursing
4. Team nursing
2. Medicare is divided into two divisions, Part A and Part B, and one supplemental plan. Part A is the:
1. voluntary prescription drug plan that began in January 2006.

2. voluntary plan that provides partial coverage of outpatient and health care provider services to those who are
eligible.
3. plan section providing insurance toward hospitalization, home care, and hospice care.
4. plan section providing very limited financial coverage to low-income persons.
. Medicare is divided into two divisions, Part A and Part B, and one supplemental plan. Part B is the:
l. voluntary prescription drug plan that began in January 2006.
2. voluntary plan that provides partial coverage of outpatient and health care provider services to those who are
eligible.
4. plan section providing very limited financial coverage to low-income persons.

CHAPTER 6 / Health Care Delivery Systems 35
4. Medicare is divided into two divisions, Part A and Part B, and one supplemental plan. Part D is the:
1. voluntary prescription drug plan that began in January 2006.
2. voluntary plan that provides partial coverage of outpatient and physician services to people eligible.
4. plan section providing very limited financial coverage to low~income persons.
5. Medicaid is described as:
1. a voluntary prescription drug plan that began in January 2006.
2. a voluntary plan that provides partial coverage of outpatient and health care provider services to those who are eligible.
3. a plan providing insurance toward hospitalization, home care, and hospice care.
4. a plan providing very limited financial coverage to low-income persons.
6. Which individuals are eligible for Supplemental Security Income (881)? (Select all that apply.)
1. Individuals who are blind
2. Individuals not eligible for Social Security
3, Children from low-income families that are covered under Medicaid
4. Anyone over age 65
5. Anyone with a diagnosed disability
7. What is the name of the classification system that prospective payment systems utilize?
1. Medicare
2. Medicaid
3. State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)
4. Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)
8. Third-party reimbursement refers to the insurance company that pays the client’s (first party) bill to the
provider (second party). This component is part of the:
1. private health insurance plan.

2. diagnosis—related group (DRG).
3. group health insurance plan.

4. preferred provider organization.
9. Prepaid group plans for insurance include:

I. Medicare and Medicaid.
2. Blue Cross and Blue Shield.
3. HMOs, PPOs, PPAs, lPAs, and PHOs.
4. Social Security and Supplemental Security Income.
10. What is an example of illness prevention?

1. Immunizing children against chickenpox
2. Caring for a dying client
3. Assisting a stroke victim to the highest rehabilitation level possible

4. Secondary prevention

CHAPTER 7
COMMUNITY NURSING AND CARE

CONTINUITY
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Collaboration . Provides health—related services in places where people spend

their time
2. Community
Community-based health . Provides primary care to specific populations and is staffed by
U)
care nurse practitioners and community health nurses
-. Community-based nursing . Composed of people who share some common characteristic

995703.099;
but who do not necessarily interact with each other

Community health nursing
. Provision of integrated, accessible health care services by
Community nursing centers
clinicians who are accountable for addressing a majority of
Continuity ofcare personal health care services
__ Discharge planning . A philosophy of nursing that guides nursing care provided for
Integrated health care system individuals and families wherever the individuals are,
including where they live, work, play, or go to school
Population
. Emphasizes the promotion and preservation of the health of
Primary care groups
12. Primary health care
. A collegial working relationship with another health care
provider in the provision of patient care
. Health care based on practical, scientifically sound and

socially acceptable methods and technology made accessible
to individuals and families
'. A collection of people who share some attribute of their lives
I Process of preparing a client to leave one level of care for

another
. Coordination of health care services by health care providers

for clients moving from one health care setting to another.
. Makes all levels of care available in an integrated form—
primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care
(C 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. 36

CHAPTER 7 / Community Nursing and Care Continuity 37
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. What are four of the factors motivating change in the health care system?
a. Escalating health care costs
b. Decreasing technology
c. Changing patterns of demographics
d. Shorter hospital stays
e. Decreased patient acuity
f. Limited access to health care
2. List four characteristics ofprimary care.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3. List four characteristics of primary health care.
a.
b.
d.
4. A is a collection of people who share some attribute of their lives and interact with each other in
some way. It is also defined as a social system in which the members interact formally or informally and form
networks that operate for the benefit of all people in the community.
5. A _ is composed of people who share some common characteristics but do not necessarily interact
with each other.
6. List four types of community—based frameworks and give the definition of each.
a. Type:
Definition:
b. Type:
Definition:
Type:
'0
Definition:
d. Type:
Definition:
7. Easy access is needed for an effective community—based health care system.
a. True b. False

38 CHAPTER 7 / Community Nursing and Care Continuity
8, Choose the community-based settings for nursing practice. (Select all that apply.)
a. Community nursing centers
b. Long—term care facilities

c. Parish nursing
d. Telehealth
e. Hospitals
9. Community-based nursing focuses on care of individuals in geographically local settings, whereas community
health nursing emphasizes the promotion and preservation of the health of groups.
a. True b. False
10. Both primary health care and primary care strive for universal access to and affordability of health care.
a. True b. False
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. What do the Pew Health Professions Commission competencies for future practitioners include? What are the
competencies (listed in the text) that the health care practitioner would require?
2. Primary health care involves five principles. List and explain the five principles in detail.
3. Identify the essential aspects of home health nursing. What makes this community—based role especially
challenging?
4. How does the community health care setting differ from traditional settings?
5. Define community-based health care (CBHC). Where is the care directed, and what is involved in CBHC?
6. How are consumers effecting major changes in health care delivery systems?
CASE STUDY
A nurse has been working as the case manager in a pediatric unit and decides that she wants to be involved in
community nursing.
1. What are some types of community nursing that could be considered?
2. What skills would be needed for community nursing that might not be used in the pediatric unit?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The key elements necessary for collaboration among health care providers include:
l. Mutual respect, trust, and negotiation.
2. Communication skills, mutual respect, and shared decision making.
3. Negotiation, conflict management, and mutual respect.
4. Conflict management, trust, and decision making.

CHAPTER 7 / Community Nursing and Care Continuity 39
2. As a nurse collaborator, which actions will the nurse perform? (Select all that apply.)
I. Sharing personal expertise with other nurses and eliciting the expertise of others to ensure quality client care
2. Seeking opportunities to collaborate with and within professional organizations
3. Offering expert opinions on legislative initiatives related to health care
4 . Collaborating with other health care providers and consumers on health care legislation to best serve the
needs ofthe public
3. When does discharge planning begin for a client?

1. Prior to discharge
2. On admission
3. Two days after admission
4. Two hours before discharge
4. Which client would be identified before discharge as needing a referral to a community-based health care
facility?
1. An older adult client who has no caregivers to provide the necessary oversight of care
2. A child who has had an uncomplicated removal of the tonsils
3. A mother who delivered a 7-pound baby vaginally the previous day
4. A client who has a well-healed surgical wound to the abdomen
5. What is the major focus of integrated health care systems?
1. Primary health care in the event of an emergency

2. Health promotion and disease prevention
3. Chronic disease management
4. Long-term care of disabilities
6. Choose the correct responses that identify the function of a community (Select all that apply.)
1. Individual support
2. Social control
3. Socialization
4. Production of goods
7. Choose the correct responses that identify the parish nurse’s roles. (Select all that apply.)
1. Personal health counselor
2. Health educator
3. Referral source
4. Integrator of faith and health
8. Which population represents the individuals most likely to be cared for by an advanced practice nurse? (Select
all that apply.)
1. Incarcerated adults
2. Healthy school-age children
3. Homeless individuals
4. Healthy adults

CHAPTER 8
HOME CARE
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Caregiver role strain . Health services provided in the home setting
2. Durable medical equipment (DME) . Nursing services and products provided to clients in
company the home
Home care . Support and care of the terminally ill person and his
99.435”
or her family
Home health care nursing
. Provides health care equipment to the client at home
Hospice nursing
. State of altered health and well-being due to the
Registry
physical, emotional, social, and financial burdens of
caring for another.
. Contracts with individual care providers to care for
the client in the home
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Identify factors that have contributed to the increase and growth in home health care.
2. What does home care involve in today’s health care system?
3. nursing is support and care of the terminally ill person and his or her family, and is considered a
subspecialty of home health nursing.
4. What are three advantages of home health nursing?
a.
b.

CHAPTER 8/ Home Care 41
What are three disadvantages of home health nursing?

a.
b.
0.
List four duties that a home health nurse might perform in the home setting.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Any individual involved with the care of a client may identify the need for home health.
a. True b. False
Match the following types of home health agencies with the appropriate description.
a. Official or public agencies Institutions that rely on private

pay sources or “third-party” reimbursement
b. Voluntary or private not-for-profit agencies _ United Way
c. Private, proprietary agencies ‘ Hospital home health agencies
(1. Institution-based agencies State health department
List four topics regarding infection control that the home health nurse will educate the patient on in the home.
a.
b.
c.
d.
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. What is the Visiting Nurse Associations of America’s definition of a home health nurse?
Describe the unique aspects of home health nursing. What is involved in the practice of home health nursing?
List additional providers in home health and describe their duties or roles.
. What does the home health referral process entail? What is necessary from the physician in order to begin
home health care? What are the nurse’s responsibilities?
How is home health reimbursed? What criteria or guidelines for reimbursement are required by Medicare or
Medicaid?
. Why is documentation especially critical in home health?
Explain the concept of infection control in the home setting. What is the nurse’s major role? How can the
nurse minimize risk of infection?
. How can infection prevention present a challenge to the home health nurse?

42 CHAPTER 8 / Home Care
CASE STUDY
The home health nurse is caring for Maria Campos, a 72-year-old who has recently been diagnosed with type
2 diabetes. Mrs. Campos has a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia and has not adhered to her prescribed
medication regimen in the past. She speaks very little English. Answer the following questions based on the clinical
scenario presented.
I. What interventions will the home health nurse likely perform when caring for Mrs. Campos?
2. What unique cultural considerations will the nurse take when caring for Mrs. Campos?
3. What age-related considerations will the nurse plan?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What type of company provides health care equipment for home health clients?
I. Hospice
2. Private home health agency

3. Durable medical equipment (DME)
4. Durable equipment
. The home health nurse is functioning as an educator during a home health visit. Which action or intervention
best exemplifies this role?
1. Changing an indwelling Foley catheter
2. Discussing living wills and durable power of attorney and obtaining a social work consultation
3. Instructing a client on a diabetic diet
4. Documentation of care provided by the agency
. The home health nurse is functioning as an advocate during an initial assessment. Which action or intervention
2. Discussing living wills and durable power of attorney and obtaining a social work consult

. The home health nurse is functioning as a caregiver during a home health visit. Which action or intervention
2. Discussing living wills and durable power of attorney and obtaining a social work consult
. What is considered to be the core concept of home health care?
I. Advocating
2. Caregiving
3. Case managing
4. Educating

CHAPTER 8/ Home Care 43
6. Identify the clinical manifestations of caregiver role strain. (Select all that apply.)
1. Decreased energy
2. Anxiety
3. Difficulty concentrating
4. Difficulty performing routine tasks

7. An example of a home health service provided by nurses is:
1. Housekeeping duties for the client.
2. Providing a hospital bed for the client.

3. Performing daily wound care for the client.
4. Writing the living will for the client.
8. Hospice nursing provides:
1. Intravenous therapy for nutrition such as total parental nutrition (TPN).
2. Tracheotomy care for a client with COPD.

3. Care to the terminally ill client.
4. Education about acute conditions such as diabetes.
9. When is the most appropriate time for the client and family members to be involved in obtaining home health
services?
1. On the initial home health assessment visit by the registered nurse.
2. On admission to the hospital.
3 . Prior to discharge from the hospital.
4. When the client is terminally ill.

CHAPTER 9
ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS AND

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Clinical decision a. The science of using computer information systems in the practice of
support systems nursing
Computer-based Expert who combines computer, information, and nursing science to

[\J
patient records develop policies and procedures that promote effective and secure use of
computerized records by nurses and other health care professionals
Data
warehousing Uses technology to transmit electronic data about clients to persons at
distant locations
Distance
learning . Electronic forms that incorporate evidence from literature into particular
client situations that guide care planning
_ Electronic health
records (EHRs) Organizes data from various areas in the hospital such as admissions,
medical records, clinical laboratory, pharmacy, order entry, and finance
Health
informatics Permit electronic client data entry and retrieval by caregivers,
administrators, accreditors, and other persons who require the data
Hospital
information g. The management of health care information, using computers
system (HIS)
Facilitates the structure and application of data to manage an organization
Management or department
information
Educational Opportunities delivered under situations in which the teacher
system (MIS)
and learner are not in the same place at the same time
Nurse
Accumulation of large amounts of data that are stored over time
informaticist
Permit electronic client data entry and retrieval by caregivers,
N ursing
administrators, accreditors, and other persons who require the data
informatics
Telemedicine

CHAPTER 9/ Electronic Health Records and Information Technology 45
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. List three areas on which the Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform (TIGER) Initiative focuses.
a.
b.
c.
2. Client concerns regarding and of health records have arisen as electronic databases and
communications have proliferated.
3. What are the two most common types of information systems used by nurses?
a.
b.
4. What areas of a hospital may use HIS to organize data?
a.
b.
5. List six examples of the use ofbedside data entry.
e.
f.
6. The term refers to a computer being connected to other computers in a
7. Indicate one type of computer software used in nursing and list one application used with that software.
8. The fl established legal requirements for the protection, security, and appropriate sharing of patient
personal health information (referred to as protected health information or PHI).
9. Name four ways in which computers have enhanced nursing education.
a.
b.
C.
(Q 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

46 CHAPTER 9 / Electronic Health Records and Information Technology
10. List the four functions of nursing informatics.
a.
b.
c.
d.
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Discuss the criteria for evaluating Internet health information. How has the widespread availability of
information impacted health care today?
. What is the difference between distance education courses and web-enhanced or hybrid courses?
. What are the advantages of taking the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX®) on a computer?
When did the test change from pen—and—paper administration to computer administration?
Telemedicine (or telehealth) uses technology to transmit electronic data about clients to persons at distant
locations. What are some of the advantages of telemedicine? What are the disadvantages?
. One of the main concerns with health care and information technology is privacy issues. As a nurse, how can
you impact changes on the state and federal level regarding privacy? Refer to the ANA position statement on
privacy. What is the nurse’s role in the privacy issue?
. How has the implementation of HIPAA presented a challenge to nurses?
CASE STUDY
A 45-year-old client is scheduled to have a hysterectomy later this week. She is at the hospital to get her
preoperative nursing assessment, several laboratory exams, and chest x-ray. The nurse and laboratory technologist
are using a computerized data entry system that is managed on a handheld device.
1. If the client’s results are entered into computer—based patient records (CPRs), who would be able to legally
access her medical information?
The chest x-ray is abnormal and the primary care provider wishes to consult a respiratory specialist. If he
sends the x-ray film electronically to the consulting primary care provider, that is an example of what type of
medicine?
. What are the advantages of this type of consultation?
Does the client have to Sign any consent forms with regard to her electronic medical records?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is an advantage of having “paper” medical records for clients?
1. Paper medical records have had legal standards in place that have been tested effective.
2. Paper medical records are often standardized and thorough.

3. Paper medical records take up less space when being stored.
4. Paper medical records ensure client health information is protected.

CHAPTER 9 / Electronic Health Records and Information Technology 47
2. The World Wide Web (WWW) refers to:
1. Documents accessed electronically.

2. Complex links among web pages or websites.
3. Universal resource locators.
4. A network designed to facilitate the organization and application of data.
3. Universal resource locators (URLs) are also called:
1. Television stations.
2. Addresses.
3. Links among web pages or websites.
4. Rural addresses.
4. Which of the following computerized systems would assist a physician in Russia to consult with a physician in
the United States?
1. Distance learning
2. Computer-based client records
3. Telemedicine
4. Local—area network
5. What does the designation “.org” in a URL denote?
1. Commercial sites
2. Organizations
3. Educational institutions
4. Government sites
6. A group of nursing students located at different sites for a nursing class are participating in classes through
two-way audio and video transmissions. In addition, the students use chat and instant messaging. This is an
example of which type of distance learning model?
1. Asynchronous distance learning
2. Synchronous distance learning
3. Simultaneous distance learning
4. Self—study distance learning
7. What is one way in which a nurse administrator might use a computer?
1. Following client’s health status during the hospital stay

2. Managing a budget
3. Obtaining the latest information on cardiac diseases
4. Participating in a research study
8. How is computer-assisted instruction (CAI) used in nursing?

1. It makes it easier to adjust to the use of software programs.
2. It allows nurses to share health care information with clients.
3. It is used to test nursing students for the NCLEX.
4 . It is used as a bookkeeping system.

48 CHAPTER 9/ Electronic Health Records and Information Technology
9. What role does the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) play in client
confidentiality?
1. It provides a database for insurance agencies to utilize.
2. It provides for data standardization.
3. It provides for data classifications.

4. It provides for privacy and confidentiality for clients in health care.
10. Electronic medical records (EMRS) 0r computer-based records (CPRs) pennit electronic client data retrieval
by caregivers, administrators, creditors, and other persons who require the data. What agency or act sets legal
requirements for the protection, security, and appropriate sharing of client personal health information?
1. Hospitals
2. Patient bill of rights
3. State governments
4. HIPAA

CHAPTER 10
CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL

REASONING
KEY TERM REVIEW

Match each term with its appropriate definition
1. Clinical a. A process for clarifying the nature of a problem, suggesting possible

judgment solutions, and evaluating the solutions for the best possible choice to
implement
A; Clinical
reasoning Generalizations are formed from a set of facts or observations
Cognitive Process of working from general premises to reach a specific conclusion

processes
Understanding of things without conscious use ol‘reasoning
Concept map
90399:“
A technique one can use to look below the surface to differentiate what one
Creativity knows from what one merely believes
Critical analysis A number of approaches are tried until a solution is found
Critical thinking An intentional higher level reasoning that is delineated by several factors
as a guide for rational judgment and action
7 Deductive
reasoning Thinking that results in the development of new ideas and products
Inductive Application of a set of questions to a particular situation to determine
reasoning essential information and discard unneeded information
10. Intuition . A decision-making process to ascertain the right nursing action to be
implemented at the appropriate time in the client’s care
ll. Metacognitive
processes Graphic representation of linear and nonlinear relationships for
representing critical thinking
124 7 Nursing process
A systematic client-centered method for structuring nursing care
13. Problem solving
. The analysis ofa clinical situation as it unfolds or develops
14. __ Socratic
questioning The thinking processes based on the knowledge of aspects ofclient care
Trial and error Include reflective thinking and awareness ofthe skills learned by the nurse
in caring for the client.
© 20l6 by Pearson Education, Inc. 49

50 CHAPTER 10 / Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Critical thinking consists of high-level cognitive processes that include and
2. Define the following problem-solving methods:
a. Trial and error

b. Intuition
c. Nursing process
d. Scientific method
e. Modified scientific method
3. is a purposeful mental activity that guides beliefs and actions.
4. Define inductive and deductive reasoning in critical thinking.
5. is a technique one can use to look beneath the surface, recognize and
examine assumptions, search for inconsistencies, examine multiple points of view, and differentiate what one
knows from what one merely believes.
6. List five characteristics that most critical thinkers have.
a
b.
.0
7. , at every step of critical thinking and nursing care, helps examine the ways in which the nurse
gathers and analyzes data, makes decisions, and determines the effectiveness of interventions.
8. Identify the sequential steps to the decision-making process.
a.
b.
P-
.393e
9. What is the definition ofdecision making? Give one example of decision—making.
10. Critical thinkers are willing to admit what they do not know; they are willing to seek new information and to
rethink their conclusions in light of new knowledge.
a. True b. False

CHAPTER 10/ Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning 51
ll. Identify and define the four types of concept maps.

9’
.0“
P-
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

l. What are the four stages of critical thinking?
2. Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of basic human needs. Why is this concept important to nursing?
List the characteristics of critical thinking. What are the skills needed by one who uses critical thinking?
List and describe the three methods used with critical thinking when problem solving during the nursing process.
Why must the nursing process occur in the chronological order of assessment, diagnosing, planning,
implementing, and evaluating?
CASE STUDY
The student nurse should begin using critical thinking in daily life by using it in the clinical environment and during
everyday situations. To clarify the critical thinking process for the nursing student, a nonnursing case study will be
used for this case study.
A close friend states that she is habitually overdrawing her bank checking account. She has asked you for
advice with this problem. Using the Socratic questions listed in Box 10—3 of the text, analyze this problem.
a. Questions about the decision or problem:
b. Questions about assumptions:
c. Questions about point of view:
d. Questions about evidence and reasons:

C. Questions about implications and consequences:
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the least effective decision-making process?
1. Analyzing the data
2. Formulating conclusions
3. Establishing assumptions
4. Synthesizing information
What does the trial—and—error method of problem solving lack?

1. Effectiveness
2. Organization
3. Thoughtfuiness
4. Exactness

52 CHAPTER 10 / Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning
3. The research process of problem solving is:

1. Most effective when used by experienced nurses. . ,
2. Least effective when used by experienced nurses.

3. lllogical at times.
4. Lacking in formality.
4. Why is the nursing process method used in nursing? (Select all that apply.)
1. It allows the nurse to work independently without collaboration.

2. It involves the interaction between the client and nurse as they work together.
3. It is used to identify potential or actual health care needs, set goals, devise a plan to meet the client’s needs,
and evaluate the plan’s effectiveness.
4. It is designed to work well in all environments.
5. What does critical thinking allow nurses to do during emergency situations?
1. Establish teamwork with other disciplines.

2. Maintain a calm demeanor.
3. Meet the physician’s needs.
4. Recognize important cues.
6. If a child cannot grasp the mechanics behind using an incentive spirometer, the nurse could give the client
balloons and/or a jar of bubbles to blow. What does this best demonstrate? (Select all that apply.)
1. Modified scientific method

2. Scientific method
3. Creativity
4. Critical thinking
7. While working in the critical care unit, a nurse is caring for a client after cardiac bypass surgery. The nurse
feels that “something is wrong” even though the client has no outward signs or symptoms. What is this an
example of?
l. Intuition
2. Trial and error
3. Research process
4. Scientific method
8. In the emergency department, the nurse observes that a client is actively bleeding from an abdominal gunshot
wound. The nurse assumes that the client is at an increased risk for hypovolemic shock after observing frank
red blood Spurting from the wound. What is this an example of?
1. Creativity
2. Deductive reasoning
3. Inductive reasoning
4. Critical analysis
(0 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 10 / Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning 53
9. While attending a nursing educator’s conference, a nursing instructor obtains information about the use of
concept maps and clinical pathways. The nursing instructor returns to work at the university and discusses the
new techniques with the other instructors. What is this an example of?
1. Creating an environment that supports critical thinking

2. Seeking information regarding new educational promotions
3. Intellectual humility
4. Judgment
10. What is the definition of the nursing process?
1. A skill essential to safe, competent, skillful nursing practice

2. A type of thinking that results in the development of new ideas and products
3. A critical thinking process for choosing the best actions to meet a desired goal
4. A systematic, rational method of planning and providing individualized nursing care
11. How are nursing cognitive skills learned?
1. Through reading and applying health—related literature

2. Through the use of critical thought
3. Through the application of content the nurse has previously learned
4. Through the application of clinical scenarios the nurse has experienced

CHAPTER 1 1
ASSESSING
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Assessing a. Usually closed, and directs the client’s answer
2 Cephalocaudal . Highly structured, elicits specific information
3. Clinical signs Planned communication
4 Clinical . An understanding between two or more people

symptoms Systematic and continuous collection, organization, validation, and
Closed questions documentation of data
>OP°>‘.°‘\.U‘
Cues Generally require only a yes or no answer
Data
. Double checking data, ensuring that objective and related subjective data
agree
Database
. lnforrnation relayed by the client that cannot be seen or measured by the
Directive nurse but must be accepted as the client’s perception
interview
A client can answer without direction or pressure; is open ended
lnferences
. Subjective data
11. Interview
. Objective data
12. Leading
Head to toe
question
. Subjective or objective data that can be observed by the nurse
l3. Neutral question
. A physical examination briefly conducted of all systems that does not
14. Nondirective include an in-depth exam of any one system
interview
. All information about a client
15. Objective data
. Also known as information
>973
16. Rapport
. A brief review of essential functioning of various body parts
17. Review of
Rapport-building interview
t"
systems
Nurse’s interpretation or conclusions based on cues
18. Screening
examination Detectable by an observer, can be measured or tested
19. Subjective data
20. Validation

CHAPTER 11 /Assessing 55
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. What are the three purposes of the nursing process?
a.
b.
c.
2. The nursing process is both interpersonal and collaborative between the nurse and the client.
a. True b. False
3. Assessing is a continuous process carried out through all the phases of nursing.
a. True b. False
4. What are the four different types of assessment?
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. According to The Joint Commission, each client must have an initial assessment within hours of
admission.
6. What are the four activities involved in the assessment process?
a.
b.
c.
d.
7. Determine if the following information is subjective (S) or objective (0) assessment data.
a. “I feel tired all the time.”

b. Skin warm and dry to touch
0. “I am itching all over.”
d. Smell of ammonia in urine

e. Purplish discoloration on left forearm
f. Temperature of 102 degrees orally
8. Distinguish between the primary (P) and secondary (indirect) (S) sources of data in the assessment process.
a “My son has vomited for three days.”

b. “I have been coughing for two weeks.”
0. “My wife is forty-five years old.”
(1. “l have a rash.”
TC) 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

56 CHAPTER 11 / Assessing
9. When does the observation portion of data collection occur?
a. On the initial assessment

b. Prior to the initial assessment
0. It is an ongoing process.
d. Observation is not part of data collection.
10. An is a planned communication or conversation with a purpose.
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Explain the difference between the medical model of problem solving and the nursing process. What are the
parallels between the two models?
2. Why would it be important to review data from client records such as occupation, religion, marital status, and
so on before beginning the nurse health history?
3. Why is sharing of information important in health care? What is pertinent information that needs to be relayed
between nursing shifts?
4. Compare and contrast the body systems and cephalocaudal approaches to assessment. What are the advantages
and disadvantages to both approaches?
5. Compare and contrast Orem’s self-care model and Roy’s adaptation model.
CASE STUDY
A client is being transferred to the unit from the recovery room after having an abdominal tumor removed. The
recovery room nurse gives a verbal report on the client’s condition, stating that the dressing is dry and intact, vital
signs stable, IV of normal saline infusing at 100 mL per hour in the left forearm, intact and patent, medications
given, and that the client has no complaints of pain. During the initial assessment, the medical—surgical nurse notes
that the abdominal dressing has bright red drainage. The client stated, “I am really hurting bad!” The Vital signs are
140/86 mmHg, RR 24/min, T 368°C (98.20F) orally, and pulse of 90 beats/min.
1. What is the objective data?
2. What is the subjective data?
3. Who is considered the primary source?
4. Who is considered the secondary source?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The nurse is assessing the sputum characteristics of a client with pneumonia. What are the senses that the
nurse may use in the assessment of the sputum? (Select all that apply.)
1. Vision
2. Smell
3. Hearing
4. Touch

CHAPTER 11 /Assessing 57
2. What phases of the nursing process are identified by the most current Scope and Standards ofNursing
Practice that are not recognized by the national licensure examination for registered nurses (NCLEX-RN)?
1. Outcomes identifications and diagnosis

2. Analysis and diagnosis
3. Outcomes identifications and analysis
4. Assessment and evaluation
3. During the process of data collection, the nurse must be aware of the different cultural aspects in health care.
In the interview phase, what will the nurse consider may have a cultural implication? (Select all that apply.)
1. Time of the interview

2. Setting of the interview
3. Physical distance between the nurse and client
4. Seating arrangement
4. What is an example of an open-ended question that the nurse may use in the interview process?
1. “Did you take your medication today?”

2. “Have you ever had to undergo surgery?”
3. “Are you a student at the local college?”
4. “How have you been feeling lately?”
5. What is the name of the head-to-toe approach that usually begins the nurse physical examination?
1. Review of systems
2. Screening examination
3. Cephalocaudal
4. Caudal approach
What framework is based on 11 functional health patterns and collects data about dysfunctional and functional
0\
behavior?
1. Orem’s self-care model
2. Gordon’s functional health patterns

3. Roy’s adaptation model
4. The wellness model
7. After completing the health history and the physical assessment, the nurse identifies discrepancies in the
information. What is this process called?
1. Assessing
2. Diagnosing
3. Validating
4. Evaluating
8. A client presents to the emergency department with complaints of chest pain. The nurse takes the client’s vital
signs. The nurse is performing which phase of the nursing process?
1. Assessing
2. Diagnosing
3. Planning
4. Implementing

58 CHAPTER 11 /Assessing
9. The nurse reassesses a client’s temperature 45 minutes after administering acetaminophen. This is an example
of what type of an assessment?
1. Ongoing
2. Intermittent
3. Terminal
4. Routine
10. The nurse is measuring the drainage from a Jackson—Pratt drain. What is considered objective data?
1. The client is complaining of abdominal pain.

2. The drainage measurement is 25 mL.
3. The client stated, “I did not empty the drain.”
4. The client stated that he has a pain level of 5.

CHAPTER 12
DIAGNO SING
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Defining charac— a. Relates to the client’s preparedness for implementing behaviors to improve
teristics his or her health condition
Dependent func— Generally accepted measure, rule, model, or pattern

tions
Basic three—part diagnostic statement
Diagnosis
. A cluster of signs and symptoms that indicate the presence of a particular
Diagnostic diagnostic label
labels
Describes a cluster of nursing diagnoses that have similar interventions
. Etiology
A classification system or set of categories arranged based on a single
_ Health promo- principle or set of principles
tion diagnosis
g. Added words to give additional meaning to a diagnostic statement
Independent
functions h. Causal relationship between a problem and its related or risk factors
Norm Statement or conclusion regarding the nature of a phenomenon
Nursing diagno— Areas of health care that are unique to nursing

sis Variables that indicate that increased likelihood that a problem could arise
10. PES format Clinical judgment that a problem does not exist; rather, a problem is likely
ll. Qual i fiers to develop without nursing intervention
12. Risk factors . Generally accepted norm
l3. Risk nursing . Client’s problem statement, plus etiology

diagnosis
, Standardized NANDA names for diagnoses
14. Standard
. The nurse’s obligation to carry out physician-prescribed therapies and
15. #7 Syndrome diag— treatments
nosis
16. Taxonomy

60 CHAPTER 12 / Diagnosing
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. What is the first stage of the nursing process?
2. What is the second stage of the nursing process?

3. A is a classification system or set of categories based on a single principle or set of principles.
4. What are the parts of the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NAN DA) nursing diagnosis?
a.
b.
c.
5. All nurses are responsible for making nursing diagnoses according to the ANA Standards of Practice.
a. True b. False
6. The nursing diagnosis is a judgment made only after thorough, systematic data collection.
a. True b. False
7. What are the five types ofnursing diagnoses?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
8. To enhance clinical usefulness, diagnostic labels must be as as possible.
9. What five words are identified as qualifiers to give additional meaning to a diagnostic statement?
a.
b.
C.
d.
6.
10. What is the definition of etiology? What is the purpose of the etiology statement?
11. Risk diagnoses do not have subjective or objective indications of the presence of the diagnosis found during
the assessment phase.
a. True b. False
12. For actual nursing diagnoses, the defining characteristics are the client’s signs and symptoms in the
assessment phase of the nursing process.
a. True b. False

CHAPTER 12/ Diagnosing 61
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. A nursing diagnosis has three components. List the three components and give an example of each.
Why is it important to differentiate among the possible causes in the nursing diagnosis? (Refer to Table 12~2
in the text.)
. What are the differentiating factors between a nursing diagnosis and a medical diagnosis?
Describe characteristics of the nursing diagnosis. What is a two—part diagnostic statement? What is a three-part
diagnostic statement?
List two examples each of a one-part, two-part, and three-part diagnostic statement. Refer to the PES
diagnosis in the text.
6. Compare and contrast dependent and independent nursing functions.
CASE STUDY
A newly admitted client will be your responsibility as the registered nurse. The client is a 47—year-old male of
Native American heritage with type 2 diabetes. He states that he has not been taking his medication because it
doesn’t make him feel better; he also has difficulty remembering to take the medication. The following infonnation
pertains to this client:
I Fingerstick blood sugar = 213 mg/dL
l BP 150/90 mmHg; temp 370C (98.6013) oral; respirations 24/min; pulse 78 beats/min.
I “I use the bathroom about eight times per day.”
l Ht 6 feet 4 inches; weight 284 pounds
. What is an actual nursing diagnosis for this client?
. What is a potential nursing diagnosis for this client?
Identify one subjective and one objective assessment to substantiate the nursing diagnosis.
What is the outcome goal for the client?
What are two independent functions the nurse might perform when caring for this client?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of data collection and analysis?
1. To carry out the plan of care.
2. To collect and then analyze data.
3. To identify actual or potential health concerns.
4. To identify a client’s response to care.
@7 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

62 CHAPTER 12/ Diagnosing
2. Which statement is a nursing diagnosis?
1. Fever of unknown origin
2. Pancreatitis
3. Potential for sleep-pattern disturbances
4. Congestive heart failure
3. What is the purpose ofa nursing diagnosis?
I. To define a taxonomy of nursing language.

2. To promote a taxonomy of nursing language.
3. To identify a client’s problem and its etiology.
4. To establish a set of principles.
4. Choose the appropriate activities that the nurse may perform during the diagnosing component of the nursing
process. (Select all that apply.)
1. Compare data against current nursing standards.
2. Obtain a nursing health history.
3. Cluster or group the data to generate a tentative hypothesis.
4. Review the client records and nursing literature.

5. Identify gaps and inconsistencies in the data.
5. What is a nursing function during the diagnosing phase of the nursing process?
1. Clarify all inconsistencies in the data before making inferences.

2. Identify Gordon’s functional health patterns and compare with the client.
3. Review the literature and review professional journals and textbooks.
4. Document the health assessment in a specific form.
6. Readiness for Enhanced Parenting is an example of which type of diagnosis?
1. Wellness diagnosis
2. Health—seeking diagnosis
3. Two-part diagnosis
4. Three-part diagnosis
7. Which ofthe following nursing diagnostic statements is correct?
1. Fluid Replacement related to fever
2, Impaired Skin Integrity related to immobility

3. Impaired Skin Integrity related to ulceration of sacral area
4. Pain related to severe headache
8. How does the nurse begin a diagnostic label for a collaborative problem?
1. Readinessfine Enhanced Spiritual Well—Being
2. Alteration ofRespiratory Status
3. Potential Complication for Pneumonia: Atelectasis
4. Impaired Respiratory System

CHAPTER ‘12/ Diagnosing 63
9. The PES format for writing a nursing diagnosis is used for which of the following?
1. Actual nursing diagnoses
2. Potential nursing diagnoses
3. Risk for nursing diagnoses
4. Wellness diagnoses
10. Choose the correct example ofa qualifier for a nursing diagnosis.
1. Syndrome
2. Potential
3. Deficient
4. Riskfor
11. Identify and select the advantages of using a taxonomy of nursing diagnoses. (Select all that apply.)
1, A taxonomy of nursing diagnoses would promote a classification system or set of categories for a single or
set of principles for professional nurses.
2. A taxonomy of nursing diagnoses can be used by physicians to define diagnostic nursing terminology.
3. A taxdnomy of nursing diagnoses enhances the professional practice of the nurse in generating and
completing a nursing care plan.
4. A taxonomy of nursing diagnoses consists of nursing diagnoses for a single principle or set of principles
that were developed by other nursing professionals.
12. Identify the components of a nursing diagnosis. (Select all that apply.)
1. Related factors
2 . Risk factors
3 . Problem
4. Definition
5. Defining characteristics
6 . Medical conditions

CHAPTER 13
PLANNING
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Collaborative care plans . Activities that nurses are licensed to initiate on the basis
of their knowledge and skills
Collaborative interventions
QEOWF‘Qf-"FP’N
. Developed to govern the handling of frequently occurring

Concept map
situations
Critical pathways
. Actions that a nurse performs to enhance client outcomes
Dependent interventions
. Process of establishing a preferential sequence for
Discharge planning addressing nursing diagnoses and interventions
Formal nursing care plan . Actions the nurse carries out in conjunction with other
health team members
Goals/desired outcomes
. Collaborative care plan that sequences care that must be
Independent interventions
given
Indicator
D—db—‘h—‘h—lr—dr—l
. Process of anticipating and planning for release from a

Individualized care plan facility
Ux:l>-UJI\J>—‘
Informal nursing care plan . A taxonomy of nursing outcome statements
Multidisciplinary care plan Specific patient state that is most sensitive to nursing
interventions and measurable
Nursing interventions
Similar to protocols; specify what is to be done
Nursing Interventions
Classification (NIC) . Gives the nurse authority to carry out specific actions under
certain circumstances
16. Nursing Outcomes Classification
Strategy for action that exists in the nurse’s mind
(NOC)
. Tailored to meet unique needs of a specific client
17. Policies
. Outlines care required for clients to include nursing
18. Priority setting interventions as well as medical treatments to be
19. Procedures performed by other members of the health care team
. A critical pathway that sequences care required for client
20. Protocols
with common conditions
21. Rationale
. Activities carried out under the orders or supervision of a
22, Standardized care plan licensed physician or other health care provider
23. Standing order

CHAPTER 13/ Planning 65
q. Actions commonly required for a particular u. Evidence-based principle given as the reason for selecting
group of clients a particular nursing intervention
r. Written or computerized guide that v. Visual tool in which ideas or data are enclosed in circles
organizes information or boxes connected by lines or arrows to indicate
relationships
s. Describe what the nurse hopes to achieve
by implementing the nursing interventions w. A taxonomy of nursing interventions
t. Formal plan that specifies the nursing care

for groups of clients with common needs
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. are the actions that a nurse performs to achieve client goals.
2. When does planning begin?
3. Who is responsible for developing the initial comprehensive plan of care, and when is it initiated?
4. List the four purposes the nurse uses to guide daily planning by utilizing ongoing assessment data.
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. What four tasks do the nurse and client complete during the planning stage ofthe nursing process?
a.
b.
c.
d.
6. Match the four different types of nursing care plans with their correct definitions.
a. Informal nursing care plan Tailored to meet the unique needs of a specific client—needs
that are not addressed by the standardized plan
b. Standardized care plan A strategy for action that exists in the nurse’s mind
0. Individualized care plan A written or computerized guide that organizes
information about the client’s care
01. Formal nursing care plan A formal plan that specifies the nursing care for
groups of clients with common needs
7. Refer to Figure 13—2 in the text. What documents may be included in a complete plan of care?
P”
9‘
.0
D—
(1)

66 CHAPTER 13/ Planning
8. Refer to the standards of care for thrombophlebitis in Figure 1373 of the text. How are standards of care
different than individualized care plans? What are the advantages and disadvantages of standards of care?
9. Define concept map and rationale. Why are students asked to complete pathophysiology flow sheets, concept
maps, or care plans with rationales?
10. What do the client goals or desired outcomes describe? What is the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)?
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. What is planning? What phase of the nursing process is planning? What is the end product of planning called?
Who is involved in the planning process?
2. Discuss the three types of planning and list the significant tasks that registered nurses must do during each of
the types/stages of planning.
3. Differentiate between protocols, policies, procedures, and standing orders.
4. What are the 10 guidelines for writing nursing care plans? Why is each guideline important?
5. What is meant by the activity of priority setting in the planning process? What factors need to be considered
when assigning priorities?
6. What is the purpose of desired goals and/or outcomes?
7. What is the purpose of assigning priorities of care When planning client interventions?
8. Compare and contrast Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). V
CASE STUDIES
Outcomes should be SMART (specific, measurable, appropriate, realistic, and timely). Analyze the following
nursing care plan:
A client has stage 4 pressure ulcers on the coccyx, left and right malleolus, and both heels. He is unable to turn
himselfin the bed. His daughter states, “This happened so suddenly; he did not have these sores until he had the
stroke and quit eating.” The nurse assesses the client and notes that he is an older adult, appears emaciated, and is
immobile with the previously stated pressure ulcers.
a. What are the subjective and objective data?

b. What nursing diagnosis will fit this situation?
c. What are the realistic short-term and long—term goals for this client?
d. What are four nursing orders or interventions that can be used for this client?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. “Client will walk to end of hallway without assistance by Friday” is an example of a:
1. Long—term goal.
2. Short—term goal.
3. Nursing intervention.
4. Rationale. iv

CHAPTER 13/ Planning 67
. “Client will ambulate 20 yards without assistance in 8 weeks” is an example of a:

1. Long-term goal.
2. Short—term goal.
3. Nursing intervention.
4. Rationale.
. The nurse instructs the preoperative client to cough and deep breathe postoperatively to avoid respiratory
complications. This is what type of nursing intervention?
1. Independent intervention
2. Dependent intervention
3. Collaborative intervention
4. Variable intervention
. The nurse instructs the client on turning, coughing, and deep breathing q2h. What is the relationship of nursing
interventions to problem status?
1. Health promotion interventions

2. Treatment interventions
3. Prevention interventions
4. Observation interventions
. The home health registered nurse needs to assign a person to insert a Foley catheter on a client. To whom can
she delegate this task?
1. The unlicensed personnel with extensive training
2. The licensed practical/vocational nurse
3. The physician
4. The client’s daughter
. Planning consists of which component?
1. Reassessing the client

2. Analy7ing data
3. Selecting nursing interventions

4. Determining the nurse’s need for assistance
. Consider the following nursing diagnosis: Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Boob} Requirements related to
inability to feed self. What is an example of a short-term goal for this client?
1. The client will eat 75% of his meals by Friday (September 20) with the use of modified eating utensils to
feed self with minimal assistance.
2. The client will learn about nutritious meal planning as exhibited by choosing one correct menu.
3. The client will acquire competence in managing cookware designed for clients with handicaps.
4. The client will learn preparation techniques that are quick and easy to manage.

68 CHAPTER 13 / Planning
. The nurse admits a client in active labor to the labor and delivery unit of the hospital. When does the planning
for client care start?
1. After the physician has delivered the baby

2. After the admission process
3. When the client is discharged to the postpartum unit
4. During the initial meeting
Which component is part of the permanent client record?
1. Nursing protocols
2. Client care plan
3. Procedures for client care
4. The nurse’s notebook of daily notes to herself
10. When caring for a client with stage 4 pressure ulcers on the coccyx, the nurse turns the client every 2 hours
while in bed. What part of the nursing process is being carried out?
1. Assessment
2. Diagnosis
3. Implementation
4. Evaluation
. What are the benefits of a nursing intervention classification system? (Select all that apply.)
1. It helps demonstrate the impact that nurses have on the health care delivery system.
2. It assists educators to develop curricula that better articulates with clinical practice.
3. It standardizes and defines the knowledge base for nursing curricula and practice.
4 . It facilitates the appropriate selection of a nursing intervention and communication ofnursing treatments to
other nurses and other providers.
12. A taxonomy of nursing outcome statements is developed to describe measurable states, behaviors, or
perceptions to respond to which part of the nursing process?
1. Nursing assessments
2. Nursing interventions
3. Nursing goals
4. Nursing outcomes

CHAPTER 14
IMPLEMENTING AND EVALUATING
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Audit . Process for identifying the factors that bring
about deviations in practices that lead to a
2. Cognitive skills
sentinel event
3. Concurrent audit
. Evaluation of a client’s record after discharge
4. Evaluating from an agency
5. Evaluation statement . Focuses on the setting in which the care was

given
6. Implementing
. Focuses on demonstrable changes in the client’s
7. Interpersonal skills
health status as a result of
8. _ Outcome evaluation nursing care
9. Process evaluation . Unexpected event that involves death or serious

physical or psychological injury, or risk thereof
10. Quality assurance (QA) program
. Purposcful hands-on skills
11 Quality improvement (Q1)
. Include problem solving, decision making,
12. Retrospective audit
thinking and creativity
13. 7 fl Root cause analysis
. All of the activities, verbal and nonverbal,
14. Sentinel event individuals use when interacting directly with
one another
15. Structure evaluation
'. A process used to sure the best possible care is
16. _,_ Technical skills
delivered with the resulting optimal outcomes
'. Review ofa client’s health care while the client
is still receiving care
. Focuses on how care was given
. Planned ongoing activity in which the client and

health care professionals determine the client’s
progress toward achievement of goals and
effectiveness of nursing care plan
.Consists oftwo parts: a conclusion and
supporting data
. Review of records

70 CHAPTER 14/ Implementing and Evaluating
o. Consists of doing and documenting the activities p. Ongoing, systematic process designed to
that are specific nursing actions needed to carry evaluate and promote excellence in the health
out the interventions care provided to clients
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

. The nursing process is oriented, , and directed.
,__¢
2. According to NlC terminology, consists of doing and documenting the activities that are specific
nursing actions needed to carry out the interventions.
3. , , and skills are used to implement nursing strategies.
4. When does the implementing phase terminate?
5. The first three nursing phases of , , and provide the basis for the nursing
actions performed during the implementing step.
6. Match the type of skill with the following activities.
a. Cognitive skills _ “May I help you to the restroom?”
b. Interpersonal skills Creativity
c. Technical skills Problem solving
Nurse working effectively with members of the health care team

Taking a blood pressure
Caring for a dying patient
Need self-awareness and sensitivity to others to perform this skill

Bandaging a client’s leg
7. What is included in the five processes of implementing?
d.
e.
8. Nursing activities are communicated verbally as well as in writing.
a. True b. False
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. What are the guidelines for implementing nursing interventions?
2. What are the five components of the evaluation process?
3. What are the two components of an evaluation statement?
4. Explain the difference between quality improvement and quality assurance.
. Why should the nurse never document in advance?

LII

CHAPTER 14 / Implementing and Evaluating 71
6. “How are quality improvement and quality assurance similiar? When would these concepts be used in
clinical practice?”
7. What is a root cause analysis? When would this be used?
CASE STUDY
Mr. Raymond Sanchez is a 57—year-old man who has been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He has been
hospitalized due to weight loss and acute pain. No further chemotherapy or treatment is planned. Answer the follow
ing questions about Mr. Sanchez.
1. List different potential nursing diagnoses for Mr. Sanchez, give an example of subjective and objective data,
and list one nursing intervention for each diagnosis.
2. List other comfort measures that the nurse may implement for Mr. Sanchez.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Evaluation of the client’s health care while the client is still receiving care from the agency is called a:
l. Retrospective audit
2. Audit
3. Concurrent audit
4. Peer review
2. Basic nursing interventions are based 0n:
1. Scientific knowledge, nursing research, and evidence-based practice
2. Creative thinking and intuition
3. Physician’s orders
4. Client’s wishes and nursing research
3. What is the fifth and last phase of the nursing process?

1. Evaluating
2. Assessment
3. Planning
4. Implementing
4. The nurse documents that the goal or desired outcome was met, partially met, or not met. What part of the
evaluation statement is the nurse documenting?
1. Supporting data
2. Collecting data
3. Finale
4. Conclusion

72 CHAPTER 14/ Implementing and Evaluating
5. While implementing the plan of care for the client, the nurse should: (Select all that apply)
1. Supervise unlicensed support personnel who provide care to the client.
2. Complete every task for the client.

3. Supervise and direct the physician providing care.
4. Evaluate the client’s reactions to the planned interventions.
6. Which skills best describe nursing interpersonal skills?
1. Problem solving, decision making, critical thinking, and creativity
2. All of the activities, verbal and nonverbal, used when interacting directly with others
3. Manipulating equipment, giving injections, and bandaging
4. Leadership management and delegation
7. Which situation will the nurse need assistance with implementing the nursing interventions?
1. Applying Buck's traction for the fifth time
2. Documenting care delivered over the past hour
3. Turning the client in bed without the client experiencing discomfort

4. Transferring a bilateral amputee form bed to chair
8. What are two nursing phases that overlap each other in the nursing process?
1. Assessing; diagnosing
2. Planning; implementing
3. implementing; evaluation
4. Evaluating; assessing
9. The nurse writes an evaluation statement after determining whether a nursing goal or client outcome has been
met. What are the two parts in an evaluation statement?
1. Conclusion and implementation

2. Conclusion and supporting data
3. Implementation and summary
4. Implementation and data analysis
10. A quality-assurance (QA) program evaluates and promotes excellence in the health care provided to clients.
Select the three components of care that are reviewed during this process:
1. Structure evaluation
2. Process evaluation
3. Outcome evaluation
4. Internal processes and external agency evaluations

CHAPTER 15
DOCUMENTING AND REPORTING
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Change-of-shift report Chart entry made by all health professionals in-

volved in a client’s care
2 Chart
. Also known as a chart
3. Charting
Concise method of organizing and recording data
4. Charting by exception (CBE)
about a client making information quickly
5 Client record accessible to all health professionals
6. Discussion . Client health record
7 Documenting . Consists of notes that include routine care, nor-

mal findings, and client problems
8 Flow sheet
Chart or record that can be written or computer
9 Focus charting
based
10. Handoff communication
. Process in which information about patient care
1 l. Kardex is communicated in a consistent manner includ-
ing an opportunity to ask and respond to ques-
12. __ Narrative charting
tions
13. i PIE
. A goal not met in a critical pathway
l4. gF Problem-oriented medical record (POMR)
. Problem-oriented record
15. Problem-oriented record (POR)
. Data are arranged according to the problems a
l6. __ Progress note patient has rather than the source of the
information
17. _fi_ Record
k. Process of charting or documenting
18. Recording
Uses specific assessment criteria in a particular
19. Report
format
20. __ SOAP
In Acronym for subjective, objective, assessment,
21. Source-oriented record and plan
22. Variance . Makes client concerns and strengths the focus of

care, usually using three columns

74 CHAPTER 15/ Documenting and Reporting
0. Informal oral consideration of a subject by two or s. Process of making an entry in a client record
more health care personnel to identify a problem
. . t. Docu nentat' ‘ ' v/
or establlsh strategies to resolve a problem 1 ion system in Wth only abnormal
or significant findings are recorded
p. Each person or department makes notations in a
. . . , u. Acron m for roblems interventions. and
separate section of the client 5 chart y p ’ '
evaluation of nursing care
. Process of chartin or recordin . . .
q g g v. Oral, written, or computer-based communication
r. Communication tool used to provide continuity intended to convey information to others
of care for clients by providing critical
information to oncoming nurses
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. The client’s record is protected legally as a private record of the client’s care. Access to the client’s record is
limited to:
a. Family members.
b. The physician.
0. The physician and client.
d. Health care professionals delivering care and the client.
The nurse has a to maintain confidentiality of all patient information.
ldentify four purposes ofclicnt records:
a.
b.
c.
d.
. What are the five requirements established by The Joint Commission regarding client record documentation?
a
b.
c.
d.
6.
. What measures should be taken when faxing confidential health information? Is consent needed? What should
be done before hitting the “Send” button?
Students or graduates are not bound by a strict ethical code and legal responsibility to hold all information in
confidence.
a. True b. False
Describe source—oriented records. What is a traditional part of a source-oriented record?
. List two advantages and three disadvantages of source—oriented chatting.
. What is a problem—oriented medical record (POM R) or problem-oriented record (POR)? What are the four
components of POMR? _,.

CHAPTER 15/ Documenting and Reporting 75
IO. List two advantages and two disadvantages of POMR charting.
. What is the SOAP format that is used in charting and progress notes? What is meant by the acronyms SOAPIE
and SOAPIER?
. Explain how charting by exception (CBE) works, and explain why some nurses are uncomfortable with this
method. What are the three elements of CBE?
13. List four advantages and one disadvantage of case management.
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Explain the Security Rule of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996.
Name four suggestions for ensuring confidentiality and security of computerized records.
What is the PIE system of charting?
How does focus chatting work? What are its advantages?
. Refer to Box 1572 in the text. Review the pros and cons of computer documentation. Do you agree with this
information?
What are the requirements for documentation in a long-term care facility?
. What is a variance? Explain how the nurse will document a variance in the client’s record.
CASE STUDIES
1 . While charting, you notice that you have made an error. You did not write the correct oral temperature down.
It should have been 98 degrees orally instead of IOl degrees orally.
a. What is the correct method to fix this error?
b. Identify an incorrect method for fixing errors in client records. Why is this method incorrect?
The nurse has been caring for Michael Branson, a 47—year-old male who. was admitted for the treatment of
alcohol withdrawal and is experiencing delirium tremens. It has been 2 days since Mr. Branson’s last intake of
alcohol. The client has an infusing IV, is in a room kept dark and quiet to reduce stimuli, and has been moni-
tored closely. The client has been having auditory and visual hallucinations throughout the day, which are re-
duced following sedative administration. When hallucinations are minimized, the client is alert and oriented to
person, place, time, and date. During periods of hallucinations, the client becomes agitated and his blood pres-
sure, pulse, and respiratory rate increase. When preparing the change-of-shift report for this client, what kind
of specific data would you want to report to the oncoming nurse assigned to Mr. Branson’s care?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1 . What is used to organize client data, allowing quick access for health care professionals to review information
regarding the client?
1. End—of-shift report
2. SOAPIER notes
3. Variance reports
4. Kardex

76 CHAPTER 15 / Documenting and Reporting
2. In long-term care facilities, what two types of care are provided? (Select all that apply.)
1. Easy
2. Skilled
3. Intermediate
4. Unskilled
3. Which client will require more frequent documentation by the nurse?
1. A stable client who is 2 days postvaginal delivery ofa term infant

2. A client presenting to the emergency department with signs/symptoms of a viral respiratory problem
3. An older adult client who is postoperative day 4 of a hip replacement
4. A client admitted to the ICU after a major myocardial infarction
4. If the nurse makes an error while charting, what is the recommended method to correct the mistake?
I. Use “correction fluid” and obliterate the error.

2. Draw one line through the error and write “mistaken entry” above it, then sign your name or initials beside it.
3. Draw one line through the error and write “error” above it, then Sign your initials beside it.
4. Do nothing and hope no one notices the error.
5. The client has refused to have a Foley catheter inserted after surgery. What would need to be charted in the
client’s chart?
1. The client refused the Foley catheter. The client was educated about the need for the Foley and the conse-
quences of refusing the treatment; client verbalized understanding of the education.
2. The client stubbornly refused the Foley catheter insertion.
3. The client was medicated and the Foley was inserted without difficulty.
4. The client refused the Foley catheter.
6. Identify the purposes of charting. (Select all that apply.)

To fill up the nurse’s spare time.
9:”?!97‘
To communicate care and responses to care.

To create a legal document.
To demonstrate what the nurse did every moment of the shift.

To provide a basis for evaluation.
7. The student nurse is learning to chart effectively in the clinical setting. Which action by the student nurse in-
creases the student’s knowledge about effective charting?
1. Chart and hope it is correct.
2. Practice charting and hope it will improve with time.
3. Do nothing now and learn charting after graduation.
4. Read charts to learn from actual situations.
8. Which example of documentation is most correct when charting a client’s behavior?
1. The client was shouting, “I am so mad that I am going to hit you ifyou come any closer.”
2. The client seems angry and moderately aggressive.
3. The client is angry and shouting.
4. The client stated that he was mad and wanted to hit someone.

CHAPTER 15/ Documenting and Reporting 77
9. During the change-of-shift report, the nurse reports that the client is having “respiratory difficulty.” What
should the nurse add to this report?
1. “But she seems okay.”

2. “Her respiratory rate is up to 28 breaths/min; oral temperature is [00 degrees; heart rate is 96 beats/minute;
02 saturation of 90%.”
3. “ I put her on 3 liters ofoxygen.”
4. “1 called the doctor but he didn’t do anything.”
10. When the nurse places a check mark or a dash in an allocated space and uses an asterisk to reflect other
pertinent information that has been recorded elsewhere on the chart, this is an example of what type of
documentation?
1. Multidisciplinary charting
2. Charting by exception
3. Focus charting
4. Flow sheet chartn
1 1. What measures can the nurse take to maintain confidentiality of client records? (Select all that apply.)
1. Personal passwords are not shared with anyone else.
2. Never leave the computer unattended after logging into the system.
3. Do not leave paperwork with the client’s information in an unsecured location.
4. Discard all unneeded computer-generated worksheets in the trash can.
12. Identify examples that health care professionals may use in order to communicate specific information
regarding the client or the client’s care. (Select all that apply.)
1 . Change-of—shift report
2. Discussing the client’s care in the cafeteria
3. Contacting the physician via telephone regarding new orders for medication to decrease an increased
temperature
4. Care plan conferences

CHAPTER 1 6
HEALTH PROMOTION
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Action stage 15. Open system
2. Boundary 16. Output
3. Closed system 17. Positive feed-back
4. Contemplation stage 18. Precontemplation stage
5. Disease prevention 19. Preparation stage

6. __ Feedback 20. Primary prevention
7. Health promotion 21. Psychological homeostasis
8. Health protection 22. Secondary prevention
9. Health risk assessment (HRA) 23. Self-regulation
10. Holism 24. Termination stage
1 1. Homeostasis 25. Tertiary prevention

12. Input
13. Maintenance stage
H
Negative feed-back
:5
@‘ 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 16 / Health Promotion 79
Stimulates change m. Emphasizes the whole person and how one area
of concern relates to the entire person
. Focuses on early identification of health prob—
lems and prompt intervention . Person strives to prevent relapse by integrating
adopted behaviors into his or her lifestyle
Assessment and educational tool that indicates a
client’s risk for disease or injury during the next . Homeostatic mechanisms come into play
10 years automatically
. Occurs when the person actively implements be- . Energy, matter, or information given out by the
havioral and cognitive strategies system as a result of its processes
. Generalized health promotion and specific . Behavior motivated by a desire to actively avoid
protection against disease illness
Energy, matter, and information move into and . Disease prevention

out of the system through the system boundary
. Behavior motivated by the desire to increase
g. Inhibits change well—being
h. Person acknowledges having a problem, serious— . Describes the relative constancy of the internal
ly considers changing a specific behavior, and processes ofthe body
verbalizes a plan to change
. The person intends to take action in the immedi-
A Person does not think about changing his or her ate future
behavior in the next 6 months
. Does not exchange information with its
. Its focus is to help rehabilitate individuals and environment
restore them to an optimum level of functioning
. The ultimate goal of the transtheoretical model.
within the constraints of the disability.
. A real or imaginary line that differentiates one
. Mechanism by which some of the output of a
system from another
system is returned to the system as input
. Emotional or psychological balance
Information, material, or energy that enters the
system
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. List four main characteristics of homeostatic mechanisms.
'd.
b.
C.
d.
2. The nurse must consider all components of health in order to ensure holistic health care. What are the five
components ofhealth?
a.
b.
C.

80 CHAPTER 16 / Health Promotion
3. Abraham Maslow, a renowned needs theorist, ranks human needs on five levels. List the levels in ascending
order and give an example of a need in each level.
a
b.
c.
d.
e.
What did Richard Kalish add to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, where did he add it, and why did he add it?
Healthy People 2020: Understanding and Improving Health (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
2010) presents a comprehensive strategy for promoting health and preventing illness, disability, and premature
death.
a. True b. False
List the two major goals of Healthy People 2020 and what is reflected by those goals.
a.
b.
Health—promoting behavior is directed toward attaining positive health outcomes for the client.
a. True b. False
How do health promotion plans need to be developed to encourage clients to participate in their care?
To encourage a client to quit smoking, what strategy of implementation should the nurse use?
. Which of the following should be included in a client’s lifestyle assessment that would be relevant to his or
her health care? (Select all that apply.)
1. Nutrition
2. Physical activity
3. Drug, alcohol, and cigarette smoking habits
4. Marital status
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. How does understanding developmental stage theories enable the nurse to provide knowledgeable care?
As a nurse, what is your role in health promotion? How can you enhance health promotion actions in your
community?
Discuss the Health Promotion Model. Refer to the text, Figure 164.
When exploring the stages of change, is change always linear? Why or why not? Why is it important for
nurses to understand the stages of change?
What is the nurse’s role in health promotion? Do you believe that the nurse should be a good role model for
healthy living? How would you feel ifa nurse Who never exercises is attempting to instruct you (a client) in
the importance of exercise?
. Compare and contrast health promotion and disease prevention. Give one example of each concept.
(9' 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 16/ Health Promotion 81
CASE STUDY
You are caring for Benjamin Conner, a 65—year—old who presents with acute chest pain and shortness of breath. Up-
on assessment, you learn that Mr. Conner is a 40—pack-year smoker and leads a sedentary lifestyle. After Mr. Con—
ner’s condition has been stabilized, you are planning education to provide to Mr. Conner.
1. What health promotion education will you provide?
2. When providing education to Mr. Conner, what type of prevention will you be demonstrating?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A client reports that he believes he will “never kick the habit” of smoking because he has tried before
and failed. Using the transtheoretical model (TTM), what stage of health behavior change is the client
functioning in?
1. Preparation stage
2. Contemplation stage
3. Termination stage
4. Precontemplation stage
2. Identify which of the following are basic types of health promotion activities. (Select all that apply.)
1. A billboard promoting abstinence to prevent sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies
2. A wellness assessment program
3. A nurse who models healthy lifestyle behaviors
4. A school of nursing that is holding a blood pressure fair

3. The nurse refers a new below-the-knee (BKA) amputation client to a support group for amputees. This is an
example of what type of prevention?
1. Primary
. Secondary
|\)
3. Tertiary
4. Terminal
4. The nurse is providing health education about injury and poisoning prevention to a group of young mothers at
a health fair. What type of prevention is the nurse conducting?
1. Primary prevention
3. Tertiary prevention
4. Limited prevention
5. A client had surgery for gastrointestinal problems and required a colostomy. What type of preventive care
would this client need at this stage?

82 CHAPTER 16/ Health Promotion
6. A community health nurse is teaching a group of older adults about self—examination techniques for breast and
testicular cancer. What type of health care prevention is the nurse teaching?
7. Which client would benefit from Pender’s health promotion model? (Select all that apply.)
1. An active 21—year-old client who does not smoke or drink alcohol
2. A 50-year-old client who exercises four times a week

3. A 32—year—old who has yearly breast exams and other routine health screenings
4. An overweight 29—year-old who engages in risky behaviors
8. A client has complete confidence that she has learned health behaviors that will enable her to maintain her
current health status by exercising three to five times a week, monitoring her dietary intake, and by no longer
engaging in risky behaviors. What stage of health behavior change is this client experiencing?
1. Maintenance
2. Action
3. Preparation
4. Termination
9. The client is attending Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings for support to assist in remaining sober. It is
anticipated that the client will remain in this group for several years. What stage of health behavior change is
this client experiencing?
1. Maintenance
2. Action
3. Preparation
4. Termination
10. Who is responsible for developing health promotion plans?
1. Physician
2. Family
3. Client
4. Nurse

CHAPTER 17
HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND ILLNESS
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Acute illness . Cause of a disease or condition
2. Adherence . When symptoms dis—appear
. A concept from social learning theory that nurses

U)
Chronic illness
can use to determine whether clients are likely to
4. Disease
take action regarding health
5. Etiology
. A subjective perception of vitality and feeling
6. Exacerbation well that can be described, experienced, and
measured
7. Health
. Refers to a person’s general way of living
8. Health behaviors
. Ways in which individuals describe, monitor,
9. Health beliefs
and interpret symptoms, take actions, and use the
10. Health status health care system
1 1. ! Illness . Characterized by symptoms of relatively short

duration
12. Illness behavior
. Characterized by symptoms that last for an
13. Lifestyle
extended period, usually 6 months or more
14. Locus of control
'. The extent to which an individual’s behavior
15. Remission coincides with medical or health advice
16. Risk factors I When symptoms reappear
17. _.,,# Well—being . Alteration in body functions resulting in a

reduction of capacities or a shortening of the
18. Wellness
normal life span
. A state of'well-being
. Concepts about health that an individual
believes are true
. A state of complete physical, mental, and

social well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity
. A highly subjective state that may or may not be

related to disease

84 CHAPTER 17/ Health, Wellness, and Illness
p. State of health of an individual at a given time r. The actions people take to understand their
health state, maintain an optimal state of health,
q. Practices that have potentially negative effects
prevent illness and injury, and reach their
on health
maximum physical and mental potential
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

. What is the difference between illness and disease?
Match the theorist with the correct theory of the stages and aspects of illness.
a. Parsons Outlined five stages of illness
b. Suchman Described four aspects of the sick role
How is a client’s usual pattern of behavior changed with illness or hospitalization?

@PONQV‘PE”
Explain the internal variables in biologic, psychological, and cognitive dimensions.

Explain the differences between well-being and wellness.
What are three external influences on health?
List the seven dimensions of wellness that Anspaugh, Hanrick, and Rosato proposed.
The causation ofa disease is called its
What are the four aspects of the sick role that Parson describes?
a.
b.
c.
d.
. Define the following.
a. Locus of control:
Exacerbation:
.57
llealth behaviors:
no
Health beliefs:
Health status:
:qorho
Acute illness:
Remission:
Risk factors:
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

l. How are health belief and behavior models useful in nursing? What are two models used for nursing?
2. How can nurses enhance health care adherence?
. Why do nurses have to be aware of their own personal definitions of health? How can that enhance their nurs-
ing practice?
. Explore the various theorists who have described stages and aspects of illness. How does Parson describe the
sick role?
CO 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 17/ Health, Wellness, and Illness 85
5. Illness affects the entire family. How can the nurse best explain the effects on the family to the significant oth-
ers ofthe ill person?
6. Describe the three elements of the Leavell and Clark agent—host—environment model of health and illness.
Discuss the model’s concept of illness prevention and wellness promotion.
CASE STUDY
A 52-year-old female with a family history of lung cancer requests information about smoking cessation. The client
admits that she smokes one pack per day and has smoked for approximately 32 years.
1. With consideration of the goals of Healthy People 2020. how can the nurse assist the client?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A client has severe arthritis, yet she still works 40 hours per week and takes care ofher family. This is an ex-
ample of which health model?
1. Clinical model
2. Adaptive model
3. Role performance model
4. Eudemonistic model
2. Which health model describes illness as a condition that prevents self-actualization?

1. Clinical model
2. Adaptive model
3. Role performance model
4. Eudemonistic model
3. Osteoporosis and autoimmune diseases are examples of what type of biologic dimension that influences a per-
son’s health?
1. Genetic makeup
2. Gender
3. Age
4. Developmental levels
4. During the first years of life. infants lack physiological and psychological maturity, so their defenses against
diseases are lower. This is an example of what type of biologic dimension that influences a person’s health?
1. Genetic makeup
2. Gender
3. Age
4. Developmental levels
5. The impact of illness on an individual may cause: (Select all that apply.)
1. The client to become dependent on the health care provider..
2. The client to have role changes within the family.
3. The client to become more outgoing and friendly.

4. The client’s self—esteem to greatly increase.

86 CHAPTER 17/ Health, Wellness, and Illness
6. A nursing student is instructing a female client on healthy lifestyle choices. What are the correct examples of
healthy lifestyle choices? (Select all that apply.)
1. Tobacco use of 1 pack per day

2. Exercising 3 to 4 days per week for 1 hour
3. Regular dental checkup
4. Seat belt use
7. A client who was obese has lost a large amount of weight in order to feel better about himself. What health
belief model could the nurse use to assist the client?
1. Health locus of control model
2. Rosenstock’s health belief model

3. Becker’s health belief model
4. Pender’s health belief model
8. A client reports that she has been practicing yoga for the past 2 years in order to reduce stress and increase
muscle flexibility. What part of wellness is this client participating in?
1. Physical and emotional

2. Physical and social
3. Social and emotional

4. Intellectual and emotional
9. The nurse is attempting to instruct a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the benefits ofnot
smoking, yet the nurse admits that she also smokes one pack a day. What might be a factor in the client’s re—
fusal to quit smoking at this time? V‘
l. The client is distressed about quitting the habit ofsmoking.
2. The nurse is not modeling healthy lifestyle choices.
3. The perceived benefits of not smoking are inconclusive at this time.

4. The client’s cultural heritage demands that he smoke two packs of cigarettes per day.
10. Diabetes mellitus is an example of:
1. Acute illness.
2. Adherence.
3. Chronic illness.
4. Exacerbation.

CHAPTER 18
CULTURALLY RESPONSIVE NURSING

CARE
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Acculturation , Refers to the fact or state of being different

Assimilation . Preconceived notion or judgment that is not
owwsewweww
Biomedical health belief

based on sufficient knowledge
# Cultural broker . Biomedical health beliefs
Cultural competence . The thoughts, communications, actions, customs,

beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic,
Culturally responsive care
religious, or social groups
Culture
. Things passed down from previous generations
Discrimination
. Beliefin the superiority ofonc’s own culture and
Diversity lifestyle
Ethnicity . Differential and negative treatment of individuals
Ethnocentrism on the basis of their race, ethnicity, gender, or
NNNN—a_._.._._.._.._.._t.—._.
other group membership

Folk medicine
WN??99°“9‘F”:‘>W.NE“
. Composed of people who have a distinct identity

Generalizations
and yet are related to a larger cultural group
_ Health disparities
‘. Holds that the forces of nature must be main—
Heritage tained in balance or illness results
Holistic health belief '. One who engages both parties effectively and
Magico-religious health belief efficiently in accessing the nuances and hidden
sociocultural assumptions embedded in each oth-
Nationality
er’s language
Prejudice
. Social and cultural characteristics as well as
Race ancestry
Racism . Beliefs and practices relating to illness and heal-

Religion ing that derive from cultural traditions rather than
from modern medicine’s scientific base
_,,fi Scientific health belief
.Based on the belief that life is controlled by
Subculture
physical and biochemical processes that can be
24 Transcultural nursing manipulated by humans

88 CHAPTER 18 / Culturally Responsive Nursing Care
. Differences in care experienced by one popula— ability and availability to work effectively within
tion compared with another population the cultural context of the patient (individual,
family, community)
. Statements about common cultural patterns
. Generally refers to the sovereign state or country
. Process by which an individual develops a new
where an individual has membership, which may
cultural identity
be through birth, through inheritance (parents),
. Relationship between individuals who believe or through naturalization
I.)
that they have distinctive characteristics that

. View in which health and illness are controlled
make them a group
by supernatural forces
A system of beliefs, practices, and ethical values
. Involuntary process occurs when people incorpo-
about divine or superhuman power worshipped
rate traits from another culture
as the creator and rulers of the universe
. Assumption held about racial groups that
Centered on the client’s cultural perspectives, in-
includes belief that races are inherently unequal
tegrating the client’s values, and beliefs into the
plan of care . Centered on client’s cultural perspectives,
integrating client’s values and beliefs into the
The ongoing process in which the health care
plan of care
professional continuously strives to achieve the
{KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. What is culture? How does it define health?
2 . The term refers to things passed down from previous generations,
3 . What is the purpose of the US. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), in terms of culture?
4. What is a goal of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in terms of culture?
5 . What is the purpose for the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NCMHD)?
6 . Describe what influence the Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health Across the United States
(REACH U.S.) program has on nursing care?
N
What is one of the goals of Healthy People 2020?
How does the National Healllicare Disparities Report influence current nursing practice?
Differentiate between culturally sensitive. culturally appropriate, and culturally competent care in professional
nursing.
is credited with creating the theory of culture care diversity and universality.
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

What are the core practice competencies of culturally competent nursing care?
What does the magico-religious health beliefview entail? Give an example.

5"???)
How do scientific or biomedical health beliefs differ from holistic health beliefs?
How does ethnocentrism differ from cultural beliefs?
Describe the LEARN model and the four Cs of culture used in cultural assessments.

CHAPTER 18 / Culturally Responsive Nursing Care 89
CASE STUDIES
1. While caring for an Asian client who became ill while visiting relatives in the United States, the nurse notices
an unusual bruised circular pattern on the trunk of the client.
a. If the nurse is culturally competent, what would be an appropriate comment?
b. If the nurse has xenophobia, what comment might the nurse make regarding the coining or cupping that
occurred?
c. Give an example of an ethnocentric statement from the nurse.
d. What nursing action would be considered discrimination?
2. A nurse is taking care ofa traditional Hispanic client on a medical—surgical unit following a laparotomy
appendectomy. Review Box 18—2 in the text for an overview of the health-related practices of different
cultures.
a. If the client does not return direct eye contact, is this indicative of a cultural difference or a result of a
“shitty,” evasive client?
b. The client’s family desires to spend as much time with him as possible, including staying after hours. How
does the nurse handle this situation?
c. The client does not want to take his preventive medication to prevent stress ulcers. He states that his life
and recovery status are in God’s hands, and that he “has no need of pharmaceutical medications.” What
action should the nurse take at this time?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The major factor contributing to the increased emphasis on the need for proficiency in cultural nursing
practice in the United States is which of the following?
1. An increasing birth rate

2. Increased access to health care services
3. Demographic changes
4. A decreasing rate of immigration
2. A client who has a French mother and an Italian father is described as having a(n) identification.
1. Bicultural
2. Diversity
3. Subculture
4. Acculturation
3. A client who is homosexual is described as having:

1. Biculturalism.
2. Acculturation.
3. Diversity.
4. Subculture.
5. Assimilation.

90 CHAPTER 18 / Culturally Responsive Nursing Care
4. The involuntary process of occurs when people adapt to or borrow traits from another culture.
1. Biculturalism
Acculturation
9.4;?!”
Diversity
Subculture
Assimilation
5. If a citizen of Japan permanently moves to America, then may occur when that individual becomes
an American citizen.
1. Biculturalism
2. Diversity
3. Assimilation
4. Subculture
5. Acculturation
6. A nurse caring for a Chinese client orders rice for every meal without consulting the client. What may the
nurse be displaying?
1. Prejudice
2. Discrimination.
3. Stereotyping.
4. Racism.
7. Using the HEALTH traditions model, which would be considered an example of spiritual and mental health?
1. Avoiding persons who can cause illnesses

2. Special foods and drinks
3. Acupuncture
4. Healing rituals
8. While caring for a Latin American client who cannot speak or understand English, the nurse recognizes that
she will need a(n) in order to care for the client.
1. Family member
2. Translator
3. Representative
4. Interpreter
9. While caring for a diverse cultural population, the nurse must recognize that cultural beliefs and behaviors
may lead to:
l. Stereotyping.
2. Ethnocentrism..
3. Placement of the nurse’s culture onto others.
4 . Being confused regarding the many values and beliefs of different cultures.

CHAPTER 18 / Culturally Responsive Nursing Care 91
10. Identify which nursing interventions would be beneficial when communicating with clients who have limited
knowledge of English. (Select all that apply.)
1. Use slang words, limited medical terminology, and no abbreviations.

2. Speak slowly, in a respectful manner, and at a normal volume.
3. Use nonverbal communication, which uses silence, touch, eye movement, facial expressions, and body
posture that is acceptable to that particular culture.
4. Ask a member of the client’s family, especially a child or spouse, to act as interpreter.
5. Address the client, not the interpreter.
l l. Campinha-Bacote’s model of cultural competence is based on a framework that integrates transcultural

nursing, medical anthropology, and multicultural counseling. Identify three of the five constructs of this model
of cultural competence.
1. Cultural awareness
Cultural appearance
9‘95“.“
Cultural desires
Cultural skills
Cultural experiences
(C) 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 19
COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE

HEALING MODALITIES
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Acupressure 14. Homeopathy
2 Acupuncture 15. Hypnotherapy
3 Allopathic medicine 16. Imagery

4 Alternative medicine 17. Massage therapy
5 Aromatherapy 18. Meditation
6. Ayurveda 19. Music therapy \J
7 Biofeedback 20. Naturopathic medicine
8 Biomedicine 21. Qigong
9 Chiropractic 22. Reflexology
10. Complementary medicine 23. T’ai chi
l l. 7 Guided imagery 24. Traditional Chinese medicine
12. _ Herbal medicine 25. wYoga

l3. _ Holism
Q 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. 92

CHAPTER 19/ Complementary and Alternative Healing Modalities 93
. Application of a trance state in which an 0. Discipline that combines physical fitness, medi-
individual’s concentration is focused and distrac- tation, and self-defense
tion is minimized
p. Health profession that believes that health is a
. Conventional or allopathic medicine state of balance, especially of the nervous and
musculoskeletal systems
. A self—healing system, assisted by small doses of
remedies or medicines q. Alternative medicine
. Therapies other than biomedicinc used to pro- r. System based on the premise that the body’s qi
mote health and wellness circulates through pathway meridians and can be
accessed and manipulated
7. Therapeutic use of essential oils of plants in
which the odor or fragrance plays a key role s. General term for a practice that involves relaxing
the body and easing the mind
. Use of music to induce relaxation or distract
clients t. The belief that people are more than physical
bodies, that the combined mental, emotional,
. Technique of applying pressure or stimulation to
spiritual, relationship, and environmental com-
specific points on the body using needles
ponents play a crucial role in a person’s health
. Chinese discipline consisting of breathing and
u. A state of focused attention that encourages
mental exercises combined with body movement
changes in attitudes, behavior, and physiological
'. System of medicine that emphasizes the interde— reactions
pendence of the health of the individual and the
v. A system of medicine and way of life that em-
quality of societal life
phasizes client responsibility, client education,
‘. Scientific manipulation of the soft tissues of the health maintenance, and disease prevention
body
w. Technique of applying pressure or stimulation to
. Form of acupressure commonly performed on specific points on the body using finger pressure
the feet
x. A two-way communication between the con-
. The use of plants in treating illness scious and unconscious mind that involves the
whole body and all of its senses
.Method for life that includes ethical models for
behavior and mental and physical exercises y. Western medicine
aimed at producing spiritual enlightenment
. Method by which a person can learn to control

certain physiological responses of the body
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. is the combination of mental, emotional, spiritual, relationship, and environmental factors.
2. What is the mission of the American Holistic Nurses Association (AHNA)?
3. How can the nurse create a healing environment in health care?
4. identify three methods of self-healing for nurses.
a.
b.
C.

94 CHAPTER 19/ Complementary and Alternative Healing Modalities
. Identify which of the following are manual methods of healing: (Select all that apply.)
a. Massage V
b. Meditation
Hypnotherapy
.0
d. Chiropractic
6. Hand-mediated biotield therapies

f. Aromatherapy
is viewed as the force that integrates the body, mind, and spirit, and connects everything.
What is the third largest independent health profession in the Western world after conventional medicine and
dentistry?
Match the type of prayer with its correct definition.
a. Intercessory prayer _ No specific outcome is requested during prayer time
b. Nondirected prayer __ An informal talk with God—like talking with a good friend
0. Ritual prayer ‘ Individual who is praying asks for a specific outcome
d. Colloquial prayer _ Asking God for things for oneself or others
e. Directed prayer _ The use of formal prayers or rituals such as prayers from a prayer
book or Jewish siddur
f. Meditation prayer Contemplative prayer
What are the contraindications for magnetic therapy and, on principle, does this therapy work? \_/'
10. Describe chelation therapy and how it works in the body.
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Discuss the six concepts that are common to most alternative practices.
. Describe the different mind—body therapies and the benefits ofeach.
What issues arise with animal-assisted therapies in health care? Describe the benefits of animal-assisted
therapy.
Differentiate between conventional medicine, biomedicine, allopathic methods, and alternative or complemen-
tary medicines.
How are herbs used in medicine? What are some nursing guidelines for herbs used in conjunction with
over—the—counter (OTC) medications?
Differentiate between mindebody therapies and manual healing methods.

CHAPTER 19/ Complementary and Alternative Healing Modalities 95
CASE STUDIES
1. The nurse is conducting the initial assessment interview for Roberta Sinclair, a 72-year-old female,
a. What type of questions should the nurse ask to investigate Ms. Sinclair’s use of complementary and alter—
native therapies?
2. Gabe Santos, a 57-year-old client, is admitted to the hospital with uncontrolled hypertension. Mr. Santos states
that he takes his antihypertension medication as directed, exercises, and watches his sodium intake. Mr. Santos
also reports taking an enteric-coated aspirin daily. However, Mr. Santos states he has noted more bruising than
usual lately. Refer to the “Practice Guidelines” in the text to answer the following questions.
a. Which popular herbal preparations could interfere with Mr. Santos’s current medication regimen?
c. Which additional complementary and alternative healing modalities might the nurse suggest to Mr. Santos
to help treat his hypertension?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Concepts that are common to most alternative practices include: (Select all that apply.)
1. Holism.
2. Balance.
3. Spirituality.
4. Prescription medications.
5 . Technology and instrumentation.
2. What is the name of the system ofmedicine that emphasizes client responsibility, client education, health
maintenance, and disease prevention?
1. Naturopathic medicine
2. Nutritional medicine
3. Homeopathic medicine
4. Chiropractic medicine
3. What nursing action is most correct regarding the use of alternative and complementary therapies?
1. Recommend hydrotherapy for the older adult clients.
2. Recommend colonies for clients with Crohn’s disease.
3. Encourage the client to discuss the use of herbs, teas, vitamins, or other natural products.
4. Encourage the client in using alternative therapies, such as acupuncture and yoga.
4. The nurse suggests to a client with osteoarthritis to participate in Pilates. What are the benefits of Pilates for
this client?
1. It will give the client an activity to perform to lessen boredom.
2. It encourages a spiritual connection.
3. It may improve flexibility andjoint health, and relieve muscle aches.
4 . It cleanses the colon and promotes a healthy feeling.

96 CHAPTER 19 / Complementary and Alternative Healing Modalities
5. Which of the following therapies stimulates the production of catecholamines, hormones, and endorphins? It
can be used in establishing relationships, relieving tension and anxiety, and even facilitating learning.
1. Music therapy
2. Hypnotherapy
3. Guided imagery therapies
4. Humor and laughter therapy
6. The American Holistic Nurses Association and an organization called “Beyond Ordinary Healing” offer a
nurses’ certificate program in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).. After successfully passing the
certification, what is the nurse certified to perform?
1. Music therapy
2. Hypnotherapy
3. Guided imagery therapies
4. Humor and laughter therapy
7. What do meditation, biofeedback, and guided imagery have in common?
1. The process of physical resting and rhythmic breathing

2. The process of physical activity and music therapy
3. The process of relaxation and sleep
4. The process of utilizing aromatherapy
8. Which of the following genres of music are used to induce relaxation and distract clients from pain?
1. Rap music
2. Opera music
3. Piano and flute melody playing quietly
4. Country music with yodeling
9. A client is on complete bed rest and complains of back pain from lying “in the bed all the time.” What is a
nursing intervention that uses a nonpharmacologic method to ease the discomfort? (Select all that apply.)
Administering a dose of morphine for pain

95":‘>.W!\’T‘
Assisting the client to a bedside chair

Giving the client a back massage
Instructing the client that the health care provider will see him tomorrow night
Using music that contains no words
Instructing the client in guided imagery

CHAPTER 20
CONCEPTS OF GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Accommodation 14. Id
2. Adaptation 15. Libido
3 Adaptive mechanisms 16. Maturation

4 Assimilation 17. Moral
5 Attachment 18. Moral behavior
6. _m __ Cognitive development 19. Moral development
7 Defense mechanisms 20. Morality
8 Development 21. Personality
9 Developmental stages 22. Superego

10. Developmental task 23. Temperament
1 1. Ego 24. Unconscious mind
12. ____ Fixation

13. Growth

98 CHAPTER 20 / Concepts of Growth and Development
a. Arises at a certain period in the life of an indi- rn. Relating to right and wrong
vidual, successful achievement of which leads to
11. Inability of the personality to proceed to the next
success with later tasks
stage because of anxiety
b. Resides in the unconscious, and seeks immediate
. Theory that proposes that life is a series of levels
pleasure and gratification
of achievement
c. Contains the conscience
. Process through which humans encounter and
d. The way in which individuals respond to their react to new situations by using the mechanisms
external and internal environments they already possess
e. The way a person perceives the requirements of . Adaptive mechanisms

living in society and responds to them
Process of change whereby cognitive processes
The pattern of change in moral behavior with age mature sufficiently to allow the person to solve
7'7
problems that were unsolvable before

. The manner in which people learn to think
D‘O‘Q
Ability to handle demands made by the

. The outward expression of the inner self
environment
. The result of conflicts between the id’s impulses
. The realistic part of the person
and the anxiety created by the conflicts due to
social and environmental restrictions . Physical change and increase in size
j. A process of differentiation and refining of . Lasting, strong emotional bond

abilities and skills
. An increase in the complexity of function and
k. The part of a person’s mental life of which the skill progression
person is unaware
X. Underlying motivation to human development
l. Refers to the requirements necessary for people
to live together in society
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. What is meant by the term growth? What indicators of growth are used?
2. Define development.
3. List four factors that influence growth and development.

a
b.
c.
d.
4. What is meant by psychosocial development?
Sigmund Freud introduced a number of concepts about development. What are the major concepts in his
Ur
theory? Define the terms used in his theory.
Describe social learning theory.

99°F]?
Describe Kohlberg’s theory on moral development.
What does the behaviorist learning theory emphasize?

Which two theorists describe stages of spiritual development or faith? Describe their concepts in depth.

CHAPTER 20 / Concepts of Growth and Development 99
10. Define the following terms:
3. Accommodation
b. Adaptation
c. Assimilation
d. Developmental task
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. What is the definition of personality? Why is it hard to define?
Describe Erik Erikson’s stages of development.
QMEP’N
What are Freud’s five stages of development?

Describe the moral theories of Kohlberg and Gilligan.
Describe Piaget’s phases of cognitive development.

Describe the concept of temperament and its relationship to growth and development.
CASE STUDY
The nurse is caring for a 6-month—old infant at a well-child clinic. Using Piaget’s phases of cognitive development,
answer the following questions:
I. What primary abilities will the infant use in this phase of cognitive development?
2. Describe the significant behavior noted in this phase of cognitive development.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. In which direction does growth and development occur from birth if it starts from the head and moves to the
trunk, the legs, and the feet?
I. Proximodistal direction
2. Simple to complex direction

3. Peripheral to medial direction
4. Cephalocaudal direction
2. The nurse prepares to give an antibiotic injection to a 3-year-old child who has an infection. When the child
views the nurse with a needle, he begins to cry and say “no-no” while reaching for his mother. According to
Piaget’s phases of cognitive development, what stage/phase is the toddler experiencing?
1. Primary circular phase
2. Concrete operations phase
3. Preconceptual phase
4. Initiative versus guilt phase

100 CHAPTER 20/ Concepts of Growth and Development
3. While caring for a 72-year—old client, the nurse suspects that the client may be experiencing depression when
the client states that he feels like he is “falling apart because of age.” According to Robert Peck’s theory
regarding adult development, what task is the client struggling with?
1. Ego differentiation versus work-role perception

2. Body transcendence versus body preoccupation
3. Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation
4. Integrity versus despair
4. A school nurse is teaching high school students about sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy preven-
tion in a health education course. According to Havighurst’s age periods and developmental tasks, why is this
the appropriate age to introduce this discussion?
1. Adolescents are achieving new and more mature relations with their peers and are trying to assert their
independence.
2. Adolescents are finding a congenial social group and selecting mates.

3. Adolescents are developing a conscience, morality, and a set of values.
4. Adolescents are establishing satisfactory affiliations with one’s age group.
5. A pregnant adolescent client tells the nurse that abortion is wrong, and that it is for this reason the client
decided to continue her pregnancy. What concept does the adolescent’s comment reflect?
l. Morals
2. Spirituality
3. Religion
4. Psychological development
6. The nurse is exploring activities that would enhance an older adult client’s retirement, per the client’s request.
Which theorist would explain this type of adult development?
1. Freud
2. Piaget
3. Kohlberg
4. Peck
7. According to Gould’s study, which is the best example of stage 4?

l. A 19-year—old leaving for college
2. A 25-year-old in the military
3. A 30—year—old graduate student

4. A 65—year-old retired schoolteacher
8. A 26—year-old female client makes the statement that she realizes that she has been selfish in her life and she
needs to “do more” for her aging parents. According to Carol Gilligan’s research, what stage of moral
development is the client in?
1. Stage 1
2. Stage 2
3. Stage 3
4. Stage 4

CHAPTER 2 l
PROMOTING HEALTH FROM CONCEPTION

THROUGH ADOLESCENCE
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Amblyopia 13. Menarche
2 Apgar scoring system 14. Myopic
3 Apocrine glands 15. Primary sexual characteristics

4 Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST-H) 16. Puberty
5 Embryonic phase 17. Repression
6. _ Emmetropic 18. _ Sebaceous glands

7 19. Secondary sexual characteristics
Failure to thrive
8 Fetal phase 20. Separation anxiety
9 Hyperopic 21. Stereognosis

10. Identification 22. Strabismus
11. Introjection 23. Teratogen
12. Lanugo 24. Vernix caseosa

102 CHAPTER 21 / Promoting Health From Conception Through Adolescence
. Occurs when the child perceives self as similar to another 0. Standardized test used to screen
person and behaves like that person development of children from birth to
6 years of age
. Fine downy hair that covers the body of the fetus
p. First stage of adolescence
. Occurs in the second and third trimester of pregnancy
q. Anything that adversely affects normal
. Onset of menstruation
cellular development in the embryo or
Differentiate male from female but not directly related to fetus
reproduction
r. Eight-week period during which the
Provides a numeric indicator of the baby’s physiological fertilized ovum develops into an organ-
capacities to adapt to extrauterine life ism with most of the features of the hu—
man
g. Protective covering that develops over the fetal skin
s. Seerete sebum
h. Failure to establish normal neuropathways of vision that
leads to reduced visual acuity in one eye t. Organs necessary for reproduction
. Ability to identify an unseen object by touch u. Cross eye
A condition in which the infant shows substandard growth v. Assimilation of the attributes of others
and development into oneself
. The ability of the eye to refract light normally w. Farsighted
Fear and frustration that comes with parental absences x. Nearsighted
Release sweat onto the skin in response to emotional

stimuli only
. Removing experiences, thoughts, and impulses from

awareness
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. How long does prenatal development last?
are the three periods of pregnancy that last about months.
3. Identify the trimester and/0r phases of fetal development and describe what is taking place with the fetus dur—
ing that time.
a.
b.
C.
4. What are the five maternal factors that contribute to higher risks of low-birth-weight babies?
a
b.
e.
d.
C.
5. Birth weight by the month and 77‘ by the month.
6. For the infant, how does cognitive development occur?

CHAPTER 21 / Promoting Health From Conception Through Adolescence 103
List three milestones that toddlers develop between ages 12 months to 3 years.
a.
b.
c.
According to Erickson, what task are preschoolers, ages 4 to 5, engaged in?
In the school-age period the skills learned are particularly important in relation to work later in life and the
willingness to try new tasks.
a. True
b. False
10. Choose the major landmarks of the adolescent period. (Select all that apply.)
a. Rapid growth in height

b. Deciduous teeth are shed
c. Sexual maturity
d. Increasing dependence on the family
e. Leading causes of death are motor vehicle crashes, homicides, suicides, and other unintentional injuries
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

. Why is it important for the nurse to know the normal developmental tasks for each age group?
Identify nursing activities to assess and promote health of the fetus and the developmental milestones, noting
the average time of occurrence.
. Identify nursing activities to assess and promote health of the toddler and the developmental milestones, not—
ing the average time of occurrence.
Identify nursing activities to assess and promote health of the preschooler and the developmental milestones,
noting the average time of occurrence.
Identify nursing activities to assess and promote health of the adolescent and the developmental milestones,
noting the average time of occurrence.
Describe how vision changes from infancy to adulthood.
CASE STUDIES
1. The nurse is discussing infant growth and development with the parents of a newborn. The nurse discusses
several reflexes that are found in the normal neonate.
a. What reflex disappears after 8 months of age?
b. If the Babinski reflex persists after 1 year and remains positive, what does that indicate?
2. The mother ofa 15—year-old girl is talking with the pediatric nurse and says, “I don’t know what is wrong with
my daughter. She was always such a good kid, but now she talks back, only wants to be with her friends, and
won’t participate in family activities.”
a. What explanation might the nurse give this mother to explain the adolescent’s behavior?
b. What anticipatory guidance will the nurse provide this mother to prepare her for future changes she is likely
to see in her daughter?

104 CHAPTER 21 / Promoting Health From Conception Through Adolescence
3. The nurse is performing an Apgar score on a newborn who has been born via cesarean section. The newborn’s
heart rate is 110 beats/min and respirations are regular. The newborn is crying and active. The newborn’s skin
color is pink, except for the extremities, which are blue in color.
a. At what time(s) will the nurse perform the Apgar score?

b. What is the newborn’s current Apgar score?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The nurse is instructing a group of pregnant women about ways to reduce the risks of birth defects. Which of
the following statements indicates a need for further instruction and/or clarification?
1. “It is okay for me to use the sauna at the health club but not the hot whirlpool bath.”
2. “I should continue taking the folic acid my health care provider prescribed prior to the confirmation of my
pregnancy.”
3. “I need to stop smoking and try to avoid secondhand smoke.”
4. “I should stop drinking alcohol while I am pregnant.”
2. A 10-year-old client has terminal cancer. What does the nurse expect to be the normal concept of death at this age?
1. There is no concept of death at this age.
2. Death only happens to old people.
3. The dead can return, much like a family member returns from a trip.
4. Death is a final and inevitable outcome of life.
3. The most common health risk occurring in today’s environment for school—age children is:
1. Falls.
2. Obesity.
3. Colic.
4. Unprotected sex.
4. A woman who is approximately 5 months pregnant tells the nurse that she is beginning to feel a fluttering in
her lower abdomen. She is worried that she is having a miscarriage. Based on the nurse’s knowledge of
prenatal development. what is the best response by the nurse?
1. “Is your back hurting bad?”

2. “Fetal movements may be felt around 5 months by the mother.”
3. “Fetal movements start around 3 months and mothers may feel the movement.”
4. “Fetal movement begins at 8 months and you may be feeling that movement.”
5. The Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST-ll) measures the abilities ofa child compared to those of
an average group ofchildren ofthe same age. What are the areas of development screened? (Select all that
apply.)
1. Growth and weight
2 . Personal—social development
3 . Fine motor adaptive development

4. Language
5. Gross motor skills
6 . Fine motor skills

CHAPTER 21 / Promoting Health From Conception Through Adolescence 105
6. A teenage mother questions the nurse about Why her “newborn baby’s head is dented and pointed.” The
nurse’s best response is:
1. “His head is dented and pointy looking, almost like an eraser.”
2. “This is a normal process and the head shape will return to normal in 6 months.”
3. “The head will return to a normal shape in approximately 1 week. The baby’s head is often misshapen
because molding occurs during vaginal deliveries.”
4. “He looks deformed. I will get a health care provider to check him immediately.”
7. While conducting a newborn assessment, the nurse notes that the newborn baby has a positive Babinski reflex.
How does the nurse elicit the Babinski reflex?
1. By holding the baby upright so the feet touch a flat surface~the legs move up and down as if walking
2. By touching the side ofthe cheek, thus causing the baby’s head to turn to the touched side
3. By stroking the sole of the foot and observing the big toe rising and the other toes fanning out
4. By placing an object just beneath the toes that causes the tees to curl around it
8. While working with a pediatric health care provider, a nurse is often questioned about when to begin toilet
training. What is the appropriate response by the nurse that indicates when a toddler is ready for toilet train-
ing?
1. The toddler stands and walks well and recognizes the need for elimination.
2. The toddler cannot delay elimination consistently.
3. The toddler is still crawling.
4. The toddler is 12 months or older.
9. The nurse is caring for an adolescent client. Which statement would encourage the best communication for
this age group?
1. “We need to discuss this situation with your parents.”

2. “Read this article and it will answer all of your questions.”
3. “Watch this cartoon about your problem.”
4. “You are the fifth teenager this week to have these same issues.”
10. Parents ofa newborn boy insist that their son be circumcised on the 8th day after his birth. This is an example
ofa cultural religious ritual practiced in Judaism. What should the nurse do regarding the circumcision?
1. Perform it on the second day ot‘birth per routine orders.

2. Notify the health care provider of the parents” request and obtain further orders.
3. Take no action at this time.
4. Inform the parents that circumcision is not allowed in the United States.

CHAPTER 22
PROMOTING HEALTH IN YOUNG AND

MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Baby boomers a. When menstruation ceases
2. Boomerang b. Concern for establishing and guiding the next generation

kids
c. Andropause
3' Climacteric d. Born in years 1945—1964
4' Generation X e. Born in years 196571978
5' Generation Y f. Screening examination of cells from the uterine cervical os
6' GeneratiVity g. Born in years 1979—2000
7' Intimacy h. Young adults who move back into their parents’ homes after an initial pe—
8. Maturity riod of independence
9. Menopause i. State of maximal function and integration

10, Papanicolaou j. Very close friendship
(Pap) test
CC) 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. 106

CHAPTER 22/ Promoting Health in Young and Middle-Aged Adults 107
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. How is adulthood categorized, and what are the age ranges?
2. What three distinct generations are included in adulthood?
a.
b.
C.
Health risks for young adults are related to and

99:58“
is the state of maximal function and integration, or the state of being fully developed.
is defined as the concern for establishing and guiding the next generation.
According to Havighurst, what are four developmental tasks for middle-aged adults?
a.
b.
c.
d.
7. What are two health threats that begin to affect persons in middle age?
a.
b.
8. The mystery of life, of faith, and ofbelief in God is explored actively by some young adults.
a. True b. False
9. Erikson’s developmental task for the middle adult is
10. What are four psychosocial concerns for young adults?
a.
b.
c.
d.
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. What are common health problems in young adults?
2. What sexually transmitted infections (STls) are prevalent among young adults?
3. What is the definition of adulthood? What are the criteria to determine this state?
4. Define the following terms: baby boomers, Generation X, Generation Y, intimacy. maturity.
5. Compare and contrast menopause and andropause.
6. Compare and contrast the various generational groups.

108 CHAPTER 22 / Promoting Health in Young and Middle—Aged Adults
CASE STUDY
1. Mary and Lou are both 29 years old, employed, and have been married for 2 years. Lou has been going out
with friends several nights a week to drink alcohol.
a. What health problem could Lou be at risk for, especially since Mary reported to you that he has been stay-
ing out late and arrives home with alcohol on his breath?
b. How can the nurse help Mary, Lou, and their families in dealing with this concern?
0. What other resources might help the couple resolve their other issues?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the leading cause of death for individuals 1 to 44 years of age?
1. Suicide
2. Cancer
3. STls
4. Unintentional injury
. “Boomerang kids” are young adults who have moved back into their parents’ homes. What are the associated
factors that influence these moves?
1. High divorce and unemployment rates

2. Fear of intimacy
3. Lack of supervision
4. Request from parents that the children return
. Which population group of young adults has the highest incidence of hypertension?
1. Native American
2. Hispanic American
3. African American
4. Caucasian American
. While lecturing a group of young male adults, the nurse discusses the most common neoplasm in men ages 20
to 34. What type of cancer is the nurse instructing the group on?
1. Testicular cancer
2. Lung cancer
3. Kidney cancer
4. Prostate cancer
. A 47-year—old female states that she is very hot and breaking out in a sweat, has insomnia, and seems to be
gaining weight. What should the nurse consider as a contributory cause for the reported symptoms?
1. Climacteric
2. Menopause
3. Breast cancer
4. Poor diet
© 2016 by Pearson Education. Inc.

CHAPTER 22/ Promoting Health in Young and Middle-Aged Adults 109
6. The nurse is caring for a 46-year-old female complaining of gaining weight. She wants to know why she has
trouble losing weight now. What are leading causes of obesity in middle—aged adults?
1. Decreased physical and metabolic activities

2. Increase in caloric need
3. Lack of time to exercise
4. Unknown at this time
7. During an admission assessment, a client reports that she is very active in civic groups and works at a local
homeless soup kitchen. This is an appropriate psychosocial developmental milestone for which group?
1. Middle—aged adults
2. Young adults
3. Older adults
4. Adolescents
8. What comment would be indicative of a young adult client meeting one of the psychosocial development tasks?
I. “I go to my parents’ house for lunch every day.”
2. “I am headed in the right direction; I am due for a promotion soon.”
3. “I never go out at night. I don’t have any friends.”
4. “I never see my family.”
9. Ifa client was born in 1963, which generation would that client be identified with?
1. Generation X
2. Generation Y
3. Baby boomer
4. Boomerang kid
10. What concept best describes generativity?
1. The concern for establishing and guiding the next generation

2. The discrimination against an individual based on the individual’s age
3. The differences of opinion among various generations
4. The concern for one’s own generation
1 I. What psychosocial developmental concepts are true regarding the middle—aged adult? (Select all that apply.)
1. The adult is in the generativity versus stagnation phase of Erikson’s stage of development.
2. The adult has leisure activities as a central theme.

3. The adult moves from the conventional level to the postconventional level according to Kohlberg.
4. The adult feels the need to achieve adult civic and social responsibility.
5 . The adult is adjusting to aging parents.
10 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 23
PROMOTING HEALTH IN OLDER ADULTS
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Activity theory . Recent memory
2. Adult day care . Progressive loss of cognitive function
Ageism x Spontaneous fractures

(A)
Alzheimer’s disease . Associated with the medical care of older adults
Assisted living *. Stooping posture

U]
Cataracts Daytime programs that provide health and social services to the older
individual who lives at home
H, Continuity theory
. Lens opacity that impairs vision
_ Dementia
h. A condition characterized by progressive dementia, memory loss, in-
_ Disengagement theory ability to care for self
Dyspnea Proposes that individuals maintain their values, habits, and behavior
. E-health in old age
Geriatrics Momentary perception of stimuli from the environment

. Steady decrease in muscle fibers
Gerontology
Repository for information stored for periods longer than 72 hours
Hypothermia
. Body temperature below normal
7 Kyphosis
. Difficulty breathing
Long—term memory
. Used to describe the use oftechnology in the delivery of health care
Osteoporosis
and health information
Pathologic fractures
. Activities in the past few minutes to hours
Perception
. The best way to age is to stay active physically and mentally, accord-
Presbycusis ing to Havighurst
Presbyopia Inability to focus due to loss offlexibility ofthe lens, causing de—
creased near vision
Recent memory
. A situation in which older adults who do not feel safe living on their
Sarcopenia
own live in a facility that provides meals, activities, and opportunities
Sensory memory for socialization
w Short-term memory Term used to define the study of aging and older adults
@ 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. 110

CHAPTER 23/ Promoting Health in Older Adults 111
u. Describes negative attitudes toward ag- w. Proposes that aging involves mutual withdrawal between older per—
ing or older adults son and others in the older person’s environment
v. Loss of hearing ability related to aging x. Ability to interpret the environment

y. A pathologic decrease in bone density
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

Why are individuals living longer in today’s world?
By the mid-21st century in the United States, the population is projected to outnumber
[\J
individuals.
What category ofthe aging population is the fastest growing of all the age groups in the country?
Fill in the correct data in the blanks.
a. The young—old are to years old.
b. Old— are 7 7 to years old.

e. Centenarians are over years old.
What are the two new Healthy People 2020 objectives for older adults?
a.
b.
Disease is an outcome of aging.
a. True b. False
Ageism is a term that celebrates aging within a population or group.

a. True b. False
Many older adults consider faith, and they display a high level of spirituality.
a. True b. False
is a term used to define the study of aging and older adults. is associated with the medical care of
older adults.
10. Describe gerontological nursing. How do gerontological nurses obtain certification? What degrees are needed to practice
as a nurse in this field?
11. What is the objective of long-term care facilities? What types of care are included in long—term care facilities?
12. Describe Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and explain Why specialized units are necessary for patients with AD.
13. What are the three hypotheses ol‘ the wear—and—tear theory of aging?
a.
b.
C.
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

What are the physical changes to the integumentary system associated with aging?
What are the physical changes to the gastrointestinal system associated with aging?
What are positive health practices that can promote health and wellness for all adults?
What are the common biologic theories of aging? Which one do you agree with and Why?

112 CHAPTER 23/ Promoting Health in Older Adults
5. Review health problems associated with the older adults and list those concerns
6. Differentiate between presbycusis and presbyopia. What are some nursing interventions that may be implemented when
caring for clients with these conditions?
7. Describe how the normal aging process may affect the older adult’s nutritional status. What are some nursing interventions
that promote adequate nutrition in the older adult?
CASE STUDY
1. A retired 90-year-old client lives alone in a rural town. Her children live in various states nearby and lead busy lives.
The client insists that she is satisfied with her life. The church that she attends drives her to and from services and
her friends visit her daily. Her children believe that their mother is depressed and needs medication, so they take her
to a geriatric nurse practitioner.
a. What age category of the aging population is this client currently in?
b. What is the myth of aging that the client’s children are subscribing to? What is the reality?
C. According to Erikson, what developmental task occurs at this phase?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. An 84-year-old client complains of reduced visual acuity and the presence of glaring around objects. On physical
exam, the nurse notices lens opacity. What is the term for this common vision disturbance in the older adult?
1. Presbyopia
2. Cataracts
3. Glaucoma
4. Presbyeusis
2. Identify the normal findings of an older adult client’s cardiovascular system. (Select all that apply.)
1. The working capacity of the heart diminishes with age.

The heart rate at rest may increase with age.
9.4;?!“
The response of the heart rate is slower when responding to stressors.

Arterial elasticity is reduced.
The client may have orthostatic hypotension whenever he or she stands up suddenly.
3. The client reports that she attends a knitting class at the senior citizen center at least three times a week. What psy—
chosocial aging theory would explain this activity?
1. Continuity theory
2. Activity theory
3. Disengagement theory
4. Growth and developmental theory
4. A caregiver for a client with Alzheimer’s disease states that she has to attend a conference in another state. She re-
quests information about how arrangements could be made for her mother’s care during that time. What place could
the nurse suggest?
I. Nursing home
2 . Assisted living facility
3. Adult day care

4 . Home health care

CHAPTER 23/ Promoting Health in Older Adults 113
5. What is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among older adult clients?
1. Motor vehicle crashes

2. Drownings
3. Falls
4. Homicides
6. What is the largest—growing population in the United States today?
1. Newborns
2. Adolescents
3. Middle-aged adults
4. Older adults
7. Based on your knowledge of older adult mistreatment, which of the following statements are true? (Select all that apply.)
1. It may affect either gender equally.

2. The abuse may involve physical, psychological, or emotional abuse.
3. Older adults may be beaten and raped by family members or health care workers.
4. Older adult abuse rarely occurs in private settings.
8. The nurse is planning health care interventions for an older adult client who has a nursing diagnosis of“risk for con-
stipation related to complete bed rest/administration of pain medication/sedatives.” Which of the following is the
priority nursing intervention?
1. Include adequate roughagc and liquids in the diet.
2. Assess risk factors for older adult abuse.

3. Obtain weight ofthe client daily.
4. Keep side rails of the client’s bed up at all times.
9. What does the endocrine theory of aging propose?
1. The faster an organism lives, the quicker it dies.

2. An organism is genetically programmed for a predetermined number ofcell divisions, and then
the cells die.
3. The immune system declines with age.
4. The hypothalamus and pituitary are responsible for changes in hormone production and response, then the organ—
ism’s decline.
10. While caring for an older adult client with osteoporosis, the nurse is instructing the client and family on fall preven-
tion measures to take at home. Which measures should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.)
1. Remove throw rugs.

2. Wear sturdy, rubber—soled shoes.
3. Place safety bars in the bathroom.

4. Remove all carpet and keep floors waxed.
5 . Change position slowly to prevent orthostatie hypotension.

CHAPTER 24
PROMOTING FAMILY HEALTH
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Ecomap a. A basic unit of society
2. Extended famfly b. Family structure of parents and their offspring

Family c. Nursing that considers the health of the family unit in addition to the health of the
individual family members
Family-centered
nursing d. Relatives of the nuclear family
Genogram e. Provides _ visual representation of how the family unit interacts with the external
community
Nuclear famil
y f. Visual representations of gender and lines of birth descent through the generations
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

. The is a basic unit of society.
A is a set ofinteracting, identifiable parts or components.
Nurses are increasingly using to understand not only biological systems but also systems in fami-
lies, communities, and nursing and health care.
What is the purpose ofa family assessment?
One of the greatest stressors on a two—career family is
Employment ofa _will help the nurse visualize how all family members are genetically related to each other
and to grasp how patterns of chronic conditions are present Within a family unit.
Of all types ofhouseholds, about million are single-parent families, and this number continues to increase;
million ofthese families are headed by women and million by men.
Describe four stressors ofsingle parenthood:
a.
b.
c.
d.
is the mechanism by which seine of the output of a system is returned to the system as input.
The focuses on family structure and function. The structural component of the theory addresses the
membership of the family and the relationships among family members,

CHAPTER 24 / Promoting Family Health 115
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Define, compare, and contrast the following terms: nuclear family, extended family, traditional family.
2. Discuss how family communications influence families. What happens when that communication does not correctly flow
among family members?
3. The incidence of family violence has increased in recent years. What factors have influenced this increase?
4. How do sociologic factors and poverty influence the different types of families?
5. Review the various theories used when dealing with family health.
6. Define cohabiting families. What are the reasons for cohabiting?
CASE STUDY
1. A client presents to the emergency department with injuries that are suspiciously related to common patterns of physical
abuse. The client reports that she “fell down several stairs while going to the basement.” The client’s husband is present
and seems unwilling to leave the client’s bedside.
a. What would be the best interventions by the nurse in this situation?
b. What should the nurse be observing during the interactions between herself, the client, and the spouse?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A nurse is reviewing data gathered from a family assessment. The single mother of two children has been treated several
times for drug overdose and has a history of substance abuse. What nursing diagnoses would be appropriate for this family
based on this information? (Select all that apply.)
1. Interrupted Family Processes
2. Readiness for Enhanced Family Coping
3, Impaired Parenting
4. Caregiver Role Strain
2. The client has a history of diabetes in her family as identified by a detailed nursing health history. This data is identified as
what type of risk for health problems?
1. Maturity factors
2. Hereditary factors
3. Gender or race factors
4. Lifestyle factors
3. In an effort to try to minimize or prevent the causes of some diseases and disabilities, the nurse is instructing a client on the
need for exercise, stress management, and rest. On which area is the nurse focusing his or her instruction?
1. Maturity factors
2. Hereditary factors
3. Gender or race factors

4 . Lifestyle factors
4. A 6-year—old client has been living with her grandparents. The client’s parents are unable to care for the client because of
substance abuse. What type of family unit does this client belong to?
1. Foster family
2, Traditional family

116 CHAPTER 24 / Promoting Family Health
3. Intragenerational family
4. Cohabiting family
5. Which concept is assessed when the nurse is observing the ways the family expresses affection, love, sorrow, and anger?
1. Family structure
2. Physical health status
3. Interaction patterns
4. Family roles and functions
6. Which concept is assessed when the nurse is evaluating how the family members handle stressful situations and conflicting
goals?
1. Coping resources
2. Family values
3. Interaction patterns
4. Family roles and functions
7. What are the late manifestations of family violence?
1. Depression, alcohol and substance abuse, and suicide attempts
2. Burns, cuts, fractures, and death
3. Alcohol and substance abuse and fractures
4. No differentiation from early manifestations
8. The nurse who is committed to family—centered care will do which of the following while caring for a client who is being
treated for cancer?
1. Ensure that the client understands the disease and treatment, leaving details out to avoid upsetting the client.
2. Ensure that the client and family members understand the disease, treatment, and other matters related to the diagnosis
of cancer.
3. Ensure assessment of how the radiation treatments are affecting the client’s skin.
4. Ensure that the primary care provider understands how the treatment is affecting the family unit.
9. Who does the nurse evaluate when planning health care for family care?
1. Family and community

2. Individual and family
3. Communities, political values, and families
4. Families, individuals, and community
10. The school nurse promotes health of the entire family by presenting what type ofprograms to the third—grade students?
I. Hand washing to prevent infection
2. Impact of truancy on education
3. Personal hygiene
4. Treatment for head lice
5. Need for maintaining immunization schedule

CHAPTER 25
CARING
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Aesthetic knowing a. Involves connections, mutual recognition, and involvement between

nurse and client
Caring
8.091593!”
. Moral awareness
Caring practice
Creative action
Empirical knowing
Therapeutic use of self
Ethical knowing
People, relationships, and things matter
Personal knowing
Thinking from a critical point of view
Reflection
Scientific competence
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. means that people, relationships, and things matter and is to nursing practice.
2. List the three concepts involved with a caring practice.
a.
b.
C.
3. According to Roach, what are the six C’s of caring?

118 CHAPTER 25/ Caring
4. A noted philosopher, Melton Mayeroff, proposes that to care for another person is to help him grow and actu—
alize himself.
a. True b. False
For questions 5—10, match each theorist to the correct perception of “caring” in the nursing process.
5. Caring is the moral ideal of nursing whereby a. Leiningerutheory of cultural care

the end is protection, enhancement, and preservation of diversity and universality
human dignity. The two individuals in a caring transaction
are both in a process of being and becoming.
Caring is a nurturing behavior that has been b. Ray—theory ofbureaucratic

present throughout history and is critical in helping people caring
maintain or regain health.
Caring in nursing is contextual and is influ- c. Roaehwcaring, the human mode
enced by the organizational structure. of being
The emphasis is on the nurse knowing self as a d. Boykin and Schoenhofertnursing
caring person. Caring is a lifetime process and respect for as caring
persons as carn individuals in nursing is necessary.
A nurturing way of relating to a valued “other,” e. Watson~theory of human care

toward whom one feels a personal sense of commitment
and responsibility.
10. Caring is the human mode of being, or the f. Swanson—theory of caring
most common, authentic criterion of humanness. Caring is
not unique to nursing.
ll. is the art of nursing and is expressed by the individual nurse through creativity V
and style in meeting the needs of client.
12. promotes wholeness and integrity in the personal encounter, achieves engagement
rather than detachment, and denies the manipulative or impersonal approach.
is thinking from a critical point of view, analyzing why one acted in a certain way and assessing
the results of one’s actions.
. Nursing school instructors can teach all nursing students how to care.
a. True b. False
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Define the following terms used in caring: caring, caring practice, empirical knowing, ethical knowing,
personal knowing.
. What nursing theory of caring matches your own personal philosophy of caring? Why?
. Think about your encounters with various nurses in your lifetime. How does the “caring” nurse differ from
others? What made you remember that caring nurse?
How does caring relate to the concept of professionalism in nursing? Is it possible to have one without the
other?

CHAPTER 25/ Caring 119
CASE STUDY
1. Mrs. Al Khalifa has been admitted to the hospital after experiencing a stroke. She is unable to support her
right arm, so the nurse has applied a sling.
a. What are two additional interventions the nurse may implement to provide comfort measures?
2. A child who was involved in a motor vehicle crash has been admitted to your unit. The parents and a younger
brother of the child passed away as a result of injuries sustained in the crash.
a. As a student nurse assigned to this client, which ofthe six C’s of caring in nursing do you want to incorpo-
rate in your interventions?
b. If you are using the caring processes from Swanson’s theory of caring, on what five processes would you
base your nursing interventions for this client?
c. What type ofknowing would you demonstrate if you are observing and documenting phenomena as they
occur in this case?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Which nursing theorist developed the theory of culture care diversity and universality that is based on the as—
sumption that nurses must understand different cultures in order to function effectively?
1. Watson
2. Miller
3. Leininger
4‘ Swanson
2. When it became apparent that the chaplain might not arrive before the death of a client, the nurse prayed with
the dying client who requested a chaplain to Visit. This is an example of what type of caring?
1. Nursing implementation
2. Empowering the client
3. Compassion from the nurse

4. Nursing competence
3. Caring for self means taking time to nurture oneself. What are some ways that a nurse may care for him— or
herself? (Select all that apply.)
l. Eating a balanced diet
2. Performing regular exercise
3. Obtaining adequate rest and sleep

4. Taking medications for sleep as needed
5. Working part-time shifts
4. The nurse is instructing the client on ways to “self-care” for relief of stress. Identify ways in which the client
can lead a healthier lifestyle and carve out enough time to care for herself. (Select all that apply.)
1. Replace negative affirmations with positive affirmations.
2. Delay exercising until stress level and job demands have lessened.
3. Use guided imagery to promote relaxation several times a day.
4. Begin a yoga class to unite the mind, body, and spirit.

120 CHAPTER 25/ Caring
5. Which question made by the nurse best demonstrates personal knowing when reflecting about the death of a
client who died after suffering a myocardial infarction (MI)?
1. “What are my thoughts and emotions?”
2, “Did I act for the best?”

3. “What additional information was needed?”
4. “Why did 1 respond the way 1 did to the situation?”
6. A nurse quietly sits with a client who is recovering from a spontaneous abortion. This is an example of what
type of caring?
1. Knowing the Client
2. Nursing presence
3. Empowerment
4. Resting
7. While caring for an older client with left—sided paralysis, the nurse strongly encourages the client to participate
in her activities of daily living. What type of caring is the nurse displaying?
1. Knowing the client
2. Nursing presence
3. Empowering the client

4. Compassion
8. The nurse repositions an immobile client every 2 hours. What type of caring is the nurse displaying? (Select
all that apply.)
1. Competence
2, Caring for self
3. Spiritual care
4. Compassionate care
9. The nurse instructs the client on mindibody therapies. Which mind—body therapy is used when the client pic-
tures himself lying on a beach with the sounds of the waves, the cries of the seagull, and the warmth of the sun
during periods of stress?
1. Music therapy
2. Guided imagery
3. Yoga
4. Storytelling
10. The postpartum nurse demonstrates caring by which of the following actions?
1. Holding and rocking an infant so the mother can rest quietly for a few hours after being up all night
2. Administering pain medications according to schedule
3. Enforcing the hospital’s visitation hours
4. Performing the newborn assessment in a timely manner
‘9 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 26
COMMUNICATING
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Attentive listening 14. Group
.2 Boundaries 15. Group dynamics

>09°>3©EAPP°N
Bullying 16. _ Helping relationships
Communication 17. Incivility
Congruent communication 18. Lateral Violence
Decode 19. _, 0 _ Nonverbal communication
Elderspeak 20. Personal space
Electronic communication 21. _ Process recording
E-mail 22. Proxemics
_ Emotional intelligence 23. Territoriality

,_.,...l
t—‘O
. Empathy 24. Therapeutic communication
Encoding 25. Verbal communication

>—‘D—‘
LAN
Feedback

122 CHAPTER 26 / Communicating
. Ability to form work relationships with 1. Verbatim account ofa conversation

colleagues, display maturity, and re—
in. Term used to describe physical, verbal, or emotional
solve conflicts while taking into consid-
abuse or aggression directed at RN coworkers at the same
eration the emotions of others
organizational level
. To relate the message perceived to the
. Message sent by computer to another person or group of
receiver’s storehouse of knowledge and
people
experience and to sort out the meaning
ofthe message . Limits in which a person may act or refrain from acting
within a designated time or place
. The response to a message that is sent
. Rude, discourteous, or disrespectful behavior that reflects
. Uses gestures, facial expressions, and
a lack of regard for others
touch
. Selection of specific signs or symbols to transmit the
. Communication that uses technology
message
. Communication that takes place in any
Listening actively, using all senses
group
Speech style similar to baby talk that gives the message of
. The study of distance between people in
dependence and incompetence to older adults
their interactions
Two or more people who have shared needs and goals
. The exchange of information among
two or more people . Verbal and nonverbal aspects of the message match
The distance people prefer in interac- Uses spoken or written words

tions with others
. The ability to experience, in the present, a situation as an-
Promotes understanding and can help other did at some time in the past
establish a constructive relationship; is
Concept of space and things that an individual considers
client and goal directed \J
as belonging to the self
. Offensive, abusive, intimidating, insult—
Nurse—client relationships that involve a growth—
ing behavior, which makes the recipient
facilitating process
feel, upset, threatened, humiliated, or
vulnerable
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Why are good communication skills essential in nursing?
2. Which of the following apply to the nonverbal communication process? (Select all that apply.)
a. Pace and intonation
b. Adaptability
c. Personal appearance
d. Posture
e. Gestures
f. Timing and relevance
3. What are three barriers to communication?
a.
b.

CHAPTER 26/ Communicating 123
4. What are four ways in which the nurse can demonstrate the actions of “physical attending” when communi-
eating?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Which of the following signs are components of genuineness in conversation. (Select all that apply.)
a. The nurse displays respect.
b. The nurse displays sympathy.
c. The client is open and nondefensive.
d. The client displays honesty.
e. The nurse assists the client to be specific rather than general.
is a speech style similar to baby talk that gives the message of dependence and incompe—
tence and is seen as patronizing by older adults.
In ‘_, the verbal and nonverbal aspects of a message match.
. When seeking clarification during an initial health assessment, what is the best question the nurse could ask?
a. “Would you tell me more?”
b. “You smoke one pack of cigarettes a day? Are you trying to kill yourself?”
c. “Why did you come to the emergency department?”
d. “What are you saying?"
9. What is the difference between teaching groups and self—help groups?
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. What is the difference between assertive and nonassertive communication?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of electronic communication? When should e-mail not be used in
health care?
. Describe personal space and proxemics. How is communication altered in accordance with the four distances?
What are the four phases of helping relationships?
. How does the situational briefing model work in communication?

124 CHAPTER 26 / Communicating
CASE STUDY
1. An 18—year-old presents with painful urination and severe back pain. She is pale, running a 383°C (101°F)
oral temperature, has chills, and is teary eyed. The client states that she has never been to a hospital or health
care provider without her mother present.
a. What could the nurse do in order to create a more positive environment for the health interview?
b. If the nurse shares a similar experience with the client, then what communication technique is the nurse
using?
c. What are three therapeutic responses the nurse could employ in this situation?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The nurse is observing the postsurgical wound of a client who has had abdominal surgery. According to prox-
emics, what type of distance is the nurse using?
1. Intimate
2. Personal
3. Social
4. Public
2. While assessing a postoperative client for pain, the nurse notices the client is holding the surgical site and
making facial grimaces. However, the client states that she is not hurting. What part of the communication
process is incongruent?
l. Sender
2. Receiver
3. Message
4. Feedback
3. Which example best describes personal distance, according to proxemics?
The nurse who is positioning an immobile client

r5935“?
The nurse who is establishing an intravenous infusion

The nurse who is making rounds on all the clients in the unit
The nurse who is speaking at a conference
4. The nurse makes direct eye contact and has a pleasant expression on her face when changing a client’s
colostomy bag. The nurse tells the client, “The colostomy looks good.” What type of communication is the
nurse demonstrating?
l. Nonverbal communication
2. Process recoding
3. Congruent communication
4. Incongruent communication

CHAPTER 26 / Communicating 125
5. The nurse is caring for a client with a major mental illness. What action best demonstrates professional bound—
aries?
1. Keeping the focus on the client

2. Sharing personal information with the client
3. Displaying sympathy toward the client

4. Encouraging mutual nurse- client goals
6. A client expresses anxiety about a surgical procedure. What would be the most appropriate therapeutic
communication technique to use in this situation? (Select all that apply.)
1. Using open-ended questions
2. Using closed questions
3. Restating or paraphrasing comments made by the client
4. Offering ordered antianxiety medication
5. Giving common advice
7. In which of the following situations would using the therapeutic communication of “touch” be appropriate?
1. When a family member is making inappropriate comments to the nurse, touch is appropriate.
2. Touch is never appropriate in the nursing profession.

3. When an upset spouse is alone and the client has just expired, touch is appropriate.
4. When a young healthy male client asks a young student nurse for a hug, touch is appropriate.
8. During the introductory phase of the nurse—client relationship, what type of behavior is the client exhibiting
when he states that he will not need assistance with any aspect of his personal care?
1. Resistant
2. Introductory
3. Preinteraction
4. Trusting
9. The nurse is caring for a client admitted to the hospital due to substance abuse. The nurse and client mutually
agree on the overall purpose of the nurSCeclient relationship. Which phase of the helping relationship is
demonstrated?
1. Preinteraction
2. Introductory
3. Working
4. Termination
10. An older client asks the nurse if she needs to move into an assisted living facility instead ofliving alone. The
nurse responds by telling the client that if the client were his mother, he would tell her to go into the assisted
living facility because her meals would be cooked for her and she would not have to clean anything. The nurse
is demonstrating what type of barrier to communication?
1. Stereotyping
2. Being defensive
3. Challenging
4. Giving common advice

CHAPTER 27
TEACHING
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Adherence . Includes fine and gross motor skills
2. Affective do- . The desire to do something

main
. A change in human disposition or capability that persists and cannot be
Andragogy solely accounted for by growth
Behaviorist . Pleasant experience that fosters repetition of an action

theory
. A system of activities intended to produce learning
Cognitive do-
. Recognize the developmental level of the learner and acknowledge learn-
main
er’s motivation and environment
Cognitive theory
9.090.“?
g. The discipline concerned with helping children learn

Compliance
h. Demonstration of behaviors or cues that reflect motivation at a specific time
Geragogy
'. The process by which individuals copy or reproduce what they have ob—
Health literacy served
Humanistic Believes that attitude and responses respond to changes in the stimulus
learning theory condition or what occurs after the response
11. Imitation . Includes emotional and social goals
12. Learning . Commitment or attachment to a regimen
13. Learning need . Learning is believed to be self-motivated, self-initiated, and self-evaluated
14. Modeling . Following through with appropriate behaviors that reflect learning
15. Motivation . The capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information
and services needed to make appropriate health decisions
16. v Pedagogy
. Process involved in helping older adults learn
17. Positive rein—
forcement . The art and science ofteaching adults
Psychomotor . Includes six intellectual abilities and thinking processes

domain
. A desire or requirement to know something that is presently unknown to
19. Readiness the learner
20. Teaching . The process by which a person learns by observing the behavior of others

CHAPTER 27 / Teaching 127
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Physiological events such as a critical illness, pain, or sensory deficits inhibit learning.
a. True b. False
. Motivation is generally greatest when an individual recognizes a need and believes the need will be met
through learning.
a. True b. False
Developmental readiness and individual readiness are key factors associated with cognitive approaches to
learning.
a. True b. False
. Active learning, such as listening to a lecture or watching a film, does not foster optimal learning.
a. True b. False
. Individuals learn best when they believe they are accepted and will not be judged.
a. True b. False
#- is the application of the Internet and other related technologies in the health care industry to
improve the access, efficiency, effectiveness, and quality of clinical and business processes utilized by health
care organizations, practitioners, clients, and consumers in an effort to improve the health status of clients.
. A high level of resulting in agitation and the inability to focus or concentrate can also inhibit
learning.
Repetition of key and facts facilitates retention of newly learned material.
A client’s learning style may be based on that client’s background.

10. The individual who is not ready to learn is more likely to the subject or situation.
ll. Match the following terms with the correct definition.
a. Teaching The term used to describe the process involved in

stimulating and helping elders to learn
b. Learning need A system of activities intended to produce learning

0. Imitation The art and science of teaching adults
(1. Motivation A desire or a requirement to know something that

is presently unknown to the learner
e. Modeling A change in human disposition or capability that

persists and that cannot be solely accounted
for by growth
f. Learning A commitment or attachment to a regimen
g. Geragogy The discipline concerned with helping children learn

h. Pedagogy The process by which a person learns by observing the
behavior of others
i. Andragogy Means to learn is the desire to learn
j. Adherence The process by which individuals copy or reproduce what they

have observed
12. is the art and science of teaching adults.
13. depicts learning as a complex cognitive activity.

128 CHAPTER 27 / Teaching
14. The domain, the “skill” domain, includes motor skills such as giving an injection.
15. Which guidelines will the nurse adhere to when teaching clients from various ethnic backgrounds? (Select all
that apply.)
a. Obtain teaching materials, pamphlets, and instructions in languages used by clients.
b. Use visual aids, such as pictures, charts, or diagrams, to communicate meaning.
0. Invite and encourages questions during teaching.
d. Use medical terminology during teaching.
. When a nurse is using demonstration as a teaching strategy, which major type of learning would it be?
a. Psychomotor
b. Cognitive
c. Affective
d. All types of learning
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. How would a nurse know that a client is ready for patient education?
. List the seven elements in the nursing history that provide clues to learning needs.
. Explain computer-assisted instruction (CAI).
Discuss the evaluation tools for cognitive learning.
. Describe all types oflearning.
Identify the parts of the teaching process that should be documented in the client’s chart.
CASE STUDY
1. Melba Whitman is an 86—year—old client who has recently been diagnosed with hypertension. Ms. Whitman’s
daughter tells you her mother only completed the sixth grade and gets very anxious when learning something
new because of her poor reading skills.
a. How will you be able to determine if Ms. Whitman is ready to learn?
b. Identify three ways you could facilitate Ms. Whitman’s learning.
0. Describe various teaching aids to help foster Ms. Whitman’s learning.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Andragogy is
l. The process involved in stimulating and helping elders to learn.

2. The art and science of teaching adults.
3. The discipline concerned with helping children learn.
4. The commitment or attachment to a regimen.

CHAPTER 27 / Teaching 129
2. What is the process by which an individual learns by observing the behavior of others?
1. Modeling
2. Imitation
3. Trial and error
4. Positive reinforcement
3. Which domain is used when teaching a client how to self-administer insulin?

1. Sensorimotor
2. Psychomotor
3. Cognitive
4. Affective
4. In which situation would the nurse be applying the humanistic theory?
I. Encouraging the learner to establish goals and promote self-directed learning
2. Encouraging a positive teacher—learner relationship
3. Providing a social, emotional, and physical environment conducive to learning
4. Selecting multisensory teaching strategies since perception is influenced by the senses
5. When teaching a client about heart disease, the client may need to know the effects of smoking before recog—
nizing the need to stop smoking. In this situation, what factor best facilitates client learning?
1. Readiness
2. Active involvement
3. Motivation
4. Allotted time
6. Which of the following is a barrier to learning? (Select all that apply.)
1. Fear
2 . Sensory deficits
3. Muscle weakness
4. Chronic illness
5. Medication use
7. Which of the following client behaviors may cause a nurse to suspect a literacy problem? (Select all that
apply.)
1. The client displays a pattern of compliance.
2 . The client reads the instructions slowly.

3. The client states that he or she does not know the information presented.
4. The client displays a pattern of excuses for not reading the instructions.
5 . The client who reads the instructions but cannot explain them in medical terms.

130 CHAPTER 27 / Teaching
. Which of the following is a learning outcome for a teaching plan?

1. The client knows the factors that affect blood sugar level.
2. The client selects low-fat foods from a menu.
3. The client knows about cardiac risk factors.

4. The client understands a low-salt diet.
. E—health includes all of the following EXCEPT

l. A client making an online appointment.
2. E-mail access between the client and health care provider.
3. Online health information.

4. C computer—generated billing statement sent to the client’s home address.
. Which of the following is NOT an element in the nursing history that provides clues to learning needs?
1. Age
2. Economic factors
3. Support systems
4. Sexual orientation
11. What concept was introduced by behavioral theorist Skinner?

1. Positive reinforcement
2. Imitation
3. Modeling
4. Behaviorism
12. To increase the chance of the client retaining education, what strategies should the nurse implement? (Select
all that apply.)
1. Ask the client to write down the information presented.
Road the information to the client several times.

P‘PP’N
Provide handouts when instructing the client.
Speak very slow when instructing the client.

Encourage the client to be an active participant in the process.

CHAPTER 28
LEADING, MANAGING, AND DELEGATING
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Accountability 14. Permissive leader
2. Authoritarian leader 15. Preceptor
3. _.,_ Autocratic leader 16. Productivity

4. Bureaucratic leader 17. Risk management
5. Change agents 18. Role model

6. Charismatic leader 19. Shared governance
7. Democratic leader 20. Shared leadership

8. First—level manager 21. Situational leader
9. Formal leader 22. Top-level managers
10. Informal leader 23. Transactional leader
11. Laissez-faire leader 24. Transformational leader
12. Manager 25. Upper—level managers

13. ___4_ Middle-level manager

132 CHAPTER 28/ Leading, Managing, and Delegating
a. Makes decisions for the group Characterized by an emotional relationship be—

tween the leader and the group members
b. Individual who initiates, moti-
vates, and implements change Establish goals, develop strategic plans
c. Assumes individuals are capable Setting the example for others to follow
of making decisions Ability and willingness to assume responsibility
d. Flexes task and relationship be- for one’s actions and to accept the consequences of
haviors, considers staff mem- one’s behavior
bers’ abilities Primary responsibility is to motivate staff to ac-
e. Authoritarian leader complish the organization’s goals
f. Selected by the organization Laissez-faire leader
g. Uses incentives to promote loyal- Relationship in which someone with more experi—
ty and performance ence assists the “new” employee in improving
skills andjudgments, as well as instilling under—
h. Set goals, make decisions, solve
standing of the institution’s routines, policies, and
problems
procedures
i. Supervise a number of first-level
Fosters independence, individual growth, and
managers
change
j. Thought to emerge in relation to
Assumes a hands-off approach, assuming group
the challenges that confront the
members are internally motivated
work group
Top—level manager
k. Measures effectiveness and effi-
ciency of care Relies on organization’s rules, policies, and proce—
dures to direct the group’s work efforts
1. Having in place a system to re-
duce danger to clients and staff Recognized by the group as its leader
in. Distributes decision making

among a group of people
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. A leader influences others to work together to accomplish a specific goal.
a. True b. False
2. The informal leader, or appointed leader, is selected by an organization and given official authority to make
decisions and take action.
a. True b. False
3. Theories about leadership style describe traits, behaviors, motivations, and choices used by individuals to ef-
fectively influence others.
a. True b. False
4. An autocratic (authoritarian) leader makes decisions for the group.

a. True b. False
5. A leader is an employee of an organization who is given authority, power, and responsibility for planning,
organizing, coordinating, and directing the work of others, and for establishing and evaluating standards.
a. True b. False
6. A leader encourages group discussion and decision making.
7. A leader recognizes the group’s need for autonomy and self-regulation. U
Q 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 28/ Leading, Managing, and Delegating 133
8. A leader does not trust self or others to make decisions and instead relies on the organization’s
rules, policies, and procedures to direct the group’s work efforts.
A leader flexes task and relationship behaviors, considers the staff members” abilities, knows
the nature of the task to be done, and is sensitive to the context or environment in which the task takes place.
10. A leader is rare and is characterized by an emotional relationship with the group members.
involves determining responsibilities, communicating expectations, and establishing the chain

of command for authority and communication.
12. is defined as the legitimate right to direct the work of others.
13. is a process whereby professional links are established through which people can share ideas,
knowledge, and information, offer support and direction to each other, and facilitate accomplishment of pro—
fessional goals.
14. is a measure of the resources used in the provision of nursing services.
15. is the transference of responsibility and authority for an activity to a competent individual.
FOCUSEDSTUDYTWS
1. Discuss the classic work of Lewin, who developed a model of change that involves three stages: unfreezing,
moving, and refreezing.
Compare and contrast authoritarian, democratic, and laissez—faire leadership styles.
. List several characteristics of effective leaders.
Describe the role of the leader/manager in planning for and implementing change.
List the five rights of delegation.
Describe the characteristics of tasks appropriate to delegate to unlicensed and licensed assistive personnel.
Identify the skills and competencies needed by a nurse manager.
Discuss the roles and functions of nurse managers.
Describe the four functions of management.
CASESTUDY
1. Nathaniel Thomas is a nursing director who influences others to work together to accomplish a specific goal.
Mr. Thomas also has initiative and the ability and confidence to innovate change, motivate, facilitate, and
mentor others. Mr. Thomas actively guides the group toward achieving group goals and assumes that individ—
uals are internally motivated and capable of making decisions, and Mr. Thomas values their independence.
a. Is Mr. Thomas assuming the role of a leader or manager?

b. Compare and contrast the role of a leader and manager.
0. What particular leadership style has Mr. Thomas developed?

134 CHAPTER 28/ Leading, Managing, and Delegating
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A nurse is planning a seminar on leadership styles. Which of the following statements describes a democratic
leadership style?
1. The leader assumes a “hands-off" approach.
2. Under this leadership style, the group may feel secure because procedures are well defined and activities
are predictable.
3. This leadership style demands that the leader have faith in the group members to accomplish the goals.
4. This leadership style does not trust self or others to make decisions and instead relies on the organization’s
rules, policies, and procedures to direct the group’s work efforts.
2. A nursing director who fosters creativity, risk taking, commitment, and collaboration by empowering the
group to share in the organization’s vision is which type of leader?
1. Charismatic
2. Transactional
3. Transformational
4. Shared
3. The organizational executives who are primarily responsible for establishing goals and developing strategic
plans are considered to be
1. First—level managers.
2. Middle-level managers.
3. Upper-level managers.
4. Supervising managers.
4. The nursing director who has the ability and willingness to assume responsibility for one’s actions and to ac—
cept the consequences of one’s behavior is demonstrating what management principle?
1. Accountability
2. Authority
3. Responsibility
4. Coordinating
5. The type of change that is an intended, purposeful attempt by an individual, group, organization, or larger
social system to influence its own current status is referred to as
1. Natural.
2. Situational.
3. Unplanned.
4. Planned.
6. A nurse is planning a seminar on the comparison ofleader and manager roles. Which of the following charac—
teristics describes a leader role?
1. Influences others toward goal setting, either formally or informally.
2. Maintains an orderly, controlled, rational, and equitable structure.
3. Relates to people according to their roles.
4. Feels rewarded when fulfilling the organizational mission or goals.

CHAPTER 28/ Leading, Managing, and Delegating 135
7. Which role is the nurse assuming when initiating, motivating, and implementing change?
1. Advocate
2. Change agent
3. Teacher
4. Change role model
8. Which ofthe following is considered a driving force?

1. Low tolerance for change related to intellectual or emotional insecurity
2. Misunderstanding of the change and its implications
3. Perception that the change will improve the situation
4. Lack of time or energy
9. A nurse is planning a seminar on guidelines for dealing with resistance to change. Which of the following
would NOT be an appropriate guideline for dealing with resistance to change?
1. Clarify information and provide accurate information.

2. Explain the positive and negative consequences of the change and how the individual or group will get the
change done.
3. Maintain a climate of trust, support, and confidence.

4. Communicate with those who oppose the change. Get to the root of their reasons for opposition.
10. Which actions are true ofa situational leader? (Select all that apply.)
1. Flexes task and relationship behaviors.
2. Considers the staff members’ abilities.
3. Knows the nature of the task to be done.
4. Is sensitive to the context or environment in which the task takes place.
5 . Has a relationship with followers based on an exchange for some resource valued by the follower.

CHAPTER 29
VITAL SIGNS
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Apical pulse 14. Inspiration

2. Apnea 15. Orthostatic hypotension
3. Arterial bloodpressure l6. Oxygen satura—tion (SaOz)
4. Bradycardia 17. Peripheral pulse
5. Bradypnea 18. Point of maximal impulse (PMl)
6. Cardiac output 19. Pulse deficit
7. Compliance 20. Pulse pressure
8. Diastolic pressure 21. Respiration
9. Dysrhythmia 22. Systolic pressure
10. Expiration 23. Tachycardia

11. —Hypcrpyrcxia 24. Tachypnca
l2. _Hypotensi0n 25. Ventilation
13. .m Hypoventilation

CHAPTER 29 / Vital Signs 137
The movement of air in and out of the lungs . Abnormally slow respirations
Measure of the pressure exerted by the blood as . The pressure of the blood as a result of the con-
it flows through the arteries traction of the ventricles
Volume of blood pumped into the arteries by the . Abnormally fast respirations
heart
. The act of breathing
Intake of air into the lungs
Very shallow respirations
A very high fever
A blood pressure that falls when the client sits or
Pressure when the ventricles are at rest stands
g. A central pulse Any discrepancy between the apical and radial

pulses
h. The percentage of all hemoglobin binding sites
that are occupied by oxygen . A pulse located away from the heart
Absence of breathing . Abnormal cardiac rhythm
j. Excessively fast heart rate . A blood pressure that is below normal
k. Act of breathing out air from the lungs . The difference between the diastolic and systolic
blood pressures
1. The ability of arteries to contract and expand
The location where the cardiac impulse can be
m. A heart rate in an adult less than 60 beats/min
best palpated on the chest wall.
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Core temperature reflects the balance between the heat produced and the heat lost from the body, and is
measured in heat units called degrees.
a. True b. False
. Surface temperature is the temperature of the skin, the subcutaneous tissue, and fat.
a. True b. False
. Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped into the arteries by the heart and equals the result of the stroke
volume (SV) times the heart rate (HR) per minute.
a. True b. False
. The apical pulse is a pulse located away from the heart, for example, in the foot or wrist.
a. True b. False
. Body temperature is the temperature of the deep tissues of the body, such as the abdominal cavity and
pelvic cavity.
a. True b. False
Diastolic pressure is the pressure of the blood as a result of the contraction of the ventricles.
a. True b. False
_77777 are body temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure.
Heat is a result of excessive heat and dehydration.
, ”_ of the arteries is their ability to contract and expand.
A pulse is any discrepancy between the two pulse rates.

is a core body temperature below the lower limit of normal.

138 CHAPTER 29 / Vital Signs
12. Match the following terms with the correct definition.

a. Radiation When the amount of heat produced by the body
equals the amount of heat 10st
b. Conduction The rate of energy utilization in the body required to
maintain essential activities such as breathing
c. Convection The transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the
surface of another without contact between the two objects,
mostly in the form of infrared rays
d. Pulse volume The dispersion of heat by air currents
e. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) When a Wide range of temperature fluctuations (more than
2°C [3.6°F]) occurs over a 24—hour period, all of which
are above normal
f. Tachycardia A wave of blood created by contraction of the left

ventricle of the heart
g. Pulse An excessively fast heart rate.
h. Remittent fever Also called the pulse strength or amplitude, refers to the
force of blood with each beat
i. Heat balance The transfer of heat from one molecule to a molecule of

lower temperature
13. “7,7,“..- ,, is the act of breathing.
a. Inhalation
b. Exhalation
c. Ventilation
d. Respiration
14. is the absence of breathing.
a. Bradypnea
b. Apnea
c. Tachypnea
d. Polypnea
15. refers to very deep, rapid respirations.
a. Hypoventilation
b. Respiratory rhythm
c. Hyperventilation
(1. Respiratory quality/character
16. pressure is the pressure when the ventricles are at rest.

a. Diastolic
b. Arterial blood
c. Systolic
(1. Pulse
“LC 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

17. is a blood pressure that is persistently above normal.

93
. Hypotension
. Orthostatic hypotension
0"
. Hypertension
0
d. Pulse oximeter
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. List and explain the various Vital signs.
Identify when it is appropriate to delegate measurement of vital signs to unlicensed assistive personnel.
. Discuss measurement of blood oxygenation using pulse oximetry.
Describe methods and sites used to measure blood pressure.
Describe five phases of Korotkoff’s sounds.
Differentiate systolic from diastolic blood pressure.
. Identify the components ofa respiratory assessment.
Describe the mechanics ofbreathing and the mechanisms that control respirations.
Explain how to measure the apical pulse and the apical—radial pulse.
10. List the characteristics that should be included when assessing pulses.
11. Identify nine sites used to assess the pulse and state the reasons for their use.
12. Describe appropriate nursing care for alterations in body temperature.
13. Compare methods of measuring body temperature.
14. Identify the variations in normal body temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure that occur from
infancy to old age.
15. Describe factors that affect the vital signs and accurate measurement of them.
16. Differentiate between ventilation and respiration.
CASE STUDY
A 20—year—old client is brought into the clinic with complaints of fever, chills, and fatigue. His vital signs upon
admission are BP 120/70 mmHg, P 116 beats/min. RR 20/min, T (oral) 389°C (102.1013). His mother reports that
his temperature rises to fever level rapidly and then returns to normal within a few hours. The doctor who examines
him orders blood work.
1. What are the normal vital signs for a 20—year-old male client?
2. What type of fever is the client most likely experiencing?
3. Why has the doctor ordered blood work?
Q“ 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

140 CHAPTER 29 / Vital Signs
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Conduction is:
1. the transfer of heat from one molecule to a molecule of lower temperature.
2. the transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of another without contact between the two
objects, mostly in the form of infrared rays.
3. the continuous evaporation of moisture from the respiratory tract and from the mucosa of the mouth and
from the skin.
4. the dispersion ofheat by air currents.
Which type of fever is a client experiencing when the body temperature alternates at regular intervals between
5x)
periods of fever and periods of normal or subnormal temperatures?
1. intermittent
2. Remittent
3. Relapsing
4. Constant
3. A client reports that he has been exercising in hot weather; he feels warm, is flushed, and is not sweating. His
temperature is 41°C (106°F) and he just experienced a seizure. What condition is the client most likely experi-
encing?
1. Hypothermia
2. Heat exhaustion
3. Heatstroke
4. Hypertension
4. The body temperature is measured in degrees on two scales: Celsius (centigrade) and Fahrenheit. When the
Celsius reading is 40, the Fahrenheit reading is:
1. 100.
2. 101.
3. 103.
4. 104.
5. The posterior tibial pulse site is on the medial surface of the ankle where the posterior tibial artery passes
behind the:
1. medial malleolus.
2. knee.
3. inguinal ligament.
4. wrist.
6. Which of the following can cause an erroneously low blood pressure result?
1. Cuff wrapped too loosely or unevenly

2. Bladder cuff too narrow
3. Arm above level of the heart
4. Assessing immediately after a meal or while client smokes or has pain

7. Which of the following actions by a nurse would be incorrect when taking an adult’s temperature using a tyin—
panic thermometer?
l. Inserting the probe slowly using a circular motion until snug
2. Pointing the probe slightly anteriorly, toward the eardrum
3. Pulling the pinna straight back and upward
4. Not inserting the tympanic thermometer into the client’s ear when cerumen is present
8. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of altered breathing patterns and sounds. Which of the
following statements demonstrates a need for further teaching?
1. Stertor is a snoring or sonorous respiration, usually due to a partial obstruction of the upper airway.
2. A wheeze is a continuous, high-pitched musical squeak or whistling sound occurring on expiration and
sometimes on inspiration when air moves through a narrowed or partially obstructed airway.
3. Bubbling is a gurgling sound heard as air passes through moist secretions in the respiratory tract.
4. Stridor is difficult and labored breathing during which the individual has a persistent, unsatisfied need for
air and feels distressed.
9. A nurse is planning a seminar on secretions and coughing. Which of the following describes a condition in
which blood is present in the sputum?
1. Hemoptysis
2. Productive cough
3. Nonproductive cough
4. Orthopnea
10. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of Korotkoff’s sounds. Which of the following state—
ments demonstrates a need for further teaching?
1. Phase 1 is the pressure level at which the first faint, clear tapping or thumping sounds are heard. These
sounds gradually become more intense.
2. Phase 2 is the period during deflation when the sounds have a muffled, whooshing, or swishing quality.
3. Phase 4 is the time when the sounds become muffled and have a soft, blowing quality.
4. Phase 5 is the first tapping sound heard during deflation of the cuff and is the systolic blood pressure.

CHAPTER 30
HEALTH ASSESSMENT
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Angle of Louis 14. Miosis
2 Aphasia 15. Mixed hearing loss
3 _ Astigmatism 16. 7 Mydriasis
4 _ Bruit 17. Nystagmus
18. Pallor
5 Cataracts
19. Percussion
6. Conductive hearing loss
20. Precordium
7 Cyanosis
21. Resonance
8 Diastole
22. Sensorineural hearing loss
9 Erythema
23. Stereognosis
1 0. Exophthalmos
24. Systole
1 1. F asciculation
25. Thrill
12. v Fremitus
13. Glaucoma

CHAPTER 30/ Health Assessment 143
Result of inadequate circulating blood and The act of recognizing objects by touching and
subsequent reduction in tissue oxygen manipulating them
An uneven curvature of the cornea Results from damage to the inner ear, auditory
nerve, or the hearing center of the brain
Combination of conduction and sensorineural
loss Result ofinterrupted transmission of sound
waves through the outer and middle ear
Rapid involuntary rhythmic eye movement
structures
A vibrating sensation like the purring of a cat or
Constrieted pupils
water running through a hose
A blowing or swishing sound
Skin redness
A disturbance in the circulation of aqueous
Protrusion of the eyeballs with elevation of the
fluid, which increases intraocular pressure
upper eyelids
Any defect in or loss of the power to express
A bluish tinge
oneself by speech, writing, or signs, or to
Hollow sound elicited by percussion comprehend spoken or written language
Opacity of the lens or its capsule The act of striking the body surface to elicit
sounds or vibrations
The junction between the body of the sternum
and the manubrium Period in which the ventricle relaxes
Period in which the ventricles contract Faintly perceptible vibration
An abnormal contraction of a bundle of muscle Enlarged pupils

fibers that appears as a twitch
Area ofthe chest overlaying the heart
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Inspection is the visual examination—that is, assessing by using the sense of sight.
a. True b. False
. Percussion is the examination of the body using the sense of touch.

a. True b. False
. The middle finger of the nondominant hand is referred to as the pleximeter,

a. True b. False
Tympany is a musical or drumlike sound produced from an air-filled stomach.

a. True b. False
. Palpation is the act of striking the body surface to elicit sounds that can be heard or vibrations that can be felt.
a. True b. False
is a sound created by turbulence of blood flow due to either a narrowed arterial lumen or a condition,
such as anemia or hyperthyroidism, that elevates cardiac output.
Any defects in or loss of the power to express oneself by speech, writing, or signs, or to comprehend spoken
or written language due to disease or injury of the cerebral cortex is called
A is an automatic response of the body to a stimulus.

A is a protrusion of the intestine through the inguinal wall or canal.
is the ability to sense whether one or two areas of the skin are being stimulated by pressure.

144 CHAPTER 30/ Health Assessment
11. Match the following terms with the correct definitions.

a. Hyperopia The process of listening to sounds produced within the body
b. Otoscope ___ Nearsightedness

c. Cerumen Loss of elasticity ofthe lens and thus loss of ability to
see close objects
(1. Astigmatism An uneven curvature of the cornea that prevents

horizontal and vertical rays from focusing on the retina;
is a common problem that may occur in conjunction with
myopia and hyperopia
e. Eustachian tube A disturbance in the circulation of aqueous fluid,

which causes an increase in intraocular pressure; is the
most frequent cause of blindness in people over age 40
f. Glaucoma Constricted pupils that may indicate an inflammation of

the iris or result from such drugs as morphine or pilocarpine
g. Miosis An instrument for examining the interior of the ear,

especially the eardrum, consisting essentially of a
magnifying lens and a light
h. Myopia j A part of the middle ear that connects the middle ear to
the nasopharynx
i. Auscultation _ Earwax that lubricates and protects the canal
j. Presbyopia m Farsightedness
12. _ is an extremely dull sound produced by very dense tissue, such as muscle or bone. _ ,
a. Dullness V
b. Flatness
c. Resonance
d. Hyperresonance
13. ___ refers to the loudness or softness ofa sound.

a. Pitch
b. Quality
c. Duration
d. Intensity
14. is the result ofinadequate circulating blood or hemoglobin and subsequent reduction in tissue
oxygenation.
a. Cyanosis
b. Erythcma
C. Jaundice
d. Pallor

CHAPTER 30 / Health Assessment 145
15. is the presence of excess interstitial fluid.

a:
. Vitiligo
b. Alopecia
c. Edema
d. Clubbing
16. __ is what a normal head size is referred to.
a. Exophthalmos
b. Visual acuity
c. Normocephalic
d. Visual fields
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Define dullness, flatness. and resonance.
2. List the common refractive errors of the lens of the eye.
3. Explain the process of air-conducted transmission of sound.
4. Define thrill and bruit.
5. Describe common inflammatory visual problems.
6. Identify the client positions that are frequently required during the physical assessment.
7. Define clubbing and describe two clinical examples of when clubbing may be present.
8. Discuss variations in examination techniques appropriate for clients of different ages.
9. Describe suggested sequencing to conduct a physical health examination in an orderly fashion.
10. Identify the steps in selected examination procedures.
11. Identify expected outcomes of health assessment.
12. Explain the significance of alterations in normal skin color. Describe two clinical examples when this may
occur.
13. Explain the four methods used in physical examination.
14. Identify the purposes of the physical examination.
15. Summarize auscultated sounds that are described according to their pitch, intensity. duration, and quality.

146 CHAPTER 30 / Health Assessment
CASE STUDY
1. A nursing student is preparing for her clinical rotation at a clinic. She has been told that she will be
responsible for preparing clients for physical examinations.
21. Discuss the purposes of the physical examination.
b. Several client positions are frequently required during the physical assessment. List six client positions
used during the physical assessment and provide a description of each one.
c. List the equipment and supplies used for a health examination.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A client asks the nurse “What is the purpose of a physical examination?” What is the nurse’s best response?
1. “To obtain data at any given time about a client’s functional abilities.”
2, “To obtain data that will help establish nursing diagnoses and plans ofcare.”
3. “To identify areas for health promotion and disease prevention.”
4. “To supplement, confirm, or refute data obtained in the nursing history.”
5 . “To implement appropriate, individualized care.”
. Auscultation is the:
1. Visual examination—that is, assessing by using the sense of sight.

2. Examination of the body using the sense of touch.
3. Act of striking the body surface to elicit sounds that can be heard or vibrations that can be felt.
4. Process of listening to sounds produced within the body.
. Jaundice is:
l . The result of inadequate circulating blood or hemoglobin and a subsequent reduction in tissue oxygenation.
2. A bluish tinge and is most evident in the nail beds, lips, and buccal mucosa.
3. A yellowish tinge that may first be evident in the sclera of the eyes and then in the mucous membranes and
the skin.
4. A redness associated with a variety of rashes.

Which of the following terms means nearsightedncss?
l. Myopia
2. Hyperopia
3. Presbyopia
4. Astigmatism
A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding ofthe air-conducted sound transmission process.
Which of the following statements demonstrates a need for further teaching?
1. A sound stimulus enters the external canal and reaches the tympanic membrane.
2. The sound waves vibrate the tragus and reach the ossicles.
3. The sound waves travel from the ossicles to the opening in the inner ear (oval window).
4. The cochlea receives the sound vibrations.

CHAPTER 30 / Health Assessment 147
6. A nurse is planning a seminar on the organs in the nine abdominal regions. Which of the following
information is incorrect?
l. The epigastric region includes the aorta, the pyloric end of the stomach, part of the duodenum, and the
pancreas.
2. The umbilical region includes the omentum, the mesentery, the lower part of the duodenum, and part of the
jejunum and ileum.
3. The right lumbar region includes the ascending colon, the lower half of the right kidney, and part of the
duodenum and jejunum.
4. The left lumbar region includes the stomach, the spleen, the tail of the pancreas, the splenic flexure of the
colon, the upper half of the left kidney, and the suprarenal gland.
7. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of cranial nerves. Which of the following statements
demonstrates a need for further teaching?
1. Cranial nerve I is assessed by asking the client to close his or her eyes and identify different mild aromas,
such as coffee, vanilla, peanut butter, orange/lemon, or chocolate.
2. Cranial nerve IV is assessed by asking the client to read a Snellen-type chart.
3. Cranial nerve V1 is assessed by observing the client’s directions of gaze.
4. Cranial nerve VII is assessed by asking the client to smile, raise the eyebrows, frown, puff out cheeks, close
eyes tightly.
8. Which adventitious breath sound is a superficial grating or creaking sound heard during inspiration and
expiration?
l. Friction rub
2. Crackles
3. tcze
4. Gurgles
9. A nurse is preparing to complete a physical examination on a client’s pelvis and vagina. The position the
client is placed in for this examination is:
l. Prone.
2. Supine.
3. Lithotomy.
4. Sitting.
10. Which of the following actions is most correct for the nurse assessing a client who has just had a cast applied
to the lower leg?
1. Assess tissue turgor, fluid intake and output, and vital signs.
2. Assess peripheral perfusion oftoes, capillary blanch test, pedal pulse if able, and vital signs.
3. Assess apical pulse and compare with baseline data.
4 . Assess level of consciousness using Glasgow Coma Scale; assess pupils for reaction to light and
accommodation; assess vital signs.

CHAPTER 3 1
ASEPSIS
KEY TERM REVIEW

Match each term with its appropriate definition
1. _Acquired immunity 14. Leukocytosis

2. Active immunity 15. Local infection
3. Antibodies 16. Medical asepsis
4. Antigen 17. Nosocomial infections
5. Asepsis 18. Passive immunity
6. >_ Bacteremia 19. Resident flora
7. Cell-mediated defenses 20. _ Sepsis
8. Cellular immunity 21. Septicemia
9. Circulating immunity 22. Sterile technique
10. Exudate 23. Sterilization
11. Granulation tissue 24. Surgical asepsis
12. Humoral immunity 25. Virulence
13. Immunoglobulins

CHAPTER 31 /Asepsis 149
a. Part ofbody‘s plasma proteins, produced 1. When bacteremia results in a systemic in—
by B cell fection
b. Substance that induces a state of sensitivity m. Antibodies

or immunit . . .
y n. Host produces antibodies In response to
c. Consisting of lluid that escaped from the natural or artificial antigens
blood vessels, dead phagocytic cells, and
0. Includes all practices intended to confine a
dead tissue cells and products that they re-
specific microorganism to a specific area
lease
(1. Process that destroys all microorganisms, p. Infections that originate in the hospltal
including spores and Viruses q. Also known as acquired immunity
e. Host receives natural or artificial antibodies r. Normal bacteria in one part of the body, yet
from another source produce infection in another
f. Condition in which microorganisms are s. Immunity a newborn baby is born with

found in a person 5 blood t. Surgical asepsis
The t t of infection . .
sae u. Practlces that keep an area or object free of all
On exposure to an antigen, the lymphoid microorganisms
tissues release large numbers of activated T
.
cells into the lymph system v. F ree d 0m from dlsease
' - caustng
' '
mlcroorgan -
isms
1' Cell-mediated defenses w. Limited to the specific part ofthe body

j. A fragile gelatinous tissue, appearing pink where the microorganisms remain
or red x. Ability to produce diseases
k. Al oknown as circulatin immunit .
S g y y. The production and release of large num-
bers of leukocytes into the bloodstream
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. A disease is an invasion of body tissue by microorganisms and their growth within that tissue.
a. True b. False
Virulence is the ability to produce disease.
a. True b. False
Pathogenicity is the ability to produce disease; thus a pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease.
a. True b. False
Surgical asepsis, or sterile technique, includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a
specific area, limiting the number, growth, and transmission of microorganisms.
a. True b. False
. Sepsis is a state ofinfection and can take many forms, including septic shock.
a. True b. False
If the infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual by direct or indirect contact or as an airborne in fee-
tion, the resulting condition is called a disease.
. A(An) pathogen causes disease only in a susceptible individual.
is the freedom from disease—causing microorganisms.

9°

150 CHAPTER 31 /Asepsis
9. are by far the most common infection-causing microorganisms.

10. In medical asepsis, objects are considered clean or
1 1. Match the following terms with the correct definition.
a. Vehicle Consist primarily of nucleic acid and therefore must enter

living cells in order to reproduce
b. Iatrogenic infections Include yeasts and molds
c. Compromised host Live on other living organisms
d. Colonization The process by which strains of microorganisms become resident

flora
e. Nonspecific defenses The direct result ofdiagnostic or therapeutic

procedures
f. Parasites A person or animal reservoir of a specific infectious

agent that usually does not manifest any clinical signs
of disease
g. Vector Any substance that serves as an intermediate means to

transport and introduces an infectious agent into a
susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry
h. Fungi An animal or flying or crawling insect that serves as an

intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent
i. Carrier A person at increased risk, an individual who for one or

more reasons is more likely than others to acquire an infection
j. Viruses Protect the person against all microorganisms, regardless of prior

exposure
12. is limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain.
a. Bacteremia
b. Systemic infection
. Septicemia
0
. Local infection
CL
13. infections are classified as infections that are associated with the delivery of health care services in a
health care facility.
. Acute
{1)
. Nosocomial
U‘
c. Chronic
d. Endogenous
14. W is a local and nonspecific defensive response of the tissues to an injurious or infectious agent.
a. Hypcremia
b. Leukocytes
c. Inflammation
d. Leukocytosis

CHAPTER 31 /Asepsis 151
15. is the replacement of destroyed tissue cells by cells that are identical or similar in structure and
function.
a. Regeneration
b. Antigen
e. Immunity
(1. Antibodies
16. are agents that inhibit the growth of some microorganisms.
a. Sterilization
b. Antiseptics
e. Airborne precautions
d. Disinfectants
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

l. Discuss the relationship between hygiene, rest, activity, and nutrition in the chain of infection.
2 . Discuss the use of antimicrobial soaps and effective disinfectants.
. Describe the steps to take in the event ofa bloodborne pathogen exposure.
. Explain aseptic practices, including hand washing; donning and removing a face mask, gown, and disposable
gloves; managing equipment used for isolation clients; and maintaining a sterile field.
. Compare and contrast category-specific, disease-specific, universal. body substance, standard, and transmis—
sion-based isolation precaution systems.
Identify measures that break each link in the chain of infection.
Identify interventions used to reduce risks for infection.
. Identify relevant nursing diagnoses and contributing factors for clients at risk for infection, and for clients who
have an infection.
Identify signs of localized and systemic infections.
10. Identify factors influencing a microorganism’s capability to produce an infectious process.
ll. Differentiate active from passive immunity.
. Identify anatomic and physiologic barriers that defend the body against microorganisms.
. Identify risks for nosocomial infections.
. Explain the concepts of medical and surgical asepsis.
. Define virulence. What is its relationship to infection?
16. Describe variances in immunity across the life span.

152 CHAPTER 31 /Asepsis
CASE STUDY
1. Brent is a new nursing student. You will be his preceptor for the next 3 days. On the first day, Brent asks you
the following questions:
a. What is the difference between asepsis and sepsis, and between medical asepsis and surgical asepsis?
b. What four major categories of microorganisms cause infection in humans?
c. Explain the difference between standard precautions and transmission-based precautions.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following means freedom from disease-causing microorganisms?
1. Medical asepsis
2. Asepsis
3. Surgical asepsis
4. Sepsis
2. Which of the following consists primarily of nucleic acid and therefore must enter living cells in order to
reproduce?
l. Fungi
2. Bacteria
3. Viruses
4. Parasites
3. Inflammation is a local and nonspecific defensive response of the tissues to an injurious or infectious agent.
Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation?
1. Pain
2. Swelling
3. Redness
4. Fatigue
4. Four commonly used methods of sterilization are moist heat, gas, boiling water, and radiation. Which of the
following is the most practical and inexpensive method for sterilizing in the home?
1. Gas
2. Moist heat
3. Radiation
4. Boiling water
5. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding ofthe various types of infections. Which ofthe fol—
lowing statements demonstrates a need for further teaching?
1. A local infection is limited to the specific part ofthe body where the microorganisms remain.
2. If the microorganisms spread and damage different parts of the body, it is a systemic infection,
3. Acute infections may occur slowly, over a very long period, and may last months or years.
4 . Nosocomial infections are classified as infections that are associated with the delivery of health care
services in a health care facility.
© 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc,

CHAPTER 31 lAsepsiS 153
. A nurse is planning a seminar on the chain of infection. Which of the following is NOT one of the six links?
1. Etiologic agent
2. Reservoir
3. Hand hygiene
4. Mode of transmission
. An antigen is a:
1. Host that produces antibodies in response to natural antigens (e.g., infectious microorganisms) or artificial
antigens (e.g., vaccines).
2. Substance that induces a state of sensitivity or immune responsiveness (immunity).
3. Host that receives natural (e.g., from a nursing mother) or artificial (e.g.. from an injection ofimmune
serum) antibodies produced by another source.
4. Part of the body’s plasma proteins.
The CDC recommends antimicrobial hand cleansing agents in all of the following situations EXCEPT:
1. When there are unknown multiple nonresistant bacteria.
2. Before invasive procedures.

3. In special care units, such as nurseries and ICUs.
4. Before caring for severely immunocompromised clients.
Which of the following statements about disinfectants is incorrect?

1. A disinfectant is a chemical preparation, such as a phenol or iodine compound, used on inanimate objects.
2. Disinfectants are frequently caustic and toxic to tissues.
3. Disinfectants and antiseptics often have similar chemical components, but the disinfectant is a less
concentrated solution.
4. A disinfectant is an agent that destroys pathogens other than spores.
10. Which types of precautions are used for clients known or suspected to have serious illnesses transmitted by
particle droplets larger than 5 microns?
l. Airborne
2. Droplet
3. Contact
4. Connection

CHAPTER 32
SAFETY
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Asphyxiation Medications used to control socially disruptive

behavior
__ Bioterrorism
959999.09???)
Any manual method or physical or mechanical

Burn
device attached to the client’s body that re-
Carbon monoxide stricts movement
Chemical restraints Occurs when a current travels through the
body to the ground rather than through electric
Electric shock
wiring
Heimlich maneuver
Safety measures taken to protect clients from
Physical restraints injury should they have a seizure
_ Restraints Procedure that can dislodge foreign objects
lodged in the throat
Safety monitoring devices
,_.
Used to detect when clients are attempting to

._.,_.
[Ur—t
Scald
move or get out of bed
Seizure
Suffocation
Seizure precautions
,_.
U)
A burn from a hot liquid or vapor

Results from excessive exposure to thermal,
electric, chemical, or radioactive agents
A single temporary event that consists of un-

controlled electrical neuronal discharge of the
brain resulting in an interruption of normal
brain function
The use of biologic agents as a weapon that

poses a pathogenic risk to a large number of
people, and poses a risk to national security
An odorless, colorless, tasteless gas that is

very toxic
m. Protective devices used to limit the physical
activity of the client or a part of the body

CHAPTER 32/ Safety 155
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Individuals with impaired touch perception, hearing, taste, smell, and vision are highly susceptible to injury.
a. True b. False
2. Restraints are used for staff convenience or client punishment.
a. True b. False
3. The universal sign of distress is the victim’s grasping the anterior neck and being unable to speak or cough.
a. True b. False
. Generalized seizures (also called focal) involve electrical discharges from one area of the brain.
4;
a. True b. False
. People of any age can fall, but infants and elders are particularly prone to falling and causing serious injury.
U]
a. True b. False
can include chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons.

33.90.“?
Suicide and g are two leading causes of death among teenagers.

A is a burn from a hot liquid or vapor, such as steam.
injury can occur from overexposure to radioactive materials used in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
10. assessment tools are available to determine clients at risk both for specific kinds of injury, such as
falls, or for the general safety of the home and health care setting.
1 1. Match the following terms with the correct definition.

a. Seizure An intentional attack using weapons ofviruses, bacteria, and
other infectious agents
b. Asphyxiation A bed or chair has a position-sensitive switch that triggers

an audio alarm when the client attempts to get out of the bed or
chair
0. Electric shock A sudden onset of excessive electrical discharges in one or more

areas of the brain
d. Chemical restraints Safety measures taken by the nurse to protect clients from
injury should they have a seizure
e. Restraints An odorless, colorless, tasteless gas that is very toxic

f. Safety monitoring device Suffocation, or , is lack of oxygen due to interrupted
breathing
g. Heimlich maneuver .. The emergency response is the , or abdominal thrust,

which can dislodge the foreign object and reestablish an airway
h. Bioterrorism Protective devices used to limit the physical activity of the

client or a part ofthe body
i. Seizure precautions Occurs when a current travels through the body to the ground
rather than through electric wiring, or from static electricity that
builds tip on the body
j. Carbon monoxide (CO) Medications such as neuroleptics, anxiolytics, sedatives, and
psychotropic agents used to control socially disruptive behavior

156 CHAPTER 32/ Safety
12 Which of the following is NOT a type of restraint?

a. Jacket
b. Mitt
c. Foot
d. Limb
13. restraints are any manual method or physical or mechanical device, material, or equipment attached to
the client’s body; they cannot be removed easily and they restrict the client’s movement.
a. Chemical
b. Physical
0. Medical
d. Standard
14. Health care organizations are now expected to address which ofthe four specific phases of disaster planning?
a. Preparedness
b. Recovery
c. Response
d. Migration
15. Which of the following is NOT a basic firearm safety rule?
a. Store the bullets in a different location from the guns.

b. Ensure the firearm is unloaded and the action is open when handing it to someone else.
0. Tell children never to touch a gun or stay in a friend’s house where a gun is accessible.
(1. Have firearms that are regularly used inspected by a qualified gunsmith at least every 5 years.
16. Excessive noise is a health hazard that can cause hearing loss, depending on all of the following EXCEPT:
a. The overall level of noise.

b. The frequency range of the noise.
0. The individual family history.
(1. The duration of exposure.
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

l. How is excessive noise a health hazard?
List the types of restraints.

[\1
. Explain how to promote safety across the life span.
Discuss the factors affecting safety.
. Describe the five criteria a nurse should use when selecting a restraint.
Identify the four sequential priorities a nurse should follow during a fire.
Summarize the legal implications of restraints.

Compare and contrast a scald and a burn.
. Define electric shock.
. Recall the common home hazards causing scalds.
. Discuss risk factors and preventive measures for falls.
. Describe alternatives to restraints.
13. Explain the home hazard appraisal.
14. Define seizure and seizure precautions.
15. List the 2014 National Patient Safety Goals.
16. Describe the key risk factors for suicide among older adults.
CASE STUDY
1. A couple just purchased a new home last week. During your assessment, the couple tells you they do not have
a fire plan, fire extinguishers, carbon monoxide alarms, or working smoke alarms in their home.
a. What preventive measures do you need to teach the couple?

b. Explain the three categories offires.
.2 REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. According to the 2014 National Patient Safety Goals (NPSGS), what are the ways to improve accuracy ofpa-
tient information? (Select all that apply.)
. Use at least two patient identifiers when providing care, treatment, and services.
>-—4
2 . Report critical results of tests and diagnostic procedures on a timely basis.

3 . Eliminate transfusion errors related to patient misidentification.
4. Maintain and communicate accurate patient medication information.
5 . Label all medications, medication containers, and other solutions on and off the sterile field in perioperative
and other procedural settings.
. When evaluating a parent’s understanding of safety measures for an infant, which of the following statements
indicates a need for further teaching?
1. “I will store all household chemicals in the garage.”
2. “I will make sure my infant is in his car seat before starting the car.”
3. “I will keep small crafting beads locked in the cabinet.”
4. “1 will keep the trash bags in the kitchen on the bottom shelf by the sink.”
. A nurse planning a safety instruction class for parents of adolescents knows that the focus of the class should be on:
1. Teaching adolescents to sleep on a low bed.
2. Teaching adolescents about driver safety.
3. Teaching adolescents not to ingest lead paint chips.
4. Teaching adolescents not to run or ride a tricycle into the street.
CG 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

158 CHAPTER 32 / Safety
4. Suicide and homicide are two leading causes of death among teenagers. When planning a workshop on ado-
lescent suicide and homicide, the nurse knows that which of the following is NOT among the most common
factors influencing the high suicide and homicide rates?
1. Economic deprivation
2. Strong emotions toward friendships
3. Availability of firearms
4. Family breakup
5. A nurse teaching a safety class for parents identifies the main causes of death for school—age children. Which
ofthe following is NOT one ofthe leading causes?
1. Natural disasters
2. Fires
3. Drownings
4. Firearms
6. When planning a safety in-service program for an independent living community for older adults, the nurse
will include information on which of the following as the leading causes of injury among older adults? (Select
all that apply.)
1. Firearms
. Drownings
[\J
3. Suicide
4. Falls
5 . Natural disasters
Which of the following actions by the nurse indicates that the nurse needs further instruction on the nursing
\1
assessment prior to applying restraints on a client?
1. The nurse checks the status of skin to which a restraint is to be applied.

2. The nurse checks the circulatory status proximal to restraints.
3. The nurse takes consideration of other protective measures that may be implemented before applying a
restraint.
4. The nurse determines underlying cause for assessed behavior.

8. When evaluating a parent’s understanding of poisoning prevention, which of the following statements indi-
cates a need for further teaching?
1. “We’ll store toxic liquids or solids in food containers, such as soft drink bottles, peanut butterjars, or milk
cartons.”
2. “We’ll display the phone number ofthe poison control center near or on all telephones in our home so that
it is available to babysitters, family, and friends.”
3. “We’ll teach our children never to eat any part of an unknown plant or mushroom and not to put leaves,
stems, bark, seeds, nuts, or berries from any plant into their mouths.”
4. “We’ll not refer to medicine as candy or pretend false enjoyment when taking medications in front of our
children.”

9. A nurse who is planning care for a client requiring seizure precautions should plan to include which of the
following?
1. Provide education to the client and family regarding the need to wear a medical identification tag.
2. Assist the client in alerting all persons in the community about their seizure disorder.
3. Provide education regarding safety precautions for inside of the home only.
4. Discuss with the client, family, and persons in the community factors that may precipitate a seizure.
10. Which of the following would NOT be a preventive measure for an older client with poor vision?
1. Ensure eyeglasses are functional.

2. Ensure appropriate lighting.
3. Mark doorways only.
4. Keep the environment tidy.

CHAPTER 33
HYGIENE
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Alopecia 14. Hirsutism
Apocrine glands 15. Hygiene

QPWSP‘Ve’N
Bactericidal 16. Ingrown toenail

_ Callus 17‘ _A Lanugo
Cerumen 18. g“ Pediculosis
Cleansing baths 19. Periodontal disease
7 Com 20. Plaque
Dandruff 21. Plantar warts
Dental caries 22. Pyorrhea
p_i._.
Eccrine glands 23. Scabies

,_.
Fissures 24. Sebum

l2. Gingiva 25. Sudoriferous glands
._.
Gingivitis
U.)

CHAPTER 33/Hygiene 161
Advanced periodontal disease with loose teeth; 1. Gums

pus expresses when gums are pressed m Bacteria killing
. Appears as a diffuse scaling of the scalp
n. Dcep grooves
Growth of excessrve body hair 0. Red, swollen gums
. Sweat glands located in the axillae and anogenital
, . p. Science ofhealth and its maintenance
areas; they begin to function at puberty
G' h‘ Afl f h . q. Invisible soft film that adheres to the enamel sur-
1ven c it. y or ygiene purposes face ofteeth
Parasrtlc mSCCtS that infest mammals r. Appear on sole of the foot, caused by papovavirus
. Characterized by a lesion that is short, wavy, hominis
brown or black, threadlike
s. Earwax
. A keratosis caused by friction and pressure from a
. t. Fine hair on the body of the fetus
shoe, usually on a bony prominence
. u. Thickened o t' f ‘d '
Growth of nail into the lateral corners of the nail p r ion 0 epi ermis
bed v. Cavities
Produce sweat that cools body through w. Characterized by gingivitis, bleeding, formation of
evaporation pockets between teeth and gums
. Oily substance secreted by the skin that softens X~ Produce sweat from almost all bOd)’ surfaces
and lubricates the hair and skin y_ Hair loss
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. A dry mouth can be aggravated by poor fluid intake, heavy smoking, alcohol use, high salt intake, anxiety, and
many medications.
a. True b. False
. Most dentists recommend that dental hygiene should begin after the fifth tooth erupts.
a. True b. False
Fluoride toothpaste is often recommended because of its antibacterial protection.

a. True b. False
An initial dental visit for a child should be at about 2 or 3 years of age, as soon as all 20 primary teeth have
erupted.
a. True b. False
Water used for the shampoo should be 461°C (115°F) for an adult or child to be comfortable and not injure
the scalp.
a. True b. False
is the condition of infestation of licc.
9.090.“?
is a contagious skin infestation by the itch mite.

The growth of excessive body hair is called i _
is the fine hair on the body of the fetus, also referred to as down or woolly hair.
is an invisible soft film that adheres to the enamel surface of teeth; it consists of bacteria, molecules of
saliva, and remnants of epithelial cells and leukocytes.

162 CHAPTER 33/ Hygiene

a. Tinea pedis Personal is the self—care by which people attend to such
functions as bathing, toileting, general body hygiene, and
grooming
b. Ingrown toe nail Are on all body surfaces except the lips and parts of the genitals
c. Therapeutic baths The , located largely in the axillae and anogenital areas,
begin to function at puberty under the influence of androgens.
d. Apocrine glands Given for physical effects, such as to soothe irritated skin or to
treat an area (e.g., the perineum)
e. Callus ... ,, Thickened portion of epidermis, a mass of
keratotic material
f. Fissures A keratosis caused by friction and pressure from

a shoe
g. Tartar Deep grooves that frequently occur between the toes as a result
of dryness and cracking of the skin
h. Hygiene Athlete’s foot, or (ringworm of the foot), is caused by
a fungus
i. Sudoriferous (sweat) glands The growing inward of the nail into the soft tissues
around it; most often results from improper nail trimming
j. Corn A visible, hard deposit of plaque and dead bacteria that forms at
the gum lines
12. tends to cling to clothing, so that when a client undresses, the lice may not be in evidence on the body;
these lice suck blood from the person and lay their eggs on the clothing.
a. Pediculus corporis
b. Pediculus pubis
c. Pediculus capitis
d. Scabies
13. Dry mouth, also called i, occurs when the supply of saliva is reduced.
a. Xeroma
b. Xerostomia
c. Xerosis
d. Xerotic
14. Dental caries occur frequently during the period, often as a result of the excessive intake of sweets or a
prolonged use of the bottle during naps and at bedtime.
a. Infant
b. Toddler
0. School-age
d. Newborn

CHAPTER 33/ Hygiene 163
15. _ are usually conical (circular and raised).
a. Plantar warts
b. Calluses
c. Coms
d. Fissures
16. The is the most widely used type because it fits snugly behind the ear. The hearing aid case, which
holds the microphone, amplifier, and receiver, is attached to the earmold by a plastic tube.
a. ln»-the-canal (lTC) aid

b. Body hearing aid
. Behind—the-ear (BTE, or postaural) aid
0
9..
. ln—the-ear aid (ITE, or intra-aural)
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. What is the proper way to make a hospital bed?
2. List the six different types of baths that could be given to a client.
3. Explain the factors affecting client hygiene practices.
4. Discuss the importance ofbrushing and combing a client’s hair.
5. Describe Pediculus capitis, Pediculus corporis, and Pediculus pubis.
6. Identify the diseases that ticks can transmit.
7. Summarize a variety of ways to shampoo a client’s hair.
8. Compare and contrast sudoriferous glands, eccrine glands, and apocrine glands.
9. Define plaque, tartar, and gingivitis.
10. List the elements of contact lens care.
1 1. Discuss eyeglass care.
12. Describe general hearing aid care.
13. Explain how to insert a contact lens.
14. Define dental caries and periodontal disease.
15. Describe a method of correct dental hygiene.

164 CHAPTER 33 / Hygiene
CASE STUDY
1. You are assigned to give a bath to an 83—year-old man who has cognitive problems.
a. What is the proper water temperature for the client’s bath?

b. List two reasons why a nurse should check the temperature of the bath water.
c. Why is it important to verify the temperature of the water for this client?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A nurse is making the client’s bed. Which of the following actions should the nurse perform? (Select all that
apply.)
1. Hold the soiled linen close to his or her uniform to conserve energy.
2. Avoid shaking soiled linen in the air because shaking can disseminate secretions and excretions and the
microorganisms they contain.
3. When stripping and making a bed, conserve time and energy by stripping and making up one side as much
as possible before working on the other side.
4. Place the clean linens on another client’s bed if needed, in order to strip the client’s dirty linens.
5. Raise the bed to a comfortable working height when stripping and making the bed.
2. What is the correct bath water temperature for an adult client?
I. l10°F to 125°F
2. 90°F to 100°F
3. 100°F to 115°F
4. 125°F to 135"F
3. The parent of a toddler is cleaning the child’s teeth. Which of the following statements indicates a need for
further teaching?
1. “I’ll brush my child’s teeth with a hard toothbrush.”

2. “I’ll give a fluoride supplement daily or as recommended by the physician or dentist, unless the drinking
water is fluoridated.”
3. “I’ll schedule an initial dental visit for my child at about 2 or 3 years of age or as soon as all 20 primary
teeth have erupted.”
4. “I’ll seek professional dental attention for any problems such as discoloring of the teeth, chipping, or signs
of infection such as redness and swelling.”
4. During discharge planning, the nurse is teaching a client how to prevent dry skin. Which of the following
statements by the client indicates the need for further teaching?
1. “Bathe using soap or detergent only.”
2. “Use bath oils, but take precautions to prevent falls caused by slippery tub surfaces.”
3. “Humidify the air with a humidifier or by keeping a tub or sink full of water.”
4 . “Use moisturizing or emollient creams that contain lanolin, petroleum jelly, or cocoa butter to retain skin
moisture.”

CHAPTER 33/ Hygiene 165
5. When providing foot care for a client, the nurse would perform which of the following?
1. When washing, inspect the skin of the feet for breaks or red or swollen areas.
2. Do not cover the feet and between the toes with creams or lotions to moisten the skin.
3. Do not check the water temperature before immersing the feet.
4. Wash the feet every other day, and dry them well, especially between the toes.
6. A nurse is evaluating a client’s understanding of nail hygiene. Which of the following statements indicates a
need for further teaching?
1. “I should have clean, short nails with smooth edges.”

2. “I should have intact cuticles.”
3. “I will avoid trimming or digging into nails at the lateral corners.”
4. “I’ll cut or file around the end of the fingernail or toenail.”
7. A nurse is evaluating a client’s understanding of dental care. Which of the following statements indicates a
need for further teaching?
1. Brush the teeth thoroughly after meals and at bedtime.

. Floss the teeth daily.
>J>~UJN
, Avoid sweet foods and drinks between meals.

. Have a checkup by a dentist every year.
male client is having his facial hair shaved with a razor. Which action by the student nurse is NOT correct?
1. The student nurse holds the skin taut, particularly around creases, to prevent cutting the skin.
The student nurse wears gloves in case facial nicks occur and she comes in contact with blood.
I”
3. The student nurse applies shaving cream or soap and water to soften the bristles and make the skin more
pliable.
4. The student nurse holds the razor so that the blade is at a 90° angle to the skin, and shaves in short, firm
strokes in the direction of hair growth.
9. Which of the following actions is NOT appropriate for the nurse bathing a person with dementia?
1. Move quickly and let the person know when you are going to move him or her.
2. Use a supportive, calm approach and praise the person often.

3. Gather everything that you will need for the bath (e.g., towels, washcloths, clothes) before approaching the
person.
4. Help the person feel in control.
10. The nurse needs to insert a hearing aid into a client’s ear. Which of the following actions is NOT correct?
1. Determine from the client if the earmold is for the left or the right ear.
. Gently press the earmold into the ear while rotating it forward.
[0
. Inspect the earmold to identify the ear canal portion.

9)
A
. Check that the earmold fits snugly by asking the client if it feels secure and comfortable.

CHAPTER 34
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Abdominal paracentesis a. A test for occult blood
2. Angiography b. A procedure performed to obtain a speci-

men of cerebrospinal fluid through a nee—
3. m Anoscopy
dle inserted into the subarachnoid space of
4. Arterial blood gases the spinal canal
5. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) c. Procedure during which the bladder, ure~
6. Colonoscopy teral orifices, and urethra can be directly
visualized
7. Computed to mography (CT) d
Viewing ofthe large intestine
8. Creatinine
Uses ECGs to assess the client’s response
9. Cystoscopy e. to an increased cardiac workload during
10. Echocardiogram exercise
1 1. Electrocardiogram (ECG) f. A measure of the solute concentration of

the blood used to evaluate fluid balance
12. Guaiac test
Radiographic studies used to evaluate the
13. _ Hemoglobin A1C (HbAlC) g' urinary tract during which contrast medium
14. _ Intravenous pyelography (IVP) is instilled directly into the renal pelvis via
the urethra, bladder, and ureters
15. _ Lumbar puncture
A radiopaque dye is injected into the ves-
16. _ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) h'
sels to be examined, and flow through the
17. __ Occult blood vessels is assessed and areas of narrowing
or blockage can be observed
18. APeak level
19. ___ Positive emission tomography (PET) i' Produced by the muscles, excreted by the
kidneys, and related to renal excretory
20. __ Proctoscopy function
21. # Retrograde pyelography j. Viewing of the rectum
22. w Serum osmolality k. A noninvasive test that uses ultrasound to
23. _ Stress electrocardiography visualize structures of the heart and evalu-
ate left ventricular function
24. _ Thoracentesis
25. Trough level
(L) 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. 166

CHAPTER 34/ Diagnostic Testing 167
Indicates the highest concentration of a the organ or structure; has the capability of
drug in the blood serum distinguishing minor differences in the
density oftissucs
Measurement of blood glucose that is
bound to hemoglobin; is a reflection of Radiographic studies used to evaluate the
how well blood glucose levels have been urinary tract during which contrast medium
controlled during the prior 3 to 4 months is injected intravenously
A noninvasive radiologic study that in- Procedure during which ascites is removed
volves injection or inhalation of a radioiso- for laboratory study from the abdominal
tope cavity to relieve pressure or obtain a fluid
specimen
Procedure used to remove excess fluid or
air to ease breathing Taking of arterial blood specimen from the
radial, brachial, or femoral artery
Hidden blood; a test performed on stool
Viewing of the anal canal
The recorded waveforms of the electrical
impulses of the heart to detect dysrhythmi— Noninvasive diagnostic scanning technique
as and alterations in conduction in which the client is placed in a magnetic
field
Measurement of the end product of protein
metabolism Represents the lowest concentration of a
drug in the blood serum
A painless, noninvasive x—ray procedure
that produces a three-dimensional image of
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1 . Prior to radiologic studies, it is important to ask female clients ifpregnancy is possible.
a. True b. False
Blood tests are one of the most commonly used diagnostic tests and can provide valuable information about
the hematologic system and many other body systems.
a. True b. False
Elevated RBC counts are indicative of anemia.

a. True b. False
The leukocyte or white blood cell (WBC) count determines the number of circulating WBCs per cubic milli-
meter of whole blood.
a. True b. False
. Serum electrolytes are often routinely ordered for any client admitted to a hospital as a screening test for elec-
trolyte and acid base imbalances.
a. True b. False
Sputum and throat culture specimens help determine the presence of disease—producing
A liver is a short procedure, generally performed at the client’s bedside, in which a sample of liver
tissue is aspirated.
During a lumbar puncture, the physician frequently takes CSF pressure readings using a _7, a glass or
plastic tube calibrated in millimeters.
is the withdrawal of fluid that has abnormally collected (e.g., pleural cavity, abdominal cavity) or to
obtain a specimen (e.g., cerebral spinal fluid).
, is the concentration of RBCs in the blood, expressed as a percentage (%).
”Q 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

168 CHAPTER 34 / Diagnostic Testing
1 1. Match the following terms with the correct definitions.
a. Phlebotomist A person from a laboratory who performs venipuncture to collect

a blood specimen for tests ordered by a physician
b. Complete blood count (CBC) The number of RBCs per cubic millimeter ofwhole blood
c. Hemoglobin The main intracellular protein of erythrocytes
d. Hematocrit Produced in relatively constant quantities by the muscles and is

excreted by the kidneys
e. Red blood cell (RBC) count Substance used in a chemical reaction to detect a specific
substance
f. C reatinine A measure of the solute concentration of urine and a more

exact measurement of urine concentration than specific gravity
g. Serum osmolality An indicator of urine concentration, or the amount of solutes

(metabolic wastes and electrolytes) present in the urine
h. Reagent A measure of the solute concentration of the blood
i. Urine osmolality Measures the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood
volume
j. Specific gravity Includes hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements, erythrocyte

(RBC) count, leukocyte (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC)
indices, and a differential white cell count
12. are basic elements in the blood that promote coagulation.

a. Hemoglobin
b. Neutrophils
c, Platelets
d. Leukocytes
[3. Which ofthe following is the viewing ofthe rectum and sigmoid colon?
a. Proctosigmoidoscopy
b. Anoscopy
c. Proctoscopy
d. Sigmoidoscopy
14. is a noninvasive test that uses ultrasound to visualize structures of the heart and evaluate left ventricu-
lar function.
. Angiography
93
. Echocardiogram
0"
. Electrocardiography
O
d. Electrocardiogram
’C‘» 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 34 / Diagnostic Testing 169
15. is a painless, noninvasive x-ray procedure that has the unique capability of distinguishing minor dif-
ferences in the density oftissues.
a. Magnetic resonance imaging

b. Positron emission tomography
c. Aspiration
d. Computed tomography
16. The , a person from a laboratory who performs venipuncture, collects a blood specimen for tests or-
dered by a physician.
3. Venipuncturist
b. Erotologist
c. Phlebotomist
d. Physician
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Discuss some of the environments in which diagnostic testing occurs.
. Give some examples of aspiration/biopsy tests.
. Explain some of the reasons/tests for which nurses collect urine specimens.
Discuss the three phases of diagnostic testing.
What are some of the nursing responsibilities associated with specimen collection?
List several blood chemistry tests that may be performed on blood serum (the liquid portion of the blood).
. Summarize the measurement of arterial blood gases as an important diagnostic procedure.
Discuss what occult blood is and how it is tested for.
Discuss some tests performed and the purpose for timed urine specimens.
List some examples of indirect and direct visualization procedures.
ll. Discuss how to collect a stool specimen correctly.
12. What is a clean-catch or midstream voided specimen?
13. Explain what may cause inaccurate test results.
14. List and describe several of the different urine tests.
15. List some examples of aspiration/biopsy tests.

170 CHAPTER 34 / Diagnostic Testing
CASE STUDY
1. A 73-year-old female was brought into the hospital by her son. The son tells you, “My mother has lost weight
and has been having night sweats. She is also spitting up blood.” The health care provider orders the client to
have three sputum samples for acid-fast bacillus (AFB).
a. Why did the health care provider order sputum specimens?

b. How will you collect the sputum specimens?
c. What PPE should you wear when you collect the sputum specimens?
(1. What information should you document in the client medical record after collecting the sputum specimens?
6. How should the specimens be stored until they are transported to the laboratory?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The nurse is assessing an admitted female client’s serum laboratory values. Which of the following is abnor-
mal and should be reported immediately?
1. Hemoglobin 13 g/dL
2. RBC 5.1 million/mm3
3. Hematocrit 25%
4. MCV 102 um3

2. Which serum laboratory value is abnormal and would require the nurse to report immediately?
1. Sodium 137 mEq/L
2. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L

3. Chloride 97 mEq/L
4. Magnesium 1.9 inEq/L

3. The nurse assessing a client’s serum laboratory values recognizes that the normal hematocrit level for an adult
male is:
1. 37%419%.
2. 13%—18%.
3. 13.8718 g/dL.
4. 37—49 g/dL.
4. Which tcchnique is NOT correct when collecting a urine specimen for culture and sensitivity by clean catch?
1. Explain to the client that a urine specimen is required, give the reason, and explain the method to be used to
collect it.
2. Perform hand hygiene and observe other appropriate infection control procedures.
3. Explain to female clients that a circular motion should be used to clean the urinary meatus.
4. Ensure that the specimen label is attached to the specimen cup, not the lid, and that the laboratory requisi-
tion provides the correct information.

CHAPTER 34/ Diagnostic Testing 171
5. Which of the following is the correct position for a client during a bone marrow biopsy?
1. Kneeichest
2. Prone
3. Lithotomy
4. Dorsal recumbent
6. Which is the correct position for a client after a lumbar puncture?

1. Knee—chest
2. Prone
3. Lithotomy
4. Dorsal recumbent
7. After a client returns from a thoracentesis, the nurse should have the client lie on the unaffected side with the
head of the bed elevated degrees for at least 30 minutes.
I. 10
2. 15
3. 30
4. 90
8. Which ofthe following situations during an abdominal paracentesis is correct?
1. The maximum amount of fluid, 1,500 mL, was drained at one time.
2. The fluid was drained at several time intervals.
3. The fluid was drained quickly.
4. Sterile technique is not necessary.

9. The nurse is providing patient education about a fecal occult blood test. Which of the following statements is
correct?
1. “Take the sample from the center ofa formed stool to ensure a uniform sample.”
2. “Use a pencil to label the specimens with your name, address, age, and date of specimen.”
3. “Urine or toilet tissue will not contaminate the specimen.”
4. “You can collect the specimens during your menstrual period.”
10. The nurse needs to obtain a throat culture from a child client. Which of following techniques is correct?
1. The nurse wears sterile gloves during the procedure.
2. The nurse wears clean gloves during the procedure.
3. The nurse inserts the swab into the oropharynx and rttns the swab along the adenoids and areas on the
larynx that are reddened or contain exudate.
4. The nurse has the client say “ugh” to relax the throat muscles and to help minimize dilation of the
constrictor muscle ofthe larynx.

CHAPTER 35
MEDICATIONS
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Anaphylactic reaction 14. Intradermal (ID)
2. Antagonist 15. Intramuscular (1M)
3. Buccal l6. _ Intraspinal
4. Drug allergy l7. Intrathecal
5. Drug dependence l8. Metered—dose inhaler (MDI)
6. Drug half-life 19. Ophthalmic
7. Drug tolerance 20. Ot V
8. Drug toxicity 21. Peak plasma level

9. Elimination half-life 22. Percutaneous
10. Epidural 23. Physiological dependence
1 1. Iatrogenic disease 24. Potentiating effect

12, Idiosyncratic effect 25. , Psychological dependence
13. Inhibiting effect

CHAPTER 35 / Medications 173
A drug that inhibits cell function by occupying Drug half—life

receptor sites; it blocks the effect of a natural
Under the epidermis
body substance or other drugs
Into a muscle
A person’s reliance on or need to take a drug or
substance Intraspinal administration of medication
Time required for the elimination process to re- A handheld nebulizer that releases medication
duce the concentration of the drug to one half of through a mouthpiece
what it was at initial administration
Medications for the eyes
Deleterious effects of a drug on an organism or
lntrathecal parenteral administration
tissue
These biochemical changes in body tissues
Parenteral administration into the epidural space
come to require a substance for normal
Disease caused unintentionally by medical ther— functioning
apy Immunologic reaction to a drug
Medication held in the mouth against the mu—
Instillations or irrigations of the external
cous membranes of the cheek until the drug dis—
auditory canal
solves
Highest plasma level achieved by a single close
An unusually low physiological response to a
when the elimination rate of a drug equals the
drug; increases in the dosage are required to
absorption rate
maintain a given therapeutic effect
Absorption through the skin
Effect that is unexpected; may be individual to a
client A drug interaction in which the effect of one or
both drugs is increased
A severe allergic reaction usually occurring
immediately after the administration of a drug Emotional reliance on a drug to maintain a
sense of well—being accompanied by feelings of
A drug interaction in which the effect of one or
need or cravings for that drug
both drugs is decreased
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Medications cannot have natural (e.g., plant, mineral, and animal) sources; they must be synthesized in the
laboratory.
a. True
b. False
Medications vary in strength and activity.
a. True
b. False
. Medications must be pure and of uniform strength if drug dosages are to be predictable in their effect.
a. True
b. False
The action of a drug in the body can be described in terms of its half-life, the time interval required for the
body’s elimination processes to reduce the concentration of the drug in the body by 25%.
a. True
b. False

174 CHAPTER 35/ Medications
5. Parenteral administration is the most common, least expensive, and most convenient route for most clients.
a. True
b. False
6. Medications for the , called ophthalmic medications, are instilled in the form ofliquids or ointments.
7. A major consideration in the administration of _ injections is the selection ofa safe site located
away from large blood vessels, nerves, and bone.
8. A is a small glass bottle with a sealed rubber cap.
9. A needle has three discernible parts: the hub, which fits onto the syringe; the cannula, or shaft, which is at-
tached to the hub; and the , which is the slanted part at the tip of the needle.
10. Syringes have three parts: the tip, which connects with the needle; the barrel, or outside part, on which the
scales are printed; and the , which fits inside the barrel.
a. Prescription The written direction for the preparation and administration of

a drug
b. Medication __ A drug’s name given by the drug manufacturer
C. Generic name __ The study of the effect of drugs on living organisms
(1. Trade name __ A book containing a list of products used in medicine, with
descriptions of the product, chemical tests for determining
identity and purity, and formulas and prescriptions
e. Pharmacology A secondary effect ofa drug, one that is unintended

f. Pharmacy Deleterious effects of a drug on an organism or tissue that results
from overdosage, ingestion ofa drug intended for external use,
and buildup ofthe drug in the blood because of impaired
metabolism or excretion (cumulative effect)
g. Pharmacopoeia The ofa drug, also referred to as the desired effect,

is the primary effect intended, that is, the reason the drug is
prescribed.
h. Therapeutic effect The art of preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs
i. Side effect Given before a drug officially becomes an approved medication
j. Drug toxicity A substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or

relief of a symptom or for prevention of disease.
12. is the process by which a drug changes the body (e.g., alters cell physiology).
a. Receptor
b. Pharmaeodynamics
c. Agonist
d. Antagonist
13. A order indicates that the medication is to be given immediately and only once.
a. pm
b. Standing
c. Single
(1. Stat
CC: 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 35/ Medications 175
14 . The study of the effect of drugs on living organisms is called:

a. Pharmacopoeia.
b. Pharmacist.
c. Pharmacy.
d. Pharmacology.
15. When two different drugs increase the action of one or another drug, this effect is termed:
a. Synergistic.
b. Drug tolerance.
0. Drug interaction.
d. Cumulative effect.
16. A(An) syringe comes in l-,3—, and S-mL sizes. This syringe may have two scales marked on it:
the minim and the milliliter. The milliliter scale is the one normally used; the minim scale is used for very
small dosages.
a. Insulin
b. Tuberculin
e. Hypodermic
d. None of the above
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1 . Discuss the medication ordering process.
. List three places hospitals correctly keep controlled substances.

[\J
Explain how to properly handle controlled substances wasted during preparation.
Discuss how the client’s environment can affect the action of drugs.
Describe how the time of administration of oral medications affects the relative speed with which they act.
Identify and list three factors that indicate the size and length of the needle to be used.
Summarize the absorption process by which a drug passes into the bloodstream.
. Compare and contrast the three systems of measurements used in North America.
.List three routes for parenteral administration.
10. Define and discuss the types oftopical applications.
ll. List and describe the essential parts of a drug order.
12. Describe how to instruct a client on taking a sublingual medication.
13. Describe how to correctly insert a rectal suppository and describe its advantages.
14. List and describe the different kinds syringes used for irrigations.

176 CHAPTER 35 / Medications
CASE STUDY
1. The health care provider has ordered Compazine 10 mg IM every 4 hours pm for a 37-year-old male client
who is awake and alert. The client tells you that he is not currently taking any other medications or natural
supplements.
a. What are the 10 “rights” of medication administration?
b. The Compazine is available in an ampule. How will you properly prepare the Compazine from the ampule?
0. Describe the process of administering Compazine by intramuscular injection.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The nurse is preparing a subcutaneous injection for a client. Which of the following statements is correct?
1. A 450 angle is used when 1 inch oftissue can be grasped at the site.
2. A 90° angle is used when 1 inch oftissue can be grasped at the site.
3. Generally a 3- to 5-mL syringe is used for most subcutaneous injections.
4. A #28—gauge, l/2-inch needle is used for adults of normal weight.
2. The nurse knows and understands that a drug that produces the same type of response as the physiological or
endogenous substance is called a(an):
l. Agonist.
2. Antagonist.
3. Receptor.
4. Biotransformation.
3. A nurse is preparing a seminar on drug misuse. Which of the following terms describes a mild form of psycho-
logical dependence, where the individual develops the habit of taking the substance and feels better after tak—
ing it, and the individual tends to continue the habit even though it may be injurious to health?
1. Drug dependence
2. Drug habituation
3. Physiological dependence
4. Psychological dependence
4. A client weighs 1 10 lb. What is the correct kilogram amount a nurse should calculate if he or she understands
how to convert pounds to kilograms?
l. 25 kg
2. 50 kg
3. 75 kg
4. 100kg
5. Erythromycin 500 mg is ordered. It is supplied in a liquid form containing 250 mg in 5 mL. How many millili-
ters would the nurse administer?
l. 10
2. 20
3. 30
4. 40

CHAPTER 35/ Medications 177
. The nurse is preparing a Compazine injection to be given to a client. Which of the following statements is
correct?
1. When handling a syringe, the nurse may touch the outside of the barrel and the handle of the plunger.
2. The nurse may touch the tip ofthe barrel with an unsterile object.
3. The nurse may touch the shaft of the plunger with an unsterilized object.
4. The nurse may touch the tip of the needle with an unsterilized object.
A client in the emergency department is to receive a rectal suppository. Which of the following nursing
actions is NOT correct for administering a rectal suppository?
1. The client can be placed in a left Sims’ 'position.
2. The smooth, rounded end of the rectal suppository is lubricated.
3. After inserting the rectal suppository, press the client’s buttocks together for a few minutes.
4. Have the client remain in the left lateral position for 1 minute to help retain the suppository.
The nurse is performing an ear irrigation. Which nursing action is correct?
1. The nurse explains that the client may experience a feeling of fullness, warmth, and, occasionally,
discomfort when the fluid comes in contact with the tympanic membrane.
2. The nurse angles the ear canal prior to inserting the tip of the syringe into the auditory meatus.
3. The nurse pushes the solution gently downward against the bottom of the canal.
4. The nurse places a cotton-tipped applicator in the auditory meatus to absorb the excess fluid after the
procedure.
When evaluating a client’s understanding of administering a vaginal foam, which of the following statements
1. “1 will gently insert the applicator into the vagina about 5 cm (2 in.).”
2. “I will remain lying in the supine position for 2 minutes following the insertion ofthe vaginal foam.”
3. “I will slowly push the plunger of the applicator until the applicator is empty.”
4. “I will discard the applicator if it is a disposable type.”
10. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s transdermal patch application to a comatose client. Which of the
following actions demonstrates a need for further teaching? The student:
1. Selects a clean, dry area that is free of hair.

2. Removes the patch from its protective covering.
3. Holds the patch by touching the adhesive edges.
4. Applies the patch by pressing firmly with the palm of the hand for about 10 seconds.

CHAPTER 36
SKIN INTEGRITY AND WOUND CARE
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Aerobic A wound covering of dried plasma proteins

and dead cells that occurs if the wound
2. Anaerobic
does not close by epithelialization
3. Approximated
The initial translucent, fragile tissue that
4. Debridement forms during the proliferative phase of
5. Dehiscence wound healing
6. Eschar Protrusion of the internal viscera through

an incision
7. Evisceration
The process of pus formation
8. Excoriation
Material that has escaped from blood ves-
9. Exudate sels during the inflammatory process and is
10. Fibrin deposited in the tissue or on tissue surfaces
ll. Granulation tissue Hypertrophic scar

12. Hematoma Bloody
13. Hemorrhage Growing only in the presence of oxygen
1 4. Hemostasis Removal of necrotic material
15. Keloid The process during which macrophages
16. Maceration engulf cellular debris and microorganisms
17. Phagocytosis Occurs where the tissue surfaces have been

approximatcd, and there is minimal or no
18. Primary intention healing
tissue loss
19. Purulent exudate
Red flush of skin that occurs when pressure
20. Reactive hyperemia is relieved from an area
21. Sanguineous exudate Occurs in a wound that is extensive, and the
edges cannot be approximated
22. Secondary intention healing
Growing only in the absence of oxygen
23. Serosanguineous
24. Suppuration Cessation of bleeding
25. Tertiary intention Massive bleeding ‘1

CHAPTER 36 / Skin Integrity and Wound Care 179
q. Tissue softened by prolonged wetting or u. Closed

soakin . .
g V. Partial or total rupturing of a sutured wound
r. A localized collection of blood underneath
w. Wounds left open for 3 to 5 days, then
the skin that may appear as reddish—blue
surgically closed
swelling
. . x. Area ofloss of the superficial layers of the
s. Connective tissue .
skm
t. Thicker, yellow—, blue-, or green-tinged
exudate y. M'1x ed (1 rainage
' ‘ t‘mg of c l ear and
con51s
blood-tinged material
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. The skin is the largest organ in the body and serves a variety of important functions in maintaining health and
protecting the individual from injury.
a. True
b. False
. Hypoproteinemia is an abnormally high protein content in the blood.

a. True
b. False
Wound beds that are too dry or disturbed too often fail to heal.
a. True
b. False
Although an inadequate intake of calories, protein, vitamins, and iron is believed to be a risk factor for
pressure ulcer development, nutritional supplements should not be considered for nutritionally compromised
clients.
a. True
b. False
Any at—risk client confined to bed, even when a special support mattress is used, should be repositioned at
least every 2 hours, depending on the client’s need, to allow another body surface to bear the weight.
a. True
b. False
The appearance of the skin and skin integrity are influenced by internal factors such as genetics, age, and the
underlying of the individual as well as external factors such as activity.
Moisture from incontinence promotes skin (tissue softened by prolonged wetting or soaking) and
makes the epidermis more easily eroded and susceptible to injury.
Wound involves the removal of debris (i.e., foreign materials, excess slough, necrotic tissue, bacteria,
and other microorganisms).
. Using syringes instead of bulb syringes to irrigate a wound reduces the risk of aspirating drainage and
provides safe, effective pressure.
. The is the largest organ in the body and serves a variety of important functions in maintaining health
and protecting the individual from injury.
C: 2016 by Pearson Education. Inc.

180 CHAPTER 36 / Skin Integrity and Wound Care
11. Match the following terms with the correct definitions.

a. Regeneration A force acting parallel to the skin surface
b. H emostasis A reduction in the amount and control of movement a

person has
Exudate Renewal oftissues
. Bandage The cessation of bleeding that results from vasoconstriction of

the larger blood vessels in the affected area, retraction (drawing
back) ol‘injured blood vessels, the deposition of fibrin
(connective tissue), and the formation of blood clots in the area
lsehemia A whitish protein substance that adds tensile strength to the

wound
Irrigation (lavage) A material, such as fluid and cells, that has escaped from blood
vessels during the inflammatory process and is deposited in tissue
or on tissue surfaces
. Pressure ulcer The washing or flushing out of an area
h. Collagen A strip of cloth used to wrap some part of the body
Friction Any lesion caused by unrelieved pressure (a compressing

downward force on a body area) that results in damage to
underlying tissue, as defined by the US, Public Health Service’s
Panel for the Prediction and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers in
Adults
j. Immobility A deficiency in the blood supply to the tissue
12. The _, _ phase, the second phase in healing, extends from day 3 or 4 to about day 21 postinjury.
. Maturation
n:
. Proliferative
. Inflammatory
. Remodeling
13. is a process in which extra blood flows to the area to compensate for the preceding period of impeded
blood flow.
a . Vasodilation
b . Friction
c . Shearing force
d . Immobility
14. If a wound does not close by epithelialization, the area becomes covered with dried plasma proteins and dead
c ells. This is called
a . Keloid
b . Eschar
C . Exudate
. Suppuration

CHAPTER 36 / Skin integrity and Wound Care 181
15. The risk of hemorrhage is greatest during the first hours after surgery.
a. 48
b. 72
c. 96
d. 120
16. __ is the partial or total rupturing of a sutured wound.
a. Evisceration
b. Debridement
c. Dehiscence
d. Protein
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Describe the phases ofhealing.
2. List the four recognized stages of pressure ulcers related to observable tissue damage.
3., Discuss some of the chronic illnesses and their treatments and how they can affect skin integrity.
4. Discuss some of the factors contributing to the formation of pressure ulcers.
5. Discuss some changes in the skin and its supporting structures associated with the aging process.
6. List the three phases into which the wound healing process can be broken down.
7. Discuss the four different ways debridement may be achieved.
8. Compare and contrast the proper procedures for untreated wounds versus treated wounds.
9. List some of the purposes for which wound dressings would be applied.
10. Discuss gauze packing using the wet-to—moist technique.
11. Discuss some of the items that may cause hemorrhage from a wound.
12. Describe what the nurse notes when a pressure ulcer is present.
13. Discuss some ofthe different types of dressings.
14. List the type of heat and cold applications.
15. Discuss basic turns for roller bandages.
16. Describe the differences between friction and shearing forces, and list an example of each.
17. Differentiate between maceration and excoriation.

182 CHAPTER 36 / Skin Integrity and Wound Care
CASE STUDY
1. A 17-year—old high school senior sustained a left ankle injury during a soccer game 1 hour ago. The health
care provider has ordered an ice pack to be applied to the injured area for 20 minutes.
a. Explain the local effects of cold.
b. Explain the systemic effects of cold.

c. List some indications for applying ice to the injured ankle.
d. Summarize the guidelines a nurse should follow for all local cold applications.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The nurse is assessing a wound and notes that the exudate is purulent. What would you expect the exudate to
look like?
1. The exudate is thick with the presence of pus and is yellow in color.
2. The exudate is clear and appears blood tinged.
3. The exudate is red to pink and watery.
4. The exudate is bright red and bloody.

2. During discharge planning, the nurse is teaching a client how to apply an electric heat pad to his back. Which
of the following statements indicates that the patient requires further teaching?
1. “I will not insert any sharp objects into the electric heating pad because the pin could damage a wire and
cause an electric shock.”
2. “I will ensure that my back is dry unless there is a waterproof cover on the electric heating pad because
electricity in the presence of water can cause a shock.”
3. “I do not need to use an electric heating pad with a preset heating switch.”
4. “I will not lie on top of the electric heating pad because the heat will not dissipate, and I may be burned.”
3. Which of the following actions taken by a client self-administering a hot water bottle to his back indicates to
the nurse the need for further teaching?
1 _ The client fills the bag two thirds full with water.
2. After filling the bag with water, the client dries the bag and holds it upside down to test it for leakage.
3. The client expels the remaining air out of the bag before securing the top.
4. The client fills the bag with water at a temperature of 135°F.
4. The nurse is assessing a student nurse’s knowledge of bandages. Which of the following statements from the
student nurse indicates a need for further teaching?
1. “Bandages can be used to support a wound.”
2. “Bandages can be used to immobilize a wound.”
3. “Bandages can be used to apply pressure to a wound.”

4. “Bandages can be firm and tight.”

CHAPTER 36 / Skin Integrity and Wound Care 183
5. A nurse is planning a seminar on dressing wounds. Which of the following is NOT correct information about
the purpose of dressing wounds? Dressings are applied to:
1. Protect the wound from mechanical injury.
2. Prevent hemorrhage.
3. Prevent thermal insulation.
4. Protect the wound from microbial contamination.

6. During a discharge teaching session with a client, which statement by the client indicates a need for further
teaching?
1. “Transparent dressings act as temporary skin.”
2. “Transparent dressings are nonporous, nonabsorbent, and self-adhesive.”

3. “Transparent dressings cannot be placed over a joint without disrupting mobility.”
4. “Transparent dressings adhere only to the skin area around the wound and not to the wound itself because
they keep the wound moist.”
7. The nurse is caring for a client who has a wound covered with thick necrotic tissue, or eschar, and it requires
debridement. What color would this wound most likely be?
1. Red
2. Yellow
3. Black
4. Blue
8. Any at—risk client confined to bed, even when a special support mattress is used, should be repositioned at
least every 2 hours, depending on the client’s need, to allow another body surface to bear the weight. The
nurse should NOT place the client in which position?
1. Prone
2. Knee—chest
3. Supine
4. Sims’
9. The nurse knows albumin is an important indicator of nutritional status. The nurse understands that a value
below g/dL indicates poor nutrition and may increase the risk of poor healing and infection.
1. 3.5
2. 3.6
3. 3.8
4. 3.9
10. The nurse is preparing to obtain a wound drainage specimen for culture from a client. Which of the following
is part of the preparation?
1. Check the progress notes to determine ifthe specimen is to be collected for an aerobic (growing only in the
presence ol’ oxygen) culture.
2. Check the medical orders to determine if the specimen is to be collected for an anaerobic (growing only in
the absence of oxygen) culture.
3. Administer an analgesic 90 minutes before the procedure if the client is complaining of pain at the wound site.
4. Administer an analgesic 5 minutes before the procedure if the client is complaining of pain at the wound
site.

CHAPTER 37
PERIOPERATIVE NURSING
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Atelectasis Injection of anesthetic agent into the epidural

space, the area inside the spinal column but
Circulating nurse
.0990N951‘He5-“P’
outside the dura mater

Closed-wound drainage system
Role is to assist the surgeons; often a UAP
Conscious sedation
Epidural anesthesia
Elective surgery
Infiltration; injected into a specific area and used
Emboli for minor surgical procedures
_ Emergency surgery Begins when the decision to have surgery is
Epidural anesthesia made; ends when the client is transferred to the
operating table
General anesthesia
Coordinates activities and manages client care
:qow
lntraoperative phase
r—‘D—Ir—‘b—Ib—I
A thread used to sew body tissues together

Local anesthesia
LwNH
Involves a high degree of risk

Major surgery
.—.
The delivery of nursing care through the framework

Minor surgery of the nursing process
Nerve block Topical anesthesia
15. Penrose drain Refers to minimal depression of the level of
16. Peridural anesthesia consciousness; client retains the ability to maintain
a patent airway and respond appropriately to
17. Pcrioperative period commands
18. Postoperative phase Temporary interruption of the transmission of
19. Preoperative phase nerve impulses to and from a specific area or
region of the body
20. Regional anesthesia
A technique in which the anesthetic agent is
21. Scrub person
injected into and around a nerve or small nerve
22. Spinal anesthesia group
23. Subarachnoid block (SAB) Performed when surgical intervention is the

preferred treatment for a condition that is not
24. Surface anesthesia
imminently life threatening
25. Suture

CHAPTER 37 / Perioperative Nursing 185
Requires lumbar puncture through one of the t. Collapse of the alveoli

interspaces between lumbar disc 2 and the
u. A drain that has an open end that drains onto a
sacrum
dressing
Pe formed 'mmed" tel to reserve function or
r . . 1 . Id y p v. Blood clot that has moved
the life of the client
. . w. Consists ofa drain connected to either an electric
The loss of all sensatlon and consc1ousness . . .
suction or a portable drainage suction
Normally involves little risk, produces few
x. Spinal anesthesia
complications, and is often performed in an
outpatient setting y. Phase begins when the client is transferred to the
operating table and ends when the client is
Begins with the admission ofthe client to the
admitted to the postanesthesia care unit
postanesthesia area and ends when healing is
complete
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. The intraoperative phase begins when the decision to have surgery is made and ends when the client is
transferred to the operating table.
a. True
b. False
An embolus is a blood clot that has moved.
a. True
b. False
. Adequate nutrition is not necessarily required for normal tissue repair.

a. True
b. False
Prior to any surgical procedure, informed consent is required from the client or legal guardian.
a. True
b. False
Surgery is least risky when the client’s general health is good.
a. True
b. False
Pale, cyanotic, cool, and moist skin may be a sign of_ problems.
A ___* is a thread used to sew body tissues together.
Conscious ___ refers to minimal depression of the level of consciousness in which the client retains the
ability to maintain a patent airway and respond appropriately to commands.
A thrombus is a stationary adhered to the wall of a vessel.
10. A —wound drainage system consists of a drain connected to either an electric suction or a portable
drainage suction.

186 CHAPTER 37/ Perioperative Nursing
a. Preoperative phase Begins with the admission of the client to the postancsthesia
area and ends when healing is complete
b. Intraoperative phase _ A technique in which the anesthetic agent is injected into and
around a nerve or small nerve group that supplies sensation to
a small area of the body
c. Postoperative phase Used most often for procedures involving the arm, wrist, and
hand
d. Regional anesthesia An injection of an anesthetic agent into the epidural space, the
area inside the spinal column but outside the dura mater
e. Local anesthesia The passage of blood through the vessels
f. Tissue perfusion Begins when the decision to have surgery is made and ends
when the client is transferred to the operating table
g. Intravenous block (Bier block) (Infiltration) is injected into a specific area and is used for
minor surgical procedures such as suturing a small wound or
performing a biopsy
h. Epidural (peridural) anesthesia Applied directly to the skin and mucous membranes, open
skin surfaces, wounds, and burns
i. Nerve block The temporary interruption of the transmission of nerve

impulses to and from a specific area or region ofthe body
j. Topical (surface) anesthesia Begins when the client is transferred to the operating table and
ends when the client is admitted to the postanesthesia care
unit (PACU), also called the postanesthetic room or recovery
room
12. anesthesia is the loss of all sensation and consciousness.
a. Regional
b. Local
c. Topical
(1. General
13. Which of the following routine preoperative tests is given to evaluate fluid and electrolyte status?
a. Complete blood count (CBC)
b. Blood grouping and cross—matching
c. Serum electrolytes
d. Fasting blood glucose
I4. Which of the following routine preoperative tests is given to evaluate liver function?
a. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatininc
b. ALT, AST, LDH, and bilirubin
c. Serum albumin and total protein

d. Urinalysis

CHAPTER 37/ Perioperative Nursing 187
15. Which of the following routine preoperative tests is given to evaluate respiratory status and heart size?
a. Chest x-ray
b. Electrocardiogram
0. Pregnancy test
(1. Complete blood count (CBC)
16. The phase begins with the admission of the client to the postanesthesia area and ends when healing is
complete.
a. lntraoperative
b. Preoperative
c. Postoperative
(1. None of the above
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

l. Discuss some of the risks involved with surgery.
. List some factors affecting the degree of risk involved in a surgical procedure.
. Explain the three different types/classifications of anesthesia.
. What is preoperative consent?
Describe how to properly give a physical assessment.
. Identify three commonly used preoperative medications and their uses.
List some of the different types of antiembolic stockings and what they are used for.
Compare and contrast elective surgery and emergency surgery.
State the overall goal during the preoperative period.
10. Discuss the fluid and nutrition requirements before surgery.
11. Discuss elimination requirements before surgery.
12. Describe how to properly prepare for ongoing care of the postoperative client.
l3. Discuss proper client hygiene before a surgery.
14. List the three steps involved in the Joint Commission’s Universal Protocol for Preventing Wrong Site, Wrong
Procedure, Wrong Person Surgery.
15. Compare and contrast major surgery and minor surgery.
16. Define atelectasis and describe methods to prevent this condition.
17. List two types of closed-wound drainage systems and describe their purpose.

188 CHAPTER 37/ Perioperative Nursing
CASE STUDY
1. A 58-year-old client has been admitted for abdominal surgery. After you have taken his vital signs, he asks.
“What is the difference between a major surgery and a minor surgery?” He then states “I have a lot of hair on
my belly. Will I have that hair shaved off before the surgery?”
a. Define major surgery and minor surgery.
b. Give two examples of major surgery and two examples of minor surgery.
0. Why would you need to remove the hair on the client’s abdomen before surgery?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Surgery is a unique experience of a planned physical alteration encompassing three phases. Which phase
begins when the client is transferred to the operating table and ends when the client is admitted to the
postanesthesia care unit (PACU)?
1. Preoperative
2. lntraoperative
3. Postoperative
4. Perioperative
2. The regular use of certain medications can increase surgical risk. Which of the following would NOT increase
surgical risk as much as the others?
1. Anticoagulants
2. Tranquilizers
3. Diuretics
4. Antibiotics
3. Which of the following is NOT a correct action to reduce the risk of postoperative wound infection?
1. Clean the surgical site only.

2. Remove hair from the surgical site only when necessary.
3. Document surgical skin preparation in the client’s record.
4. Prepare the surgical site with an antimicrobial agent.
4. Which of the following actions is appropriate for the nurse removing skin sutures?
l. The nurse puts on exam gloves.
2. The nurse removes the skin sutures without an order.

3. The nurse grasps the suture at the knot with a pair ofclamps.
4. The nurse cuts the suture as close to the skin as possible.

CHAPTER 37/ Perioperative Nursing 189
5. During discharge planning, the nurse is teaching the client how to maintain comfort, promote healing, and
restore wellness. Which of the following actions is NOT correct?
I. Instruct the client to use pain medications as ordered, not allowing pain to become severe before taking the
prescribed dose.
2. Teach the client to avoid using alcohol or other central nervous system depressants while taking narcotic
analgesics.
3. Instruct the client to report promptly to the primary care practitioner any decreased redness, swelling, pain,
or discharge from the incision or drain sites.
4. Emphasize the importance of adequate rest for healing and immune function.
6. The spouse ofa client is preparing to apply a sterile dressing. Which ofthe following indicates a need for fur—
ther teaching? The spouse:
1. Puts on sterile gloves.

2. Places the bulk of the dressing along the edges of the wound.
3. Secures the dressing with tape or ties.

4. Applies the sterile dressings one at a time over the drain and the incision.
7. A nurse is evaluating a client’s understanding of performing deep—breathing exercises. Which of the following
statements indicates a need for further teaching?
1. “I will hold my breath for 6 to 8 seconds.”
2. “I will exhale slowly through the mouth.”
3. “I will always be in a sitting position.”
4. “I will inhale slowly and evenly through the nose until the greatest chest expansion is achieved.”
8. When irrigating a gastrointestinal tube for a client, which of the following would be appropriate? The nurse:
I. Attaches the syringe to the nasogastric tube.
2. Aspirates the solution harshly.

3. Draws up 90 mL of irrigating solution into the syringe.
4. Quickly injects the solution.
9. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student who is applying antiembolic stockings to a client. Which of the follow-
ing actions demonstrates a need for further teaching?
1. Assists the client to a sitting position in bed.

2. Reaches inside the stocking from the top and, grasping the heel, turns the upper portion of the stocking in-
side out so the foot portion is inside the stocking leg.
3. Has the client point his or her toes, then positions the stocking on the client’s foot.
4. Eases the stocking over the toes, taking care to place the toe and heel portions ofthe stocking appropriately.
10. A nurse is planning a seminar on potential postoperative problems. Which ofthe following describes a condi-
tion in which alveoli collapse and are not ventilated?
l. Thrombophlebitis
2. Pulmonary embolism
3. Pneumonia
4. Atelectasis

CHAPTER 38
SENSORY PERCEPTION
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Acute confusion The lack of culturally assistive, supportive, or facili—

tative acts
2. Auditory
. Impaired reception, perception, or both of one or
3 Awareness
more of the senses
4 Cultural care deprivation
Touch
5. Cultural deprivation
. Acute confusion
6 Delirium
Taste
7 Gustatory
Any large organ within the body
8 Kinesthetic
Ability to perceive and understand an object through
9. Olfactory touch by its size, shape, and texture
10. Sensoristasis . Occurs when a person is unable to process or manage
11. Sensory deficit the amount or intensity of sensory stimuli
12. Sensory deprivation Hearing
13. Sensory overload The state in which a person is in optimal arousal
14. Sensory perception . Involves conscious organization and translation of

the data or stimuli into meaningful information
15. Sensory reception
Sight
16. Stereognosis
. Cultural care deprivation
17. Tactile
. Has an abrupt onset, and a cause that, when treated,
18. Visceral reverses the condition
19. Visual . The ability to perceive internal and external stimuli, and
to respond appropriately through thought and action
. The process of receiving stimuli or data
. Smell
Decrease in or lack of meaningful stimuli

Awareness of the position and movement of body
parts

CHAPTER 38/ Sensory Perception 191
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Sensory reception is the process of receiving stimuli or data.
a. True
b. False
. Visceral refers to the ability to perceive and understand an object through touch by its size, shape, and texture.
a. True
b. False
Glaucoma is a group of diseases of the eye caused by increased intraocular pressure that can lead to optic
nerve damage and eventual vision loss.
a. True
b. False
Confusion can occur in clients of all ages, but is most commonly seen in older people
a. True
b. False
. Sensory overload is generally thought of as a decrease in or lack of meaningful stimuli.

21. True
b. False
For an individual to be aware of the surroundings, four aspects of the sensory process must be present: a stim-
ulus. a receptor, impulse conduction, and
During times of increased , people may find their senses overloaded and thus seek to decrease
sensory stimulation.
An individual’s often determines the amount of stimulation that an individual considers usual
or “normal.”
Gaining the of a client with a hearing impairment is an essential first step toward effective
communication.
10. Sensory can prevent the brain from ignoring or responding to specific stimuli.
% of individuals ages 62 to 88 have mild hearing impairment.
a. 10
b. 23
c. 26
d. 30
12. Which of the following states of awareness would be best described as extreme drowsiness but will respond to
stimuli?
a. Confused
b. Somnolent
c. Semicomatose
d. Coma

192 CHAPTER 38 / Sensory Perception
13. All of the following would be correctly categorized as an affective change EXCEPT:
V.
m . Hallucinations.
. Rapid mood swings.

0"
c. Depression.
(1. Anxiety.
. Which of the following states of awareness would be best described as reduced awareness, easily bewildered;
poor memory, misinterprets stimuli; impaired judgment?
a. Full consciousness
b. Disoriented
c. Confused
d. Somnolent
. Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the leading cause of blindness in adults ages and older.
a. 50
b. 55
c. 60
d. 65
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

l. Explain how the client’s environment can affect the senses.
Discuss some of the techniques used to help prevent sensory deprivation.
. Discuss sensory deprivation.
Describe some of the tasks nurses need to perform in a health care setting for clients with visual impairments.
Explain how physical assessment determines whether the senses are impaired.
Discuss the importance of communication, particularly with clients who have sensory deficits.
. Explain some of the sensory aids that are available for clients who have visual and hearing deficits.
. Discuss sensory overload,
. Describe some ofthe techniques used to help prevent sensory overload.
. Discuss some of the techniques used in promoting healthy sensory function.
. List the four aspects of the sensory process that must be present for an individual to be aware of the
surroundings.
. Explain some of the techniques used when one sense is lost to promote the use of the other senses.
. Discuss some considerations for clients with impaired tactile senses.
14. Discuss some considerations for clients with impaired olfactory senses.

CHAPTER 38/ Sensory Perception 193
15. Describe some of the tasks nurses need to perform in a health care setting for clients with hearing impairments.
16. Compare and contrast stereognosis and sensory perception.
17. Describe the various states of awareness.
CASE STUDY
1. An 87—year—old client was admitted to your floor yesterday. During report you are told that the client has
visual and hearing impairments.
a. What actions should you take to help with the client’s visual impairment?
b. What actions should you take to help with the client’s hearing impairments?
c. How can environmental stimuli be adjusted for this client?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student who is assisting a client who has a visual deficit. Which of the
following actions demonstrates a need for further teaching? The student nurse:
1. Announces her presence when entering the client’s room and identifies herself by name.
2. Speaks in a louder voice than necessary.
3. Speaks in a warm and pleasant tone of voice.
4. Always explains what she is about to do before touching the client.
2. A nurse planning a seminar on delirium and dementia plans to explain the characteristics differentiating the
two. Which of the following describes an alertness that fluctuates—~that is, the client may be alert and oriented
during the day, but becomes confused and disoriented at night?
1. Dementia
2. Delirium
3. Hallucinations
4. Delusions
3. During discharge planning, the nurse is teaching the client how to prevent sensory disturbances. Which of the
following actions is correct?
1. Wear protective eye goggles when using power tools.

2. Wear ear protectors when working in an environment with low noise levels.
3. When wearing sunglasses, it is acceptable to look directly into the sun.
4. Have health examinations every 5 to 10 years.
4. Which of the following actions is NOT appropriate for the nurse who is promoting a therapeutic environment
for a client with acute confusion?
1. “Good morning, Mr. Richards. 1 am Betty Brown. 1 will be your nurse today.”
2. “Today is December 5, and it is 8:00 in the morning.”
3. “Can you tell me where you are right now?”

4. “l’m going to turn on the radio while you read the newspaper, and I’ll leave the window open for you.”

194 CHAPTER 38 / Sensory Perception
5. The spouse of a client is preparing sensory aids for the visual and hearing deficits of the client. Which of the
following indicates a need for further teaching? The spouse:
1. Gets a phone dialer with large numbers.
2. Gets reading material with cursive print.
3. Gets amplified telephones.
4. Gets a magnifying glass.
6. The nurse is providing care to an unconscious client. Which of the following actions by the nurse is correct?
1. Provides nose care.
2. Performs range-of-motion exercises.
3. Provides a lot ofenvironmental stimuli.
4. Informs client of the care prior to it being provided.
5. Assists client to bedside commode.
7. Stereognosis is:
l. The process of receiving stimuli or data.

2. The ability to perceive and understand an object through touch by its size, shape, and texture.
3. The conscious organization and translation of data or stimuli into meaningful information.
4. The term used to describe when a person is in optimal arousal.
8. When planning interventions to prevent sensory deprivation, which of the following would NOT be included
in the client’s plan of care?
1. Encourage the client to use eyeglasses and hearing aids only when interacting with someone.
2. Address the client by name and touch the client while speaking if this is not culturally offensive.
3. Provide a telephone, radio and/or TV, clock, and calendar.
4. Encourage the use of self-stimulation techniques such as singing, humming, whistling, or reciting.
9. Which of the following questions by the nurse assesses the gustatory sensory reception?
1. “When did you last visit an eye doctor?”
2. “Have you experienced any dizziness or vertigo?”
3. “Have you experienced any changes in taste?”
4. “Can you distinguish foods by their odors and tell when something is burning?”
10. The nurse is assessing for sensory function. Using a Snellen chart or other reading material, such as a
newspaper, and visual fields assesses which ofthe following?
1. Hearing acuity
2. Visual acuity
3. Olfactory senses
4. Tactile senses

CHAPTER 39
SELF-CONCEPT
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Body image . A set of expectations about how the individual occupying one
position behaves
Core self-concept
.OfoPoflQEAP‘P’N
. Arise from opposing or incompatible expectations

Global self
. How an individual in a particular role acts in comparison to
Global self-esteem the behaviors expected of that role
Ideal self . One’s judgment of one’s own worth, how that individual’s
Role standards and performances compare to others, and ideal self
. Refers to the relationship between one’s perception of self and
Role ambiguity
others’ perceptions of him or her
Role conflicts
. When expectations are unclear, individuals do not know What
. Role development to do or how to do it
Role mastery . The beliefs and images that are most vital to an individual’s
._.._.
identity
Role performance
,_.
. How much one likes oneself as a whole

12. Role strain
'. One’s mental image of oneself
I3. Self-awareness
'. An individual’s behaviors meet social expectations for a role
Self-concept
. How an individual perceives the size, appearance, and func-
15. 7 Self-esteem tioning of the body and its parts
16. Specific self-esteem . Socialization into a particular role
. Collective beliefs and images one holds about oneself; most
complcte descriptions that individuals can give of themselves
. How we should or would prefer to be
. How much one approves ofa certain part of oneself
. Occurs when one is frustrated because the individual feels or
is made to feel inadequate or unsuited to a role
CC 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. 195

196 CHAPTER 39 / Self-Concept
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Self—concept is one’s mental image of oneself.
a. True
b. False
. A client’s attitude to a newly acquired disability is rarely the determining factor in successful rehabilitation.
a. True
b. False
. Individuals who grow up in families Whose members value each other are likely to feel good about them-
selves.
a. True
b. False
The weavings that form the patterns in one’s life are experiences, knowledge, and dreams.
a. True
b. False
. Self-awareness refers to the relationship between one’s perception of himself or herself and others’ percep-
tions of him or her.
a. True
b. False
A self-concept is essential to an individual’s physical and psychological well—being.

99°85)
Self—esteem is derived from and others.
self-esteem is how much one approves of a certain part of oneself.
Nursing interventions to promote a positive self~concept include helping a client to identify areas of
10. An individual’s self-perception can differ from the individual’s perception of how others see him or her and
from the self, that is, how the individual would like to be.
ll. Which of the following would NOT be considered a self—esteem stressor that affects self-concept?
a. Loss of body parts
b. Lack of positive feedback from significant others
c. Abusive relationship
d. Loss of financial security
12. Which of the following is NOT one of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?
a. Infancy: trust vs. mistrust
b. Toddlerhood: autonomy vs. shame and doubt
c. Early childhood: initiative vs. guilt

d. Early adulthood: segregation vs. separation

CHAPTER 39 / Self-Concept 197
13. is one’s judgment of one’s own worth, that is, how that individual’s standards and performanc-
es compare to others and to one’s ideal self.
a. Self-esteem
b. Self-knowledge
c. Self-expectation
d. Self—concept
14. All of the following would be considered an identity stressor EXCEPT:
a. A change in physical appearance.
b. The inability to achieve goals.

c. Sexuality concerns.
d. Ambiguous or conflicting role expectations.
15. Which one of the following is NOT one of the four dimensions of self-concept?
a. Self-knowledge
b. Social evaluation
0. Self—expectation
d. Self-evaluation
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

l. List some strategies nurses can employ to reinforce strengths.
. Discuss the stage of development as a factor that can affect self-concept.
Discuss the concept of body image, including how and when it develops.
List some of the guidelines for conducting a psychosocial assessment.
. Discuss family and culture and how they can affect self—concept.
Define and discuss personal identity.
Discuss the formation of self-concept according to Erikson.
. List three of the NANDA nursing diagnostic labels relating specifically to the domain ofself—perception and
the classes of self-concept, self-esteem, and body image.
. Discuss strcssors as a factor that can affect self—concept.
10. Individuals are thought to base their self—concept on how they perceive and evaluate themselves in several
areas. List some ofthese areas.
. Discuss resources and how they can affect self—concept.
12. Discuss illness and how it can affect self-concept.

198 CHAPTER 39 / Self-Concept
13. Give some examples of questions a nurse can ask to determine a client’s self—esteem.
14. List some nursing techniques that may help clients analyze the problem and enhance the self-concept.
15. Compare and contrast role ambiguity and role strain.
16. Discuss how family and culture influence values.
CASE STUDY
1. You are working in a psychiatric facility and caring for an older adult client. The client tells you she has low
self-esteem.
a. What nursing techniques may help clients analyze the problem and enhance self—concept?
b. List five stressors that affect self-concept.
c. During your assessment, what questions should you ask the client?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. When planning interventions to reinforce a client’s strengths, which of the following would NOT be included
in the client’s plan of care?
1. Stress self—negation rather than positive thinking.
2. Notice and verbally reinforce client strengths.
3. Provide honest, positive feedback.
4. Encourage the setting of attainable goals.
2. The nurse is conducting a psychosocial assessment. Which of the following actions by the nurse is correct?
1. Create a quiet, private environment.
2. Do not limit interruptions.
3. Use intermittent eye contact.

4. Sit above the eye level of the client.
3. A nurse is planning a seminar on conducting a psychosocial assessment. Which of the following guidelines is
appropriate for conducting a psychosocial assessment?
1. Indicate acceptance of the client by not criticizing, frowning, or demonstrating shock.
2. Ask close-ended questions.
3. Maximize the writing of detailed notes during the interview.
4. Ask more personal questions than what are actually needed.
4. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student who is asking a client questions to determine the client’s self-esteem.
Which of the following statements demonstrates a need for further teaching?
1. “Are you satisfied with your life?”
2. “How do you feel about yourself?”
3. “Are you accomplishing what you want?”
4 . “What are your responsibilities in the family?”

CHAPTER 39/ Self-Concept 199
During discharge planning, the nurse is teaching the client how to enhance her son’s self—esteem. Which of the
following actions is correct?
1. Give him opportunities to “practice” who he is.

2. Do not allow him to explore and experiment with the world around him.
3. Do not allow him to express himself as a unique individual.
4. Encourage him to stay connected with all memories.
6. Which of the following questions is NOT appropriate for the nurse assessing body image?
1. Is there any part of your body you would like to change?
2. What are your relationships like with your other relatives?

3. Are you comfortable discussing your surgery?
4. How do you feel about your appearance?
Ideal selfis:
1. The collective beliefs and images one holds about oneself.

2. How a person perceives the size, appearance, and functioning of the body and its parts.
3. The individual’s perception of how one should behave based on certain personal standards, aspirations,
goals, and values.
4. One’s mental image of oneself.
According to Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, the middle adulthood stage is:
1. Identity vs. role confusion.
2. Intimacy vs. isolation.
3. Integrity vs. despair.
4. Generativity vs. stagnation.

When a client feels or is made to feel inadequate or unsuited to a role, he or she is experiencing which ofthe
following?
1. Role conflict
2. Role strain
3. Role ambiguity
4. Role development
10. Which of the following is considered to be a stressor affecting self—concept?
1. Change or loss ofjob or other significant role
2. Financial security
3. Stable relationship
4. Realistic expectations

CHAPTER 40
SEXUALITY
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Anal stimulation 14. Intersex
Androgyny 15. Male erectile disorder

>090N9MH>PJN
Cross-dressing 16. Male orgasmic disorder
Desire phase 17. Oral—genital sex
Dysmenorrhea 18. Orgasmic phase
Dyspareunia 19. Resolution phase
Excitement phase 2o. Sexual aversion disorder
Female orgasmic disorder 21. __ Sexual self—concept

Female sexual arousal disorder 22. Transgender
Gender identity 23. WWW_ Vaginismus

._.._.
1—‘0
Gender-role behavior 24. Vestibulitis

Genital inter-course 25. Vulvodynia
_.
Ix)
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

,_l
DJ

CHAPTER 40 / Sexuality 201
Involuntaiy climax of sexual tension, ac- Dressing in the clothing of the other gender; makes out-
companied by physiological and psycho- ward appearance consistent with inner identity and gen—
logical release der role; increases their comfort with themselves
Sexual response stops before orgasm occurs How one values oneself as a sexual being
Characterized by two physiological changes, One’s self-image as a female or male

vasocongestion and myotonia
A person whose sexual anatomy is not consistent with
Flexibility in gender roles: beliefthat most gender identity
characteristics and behaviors are human
The response cycle starts in the brain, with conscious
qualities and should not be limited to a
sexual desires
specific gender
Persistently low or lack of interest in sexual activity
Outward expression of a person’s sense of
maleness or femaleness and what is per— Diagnosis when man has erection problems during 25%
ceived as gender-appropriate behavior or more of his sexual interactions
Period of return to unaroused state Pain during or immediately after intercourse
Lack of vaginal lubrication causes discom— Penile—vaginal intercourse (for heterosexual couples)
fort or pain during sexual intercourse Kissing, licking, or sucking male or female genitals
Severe pain only on touch or attempted
Can be a source of sexual pleasure because of the rich
vaginal entry nerve supply in the anus
Painful menstruation
A severe distaste for sexual activity, or the thought of
Constant, unremitting burning that is local— sexual activity, which leads to a phobic avoidance of sex
ized to the vulva with an acute onset
Erection can be attained and maintained, but ejaculation
Contradictions among chromosomal sex, is extremely difficult
gonadal sex, internal organs, and external
Involuntary spasm of the outer one third of the vaginal
genital appearance
muscles, making penetration of the vagina painful, and
sometimes impossible
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. The development of sexuality begins with conception and ends with puberty.
a. True
b. False
. The ability of the human body to experience a sexual response is present before birth.
a. True
b. False
. An individual’s gender identity may be easily changed once established.

a. True
b. False
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are the most common bacterial infections among adolescents.
a. True
b. False

202 CHAPTER 40 / Sexuality
5. Older women remain capable of multiple orgasms and may, in fact, experience an increase in sexual desire
after menopause.
a. True
b. False
. Sexual health includes both freedoms and

\IO\
. Current practice dictates the use of a in all forms of intercourse to prevent the transmission of
disease.
8. The sexual response cycle starts in the
9. Sexual refers to the physiological responses and subjective sense of excitement experienced
during sexual activity.
10. is the belief that most characteristics and behaviors are human qualities that should not be limited
to one specific gender or the other.

a. Sexual self—concept Painful menstruation
b. Gender-role behavior How one values oneself as a sexual being
0. Masturbation One’s self-image as a female or male
d. Sexual aversion disorder The outward expression of a person’s sense of maleness or
femaleness as well as the expression of what is perceived as
gender-appropriate behavior
e. Orgasmic phase Flexibility in gender roles, the belief that most characteristics
and behaviors are human qualities that should not be limited to
one specific gender or the other ‘”’
f. Resolution phase One’s attraction to people of the same sex, other sex, or both
sexes
g. Dysmenorrhea The ongoing love affair that each of us has with ourselves
throughout our lifetime
h. Sexual orientation The involuntary climax of sexual tension, accompanied by
physiological and psychological release
i. Androgyny The period of return to the unaroused state; may last
10 to 15 minutes after orgasm, or longer if there is no orgasm
j. Gender identity A severe distaste for sexual activity or the thought of sexual
activity, which then leads to a phobic avoidance of sex
12. is the involuntary spasm of the outer one third of the vaginal muscles, making penetration of
the vagina painful and sometimes impossible.
a. Vestibulitis
b. Vaginismus
c. Vulvodynia
d. Dyspareunia

CHAPTER 40/ Sexuality 203
13. __ is oral stimulation of the penis by licking and sucking.

m
. Masturbation
. Fellatio
0"
c. Genital intercourse
d. Intersex
14. Which of the following is NOT one of the five critical components of sexual health?
a. Freedoms and responsibilities
b. Gender-role behavior
c. Mental image
(1. Body image
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Discuss how older adults may define sexuality.
2. List some of the common sexual messages children get from their families.
. Discuss how family influences a person’s sexuality.
Discuss the desire phase of the sexual response cycle.
. What are some of the health factors that can interfere with people’s expression of sexuality?
Discuss how culture influences a person’s sexuality.
Identify the forms of male and female sexual dysfunction.
Discuss the orgasmic phase of the sexual response cycle.
What is rapid ejaculation?
10. Summarize how religion influences a person’s sexuality.
11. Explain sexual pain disorders.
12. Describe physiological changes in males and females during the sexual response cycle.
13. Discuss some of the problems with attaining sexual satisfaction.
14. Discuss the resolution phase of the sexual response cycle.
15. Describe how to correctly perform a breast self-examination and explain its importance.

204 CHAPTER 40 / Sexuality
CASE STUDY
1. A 21—year-old man is in the clinic today to get an employment physical. The health care provider has asked
you to provide the client with education about testicular cancer and STIs. After you are done providing this
education, the client makes a sexual advance toward you.
a. Explain how to provide client teaching for testicular self-examination.
b. Explain how to prevent the transmission of STIs and HIV.

c. Summarize the nursing strategies to deal with the client’s inappropriate sexual behavior.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. During discharge planning, the nurse is teaching the client how to prevent transmission of STIs and HIV.
Which of the following actions is correct?
1. Use condoms in monogamous relationships only.
2. Follow safe sex practices only during intercourse.
3. Report to a health care facility for examination only when there are signs of an STI.
4. Notify all partners and encourage them to seek treatment when an STI is diagnosed.
. A nurse is evaluating a client’s understanding of performing breast self-examination. Which of the following
1. Use the finger pads (tips) of the three middle fingers (held together) on your left hand to feel for lumps.
2. Press the breast tissue against the chest wall firmly enough to know how your breast feels. A ridge of firm
tissue in the lower curve of each breast is abnormal.
3. Use small circular motions systematically all the way around the breast as many times as necessary until
the entire breast is covered.
4. Look for any change in size or shape; lumps or thickenings; any rashes or other skin irritations; dimpled or
puckered skin; any discharge or change in the nipples.
. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student who is discussing nursing strategies for inappropriate sexual behavior
from a client. Which of the following actions demonstrates a need for further teaching?
1. “I will communicate that the behavior is not acceptable.”
2. “I will identify the client behaviors that are acceptable.”

3. “I will set firm limits with the client.”
4. “I will not report the incident to my nursing instructor, charge nurse, or clinical nurse specialist.”
A nurse is planning a seminar on methods of contraception. Which ofthc following is NOT a correct method
of contraception?
1. Chemical barriers including vaginal diaphragm, cervical cap, and condom
2. Abstinence
3. Surgical sterilization
4. Intrauterine devices (IUDs)

CHAPTER 40/ Sexuality 205
. The nurse is providing education to a client about effects of medications on sexual function. Which of the following
statements by the nurse is correct?
1. “Antipsychotics increase sexual desire.”
2. “Diuretics decrease vaginal lubrication.”
3. “Narcotics increase sexual desire and response.”
4. “Barbiturates in large doses increase sexual desire.”
The spouse of a client is verbalizing understanding of common conceptions of sex. Which of the following
indicates a need for further teaching? The spouse states:
1. “Sexual ability is not lost due to age.”
2. “There is no evidence that sexual activity weakens a person.”

3. “Chronic alcoholism is associated with erectile dysfunction.”
4. “Alcohol is a sexual stimulant.”
. The orgasmic phase is:
l. The response cycle that starts in the brain, with conscious sexual desires.
2. The involuntary climax of sexual tension, accompanied by physiological and psychological release.
3. The period of return to the unaroused state, may last 10 to 15 minutes after orgasm, or longer if there is no
orgasm.
4. An increase of tension in muscles; may increase until released by orgasm, or it may also simply fade away.
Body image is:
l. A central part of the sense of self, and is constantly changing.
2. One’s self-image as a female or male.

3. The outward expression ofa person’s sense of maleness or femaleness as well as the expression of what is
perceived as gender—appropriate behavior.
4. The belief that most characteristics and behaviors are human qualities that should not be limited to one specific
gender or the other.
. The nurse who is evaluating a sexual health class recognizes that further teaching is necessary when which of
the following statements is made by a participant?
1. “Rapid ejaculation is one of the most common sexual dysfunctions among men.”
2. “Preorgasmic women have experienced an orgasm.”
3. “Vulvodynia is constant, unremitting burning that is localized to the vulva with an acute onset.”
4. “Vestibulitis causes severe pain only on touch or attempted vaginal entry.”
10. One technique nurses can use to help clients with altered sexual function is the _ model.
1. PLISSIT
2. PLllSlT
3. PLLlSSlT
4. PLISIT

CHAPTER 41
SPIRITUALITY
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Agnostic . Being with a client, listening with full awareness of the privi-
lege of doing so
Atheist
QFOPOSP‘teP’N
Food prepared according to Jewish law

Holy day
An intuitive, interpersonal, altruistic, and integrative expres-
Kosher
sion that reflects the client’s reality
Meditation
. Disturbance in the belief or value system that provides
Prayer strength, hope, meaning to life
Presencing . Spiritual health
Religion A person who doubts the existence of God or a supreme being
Spiritual care . The human experience that seeks to transcend self and find
meaning and purpose through connection with others, nature,
Spiritual development
___H...
and/or a supreme being

Spiritual distress
ePJNr‘
Human communication with divine and spiritual entities

Spiritual health
An organized system of beliefs and practices
Spiritual well-being
A person who is without beliefin a deity
Spirituality
Manifested by a feeling of being generally alive, purposeful,
and fulfilled
The act of focusing one’s thoughts or engaging in self-

rellcclion or contemplation
. A day set aside for special religious observance
Specific stages through which individuals may progress while

maturing spiritually

CHAPTER 41 /Spirituality 207
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Religion generally involves a belief in a relationship with some higher power, creative force, divine being, or
infinite source of energy.
a. True
b. False
. A holy day is a day set aside for special religious observance.
a. True
b. False
. Prayer is human communication with divine and spiritual entities.
a. True
b. False
Meditation is the act of focusing one’s thoughts or engaging in self-reflection or contemplation.
a. True
b. False
Nursing care that supports clients’ spiritual health will help promote other dimensions of health.
a. True
b. False
Religious law may dictate how food is prepared; for example, many Jewish people require
food, which is food prepared according to Jewish law.
, which is defined as being present, being there, or just being with a client, is a term that identi-
fies one of the competencies incorporated by expert nurses.
In the phase, the nurse identifies interventions to help the client achieve the overall goal of
maintaining or restoring spiritual well-being so that spiritual strength, serenity, and satisfaction are realized.
symbols include jewelry, medals, amulets, icons, totems, or body ornamentation (e.g., tattoos)
that carry religious or spiritual significance.
10. Clients facing imminent death may seek from others as well as from God.

208 CHAPTER 41 ISpirituality
l 1. Match the following terms with the correct definitions.
a. Spiritual distress _ To believe in or be committed to something or someone
b. Religion # A concept that incorporates spirituality

0. Atheist __ The belief in more than one God
(1. Polytheism _ The belief in the existence of one God
e. Spirituality m One without belief in a God
f. Faith _ A person who doubts the existence of God or a supreme being

or believes the existence of God has not been proved
g. Hope An organized system of beliefs and practices
h. Monotheism A challenge to the spiritual well—being or to the belief system

that provides strength, hope, and meaning to life
i. Agnostic Is manifested by a feeling of being “generally alive,
purposeful, and fulfilled”
j. Spiritual health/well—being Refers to that part of being human that seeks meaningfulness
through intra-, inter-, and transpersonal connection
12. Which of the following is NOT one of the aspects of spirituality?
a. Meaning
b. Value
0. Connection
d. Religion
13. will most likely not have insurance coverage and rely on the religious community for support.
a. Amish, Mennonites
b. Buddhists
0. Christian Scientists
d. Hindus
l4. avoid alcohol, caffeine, and smoking. They prefer to wear temple undergarments. Arrange for
priestly blessing if requested.
a. Jehovah’s Witnesses
b. Jews
0. Latter-Day Saints/Mormons
d. Muslims
15. According to Vardey, organized religions offer all of the following EXCEPT:
a. A sense of community bound by common beliefs.
b. A place ofaversion.
c. The collective study of scripture.
d. The performance of ritual.

CHAPTER 41 / Spirituality 209
16. Spiritual refers to a challenge to the spiritual well—being or to the belief system that provides
strength, hope, and meaning to life.
. Duress
SD
. Interest
0"
0. Guidance
d. Distress
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Describe nursing interventions to support clients’ spiritual beliefs and religious practices.
2. Identify the desired outcomes for evaluating the client’s spiritual health.
List some of the factors associated with spiritual distress and the manifestations of that stress.
Discuss the influence of spiritual and religious beliefs about diet on health care.
What are some of the ways people nurture or enhance their spirituality?
Describe the spiritual development of the individual across the life span.
Discuss the influence of spiritual and religious beliefs about birth and death on health care.
Explain the concept of forgiveness.
Describe the influence of spiritual and religious beliefs about prayer and meditation on health care.
10. Discuss the concept of hope.
ll. Describe the concept of spirituality.
12. List some of the characteristics of spiritual health.
13. Discuss the influence of spiritual and religious beliefs about dress on health care.
14. Briefly explain some of the varying religious beliefs related to birth.
15. What does the acronym FICA stand for?
CASE STUDY
1. A 37-year-old male client has been admitted to the hospital with terminal cancer. His condition is rapidly dete-
riorating. He has been living at home with his mother and father for the past 6 months. He is expressing fear
and anger about his condition and states that he does not believe he will be alive much longer.
a. The client asks you to pray with him. Describe some ofthe guidelines you should follow.
b. Summarize the practice guidelines you should follow to support the client’s religious practices.
c. Give some examples of spiritual needs that would be related to others.

210 CHAPTER 41 / Spirituality
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Which religion avoids unnecessary treatments on the Sabbath?
1. Buddhism
2. Jehovah’s Witness
3. Latter-Day Saints (LDS or Mormon)
4. Seventh-Day Adventist
2. Religion is:
1. An organized system of beliefs and practices. It offers a way of spiritual expression that provides guidance
for believers in responding to life’s questions and challenges.
2. A challenge to the spiritual well—being or to the belief system that provides strength, hope, and meaning to life.
3. Manifested by a feeling of being “generally alive, purposeful, and fulfilled.”
4. Part of being human that seeks meaningfulness through intra—, inter-, and transpersonal connection.
3. A client tells you he is an atheist. You know this to mean:
1. He is an individual who doubts the existence of God or a supreme being or believes the existence of God
has not been proved.
2. He is an individual without a belief in a God.
3. He is an individual who believes in the existence of one God.
4. He is an individual who believes in more than one God.
4. A client’s religion may have rules about which foods and beverages are allowed and which are prohibited.
Clients of which religion do not eat shellfish or pork?
1. Buddhism
2. Orthodox Jew
3. Hindu
4. Mormon
5. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of presencing. Which of the following statements
demonstrates a need for further teaching? A distinguishing feature of presencing is:
1. “Giving of self in the present moment.”
2. “Being there in a way that is meaningful to yourself.”
3. “Listening, with full awareness ofthe privilege of doing so.”
4. “Being available with all ofthe self.”
6. The nurse who is evaluating a supporting religious practices class recognizes that further teaching is necessary
when which of the following statements is made by a participant?
1. “Create a trusting relationship with the client so that any religious concerns or practices can be openly dis-
cussed and addressed.”
2. “If unsure of client religious needs, ask how nurses can assist in having these needs met.”
3. “Always discuss personal spiritual beliefs with a client.”
4. “Acquaint yourself with the religions, spiritual practices, and cultures of the area in which you are working.”

CHAPTER 41 /Spiritua|ity 211
7. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student who is just about to pray with a client. Which of the following actions
demonstrates a need for further teaching? The student nurse tells the nurse:
1. “Clients” preferences for prayer reflect their personalities.”

2. “Before praying, assess what clients would like you to pray for.”
3. “Prayer may be the springboard to further discussion or catharsis.”
4. “Prayers should never be personalized.”

8. A nurse caring for a Muslim client recognizes that the client practices prayer times a day and
that the Muslim client may need assistance to maintain this commitment.
1. Three
2. Four
3. Five
4. Six
9. When a nurse is planning in relation to a client’s spiritual needs, plans should NOT be designed to do which of
the following?
1. Help the client fulfill religious obligations.
2. Help the client draw on and use inner resources more effectively to meet the present situation.
3. Help the client find meaning in existence and the present situation.
4. Promote a sense of hopelessness.
10. A nurse is planning a seminar on spiritual needs. Which of the following is NOT an example of spiritual needs
related to the self?
1. Need for meaning and purpose
2. Need to express creativity
3. Need for hope
4. Need to cope with loss ofloved ones

CHAPTER 42
STRESS AND COPING
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Alarm reaction 13. Fear
2. Anger 14. General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
3. Anxiety 15. Local adaptation syndrome (LAS)
4. Bumout l6. Shock phase
5. Caregiver burden 17. Stage of exhaustion
6. Coping 18. Stage of resistance
7. Coping mechanism 19. Stimulus-based stress models
8. Coping strategy 20. Stress

9. Countershock phase 21. Stressor
10. Crisis intervention 22. Transactional stress theory
1 1. Depression
12. Ego defense mechanisms

CHAPTER 42 / Stress and Coping 213
. An extreme feeling of sadness, despair, . Encompasses a set of cognitive, affective, and adaptive
dejection, lack of worth responses that arise out of personeenvironment transactions
. Reaction to long—term stress in family Characterized by a chain or pattern of physiological events

members who take care of a person in
. Short-term helping process of assisting clients to work through
the home
a crisis to its resolution
. Natural or learned way of responding to
. At the end of this stage, the body may either rest and return to
a changing environment
normal, or death may be the ultimate consequence
d. The changes produced in the body
. Emotional state consisting of a subjective feeling of animosity
during shock
or strong displeasure
. Any event or stimulus that causes an
. A complex system of behaviors that can be likened to the
individual to experience stress
exhaustion stage of GAS
Defines stress as a stimulus, life event,
. Coping mechanism
or a set of circumstances that arouses
physiological and/or psychological . Body can react locally; one organ or a part of the body reacts
reactions that may increase the alone
individual’s vulnerability to illness
. Stage during which the body attempts to cope with a stressor,
g. Initial reaction of the body to stress and to limit stressor to smallest area of the body that can deal
with it
h. A condition in which a person
experiences changes in the normal Unconscious psychological adaptive mechanisms that develop
balanced state as the personality attempts to defend itself, establish
compromises, and calm inner tensions
Stressor may be perceived consciously or
unconsciously; stressors stimulate the . A state of mental uneasiness apprehension, dread, or foreboding
sympathetic nervous system
. Emotion or feeling of apprehension aroused by impending or
Dealing with change seeming danger, pain, or another perceived threat
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. A stressor is a condition in which the person experiences changes in the normal balanced state.
a. True
b. False
2. In stimulus—based stress models, stress is defined as a stimulus, a life event, or a set of circumstances that
arouses physiological and/or psychological reactions that may increase the individual’s vulnerability to illness.
a. True
b. False
3. Problem solving involves thinking through a threatening situation, using specific steps to arrive at a solution.
a. True
b. False
4. Structuring (discipline) is assuming a manner and facial expression that convey a sense of being in control or
in charge.
a. True
b. False

CHAPTER 42 / Stress and Coping
. Self-control is the arrangement or manipulation of a situation so that threatening events do not occur.
a. True
b. False
is consciously and willfully putting a thought or feeling out of mind: “I won’t deal with that
today. I’ll do it tomorrow.”
, or daydreaming, is likened to make-believe.
may be described as dealing with change—successfully or unsuccessfully.
. Crisis is a short-term helping process of assisting clients to work through a crisis to its
resolution and restore their precrisis level of functioning.
10. A coping an, (coping mechanism) is a natural or learned way of responding to a changing
environment or specific problem or situation.
a. Shock phase Unconscious psychological adaptive mechanisms or, according

to Sigmund Freud (1946), mental mechanisms that develop as the
personality attempts to defend itself, establish compromises
among conflicting impulses, and calm inner tensions
b. Stage of resistance An extreme feeling of sadness, despair, dejection, lack of worth,

or emptiness; affects millions of Americans a year
c. Anger An emotional state consisting of a subjective feeling of animosity
or strong displeasure
d. Stressor An emotion or feeling of apprehension aroused by impending or

seeming danger, pain, or other perceived threat
e. Ego defense mechanisms A state of mental uneasiness, apprehension, dread, or foreboding

or a feeling of helplessness related to an impending or anticipated
unidentified threat to self or significant relationships
f. Depression When the body’s adaptation takes place

g. Local adaptation syndrome When the changes produced in the body during the shock phase
are reversed
h. Anxiety The stressor may be perceived consciously or unconsciously by

the person
i. Countershock phase , One organ or a part of the body reacts alone
j. Fear Any event or stimulus that causes an individual to experience

stress
12. focuses on solving immediate problems and involves individuals, groups, or families.
a. Crisis intervention
b. Caregiver burden
c. Crisis counseling
d. Burnout

CHAPTER 42 / Stress and Coping 215
13. What concept refers to efforts to improve a situation by making changes or taking action?
a. Problem—focused coping
b. Emotion—focused coping
c. Long-term coping
d. Short—term coping
14. is resorting to an earlier, more comfortable level of functioning that is characteristically less
demanding and responsible.
a. Reaction formation
b. Projection
c. Minimization
(1. Regression
15. is displacement of energy associated With more primitive sexual or aggressive drives into
socially acceptable activities.
a. Sublimation
b. Substitution
c. Undoing
d. Repression
16. Which of the following is NOT a cognitive indicator or thinking response to stress?
. Structuring
:33
b. Suppression
. Anxiety
O
(1. Problem solving
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

l. Compare and contrast anxiety and fear.
2. List and define 10 defense mechanisms.
Explain burnout.
Summarize ways to mediate anger.
. Recall the concepts and sources of stress.
. Define general adaptation syndrome (GAS) and local adaptation syndrome (LAS).
Describe interventions to help clients minimize and manage stress.
. Identify nursing diagnoses related to stress.
Identify essential aspects of assessing a client’s stress and coping patterns.
10. Discuss types of coping and coping strategies.
ll. Identify behaviors related to specific ego defense mechanisms.

216 CHAPTER 42 / Stress and Coping
l2. Differentiate four levels of anxiety.
l3. Identify physiological, psychological, and cognitive indicators of stress.
14. Describe the three stages of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome.
15. Differentiate the concepts of stress as a stimulus, as a response, and as a transaction.
16. Describe the key difference between effective and ineffective coping.
CASE STUDY
1. A 37—year-old client has an inability to relax, concentrate, and focus. She also complains of a headache, dizziness,
and nausea. The health care provider has asked for you to provide the client with information about anxiety.
a. What level of anxiety is the client most likely experiencing?
b. Describe various methods you could teach the client to minimize stress and anxiety.
c. Explain the difference between anxiety and fear.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A client comes into the clinic with tremors and pitch changes in her voice. She also has facial twitches and
shakiness. Her respiratory and heart rates are slightly elevated. At the end of her assessment she tells you, “I
feel like I have butterflies in my stomach.” Which level ofanxiety is this client experiencing?
l. Mild
2. Moderate
3. Severe
4. Panic
2. The spouse ofa client is discussing the difference between anxiety and fear. Which ofthe following
1. “The source of anxiety is identifiable and the source of fear may not be identifiable.”
2. “Anxiety is related to the future, that is, to an anticipated event. Fear is related to the present.”
3. “Anxiety is vague, whereas fear is definite.”

4. “Anxiety is the result of psychological or emotional conflict; fear is the result of a discrete physical or
psychological entity.”
3. Which of the following is an appropriate strategy for dealing with a client’s anger?
1. Try to understand the meaning of the client’s anger.
2. Do not let clients talk about their anger until you are ready.
3. After the interaction is completed, avoid processing your feelings and responses to the client with your colleagues.
4. Listen to the client, and actjust like the client.
4. Which of the following techniques prevents burnout for nurses?
1. Avoid collegial support groups.
2. Avoid involvement in constructive change efforts.
3. Learn to say no.
4. Engage in exercise when you can to direct energy inward.

CHAPTER 42/ Stress and Coping 217
5. At which developmental stage would a client experience getting married, leaving home, managing a home,
getting started in an occupation, continuing one’s education, and having children?
1. Adolescent
2. Young adult
3. Middle adult
4. Older adult
6. Which of the following is an example of the defense mechanism of displacement?
l. A husband and wife have an argument, and the husband becomes so angry he hits a door instead of his wife.
2. A woman, though told her father has metastatic cancer, continues to plan a family reunion 18 months in advance.
3. A mother is told her child must repeat a grade in school, and the mother blames this on the teacher’s poor
instruction.
4. A woman wants to marry a man exactly like her deceased father, and settles for someone whose appearance
resembles her father..
7. A nurse is taking care of an adult client when he throws a temper tantrum because he does not get his own
way. Which defense mechanism is the adult client displaying?
1. Repression
2. Regression
3. Reaction formation
4. Rationalization
8. A nurse is planning a seminar on minimizing stress and anxiety. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
1. Provide an atmosphere of warmth and trust; convey a sense of caring and empathy.
2. Listen attentively; try to understand the client’s perspective on the situation.
3. Control the environment to minimize additional stressors, such as by reducing noise, limiting the number of
individuals in the room, and providing care by the same nurse as much as possible.
4. Communicate in long, detailed sentences.
9. During discharge planning, the nurse is teaching the client common characteristics of crises. Which of the
following statements is NOT correct?
1. The person is not aware of a warning signal and does not “see it coming.”
2. The crisis is often experienced as ultimately life threatening, whether this perception is realistic or not.
3. Communication with significant others is often increased.
4. There may be a perceived or real displacement from familiar surroundings or loved ones.
10. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of the clinical manifestations of stress. Which of the
following statements by the nursing student demonstrates a need for further teaching?
1. “Pupils constrict to decrease visual perception when serious threats to the body arise.”
2. “Sweat production (diaphoresis) increases to control elevated body heat due to increased metabolism.”
3. “Heart rate and cardiac output increase to transport nutrients and by—products of metabolism more efficiently.”
4. “Skin is pallid because of constriction of peripheral blood vessels, an effect of norepinephrine.”

CHAPTER 43
Loss, GRIEVING, AND DEATH
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Actual loss a. Client is not made aware of impending death

2. Algor mortis b. Mortician
3. Anticipatory grief c. Approach that improves quality of life of clients and their families
facing life—threatening illness, through prevention and relief of suf-
4. Anticipatory loss
fering
5. Bereavement d
. Gradual decrease of the body’s temperature after death
6. Cerebral death 6.
A large piece of plastic or cotton material used to enclose a body af-
7. Closed awareness ter death v
8. Complicated grief f. Mottling discoloration that occurs in the lowermost or dependent
areas of the body
9. End-of—life care
Behavioral process through which grief is eventually resolved or al—
10. Grief g' tered
11. Heart—lung death h
. Client and others know about impending death and feel comfortable
12. Higher brain death talking about it
13. Hospice i. Exists when the strategies to cope with the loss are maladaptive;
usually lasts more than 6 months
14. Livor mortis
Cessation of apical pulse, respirations, and blood pressure
15. Loss j"
Experienced by one individual but cannot be verified by others
16. Mortician k'
Occurs when the cerebral cortex is irreversibly destroyed
17. Mourning 1'
. Client, family, and health personnel know that the prognosis is
18. Mutual pretense m
terminal but do not talk about it
19. Open awareness n.
The subjective response experienced by the surviving loved ones
20. Palliative care 0.
An actual or potential situation in which something that is valued is
21. Perceived loss changed or no longer available
22. Rigor mortis p. Cerebral death
23. Shroud q. Stiffening of the body that occurs about 2 to 4 hours after death
24. Undertaker r. Can be recognized by others v/

CHAPTER 43/ Loss, Grieving, and Death 219
S. Total response to the emotional ex~ 11. Experienced before the loss actually occurs
perience related to loss v. Care provided in the final weeks before death
t. Focuses on support and care of the
w. Experienced in advance of the event
dying person and family; goal is facil-
itating a peaceful and dignified death x. An individual trained in care of the dead
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Everyone experiences loss, grieving, and death at some time.
a. True
b. False
Actual loss is experienced before the loss actually occurs.
a. True
b. False
. Higher brain death occurs when the higher brain center, the cerebral cortex, is irreversibly destroyed.
a. True
b. False
In closed awareness, the client is not made aware of impending death.

a. True
b. False
With mutual pretense, the client, family, and health personnel know that the prognosis is terminal but do not
talk about it and make an effort not to raise the subject.
a. True
b. False
Rigor is the stiffening of the body that occurs about 2 to 4 hours after death.
50“.“?
mortis is the gradual decrease of the body’s temperature after death.

A is an individual trained in care of the dead.
A is a large piece of plastic or cotton material used to enclose a body after death.
10. occurs when the individual perceives no solutions to a problem.
. An individual who conducts rituals of mourning (e.g., funeral) is said to be in which of the following of En-
gel’s stages of grieving?
a. Shock and disbelief
b. Developing awareness
c. Restitution
d. Resolving the loss
. More than nurses in the United States are nationally certified in hospice and palliative care.
a. 9,000
b. 14,000
C. 18,000
d. 24,000

220 CHAPTER 43 / Loss, Grieving, and Death
13 . A(An) is a large piece of plastic or cotton material used to enclose a body after death.
a. Undertaker
b. Hospice
c. Mortician
d. Shroud
. Which of the following age groups has the following beliefs/attitudes about the concept of death?
I Understands death as the inevitable end oflife.
l Begins to understand own mortality, expressed as interest in afterlife or as fear of death.
a. Infancy to 5 years
b. 5 to 9 years
c. 9 to 12 years
d. 12 to 18 years
15. An individual who is displaying the behavioral response of separation anxiety would be in which of Sander’s
phases of bereavement?
a. Shock
b. Awareness of loss
c. Conservation/withdrawal
d. Healing: the turning point
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1 . Discuss the dying person’s bill of rights.
2 . Describe the types and sources of losses.
. Discuss selected frameworks for identifying stages of grieving.
Identify clinical symptoms Ol‘gricl‘.
. Discuss factors affecting a grief response.
ldentify measures that facilitate the grieving process.
List clinical signs of impending and actual death.
Describe helping clients die with dignity.
Describe nursing measures for care of the body after death.
10. Describe the role ofthe nurse in working with families or caregivers ofdying clients.
11. Define grief, bereavement, and mourning.
12. List the factors influencing the loss and grief responses.
13. Discuss various responses to dying and death.

CHAPTER 43/ Loss, Grieving, and Death 221
14. Explain the steps in postmortem care.
15. Discuss the physiological needs ofthe dying client.
16. Discuss the psychosocial needs of the dying client.
CASE STUDY
1. You are visiting with a 22-year—old male client. During the assessment phase, you discover his father passed
away last week from a terminal illness. The client tells you he was very close to his father.
a. Which type of loss is the client experiencing?

b. Explain grief, bereavement, and mourning.
c. List four appropriate questions to ask during the assessment.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Bereavement is:
1. The total response to the emotional experience related to loss.
2. The subjective response experienced by the surviving loved ones after the death ofa person with whom
they have shared a significant relationship.
3. The behavioral process through which grief is eventually resolved or altered; it is often influenced by cul—
ture, spiritual beliefs, and custom.
4. An actual or potential situation in which something that is valued is changed or no longer available.
2. A nurse’s client just passed away. The nurse understands that rigor mortis is the stiffening of the body that
occurs about 7 hours after death.
1. 2to4
2. 5to7
3. 8t010
4.11t013
3. A nurse is taking care of a client who just lost her husband to a terminal illness. The client is refusing to be-
lieve that loss is happening. Which of Kubler-Ross’s stages of grieving is the client experiencing?
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
4. A nurse is caring for a client whojust lost her brother to suicide. The client accepts the situation intellectually,
but denies it emotionally. Which of Engel’s stages of grieving is the client experiencing?
1. Shock and disbelief
2. Developing awareness
3. Restitution
4. Resolving the loss

222 CHAPTER 43/ Loss, Grieving, and Death
5. Which of the following is a correct description of Sander’s conservation/withdrawal phase of bereavement?

l. The bereaved move from distress about living without their loved one to learning to live more independently.
2. The survivors feel a need to be alone to conserve and replenish both physical and emotional energy.
3. Friends and family resume normal activities. The bereaved experience the full significance of their loss.
4. The survivors are left with feelings of confusion, unreality, and disbelief that the loss has occurred.
6. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student who is caring for a dying client’s physiological needs. Which of the
following actions demonstrates a need for further teaching?
1. For an unconscious client with an airway clearance problem, the nursing student places him in Fowler’s position.
2. The client is diaphoretic; the nursing student gives the client frequent baths and changes the linen.
3. The nursing student regularly changes client’s position.
4. The nursing student provides the client with skin care in response to incontinence of urine or feces.
7. A nurse is planning a seminar on the dying person’s bill of rights. Which of the following statements is NOT
part of the dying person’s bill of rights?
1. I have the right to express my feelings and emotions about my approaching death in my own way.
2. I have the right to expect continuing medical and nursing attention even though cure goals must be changed
to comfort goals.
3. I have the right to be free from pain.

4. I have the right to die alone.
8. The nurse is providing care to an unconscious client who is dying. Which ofthe following is NOT a clinical
manifestation of impending clinical death?
1. Difficulty swallowing and gradual loss of the gag reflex
2. Mottling and cyanosis of the extremities
3. Rapid, shallow, irregular, or abnormally slow respirations
4. Faster and weaker pulse
9. At what age does a client typically believe his or her own death can be reversible?
l. Infancy to 5 years
2. 5 to 9 years
3. 9 to 12 years
4. 12 to 18 years
10. Which of the following actions is NOT appropriate for the nurse providing postmortem care?
1. One pillow is placed under the head and shoulders to prevent blood from discoloring the face by settling in it.
2. The eyelids are closed and held in place for a few seconds so they remain closed.
3. Dentures are always removed and placed with the client’s personal belongings.
4. All jewelry is removed, except a wedding band in some instances, which is taped to the finger.

CHAPTER 44
ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Active ROM exercises Occurs when a stronger muscle dominates the op-
posite muscle
Aerobic exercise
owagweww
Another person moves each of the client’s joints

Anabolism
through its complete range of movement
Anaerobic exercise
Protein breakdown
Basal metabolic rate
Isotonic exercises in which the client moves each
Catabolism joint in the body through its complete range of
movement
Foot drop
The ability of the body to perform work
Functional strength
Involves activity in which the muscles cannot draw
Isokinetic (resistive) exercise
out enough oxygen from the bloodstream; used for
Isometric (static or setting) exercise endurance training
—‘-—‘r—‘D—l
r—‘Q
Isotonic (dynamic) exercise Protein synthesis
__ 7 fl Lateral position Muscle contraction or tension against resistance
Metabolism The minimal energy expended for maintenance of

physical and chemical processes of the body
Orthopneic position
NIQNNH-—‘—'—‘
WNT‘QF’PC’N997‘;
Muscle contraction without moving the joint

Orthostatic hypotension
Crutch positioned in front of feet about 40 cm (15
m Passive ROM exercises
in.), out laterally about 15 cm (6 in.)
Prone position
Activity during which the amount of oxygen taken
_ Range of motion (ROM) in the body is greater than that used to perform the
activity
Relaxation response (RR)
m. Client sits either in bed or on the side of the bed
Spastic
with an overbed table across the lap
Supine position
Side—lying position
Tripod (triangle) position
Sum of all the physical and chemical processes by
Valsalva maneuver which living substance is formed and maintained,
and by which energy is made available for use by
the body

224 CHAPTER 44/ Activity and Exercise
p. Decreased blood pressure as a result of t. Refers to holding the breath and straining against a
changing from a sitting or lying posi- closed glottis
tion to a standin osition . .
gp u. Those in which the muscle shortens to produce
q. Exercise can counteract some of the muscle contraction and active movement
harmful effects Of stress on the body v. Client positioned on the abdomen with the head
r. With too much muscle tone turned to one side
5. The maximum movement that is possi- w. Lying on back; dorsal recumbent

ble for that joint
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. An activity-exercise pattern refers to an individual’s routine of exercise, activity, leisure, and recreation.
a. True
b. False
. An individual maintains balance as long as the line of gravity (an imaginary horizontal line drawn through the
body’s center of gravity) passes through the center of gravity.
a. True
b. False
. The base of support is the foundation on which the body rests.

a. True
b. False
The range of motion (ROM) of a joint is the maximum movement that is possible for that joint.
a. True
b. False
Proprioception is the term used to describe awareness of posture, movement, and changes in equilibrium and
the knowledge of position, weight, and resistance of objects in relation to the body.
a. True
b. False
is commonly seen in the arm muscles of a tennis player, the leg muscles of a skater, and the
arm and hand muscles of a carpenter.
is a condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile due to calcium depletion.
Unused muscles , losing most of their strength and normal function.
When the muscle fibers are not able to shorten and lengthen, eventually a forms, limiting joint
mobility.
10. Without movement, the collagen tissues at thejoint become

CHAPTER 44/ Activity and Exercise 225
a. Physical activity The ability to move freely, easily, rhythmically, and

purposefully in the environment; is an essential part of
living
. Exercise Bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle

contraction that increases energy expenditure
Isotonic (dynamic) exercises A type of physical activity defined as a planned,

structured, and repetitive bodily movement performed
to improve or maintain one or more components of
physical fitness
. Aerobic exercise Exercise in which the muscle shortens to produce

muscle contraction and active movement
. Mobility Exercise in which there is muscle contraction without

moving the joint (muscle length does not change)
Anaerobic exercise Involve muscle contraction or tension against

resistance; thus, they can be either isotonic or isometric
. Isokinetic (resistive) exercises Activity during which the amount of oxygen taken in
by the body is greater than that used to perform the activity
. Osteoporosis Involves activity in which the muscles cannot draw out

enough oxygen from the bloodstream, and anaerobic
pathways are used to provide additional energy for a
short time
. Ventilation Air circulating into and out of the lungs
. Isometric (static or setting) exercises A condition in which the bones become brittle and
fragile due to calcium depletion
12. Which of the following is defined as having too much muscle tone?
Meningitis
. Paresis
Flaccid
Spastic
13. refers to holding the breath and straining against a closed glottis.
Valsalva maneuver
. Orthostatic hypotension
C. Stasis
d. Venous vasodilation
14. Which ot‘the following is NOT one of the three factors that collectively predispose a client to the formation of
a thrombophlebitis?
a. Increased oil in the diet

b. Impaired venous return to the heart
C. Hypercoagulability of the blood
d. Injury to a vessel wall

226 CHAPTER 44 / Activity and Exercise
15. refers to the sum of all the physical and chemical processes by which living substance is
formed and maintained and by which energy is made available for use by the body.
a. Metabolism
b. Catabolism
c. Anabolism
d. Anorexia
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

l. Discuss how the US. Department of Health and Human Services defines exercise and physical activity.
2. Describe the effects of exercise on cognitive function.
. List some of the factors that affect an individual’s body alignment, mobility, and daily activity level.
. Define and discuss the term body mechanics.
. Describe the three different ways the intensity of exercise can be measured.
. Discuss the importance of the musculoskeletal system.
. Describe how to use safe practices when positioning, moving, lifting, and ambulating clients.
. Describe a variety of movement interventions and therapies to improve physical health, mobility, strength,
balance, mood, and cognition.
. Develop nursing diagnoses and outcomes related to activity, exercise, and mobility problems.
10. Discuss the activity—exercise pattern, alignment, mobility capabilities and limitations, activity tolerance, and
potential problems related to immobility.
11. Identify factors influencing a person’s body alignment and activity.
. Compare the effects of exercise and immobility on body systems.
. Differentiate isotonic, isometric, isokinetic, aerobic, and anaerobic exercise.
. Describe four basic elements of normal movement.
. List some of the factors that increase the potential for lower back injuries.
. Describe how increased venous pressure leads to edema.
. Describe the factors that predispose a client to the development of thrombophlebitis.

CHAPTER 44/ Activity and Exercise 227
CASE STUDY
1. A 43-year-old client is recovering from a back injury and is receiving care from a home health nurse. A major
aspect of discharge planning involves instru ctional needs of the client and the client’s family. Provide the cli—
ent and the client ’sfamily education about thefO/lowing topics:
I Maintaining musculoskeletal function
I Preventing injury
I Managing energy to prevent fatigue
I Preventing back injuries
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A nurse is planning a seminar on preventing back injuries. Which of the following statements is correct?
1. When sitting for a period oftime, periodically move legs and hips, flex one hip and knee, and rest your foot
on an object if possible.
2. When sitting, keep your knees slightly lower than your hips.
3. Use a hard mattress and firm pillow that provide good body support at natural body curvatures.
4. Exercise regularly to maintain overall physical condition and regulate weight; include exercises that
strengthen the pelvic, abdominal, and spinal muscles.
2. During discharge planning, the nurse is evaluating the client’s understanding of wheelchair safety. Which of
the following statements indicates a need for further teaching?
1. Always lock the brakes on both wheels of the wheelchair when the client transfers in or out of it.
2. Lower the footplates before transferring the client into the wheelchair.
3. Lower the footplates after the transfer, and place the client’s feet on them.
4. Ensure the client is positioned well back in the seat of the wheelchair.
3. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of stretcher safety. Which of the following statements
1. Never leave a client unattended on a stretcher unless the wheels are locked and the side rails are raised on
both sides and/or the safety straps are securely fastened across the client.
2. Always push a stretcher from the end where the client’s head is positioned. This position protects the cli-
ent’s head in the event of a collision.
3. Maneuver the stretcher when entering the elevator so that the client’s feet go in first.
4. Fasten safety straps across the client on a stretcher, and raise the side rails.
4. Which of the following actions is appropriate for the nurse performing active ROM exercises?
1. Perform each ROM exercise as taught to the point ofslight resistance, but not beyond, and never to the
point of discomfort.
2. Perform the movements systematically, using a different sequence during each session.
3. Perform each exercise five times.
4. Perform each series of exercises three times daily.

228 CHAPTER 44 / Activity and Exercise
5. During discharge planning, the nurse is teaching the client how to control postural hypotension. Which of the
following statements is correct?
l. Bend down all the way to the floor and stand up quickly after stooping.
2. Wear elastic stockings day and night to inhibit venous pooling in the legs.
3. Use a rocking chair to improve circulation in the lower extremities.
4. Get out of a hot bath very quickly, because high temperatures can lead to venous pooling.
6. Isotonic (dynamic) exercises:
I. Are those in which there is muscle contraction without moving the joint (muscle length does not change).
2. Involve muscle contraction or tension against resistance; thus, they can be either isotonic or isometric.
3. Are activities during which the amount of oxygen taken in by the body is greater than that used to perform
the activity.
4. Are those in which the muscle shortens to produce muscle contraction and active movement.
7. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of positioning clients. Which of the following state-
ments indicates a need for further teaching?
I. Positioning a client in good body alignment and changing the position regularly (every 3 hours) and sys—
tematically are essential aspects of nursing practice.
Any position, correct or incorrect, can be detrimental ifmaintained for a prolonged period.
For all clients, it is important to assess the skin and provide skin care before and after a position change.
Frequent change of position helps to prevent muscle discomfort, undue pressure resulting in pressure ul-
cers, damage to superficial nerves and blood vessels, and contractures.
8. Fowler’s position is a bed position:
I. In which the head and trunk are raised 450 to 60°.
2 . In which the client’s head and shoulders are slightly elevated on a small pillow.
3. In which the client lies on the abdomen with the head turned to one side.
4 . In which the person lies on one side of the body. Flexing the top hip and knee and placing this leg in front
of the body creates a wider, triangular base of support and achieves greater stability.
9. General guidelines for transfer techniques include all of the following EXCEPT:
l . Obtain essential equipment before starting (e. g., transfer belt, wheelchair), and check its function.
2 . Always support or hold equipment rather than the client to ensure safety and dignity.
3. Remove obstacles from the area used for the transfer.

4 . Explain the transfer to the nursing personnel who are helping; specify who will give directions (one person
needs to be in charge).
10. Which ofthe following actions is appropriate for the nurse assisting a client with crutches?
1. The client lies in a prone position and the nurse measures from the anterior fold of the axilla to the heel of
the foot and adds 2.5 cm (I in.).
The client stands erect and positions the crutch. The nurse makes sure the shoulder rest of the crutch is at
ix.)
least three fingerwidths, that is. 2.5 to 5 cm (i to 2 in.), below the axilla.
. The client stands upright and supports the body weight by the axilla.
The nurse measures the angle of elbow flexion. It should be about 10°.

CHAPTER 45
SLEEP
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Biological rhythms . Orgasm and release of semen during sleep
Electroencephalogram (EEG) . Naturally occurring altered state of consciousness in

QFOFX’SP‘SJ‘F‘P’N
Which perceptions and reactions are decreased

Electromyogram (EMG)
. Basic organization of normal sleep
Electro-oculogram (EOG)
. Individual obtains sufficient sleep at night but has
Hypersomnia
difficulty staying awake during the day
Insomnia
. Excessive daytime sleepiness caused by lack of
Narcolepsy chemical in area of the CNS that regulates sleep
Nocturnal emissions . Use of several monitoring and recording devices used

to measure sleep objectively
NREM sleep
. Occurs about every 90 minutes; essential for psycho—
Parasomnia
__#_.__._.
social and mental equilibrium

Polysomnography
U‘F‘PJb’f
. Controlled within the body and synchronized with

REM sleep environmental factors
Sleep I Characterized by frequent, short breathing pauses

during sleep
Sleep apnea
'. Inability to fall asleep or remain asleep
Sleep architecture
. Records brain waves
l6. Slccp hygiene
. Four stages; essential for physiological well-being
. Interventions used to promote and enhance the quali-

ty of client’s sleep
. Records muscle activity

. Behavior that may interfere with sleep, and may oc—
cur during sleep
. Records eye movement

230 CHAPTER 45/ Sleep
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Somnology is the study of sleep.
a. True
b. False
2. Stage 1 is the deepest stage of sleep.

a. True
b. False
3. Most dreams take place during REM sleep, but usually will not be remembered unless the individual arouses
briefly at the end of the REM period.
a. True
b. False
4. Sleep apnea is characterized by frequent short breathing pauses during sleep.

a. True
b. False
5. Sleep hypnotics is a term referring to interventions used to promote sleep.

a. True
b. False
has come to be considered an altered state of consciousness in which the individual’s percep-
tion of and reaction to the environment are decreased.
7. Biological exist in plants, animals, and humans.
8. REM sleep usually recurs about every minutes and lasts 5 to 30 minutes.
is described as the inability to fall asleep, remain asleep, or awaken feeling rested.
10. is a disorder of excessive daytime sleepiness caused by lack of the chemical hypocretin in the
area of the central nervous system that regulates sleep.

a. Sundown syndrome The study of sleep
b. Insomnia The basic organization of normal sleep
C. Cognitive therapy A pattern of symptoms (e.g., agitation, anxious, aggressive, and

sometimes delusional) that occur in the late afternoon
. Sleep quality A subjective characteristic, often determined by whether

or not a person wakes up feeling energetic or not
Narcolepsy The total time the individual sleeps
Hypersomnia The most common sleep complaint in America
. Quantity ofsleep Learning to develop positive thoughts and beliefs about sleep
. Stimulus control Creating a sleep environment that promotes sleep
Sleep architecture Conditions where the affected individual obtains

sufficient sleep at night but still cannot stay awake during the day
Somnology A disorder of excessive daytime sleepiness caused by the lack of

the chemical hypocretin in the area of the central nervous system
that regulates sleep

CHAPTER 45/ Sleep 231
12. Newborns sleep hours a day, on an irregular schedule with periods of 1 to 3 hours spent awake.
a. 10 to 12
b. 12 to 14
c. 14 to 16
d. 12 to 18
13. Most healthy adults need hours of sleep a night.
a. 7 to 9
b. 9 to 11
c. 11 to 13
d. 13 to 15
14. Stress is considered by most sleep experts to be the number cause of short-term sleeping diffi-
culties.
a. one
b. two
0. three
(1. four
. By the end of the first year, how many hours ofslccp should an infant receive during the day?
a. 7to8
b. 9tol2
c. 12tol3
d. 14t015
. Approximately million Americans have a chronic disorder of sleep and wakefulness that hin-
ders daily functioning and adversely affects health.
P
10 to 30
30 to 50
9‘
c. 50 to 70
d. 70 to 90
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Identify factors that affect normal sleep.
2. Describe variations in sleep patterns throughout the life span.
. Identify the characteristics of the sleep states of NREM and REM sleep.
Explain the functions and the physiology of sleep.
. Discuss the following three types of sleep apnea: obstructive apnea, central apnea, and mixed apnea.
Identify items included in and the purpose ofa sleep diary.

232 CHAPTER 45 / Sleep
7. Summarize the major goal for clients with sleep disturbances.
8. Discuss the importance of bedtime rituals.
9. List several of the factors that can affect sleep.
10. Discuss several techniques for reducing environmental distractions in hospitals.
1 1. Discuss three nursing responsibilities to help clients sleep.
12. List seven drugs that may disrupt REM sleep, delay onset of sleep, or decrease sleep time.
13. Describe common sleep disorders.
14. identify the components of a sleep pattern assessment.
15. Describe interventions that promote normal sleep.
16. Describe the reticular activating system (RAS) and its involvement in the sleep/wake cycle.
CASE STUDY
1. A 21—year~old client presented to the clinic today complaining of difficulty sleeping. The client is a part-time
college student and also works 40 to 50 hours per week at an automotive body shop. The client is not taking
any prescription medications and has an occasional alcoholic beverage at special events.
a. Explain the two types of sleep.
b. Describe factors that affect sleep.
0. Explain the information that should be included in a sleep diary.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. During discharge planning, the nurse is teaching the client how to maintain a sleep diary. Which of the follow-
ing statements is correct?
1. Document the activities you perform 5 to 6 hours before going to bed.
2. Document the consumption of caffeinated beverages and alcohol and amounts of those beverages.
3. Do not list the bedtime rituals before bed.
4. List only the prescribed medications taken during the day.

2. A nurse is evaluating a client’s understanding of comfort measures that are essential to help fall asleep and
stay asleep. Which ofthe following client statements indicates a need for further teaching?
1. “I should wear loose-fitting nightwear.”

2. “I will void before bedtime.”
3. “I will perform hygienic routines prior to bedtime.”

4. “When I’m in pain, lwill take the prescribed analgesics 1 hour before I go to sleep.”

CHAPTER 45 / Sleep 233
3. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of medications. Which of the following statements by
the nursing student indicates a need for further teaching?
1. “Antianxiety medications decrease levels of arousal by facilitating the action of neurons in the CNS that
suppress responsiveness to stimulation.”
2. “Sleep medications vary in their onset and duration of action and will impair waking function as long as
they are chemically active.”
3. “Sleep medications affect NREM sleep more than REM sleep.”

4. “Initial doses of medications should be low and increases added gradually, depending on the client’s re—
sponse.”
4. Hypersomnia is:
1. A condition in which the affected individual obtains sufficient sleep at night but still cannot stay awake
during the day.
2. A disorder of excessive daytime sleepiness caused by the lack of the chemical hypocretin in the area of the
central nervous system that regulates sleep.
3. A condition characterized by frequent short breathing pauses during sleep.
4. A behavior that may interfere with sleep and/or occurs during sleep.
5. Which stage of NREM (slow-wave) sleep lasts only about 10 to 15 minutes, during which the eyes are gener-
ally still, the heart and respiratory rates decrease slightly, and body temperature falls?
1. Stage l
2. Stage 2
3. Stage 3
4. Stage 4
6. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student who is discussing physiological changes during NREM sleep. Which
of the following statements by the nursing student demonstrates a need for further teaching?
1. Arterial blood pressure falls.
2. Pulse rate decreases.
3. Peripheral blood vessels constrict,
4. Cardiac output decreases.

7. When planning interventions to reduce environmental distractions in hospitals, which of the following would
NOT be included in the client’s plan of care?
1. Lower the ring tone of nearby telephones.
2. Discontinue use of the paging system after a certain hour or reduce its volume.
3. Keep required staff conversations at low levels; conduct nursing reports or other discussions in a separate
area away from client rooms.
4. Perform noisy activities only during the day, never during sleeping hours.

234 CHAPTER 45/ Sleep
8. A nurse is planning a seminar on promoting sleep. Which of the following is correct information?
1. Establish a regular bedtime and wake-up time for all days of the week to enhance biologic rhythm. ,.
2. Complete office work or discuss family problems before bedtime.

3. Get adequate exercise during the day to reduce stress, but avoid excessive physical exertion 1 hour before
bedtime.
4. Establish a regular, relaxing bedtime routine before sleep such as exercising or taking a cool shower.
9. When planning interventions to promote sleep, which of the following would be included in the client’s plan
of care?
1. Create a sleep-conducive environment that is dark, quiet, comfortable, and cool.
2. Give analgesics 3 hours before bedtime to relieve aches and pains.
3. If a bedtime snack is necessary, give only high-carbohydrate snacks or a milk drink.
4. Avoid giving the client heavy meals 4 to 5 hours before bedtime.
10. A nurse is evaluating a client’s understanding of her child’s night terrors. Which ofthe following statements
1. Night terrors are usually seen in children 3 to 6 years of age.
2. Children usually cannot be wakened during night terrors, but should be protected from injury, helped back
to bed, and soothed back to sleep.
3. Children do not remember the night terror the next day, and there is no indication of a neurologic or emo—
tional problem.
4. Night terrors are partial awakenings from non-REM stage 1 or 2 sleep.

CHAPTER 46
PAIN MANAGEMENT
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Acute pain 12. Nociceptive pain
2. Agonist analgesic 13. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)

3. Agonist~antagonist analgesic 14. Pain threshold
4. Allodynia 15. Pain tolerance
3. Chronic pain 16. Patient—controlled analgesia (PCA)

4. Coanalgesic 17. Peripheral neuropathic pain
5. Dysesthesia l 8. Pseudoaddiction
6. Effleurage l9. Referred pain
7. Equianalgesia 20. Somatic pain
8. Hyperalgesia 21. Sympathetically maintained pain

9. Hyperpathia 22. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
10. Nerve block 23. 7 V Visceral pain
1 1. Neuropathic pain

236 CHAPTER 46/ Pain Management
Type of massage consisting of Refers to relative potency of various opioid analgesics

long, slow, gliding strokes compared to a standard dose of parenteral morphine
Experienced when an intact, Originates in skin, muscles, bone, or connective tissue
properly functioning nervous Can act like opioids and relieve pain when given to a
system sends signals that tissues client who has not taken any pure opioids
are damaged
Condition that results from the undertreatment of pain
Chemical interruption of a nerve where the client may become hyperfocused on obtain-
pathway, effected by injecting a ing medication
local anesthetic into the nerve
May occur with abnormal connections between pain f1-
Prolonged, usually recurring or bers and the sympathetic nervous system
lasting more than 3 months; in—
terferes with functioning Phantom limb pain
A nonopioid pain medication that Pure opioid drugs that provide maximum pain inhibition
has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, Not classified as a pain medication but may reduce pain
and anti pyretic effects alone or in combination with other analgesics; may po-
Heightened responses to a pain- tentiate the effects of pain medications
ful stimulus Least amount of stimuli necessary for a person to label
Sudden or slow onset, regardless a sensation as pain
of its intensity Nonpainful stimulus that produces pain
Appear to arise in different areas Method of applying electrical stimulation directly over
to other parts of the body identified pain areas; stimulation through to block
Associated with damaged or mal— transmission of nociceptive impulse
functioning nerves due to illness, Unpleasant, abnormal sensation that can be either spon-
injury, or undetermined reasons taneous or evoked
Hyperalgesia The most pain an individual is willing or able to bear
Interactive method of pain man- before taking evasive actions
agement that permits clients to Pain arising from organs
treat their pain by self—
administering doses of analgesics
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Central neuropathic pain occurs occasionally when abnormal connections between pain fibers and the sympa-
thetic nervous system perpetuate problems with both the pain and sympathetically controlled functions.
a. True
b. False
2. Pain tolerance is the least amount of stimulus that is needed for a person to feel a sensation he or she labels as pain.
a. True
b. False
3. Pain management is the alleviation of pain or a reduction in pain to a level of comfort that is acceptable to the client.
a. True
b. False

CHAPTER 46/ Pain Management 237
Preemptive analgesia is the administration of analgesics prior to an invasive or operative procedure in order to
treat pain before it occurs.
a. True
b. False
. Pain threshold is the maximum amount of painful stimuli that a person is willing to withstand without seeking
avoidance of the pain or relief.
a. True
b. False
A full agonist includes morphine (e.g., Kadian, MS Contin), oxycodone (e.g. Percocet, Oxy-
Contin), and hydromorphone (e.g., Dilaudid, Palladone).
Partial agonists have a effect in contrast to a full agonist.
refers to the relative potency of various opioid analgesics compared to a standard dose of par—
enteral morphine.
is “any medication or procedure, including surgery, that produces an effect in a client because
of its implicit or explicit intent and not because of its specific physical or chemical properties.”
10. drug therapy is advantageous in that it delivers a relatively stable plasma drug level and is non-
invasive.

a . Chronic pain Appear to arise in different areas
b. Mild pain Pain arising from organs or hollow viscera

0. Physiological pain When pain lasts only through the expected recovery period
. Peripheral neuropathic pain Prolonged, usually recurring or persisting over 6 months or
D.
longer, and interferes with functioning

e. Neuropathic pain Pain in the 1—3 range of a 0-10 scale
f. Referred pain Experienced when an intact, properly functioning nervous system
sends signals that tissues are damaged, requiring attention and
proper care
g. Somatic pain Originates in the skin, muscles, bone, or connective tissue
h. Visceral pain Experienced by people who have damaged or malfunctioning

nerves
i. Moderate pain Follow damage and/or sensitization of peripheral nerves
j. Acute pain Pain in the 4—6 range of a 0-10 scale
. A (An) _ block is a chemical interruption of a nerve pathway, effected by injection of a local

anesthetic into the nerve.
a. Nerve
b. Anesthetic
0. Chemical
(1. Pathway

13. Which of the following is NOT a type of pain stimuli?
a. Mechanical
b. Thermal
0. Electrical
d. Chemical
14. Which of the following terms is described as a painful sensation felt from a part of the body that has been am-
putated?
a. Nociceptive pain
b. Phantom pain
0. Neuropathic pain
(1. Sensitization
15. All of the following are reasons clients may be reluctant to report pain EXCEPT:
a. Unwillingness to trouble staff who are perceived as busy.

b. Do not want to be labeled as “complainers” or “bad” patients.
c. Concern that use of drugs now will render the drug inefficient later in life.
d. Beliefthat others will think they are strong ifthey express pain.
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. List the four physiological processes that are involved in nociception.
2. What is the “fifth vital sign”?
. Describe the World Health Organization’s step ladder approach developed for cancer pain control.
Describe pharmacologic interventions for pain.
. Compare and contrast barriers to effective pain management.
. Identify examples of nursing diagnoses for clients with pain.
. Identify subjective and objective data to collect and analyze when assessing pain.
. Describe the gate control theory and its application to nursing care.
. Describe how the contribution of physical, mental, spiritual, and social aspects of pain contribute to concepts
such as pain tolerance, suffering, and pain behavior.
. Describe the four processes involved in nociception and how pain interventions can work during each process.
. Discriminate between physiological and neuropathic pain categories.
. Give an example of rational polypharmacy as described by the American Pain Society.
. Differentiate between tolerance, dependence, and addiction.
. Identify risks and benefits of various analgesic delivery routes and analgesic delivery technologies.
C) 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 46/ Pain Management 239
15. Describe nonpharmacologic pain control interventions.
16. List two interventions for reducing client’s misconceptions about pain.
17. List three methods that nurses may use to acknowledge and accept a client’s pain.
CASE STUDY
1. A 43-year-old client is complaining of abdominal pain. The client locates his pain in the epigastric region. On
a 0710 scale, he rates his pain as an 8. He describes the pain as “constant throbbing.”
a. As the fifth vital sign, pain should be screened for every time vital signs are evaluated. Define pain.
b. Identify the two major components of a pain assessment.
c. Explain the pain intensity scale.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following statements about pain is true?
1. Pain is a sign, not a symptom.
2. Pain presents only physiological dangers to health and recovery.
3. Severe pain is viewed as an emergency situation.
4. Pain is a low-priority problem.
2. When pain lasts only through the expected recovery period, it is described as:
1. Chronic pain.
2. Acute pain.
3. Referred pain.
4. Visceral pain.
3. Pain tolerance is:
l. The least amount of stimuli that is needed for an individual to feel a sensation labeled as pain.
2. The maximum amount of painful stimuli that an individual is willing to withstand without seeking avoid-
ance of the pain or relief.
3. An unpleasant, abnormal sensation.
4. A situation in which nonpainful stimuli (e.g., contact with linen, water, or wind) produce pain.
4. A client who describes her pain as 3 on a scale of 0—10 is having:
1. Mild pain.
2. Moderate pain.
3. Severe pain.
4. Intense pain.

5. The nurse is evaluating a client’s understanding of acute pain and chronic pain. The nurse recognizes that fur-
ther teaching is necessary when which of the following statements is made by the client?
1. Acute pain increases a client’s pulse rate.

2. With chronic pain the client appears depressed and withdrawn.
3. With chronic pain the client exhibits behavior indicative of pain: crying, rubbing area, and holding area.
4. Acute pain increases a client’s respiratory rate.
6. Which of the following would be a misconception of pain?
1. The individual who experiences the pain is the only authority about its existence and nature.
2. Pain is a subjective experience, and the intensity and duration of pain vary considerably among individuals.
3. Even with severe pain, periods of physiological and behavioral adaptation can occur.
4. The amount of tissue damage is directly related to the amount of pain.
7. Which of the following statements about nonopioids is true?
1. Nonopioids alone are often sufficient to relieve severe pain, but they are an important part in the total anal-
gesic plan.
2. A nonopioid should not be given at the same time as an opioid.
3. Side effects from long-term use of NSAIDs are considerably less severe and life threatening than the side
effects from daily doses of oral morphine or other opioids.
4. Giving a dose of nonopioid at the same time as a dose of opioid poses no more danger than giving the doses
at different times.
8. A nurse is planning a seminar on COLDERR, which is a mnemonic for pain assessment. Which of the follow-
ing statements is NOT correct?
1. Character describes the sensation of the pain (e.g., sharp, aching, burning).
2. Location is where the pain hurts (all locations).
3. Onset is when the pain started and how it has changed.
4. Reliefmeans a pattern of shooting/spreading/location of pain away from its origin.
9. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of transcultural differences in responses to pain.
Which of the following actions demonstrates a need for further teaching?
1. The African American culture believes pain and suffering is a part of life and is to be endured.
2. The Mexican American culture believes that enduring pain is a sign of strength.
3. The Asian American culture tends to be loud and outspoken in expressions of pain.
4. Native Americans are quiet, less expressive verbally and nonverbally, and may tolerate a high level of pain.
10. The nurse evaluating a practice guideline for a client with pain at a seminar, recognizes that further teaching is
necessary when which of the following statements is made by a participant?
l. A trusting relationship promotes expression of the client’s thoughts and feelings and enhances effectiveness
of planned pain therapies.
2. Consider the client’s ability and willingness to participate actively in pain relief measures.
3. Provide measures to relieve pain before it becomes severe.
4. Maintain a biased attitude about what may relieve the pain.

CHAPTER 47
NUTRITION
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Anabolism l4. Kilocalorie (Kcal)
2. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) l5. Kilojoule (kJ)
3. Body mass index (BMI) 16. Lipoproteins

4. Calorie 17. Malnutrition
5. Catabol ism l8. Metabolism
6. Complete proteins 19. __ Monosaccharides
7. Disaccharides 20. Monounsaturated fatty acids

8. Enzymes 21. Nitrogen balance
9. Essential amino acids 22. Nonessential amino acids
10. Fatty acids 23. Polyunsaturated fatty acids
1 l. Glycogen 24. Saturated fatty acids
12. # 7 Ideal body weight (IBW) 25. _* * Unsaturated fatty acid
13. Incomplete proteins

242 CHAPTER 47/ Nutrition
Building tissue All biochemical and physiological processes by which the

body grows and maintains itself
Breaking down tissue
Single molecule sugars such as glucose
Contain all of the essential amino
acids plus many of the nonessen- Unit of heat energy
tial ones
Fatty acid with one double carbon bond
Those that cannot be manufac-
One that could accommodate more hydrogen atoms
tured in the human body
Weight recommended for optimal health
Rate at which the body metabo-
lizes food to maintain the energy One in which all carbon atoms are filled to capacity with
requirements of a person awake hydrogen; butter
and at rest Indicator of changes in body fat stores
Basic structural units of most Measure of degree of protein anabolism and catabolism
lipids
Double molecule sugars
Lack of necessary or appropriate
food substances Those that the body can manufacture
Soluble end product of lipid di- Amount of work energy required when a force of 1 newton
gestion moves 1 kilogram of weight 1 meter distance
A large compound molecule of Fatty acids with more than one double bond; vegetable oil
glucose stored in the body x. Lack one or more essential amino acids; usually plant based
Biologic
_ catalysts
_ that speed up y. Large calorie
chemical reactions
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Foods differ greatly in their nutritive value (the nutrient content of a specified amount of food), and no single
food provides all essential nutrients.
a. True
b. False
The body‘s most basic nutrient need is water.
a. True
b. False
. Micronutrients—vitamins and minerals—are those required in small amounts (e.g., milligrams or micrograms)
to metabolize the energy-providing nutrients.
a. True
b. False
Sugars, the most complex of all carbohydrates, are fat soluble and are produced naturally by both plants and animals.
a. True
b. False
Of the three monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and galactose), fructose is by far the most abundant simple sugar.
a. True
b. False

CHAPTER 47/ Nutrition 243
6. is the sum of all the interactions between an organism and the food it consumes. In other
words, nutrition is what a person eats and how the body uses it.
7. are organic and inorganic substances found in foods that are required for body functioning.
8. are the insoluble, nonsweet forms of carbohydrate.
9. , a complex carbohydrate derived from plants, supplies roughage, or bulk, to the diet.
10. are biologic catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.

. Complete proteins Organic molecules made up primarily of carbon, hydrogen,
SD
oxygen, and nitrogen, which combine to form proteins
b. Incomplete proteins Those that cannot be manufactured in the body and must be
supplied as part of the protein ingested in the diet
c. Amino acids Those that the body can manufacture
d. Oils Contain all of the essential amino acids plus many nonessential
ones
e. Monounsaturated fatty acids Lack one or more essential amino acids (most commonly lysine,
methionine, or tryptophan) and are usually derived from
vegetables
f. Nonessential amino acids Organic substances that are greasy and insoluble in water but
soluble in alcohol or ether
g. Fats Lipids that are solid at room temperature
h. Fatty acids Lipids that are liquid at room temperature

i. Lipids Made up of carbon chains and hydrogen; are the basic structural
units of most lipids
j. Essential amino acids Fatty acids with one double bond
12. Which of the following is NOT one of the three major functions of nutrients?
a. Provide energy for body processes and movement.
b. Provide structural material for body tissues.
0. Regulate body processes.

(1. Replace the natural nutrients found in food with supplemental nutrients.
13. All of the following are considered macronutrients EXCEPT:
a. Vitamins.
b. Carbohydrates.
c. Fats.
(1. Protein.
14. Every cell in the body contains some protein, and about of body solids are proteins.
a. One eighth
b. One fourth
0. Two thirds
(1. Three quarters

244 CHAPTER 47/ Nutrition
15. have (has) three fatty acids and account for more than 90% of the lipids in food and in the body.
a. Triglycerides
b. Cholesterol
c. Glycerides
d. Minerals
16. Carbohydrates are composed of all of the following elements EXCEPT:
a. Nitrogen.
b. Carbon.
c. Hydrogen.
(1. Oxygen.
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Discuss energy balance in terms of energy intake and energy output.
2. List several of the factors affecting nutrition.
. Discuss some of the psychological factors that can affect nutrition.
Describe how to correctly assist with special diets (e.g., clear liquid, full liquid, soft, diet as tolerated, and
modification for disease).
Describe the term body mass index (BMI) and give an example of how it is calculated.
Discuss nursing interventions when caring for clients with nutritional problems.
Describe nursing interventions that promote optimal nutrition.
Identify risk factors for and clinical signs of malnutrition.
Discuss essential components and purposes of nutritional screening and nutritional assessment.
10. Identify developmental nutritional considerations.
11. Identify factors influencing nutrition.
12. Discuss body weight and body mass standards.
. Explain essential aspects of energy balance.
14. Describe normal digestion, absorption, and metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
15. Identify essential nutrients and their dietary sources.
16. Describe symptoms of iron deficiency anemia.
17. List the steps involved in inserting a nasogastric tube.

CHAPTER 47/ Nutrition 245
CASE STUDIES
1. A 37—year-old African American client is experiencing loss of appetite.
a. Explain the combinations of plant proteins that provide complete proteins.
b. Identify ways this client can improve his or her appetite.
0. Describe possible variations in nutritional practices and preferences among this client’s culture.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is considered a micronutrient?
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fats
3. Proteins
4. Vitamins
2. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of nutrition. Which of the following statements
I. Starches are the insoluble, nonsweet forms of carbohydrate.

2. Most sugars are produced naturally by plants, especially fruits, sugar cane, and sugar beets.
3. Fiber, a complex carbohydrate derived from plants, supplies roughage, or bulk, to the diet.
4. Fiber is present in the inner layer of grains, bran, and in the skin, seeds, and pulp of many vegetables and fruits.
3. The student nurse is learning about nutrition. Which of the following statements indicates a need for further
teaching?
1. Essential amino acids are those that cannot be manufactured in the body and must be supplied as part of the
protein ingested in the diet.
2. The essential amino acids are alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamie acid, glycine, hydroxyproline, pro-
line, serine, and tyrosine.
3. Nonessential amino acids are those that the body can manufacture.
4. Most animal proteins, including meats, poultry, fish, dairy products, and eggs, are complete proteins.
4. During discharge planning, the nurse is teaching the client about lipids. Which of the following statements is
correct?
1. Lipids are inorganic substances that are greasy and soluble in water but soluble in alcohol or ether.
2. In common use, the terms fats and lipids are used interchangeably.
3. Fats are lipids that are liquid at room temperature.
4. Oils are lipids that are solid at room temperature.
5. The nurse is calculating a client’s BMI. The client’s height is 1.5 m and his weight is 70 kg. Which of the fol-
lowing calculations is the correct BMI?
l. 31.11
2. 46.67
3. 30.02
4. 36.16

246 CHAPTER 47 / Nutrition
Which of the following suggestions will NOT help parents meet the child’s nutritional needs and promote
effective parentichild interactions?
1. Make mealtime a pleasant time by avoiding tensions at the table and discussions of bad behavior.
2. Routinely use sweet desserts after dinners.
3. Schedule meals, sleep, and snack times that will allow for optimum appetite and behavior.
4. Offer a variety of simple, attractive foods in small portions.
A food diary is a:
1. Recall of all the food and beverages the client consumes during a typical 24-hour period when at home.
2. Detailed record of measured amounts (portion sizes) of all food and fluids a client consumes during a speci—
fied period, usually 3 to 7 days.
3. Comprehensive, time-consuming assessment of a client’s food intake that involves an extensive interview
by a nutritionist or dietitian.
4. Checklist that indicates how often general food groups or specific foods are eaten.
. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of special diets. Which of the following statements
1. A clear liquid diet is limited to water, tea, coffee, clear broths, ginger ale, or other carbonated beverages,
strained and clear juices, and plain gelatin.
2. A full liquid diet contains only liquids or foods that turn to liquid at body temperature, such as ice cream.
3. A soft diet is easily chewed and digested.

4. Note that the word “clear” in clear diet means “colorless.”
Enteral feedings can be given intermittently or continuously. Intermittent feedings are the administration of
mL of enteral formula several times per day.
l. 50 to 100
2. 100 to 200
3. 300 to 500
4. 600 to 700
10. When planning interventions to improve a client’s appetite, which of the following would be included in the
client’s plan of care?
1. Unpleasant or uncomfortable treatments can be performed before or after a meal.

2. Provide unfamiliar food to try.
3. Encourage or provide oral hygiene after mealtime.
4. Provide a tidy, clean environment that is free of unpleasant sights and odors.

CHAPTER 48
URINARY ELIMINATION
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Anuria 14. — Neurogenic bladder
2 Bladder training 15. — Oliguria
3 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 16. Polydipsia
4 Creatinine clearance 17. . Polyuria
5. Detrusor muscle 18. Suprapubic catheter
6 Dialysis 1 9. Uretcrostomy
7 Diuresis 20. Urgency
8 Diuretics 21. Urinary frequency
9 Dysuria 22. Urinary hesitancy
10- _ Enuresis 23. Urinary incontinence (U1)
1 1- — Glomerulus 24. Urinary retention
12. Ileal conduit 25' Urination
1 3. Nephrostomy

248 CHAPTER 48 / Urinary Elimination
Painful urination Uses urine and serum levels to determine glomerular fil-
tration rate
One or both ureters are brought
to side of abdomen to form Common urinary diversion that creates a pouch and stoma
small stoma
Impaired neurologic function that results in inability of
Lack of urine production the client to feel bladder fullness
Also known as diuresis Involuntary leakage of urine
Excessive thirst Increase urine formation by preventing reabsorption of

water and electrolytes
Measurement of end product of
protein metabolism Surgically inserted through abdominal wall above sym—
physis pubis into urinary bladder
Voiding at frequent intervals
Sudden strong desire to void
Tuft of capillaries in the nephron
Requires client to postpone voiding; voiding according to
Occurs with impaired bladder
a timetable, in order to stabilize bladder, diminish urgency
emptying; may result in dis—
tended bladder Process of emptying the urinary bladder
Urine output of less than 500 Involuntary urination in children beyond the normal age
mL/day for an adult of bladder control
The smooth muscle layer of the Delay and difficulty in initiating voiding
bladder wall x. Diverts urine from the kidney to a stoma
l. Filtering of the blood done in
y. Increased production of urine
the presence of inadequate kid-
ney function
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. The most common urinary diversion is the ileal conduit or ileal loop.
a. True
b. False
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common infection in children.
a. True
b. False
The paired kidneys are situated on either side of the spinal column, behind the peritoneal cavity.
a. True
b. False
The urinary bladder (vesicle) is a hollow, muscular organ that serves as a reservoir for urine and as the organ
of excretion.
a. True
b. False
The female urethra serves only as a passageway for the elimination of urine.
a. True
b. False

CHAPTER 48/ Urinary Elimination 249
. increase urine formation by preventing the reabsorption of water and electrolytes from the tu-
bules of the kidney into the bloodstream.
. Clients who have a bladder may use manual pressure on the bladder to promote bladder emptying.
is a flushing or washing out with a specified solution.
A diverts urine from the kidney to a stoma.
A may be formed when the bladder is left intact but voiding through the urethra is not possible
(e.g., due to an obstruction or a neurogenic bladder).
a. Anuria Bed-wetting
b. Polyuria (diuresis) The production of abnormally large amounts of urine by the

kidneys, often several liters more than the client’s usual daily
output
0. Nocturnal enuresis Low urine output
d. Residual urine Refers to a lack of urine production
e. Bladder training Voiding two or more times at night
f. Creatinine clearance Voiding that is either painful or difficult

g. Dysuria Urine remaining in the bladder following the voiding
h. Habit training A test that uses 24—hour urine and serum creatinine levels to de-
termine the glomerular filtration rate, a sensitive indicator of renal
function
i. Oliguria Requires that the client postpone voiding, resist or inhibit the
sensation of urgency, and void according to a timetable rather
than according to the urge to void
j. Nocturia Referred to as timed voiding or scheduled toileting, attempts to

keep clients dry by having them void at regular intervals
12. Normal bladder capacity is between mL of urine.
a. 300 and 600

b. 600 and 900
c. 900 and 1,200
d. 1,200 and 1,500
. An infant may urinate as often as times a day.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20
14. About % of all 6—year—olds experience difficulty controlling the bladder.
a. 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 40

250 CHAPTER 48/ Urinary Elimination
15. Although patterns of urination are highly individual, most individuals void about times a day.
a. 3 to 4 v”
b. 5 to 6
c. 7 to 8
d. 9 to 10
16. Which statement is true regarding urinary elimination and the aging process?
a. Kidney function significantly decreases.

b. The number of functioning nephrons remains the same.
c. Excretion time is decreased
d. Excretion time is increased
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Discuss several practice guidelines to prevent catheter-associated urinary infections.
2. What are the accuracy and clinical benefits of using a bladder scanner?
. List and discuss several factors that influence urinary elimination.
. Problems of urinary elimination also may become the etiology for other problems experienced by the client.
Discuss several of these other problems.
. Describe and list several of the different types of urinary catheters.
List several medications that may cause urinary retention.
Explain the care of clients with retention catheters or urinary diversions.
Discuss ways to prevent urinary infection.
Develop nursing diagnoses, desired outcomes, and interventions related to urinary elimination.
10. Identify normal and abnormal characteristics and constituents of urine.
11. Describe nursing assessment of urinary function including subjective and objective data.
12. Identify common causes of selected urinary problems.
13. identify factors that influence urinary elimination.
14. Describe the process of urination, from urine formation through micturition.
15. List the various organs and elements that form the pelvic floor.

CHAPTER 48/ Urinary Elimination 251
CASE STUDY
1 A 68-year-old client has been experiencing urinary elimination problems. He has given you a urine specimen
and asks how to maintain normal urinary elimination.
a. List the steps a nurse must follow to measure fluid output.
b. Identify various goals for clients with urinary elimination problems.
0. Explain how this client can maintain normal urinary elimination.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is oliguria?
1. Low urine output
2. Increased urine output

3. Excessive fluid intake
4. A lack of urine production
2. What is urinary frequency?
1. Voiding two or more times at night

2. Voiding at frequent intervals
3. The sudden and strong desire to void
4. Voiding that is either painful or difficult
3. During discharge planning, the nurse is teaching the client ways to prevent a recurrence of a UTI. Which of
the following actions is correct?
1. Drink six 6—ounce glasses of water per day to flush bacteria out of the urinary system.
2. Wear nylon rather than cotton underclothes.
3. Girls and women should always wipe the perineal area from back to front following urination or defecation
in order to prevent introduction of gastrointestinal bacteria into the urethra.
4. Avoid tight-fitting pants or other clothing that can irritate the urethra and prevents ventilation of the perineal area.
4. A nurse is evaluating a client’s understanding of intermittent self-catheterization. Which of the following

statements indicates a need for further teaching? Intermittent self-catheterization:
1. Reduces the incidence of urinary tract infection.
2. Enables the client to retain independence and gain control of the bladder.
3. Allows normal sexual relations without incontinence.
4. Protects the lower urinary tract from reflux.
5. Which of the following is an abnormal color or clarity of urine?
1. Straw
2. Amber
3. Dark amber
4. Transparent
(C3 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

252 CHAPTER 48/ Urinary Elimination
6. A nurse is testing urine for specific gravity. Which of the following would be considered a normal range for
the test result?
1. 0.100 to 0.999
2. l.000 to 1.050
3. 1.010to 1.025
4. 1.050 to 1.100
. The nurse is performing urethral urinary catheterization on a male client. Which of the following actions by
the nurse is correct?
1. Lubricates the catheter l to 2 inches.
2. Picks up a cleansing ball with the forceps in the nondominant hand and wipes from the top of the meatus in
a circular motion around the glans.
3. Grasps the catheter firmly 2 to 3 inches from the tip; asks the client to take a slow deep breath and inserts
the catheter as the client exhales.
4. Puts on examination gloves.
A nurse evaluating a class on facilitating and promoting urinary elimination recognizes that further teaching is
necessary when which of the following statements is made by a participant?
1. Advise the client and family to install grab bars and elevated toilet seats as needed;
2. Teach the client to empty the bladder completely at each voiding.
3. Emphasize the importance of drinking five to six 8—0unce glasses of water daily.
4. Suggest clothing that is easily removed for toileting, such as elasticiwaist pants or pants with Velcro
closures.
During discharge planning, the nurse is teaching the client how to perform pelvic muscle exercises (Kegels).
Which of the following actions is correct?
1. Initially perform each contraction 10 times, five times daily. Gradually increase the count to a full
10 seconds for both contraction and relaxation.
2. To control episodes of stress incontinence, perform a pelvic muscle contraction only after activities that in—
crease intra—abdominal pressure, such as coughing, laughing, sneezing, or lifting.
3. Develop a schedule that will help remind you to do these exercises, for example, before getting out of bed
in the morning.
4. Contract your pelvic muscles whereby you pull your rectum, urethra, and vagina up inside, and hold for a
count of l to 2 seconds. Then relax the same muscles for a count of 1 to 2 seconds.
10. A nurse is evaluating a client’s understanding of preventing catheter-associated urinary infections. Which of
the following statements indicates a need for further teaching?
1. Maintain a sterile closed-drainage system.
2. Always disconnect the catheter and drainage tubing.
3. Provide routine perineal hygiene, including cleansing with soap and water after defecation.
4. Prevent contamination of the catheter with feces.

CHAPTER 49
FECAL ELIMINATION
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Bowel incontinence 14. Gastrocolic reflex
Carminatives 15. Gastrostomy

>9?°.\'F7‘¥":‘>P°!\3
Cathartics l6. Haustra

Chyme l7. Haustral churn ing
Colostomy 18. Hemorrhoids
Commodc 19. lleostomy
Constipation 20. Jejunostomy
Defecation 21. Mass peristalsis
Diarrhea 22. Meconium
Enema
D—‘b—d
23. Ostomy
r—AO
Fecal impaction 24. Peristalsis

»—-._.
Fecal incontinence 25.

DJN
Stoma
Flatus

254 CHAPTER 49/ Fecal Elimination
Opening through the ab- Increased peristalsis of colon after food has entered the stomach
dominal wall into the ileum
Fewer than three bowel movements per week
Mass or collection of hard-
Pouches that form due to the enlarging and lengthening of
ened feces in the folds of the
the large intestine
rectum
Waste products that leave the stomach and small intestine
Portable chair with a toilet seat
An opening through the abdomen into the jejunum
Expulsion of feces from the
anus and rectum Loss of voluntary ability to control fecal and gaseous dis-
charges through the anal sphincter
An opening for the gastroin-
testinal, urinary, or respira- Bowel incontinence
tory tract onto the skin
Wavelike movement produced by the circular and longitu-
Herbal oils known to help dinal muscle fibers in the intestine walls
expel gas from the stomach
Drugs that induce defecation
and intestines
The opening created in the abdominal wall by an ostomy
Air and by-products of car-
bohydrate digestion Passage of liquid feces and increased frequency of defecation
Distended veins in the rectum First fecal material passed by a newborn
A wave of powerful muscu- An opening through the abdominal wall into the colon
lar contraction that moves
A solution introduced into the rectum and large intestine
over large areas of the colon
Moving back and forth of the chyme within the intestinal
An opening through the ab-
dominal wall into the stomach pouches
\_/
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Elimination of the waste products of digestion from the body is essential to health.
a. True
b. False
The small intestine extends from the ileocecal (ileocolic) valve, which lies between the large and small intes-
tines, to the anus.
a. True
b. False
. Normal feces are made of about 25% water and 75% solid materials.
a. True
b. False
Constipation is the most common bowel—management problem in older populations.
a. True
b. False
. The colon (large intestine) in the adult is generally about 125 to 150 cm (50 to 60 in.) long.
a. True
b. False

CHAPTER 49/ Fecal Elimination 255
is the presence of excessive flatus in the intestines and leads to stretching and inflation of the
intestines.
A(An) is an opening for the gastrointestinal, urinary, or respiratory tract onto the skin.
Clients restricted to bed may need to use a , a receptacle for urine and feces.
A(An) is a solution introduced into the rectum and large intestine.
are drugs that induce defecation.

. Match the following terms with the correct definition.
a. Hemorrhoids The act of eating food
b. Laxatives Waste products leaving the stomach through the small intestine
and then passing through the ileocecal valve
c. Bowel/fecal incontinence A condition that can occur when the veins become distended, as
can occur with repeated pressure
d. Constipation The expulsion of feces from the anus and rectum
e. Diarrhea Increased peristalsis of the colon after food has entered the
stomach
f. Defecation Medications that stimulate bowel activity and so assist fecal

elimination
g. Fecal impaction Fewer than three bowel movements per week

h. Ingestion A mass or collection of hardened feces in the folds of the rectum
i. Gastrocolic reflex The passage ofliquid feces and an increased frequency of
defecation
j. Chyme The loss of voluntary ability to control fecal and gaseous

discharges through the anal sphincter
12. The contents of the colon normally represent foods ingested over the previous days.
a. 2
. 3
c. 4
. 5
13. All of the following may be causes and factors that contribute to constipation EXCEPT:
a. A lack of privacy.
b. Daily routines.
0. Insufficient fiber intake.
d. Insufficient fluid intake.

14. All of the following are thought to contribute to constipation EXCEPT:
m
. Overuse of laxatives.
b. Bland diets.
. Irregular defecation habits.

0
d. Exercise.

15. Which of the following feces consistencies would be considered abnormal?
a. Soft
b. Moist
0. Semisolid
(1. Dry
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Distinguish normal from abnormal characteristics and constituents of feces.
2. List the seven parts of the colon (large intestine).
Identify factors that influence fecal elimination and patterns of defecation.
Discuss the physiology of defecation.
. Discuss regular exercise and how it helps clients develop a regular defecation pattern.
Discuss some of the ways to reduce or expel flatus.
. Describe methods used to assess the intestinal tract.
. Identify examples of nursing diagnoses, outcomes, and interventions for clients with elimination problems.
. List and describe the three types of movements that occur in the large intestine.
. Identify measures that maintain normal fecal elimination patterns.
ll. Describe the purpose and action of commonly used enema solutions.
12. List four common problems that are related to fecal elimination.
13. Describe essentials of fecal stoma care for clients with an ostomy.
14. List and discuss the three primary sources of flatus.
15. Describe how to administer an enema.
16. Discuss ways in which the nurse can provide holistic care to a client who may be uncomfortable with proce-
dures associated with bowel elimination.
17. Describe the appropriate documentation after administering an enema to a client.
CASE STUDY
1. A 37—year-old client has been experiencing diarrhea for the past 12 hours.
a. Identify ways for the client to manage diarrhea.
b. Provide the client with information about healthy defecation.
c. Identify three major causes of diarrhea.
@' 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 49/ Fecal Elimination 257
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is a gastrostomy?
1. An opening through the abdominal wall into the stomach

2. An opening through the abdominal wall into thejejunum
3. An opening into the colon.
4. An opening into the ileum
2. Which type of enema is given primarily to expel flatus?
1. Retention
2. Carminative
3. Return—flow
4. Cleansing
3. Which of the following actions is NOT appropriate for the nurse removing a fecal impaction?
1. Place a bed pad under the client’s buttocks and a bedpan nearby to receive stool.
2. Ask the client to assume a right side-lying position, with the knees flexed and the back toward the nurse.
3. Drape the client for comfort and to avoid unnecessary exposure of the body.
4. Gently insert the index finger into the rectum and move the finger along the length of the rectum.
4. A nurse is evaluating a client’s understanding of healthy defecation. Which ofthe following statements indi—
1. “1 will include high-fiber foods, such as vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, in my diet.”
2. “1 will maintain a fluid intake 0f4,000 to 5,000 mL each day.”
3. “I will allow time to defecate, preferably at the same time each day.”
4. “I will avoid over-the-counter medications to treat constipation and diarrhea.”
5. During discharge planning, the nurse is teaching the client how to manage diarrhea. Which of the following
actions is NOT correct?
1. Drink at least eight glasses of water per day to prevent dehydration.
2. Eat foods with sodium and potassium.
3. Increase foods containing insoluble fiber, such as high-fiber whole-wheat bread..
4. Limit fatty foods.

6. A nurse is evaluating a client’s understanding of ostomy care. Which of the following client statements indi-
1. “The ostomy pouch is emptied when it is one-third to one-half full.”
2. “The ostomy pouch can be applied for up to 10 days.”
3. “Most ostomy pouches contain odor barrier material.”

4 . “1f the ostomy pouch overfills, it can cause stool to come in contact with the skin.”

7. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of colostomies. Which of the following statements
1. “The single stoma is created when one end of bowel is brought out through an opening onto the anterior
abdominal wall.”
2. “With a loop colostomy, a loop of bowel is brought out onto the abdominal wall and supported by a plastic
bridge, or a piece of rubber tubing.”
3. “The divided colostomy consists of two edges of bowel brought out onto the abdomen but separated from
each other.”
4. “The loop colostomy is often used in situations where spillage of feces into the distal end of the bowel
needs to be avoided.”
The nurse is promoting regular defecation for a client whom she is taking care of. Which of the following ac-
tions by the nurse is NOT correct?
1. A client should be encouraged to defecate when the urge is recognized.
2. Regular exercise helps clients develop a regular defecation pattern.
3. Although the squatting position best facilitates defecation, the best position for most clients seems to be
leaning backward while on a toilet seat.
4. For clients who have difficulty sitting down and getting up from the toilet, an elevated toilet seat can be at-
tached to a regular toilet.
A primary care provider orders examination of stool for signs of intestinal infection. What color of stool
would the nurse expect to see?
1. Red
2. Green
3. Black
4. White
10. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of the actions of enema solutions. Which of the fol-
lowing statements demonstrates a need for further teaching?
1. Hypertonic solutions draw water into the colon.

2. Hypotonic solutions distend the colon, stimulate peristalsis, and soften feces.
3. Isotonic solutions lubricate the feces and the colonic mucosa.
4. Soapsuds solutions irritate the mucosa and distend the colon.

CHAPTER 50
OXYGENATION
KEY TERM REVIEW

Match each term with its appropriate defin
ition.
1. Apnea 14. Hypoxia
2 Atelectasis 15. Intrapleural pressure
3 Biot’s (cluster) respiration 16. Intrapulmonary pressure
4 Bradypnea 17. Kussmaul’s breathing
5. Cheyne—Stokes respirations 18. Noninvasive ventilation
6 Cyanosis 19. Orthopnea
7 Dyspnea 20. Pleural effusion
8 Emphysema 21. Pneumothorax
9 Eupnea 22. Stridor
10. Hemothorax 23. Surfactant
l 1. Hypercapnia 24. Tachypnea
12. 2 7 7‘ Hyperinflation
25. , Tidal volume
13. Hypoxemia

259
260 CHAPTER 50/ Oxygenation
a. Collapsed alveoli m. Insufficient oxygen anywhere in the body

b. Harsh, high-pitched sound during n. The amount of air inspired and expired with each breath .,.
mspiration 0. Oxygen concentrations play a major role in regulating res-

c. Shallow breaths interrupted by piration; decreased oxygen concentrations are the main
apnea stimuli for receptors because the increased carbon dioxide
. . levels desensitize the central chemorece tors
d. All‘ collected in the pleural space p
e. Abnorrnally slow breathing p. Faster than normal breathrng
f. Marked rhythmic waxing and q' Pressure w1th1n the lungs

waning of respirations, from very r. Bluish discoloration of the skin, nail beds, and mucous
shallow to very deep, with short membranes
eriods of a nea . . . . .
p p s. L1poprote1n that reduces surface tens10n 1n lungs With—
g. Normal respirations out which lung expansion is exceedingly difficult
Excessive fluid in the pleural t. Inability to breathe easily unless sitting upright
space
u. Increased levels of C02
i. Accumulation of blood in the
pleural space v. Low levels of oxygen in the blood
j. Difficult or labored breathing w. Pressure in the pleural cav1ty surroundmg the lungs
x. Delivery of air or oxygen under pressure without the

. ’ t - . .
k The body 5 attempts 0 compen need for an 1nvas1ve tube
sate for increased metabolic aci-
dosis by blowing of acid in the y. Involves giving client breaths of greater volume than
form of C02 set on ventilator or via manual resuscitation bag
1. Absence of any breathing
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Postural drainage is the drainage by gravity of secretions from various lung segments.
a. True
b. False
2. Suctioning is aspirating secretions through a catheter connected to a suction machine or wall suction outlet.
a. True
b. False
3. Hyperoxygenation involves giving the client breaths that are l to 1.5 times the tidal volume set on the ventila-
tor through the ventilator circuit or via a manual resuscitation bag.
a. True
b. False
4. When air collects in the pleural space, it is known as a hemothorax.
a. True
b. False

CHAPTER 50/ Oxygenation 261
5. Hyperinflation can be done with a manual resuscitation bag or through the ventilator and is performed by in-
creasing the oxygen flow (usually to 100%) before suctioning and between suction attempts.
a. True
b. False
6. _ is a clear, odorless gas that constitutes approximately 21% ofthe air we breathe, and is neces-
sary for proper functioning of all living cells.
7. pressure (pressure within the lungs) always equalizes with atmospheric pressure.
8. is a collapse ofa portion of the lung.

9. is the movement of gases or other particles from an area of greater pressure or concentration to
an area of lower pressure or concentration.
10. is the cessation of breathing.

a. Surfactant A lipoprotein produced by specialized alveolar cells; acts like a
detergent, reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
b. Sputum Oxygen-carrying red pigment
c. Cyanosis Red blood cells (RBCs)
d. Expectorate A condition of insufficient oxygen anywhere in the body, from

the inspired gas to the tissues
e. Hemoglobin Bluish discoloration of the skin, nail beds, and mucous
membranes, due to reduced hemoglobin-oxygen saturation
f. Bradypnca An abnormally slow respiratory rate
g. Humidifiers _ The inability to breathe except in an upright or standing position
h. Hypoxia _ Coughed—up material
i. Orthopnea _ Spit out
j. Erythrocytes 7 Devices that add water vapor to inspired air
12. is a series of vigorous quiverings produced by the hands that are placed flat against the client’s
chest wall in an effort to mobilize retained secretions.
a. Hemoglobin
b. Hematocrit
c. Oxyhemoglobin
Vibration
P-
13. is the continual tendency of the lungs to collapse away from the chest wall.
a. Atelectasis
b. Lung recoil
c. Diffusion
(:1. Lung compliance

262 CHAPTER 50 / Oxygenation
14. is a condition of insufficient oxygen anywhere in the body, from the inspired gas to the tissues.
a. Hypoxia
b. Emphysema
. Hypercarbia
O
. Hypercapnia
Q.
15. refers to reduced oxygen in the blood and is characterized by a low partial pressure of oxygen
in arterial blood or a low hemoglobin saturation.
m
. Cyanosis
b. Tachypnea
c. Hypoxemia
d. Bradypnea
16. Normal respiration ( ) is quiet.
a. Orthopnea
b. Apnea
c. Dyspnea
d. Eupnea
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Discuss what an obstructed airway is and how to assess and maintain a patent airway.
2. List and explain some of the types of medications that can be used for clients with oxygenation problems.
. Explain how chest tubes are inserted.
Discuss the overall outcomes/goals for a client with oxygenation problems.
. List and explain the nursing responsibilities regarding drainage systems.
. Discuss some of the NANDA diagnostic labels for clients with oxygenation problems.
. State outcome criteria for evaluating client responses to measures that promote adequate oxygenation.
Explain the use of therapeutic measures such as medications, inhalation therapy, oxygen therapy, artificial
airways, airway suctioning, and chest tubes to promote respiratory function.
Describe nursing measures to promote respiratory function and oxygenation.
. Identify common manifestations of impaired respiratory function.
11. Identify factors influencing respiratory function.
12. Explain the role and function of the respiratory system in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from
body tissues.
13. Describe the processes ofbreathing (ventilation) and gas exchange (respiration).
14. Outline the structure and function of the respiratory system.

CHAPTER 50/ Oxygenation 263
15. Discuss the procedure for obtaining an arterial blood gas (ABG) sample. List the precautions required when
performing this procedure.
16. Describe a pulmonary function test (PFT) and interventions that may be used for a client undergoing this pro—
cedure.
CASE STUDY
1. You are a nursing student’s preceptor today. This is the nursing student’s first semester in nursing school.
When the student first arrives on the unit, she asks you several questions:
a. Which factors does adequate ventilation depend on?
b. Which factors affect the rate of oxygen transport from the lungs to the tissues?
c. Which factors that influence oxygenation affect the cardiovascular system as well as the respiratory system?
(1. What are oxygen therapy safety precautions?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines adequate ventilation?
1. Clear airways
2. Adequate pulmonary compliance and recoil

3. An intact endocrine system
4. An intact thoracic cavity capable of expanding and contracting
2. Eupnea is best defined as:
1. A normal respiration.
2. A rapid rate.
3. An abnormally slow respiratory rate.

4. The cessation of breathing.
3. Which of the following is marked rhythmic waxing and waning of respirations from very deep to very shallow
breathing and temporary apnea?
1. Biot’s (cluster) respirations

2. Orthopnea
3. Cheyne-Stokes respirations
4. Dyspnea
4. The nonrebreather mask delivers the highest oxygen concentration possible (95% to 100%) by means other
than intubation or mechanical ventilation, at liter flows of L per minute.
1. 2t06
2. 5t08
3. 6t010
4.10t015

264 CHAPTER 50 / Oxygenation
5. Which type of mask delivers oxygen concentrations varying from 24% to 40% or 50% at liter flows of 4 to
10 L per minute?
1. Nonrebreather
2. Venturi
3. Simple face
4. Partial rebreather
. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of endotracheal tubes. Which of the following state-
ments indicates a need for further teaching?
1. Endotracheal tubes are most commonly inserted for clients who have had general anesthetics or for those in
emergency situations where mechanical ventilation is required.
2. An endotracheal tube is inserted by the primary care provider, nurse, or respiratory therapist with special-
ized education.
3. An endotracheal tube is inserted through the mouth or the nose and into the trachea with the guide of a
laryngoseope.
4. The client is able to speak while an endotracheal tube is in place but is unable to swallow.
Which of the following is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation?
l. TLC
2. RV
3. VC
4. ERV
. The spouse ofa client is explaining to the nurse what she learned about a cough reflex. Which ofthe following
indicates a need for further teaching? The spouse states:
1. The epiglottis and glottis (vocal cords) close.

2. A large inspiration of approximately 3.5 L occurs.
3. Nerve impulses are sent through the vagus nerve to the medulla.
4. A strong contraction of abdominal and internal intercostal muscles dramatically raises the pressure in the lungs.
A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of oxygen therapy precautions. Which of the follow-
ing statements indicates a need for further teaching?
1. Place cautionary signs reading “No Smoking: Oxygen in Use” on the client’s door, at the foot or head of
the bed, and on the oxygen equipment.
2. Be sure that electric monitoring equipment, suction machines, and portable diagnostic machines are all
electrically grounded.
3. Make known the location of fire extinguishers, and make sure personnel are trained in their use.
4. The use ofvolatile, flammable materials, such as oils, greases, alcohol, ether, and acetone (e.g., nail polish
remover) near clients receiving oxygen is acceptable with a primary care provider’s order.
10. Which of the following actions is NOT appropriate for the nurse providing tracheostomy care?
1. Clean the lumen and entire inner cannula thoroughly using a brush or pipe cleaners moistened with sterile
normal saline.
2. Rinse the inner cannula thoroughly in the sterile normal saline.
3. After rinsing, gently tap the cannula against the inside edge of the sterile saline container.
4. Put on sterile gloves. Keep your nondominant hand sterile during the procedure.

CHAPTER 51
CIRCULATION
KEY TERM REVIEW

14. Homocysteine
,_1
Afterload
Atherosclerosis 15. Ischemia

>09°>‘.O\.‘".4>P’!\3
Atria 16. Myocardial infarction (MI)

Atrioventricular (AV) node 17. Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)
Atrioventricular (AV) valves 18. Preload
Automaticity 19. Purkinje fibers

Bundle of His 20. Semilunar valves
Cardiac output (CO) 21. Sinoatrial (SA or sinus) node
Coronary arteries 22. Stroke volume (SV)
10. C-reactive protein (CRP) 23. Systole
ll. Creatine kinase (CK) 24. Troponin
12. Diastole 25. Ventricles
13. Heart failure

266 CHAPTER 51 /Circu|ation
Amino acid that may indicate an in- Primary pacemaker of the heart
creased risk for circulatory events when
Two lower chambers within the heart
elevated
The buildup of fatty plaques within the arteries
Valves between the ventricles and the
great vessels Contraction of heart muscle and ejection of blood
Valves between the atria and the ven- Ability of cardiac muscle to generate electrical im-
tricles pulses and contractions independently of the nerv-
d. Amount of blood ejected with each ous system

contraction q. Network of vessels that supply heart muscle with
. ox en and nourishment
e. Relaxation of heart muscle; charac- yg
terized by ventricular filling r. Condition in which cardiac tissue becomes necrotic
f. Area of the heart Where electrical im— and dies

pulses from SA node converge prior 8. lmpedes blood flow to the tissues
to initiatin ventricular contraction . .
g t. One of three ventricular conduction pathways
g. Degree to which muscle fibers in the
u. Inability of the heart to keep up with the body’s
ventricle are stretched at the end of
need for oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
diastole
h. Two upper chambers within the heart v. Lack of blood supply due to obstructed Circulation
w. The resistance that the ventricle must overcome
i. Enz me released as result of cell . . . . .
y during systole to eject blood into the Circulation
membrane damage during an M1;
measured with CK x. Terminate in ventricular muscle, stimulating con-
j. Enzyme that is released into the traction

blood as a result of cell membrane y. Amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in l
damage to cardiac muscle minute
k. Screening test for inflammatory pro-

cess in cardiovascular disease
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Cardiac muscle contraction is a mechanical event that occurs in response to electrical stimulation.
a. True
b. False
2. Heart rates are highest and most variable in adults.
a. True
b. False
3. Congenital heart disease affects less than 1% of all live births, but is the leading cause of early death from all
congenital anomalies.
a. True
b. False
4. The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends at least 100 minutes per week of moderate exercise for
adults.
a. True
b. False

CHAPTER 51 ICirculation 267
5. Recent studies suggest that moderate alcohol use (1 to 2 oz of alcohol per day) may actually reduce the risk of
heart disease.
a. True
b. False
6. is a lack of blood supply due to obstructed circulation.
7. The is a hollow, cone-shaped organ about the size of a fist.
8. Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying the (the amount of blood ejected

with each contraction) by the heart rate (HR).
9. is the degree to which muscle fibers in the ventricle are stretched at the end of the relaxation
period (diastole) and largely depends on the amount of blood returning to the heart from the venous circula-
tion.
10. is the resistance against which the heart must pump to eject the blood into circulation.
11. Match the following terms with the correct definition.
a. Blood pressure (BP) A major component of red blood cells (erythrocytes), the
predominant type of cell present in blood
b. Hemoglobin The buildup of fatty plaque within the arteries; is the major
contributor to cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death
in North America
c. Blood Serves as the transport medium within the cardiovascular system,

bringing oxygen and nutrients from the environment (via the
lungs and gastrointestinal system) to the cells
(1. Atherosclerosis A arrest (pulmonary arrest) is the cessation of breathing.
e. Systemic The study of the forces or pressures involved in blood circulation
f. Cardiovascular A lack of blood supply due to obstructed circulation
g. Hemodynamics The molecule that oxygen attaches to; it gives an indication of

the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
h. Hemoglobin The heart and the blood vessels make up the system that,
together with blood, is the major system for transporting oxygen
and nutrients to the tissues, and waste products away from the
tissues for elimination.
i. Ischemia A type of blood vessel that carries blood to the tissues through a
system of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries and returns it to the
heart through the venules, veins, and the venae cavae
j. Respiratory The force exerted on arterial walls by the blood flowing within
the vessel
12. Electrocardiography most commonly uses “leads” or different views of the heart.
a. 6
b. 8
c. 10
d. 12

268 CHAPTER 51 /Circulation
13. Each health care facility has policies and procedures for announcing cardiac/respiratory arrest and initiating
interventions. In many institutions this emergency is called a Code , and the announcement is
referred to as “calling a code.”
a. Blue
b. Red
0. Green
d. Yellow
14. Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in minute.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
15. With each contraction, a certain amount of blood, known as the stroke volume, is ejected from the ventricles
into circulation. In adults, the average stroke volume is about mL per beat.
a. 40
b. 50
c. 60
d. 70
16. Nearly of the adult population of the United States is overweight or obese.
a. 1/4
b. 1/3
c. 1/2
d. 2/3
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

l. Explain what a modifiable risk factor is and list several examples.
2. List the signs of anemia.
3. Explain arterial circulation.
Discuss the steps in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
. Describe the cardiac cycle.
Discuss the importance of homocysteine levels.
. Summarize Venous return.
. What is cardiac monitoring and what is it used for?
List the signs of impaired peripheral arterial circulation.
10. Discuss physical assessment as it relates to the cardiovascular system.

CHAPTER 51 /Clrculation 269
11. Discuss life span considerations in relation to the cardiovascular system.
12. Discuss serum lipid levels and coronary artery disease.
13. Explain what a nonmodifiable risk factor is and give some examples.
l4. Define hypertension.
15. List the three cardinal signs of a cardiac arrest.
16. List the five risk factors for metabolic syndrome.
17. List the three cardiovascular risk factors that are considered nontraditional.
CASE STUDY
1. A 43-year-old female client has just been diagnosed with hypertension and also has elevated serum lipid
levels. The client asks you the following questions:
a. Why is the health care provider concerned about my lipid levels being elevated?
b. What is hypertension?
0. What are the risk factors for coronary heart disease?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The spouse of a client is recalling the modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease. Which statement by
the client’s spouse indicates a need for further teaching?
1. “My wife’s age is a modifiable risk factor.”
2. “Diabetes is a modifiable risk factor for my wife.”
3. “Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for my wife.”
4. “My wife’s sedentary lifestyle is a modifiable risk factor.”
2. The nurse is teaching a client about methods to decrease the client’s homocysteine level. Which statement by
the client indicates a need for further teaching?
1. “Homocysteine is an amino acid that may increase my risk for developing heart disease.”
2. “Homocysteine levels may be decreased by taking a multivitamin with folate.”
3. “Homocysteine is an enzyme that increases my cholesterol level, which increases my risk for developing
heart disease.”
4. “Homocysteine levels may be decreased by taking a multivitamin with B6 and B12.”
3. Normal changes of aging may contribute to problems of circulation in older adults, even when there is no actual
pathology. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding the aging process and the cardiovascular
system?
1, A decrease of muscle tone in the heart results in a decrease in cardiac output.
2. Blood vessels become less elastic and have an increase in calcification.
3. Impaired valve function in the heart is often the result of increased stiffness and calcification and results in
a decrease in cardiac output.
4. An increase in baroreceptor response to blood pressure changes makes the heart and blood vessels more re-
sponsive to exercise and stress.

270 CHAPTER 51 /Circulation
4. A nurse is planning a seminar on promoting a healthy heart. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
1. Reduce stress and manage anger.
2. Exercise at least 20 minutes, three times a week.
3. Do not smoke.
4. Eat a diet low in total fat, saturated fats, and cholesterol.
5. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of the heart. Which of the following statements
1. There are four hollow chambers within the heart: two upper atria and two lower ventricles.
2. The heart is a hollow, cone-shaped organ about the size of a fist.
3. The heart is located in the mediastinum, between the lungs and underlying the sternum.
4 . Deoxygenated blood from the veins enters the left side of the heart through the superior and inferior venae
cavae.
6. Which of the following statements by the nurse is NOT correct?
1. Systole is when the heart ejects (propels) the blood into the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
2. At the end of the systolic phase, the atria contract, adding an additional volume to the ventricles.
3. The diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle is twice as long as the systolic phase.
4. Diastole is largely a passive process.
7. The primary pacemaker of the heart is the:
1. SA node.
2. Bundle ois.
3. AV node.
4. Purkinje fibers.
8. PVR is determined by all of the following EXCEPT:
1. Blood vessel length.

2. Blood vessel diameter.
3. The viscosity of the blood.

4. The fineness of the blood.
9. Which ofthe following would be a sign of heart failure?
1. Pulmonary congestion; adventitious lung sounds
2. Decreased respiratory rate
3. Warm, red extremities
4. Decreased heart rate

CHAPTER 52
FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID—BASE

BALANCE
KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Acid 14. Hydrostatic pressure
2. Acidosis 15. Hypertonic
3. Alkalosis 16. Hypervolemia

4. Anions 17. Hypotonic
5. _ _ Arterial blood gases (ABGs) 18. Hypovolemia
’ 6. Cations 19. lsotonic
7. Colloid osmotic pressure 20. Metabolic acidosis
8. Colloids 21. Metabolic alkalosis

9. Crystalloids 22. Osmolality
10. Dehydration 23. pH
11. Extracellular fluid (ECF) 24. Respiratory acidosis
12. Fluid volume deficit (FVD) 25. Respiratory alkalosis
l3. Fluid volume excess (FVE)

272 CHAPTER 52 / Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid—Base Balance
Condition that occurs when carbonic Pressure exerted by plasma proteins whiehpull water
acid levels fall, more carbon dioxide from the interstitial space into the vascular compart-
than normal is exhaled, and pH rises to ment when necessary
greater than 7.45
Ions that carry a positive charge
Same osmolality as ECF
Found outside the cells
Substance that releases hydrogen ions in
Occurs when the body retains both water and sodium
solution
in similar proportions to normal ECF
Occurs when body loses both water and
May be caused by decreased fluid intake, bleeding
electrolytes from the ECF in similar
proportions Rise in pH that can be due to depletion of carbonic acid
Negatively charged ions Pressure exerted by a fluid within a closed system

against the walls of the container in which it is
Happens when the ratio of bicarbonate to
contained
carbonic acid is upset With the depletion
of bicarbonate Higher osmolality than ECF
Provide an accurate reflection of the gas Increased blood volume; FVE
exchange in the pulmonary system 11. Salts that dissolve readily into true solutions
Substances that do not readily dissolve in v. Lower osmolality than ECF
true solutions
. , w. The relative acidit or alkalinit of a solution
Concentration of solutes in body fluids y y
x. Occurs when bicarbonate levels are low in relation to
Hyperosmolar flmd imbalance; water the amount of carbonic acid in the body
lost from body leaving client with excess
sodium y. Any condition that causes carbonic acids to increase,
Occurs when the amount ofbicarbonate carbon d10x1de to be retamed, and pH to fall below 7.35
in the body exceeds the normal 20—1 ratio
KEY TOPIC REVIEW

1. Approximately 90% of the average healthy adult’s weight is water, the primary body fluid.
a. True
b. False
The body fluid compartments are separated from one another by cell membranes and the capillary membrane.
a. True
b. False
Osmosis is the movement of water across cell membranes, from the less concentrated solution to the more
concentrated solution.
a. True
b. False
Diffusion is the power ofa solution to draw water across a semipermeable membrane.
a. True
b. False
. The kidneys are the primary regulator ofbody fluids and electrolyte balance.
a. True
b. False

CHAPTER 52/ Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid—Base Balance 273
6 . The most common electrolyte imbalances are deficits or excesses in sodium, potassium, and
7 . Fluid volume excess (FVE) is also referred to as
8. Human w is commonly classified into four main groups: A, B, AB, and O.
9 . The number of drops delivered per milliliter of an intravenous solution varies with different brands and types
ofinfusion sets. This rate is called the factor.
10. , or wing—tipped, needles with plastic flaps attached to the shaft are sometimes used for IV
catheters.
l 1. Match the following terms with the correct definition.

a. Extracellular fluid (ECF) The chemical combining power of the ion, or the capacity of
cations to combine with anions to form molecules
b. Cations The continual interrningling of molecules in liquids, gases, or

solids brought about by the random movement of the molecules
c. Milliequivalent Found outside the cells and accounts for about one third of total
body fluid
d. Filtration Have a low hydrogen ion concentration and can accept hydrogen
ions in solution
e. Acid Also known as hyperosmolar imbalance, this occurs when water

is lost from the body, leaving the client with excess sodium
f. Buffers Prevent excessive changes in pH by removing or releasing
hydrogen ions
g. Hyponatremia A sodium deficit, or serum sodium level ofless than 135 mEq/L
h. Dehydration A substance that releases hydrogen ions (Hl) in solution
i. Bases or alkalis A process whereby fluid and solutes move together across a
membrane from one compartment to another
j. Diffusion Ions that carry a positive charge

12. is a potassium deficit or a serum potassium level of less than 3.5 mEq/L.
a. Hypokalemia
b. Hypocalcemia
c. Hyperkalemia
d. Hypcrcalcemia
l3. Hypoventilation and carbon dioxide retention cause carbonic acid levels to increase and the pH to fall below
7.35, a condition known as:
a. Compensation.
b. Respiratory acidosis.
c. Hyperphosphatcmia.
(1. Respiratory alkalosis.

274 CHAPTER 52 / Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid—Base Balance
l4. is an indicator of urine concentration that can be performed quickly and easily by nursing
personnel.
a. Arterial blood gases

b. Hematocrit
0. Specific gravity
d. Volume expander
15. The is inserted in the basilic or cephalic vein just above or below the antecubital space of the
arm. The tip of the catheter rests in the superior vena cava.
a. Central dripping catheter
b. Centrally elongated catheter

C. Central venous catheter
d. Peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC)
is the movement of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher

concentration to an area of lower concentration.
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Filtration
d. Oncotic pressure
FOCUSED STUDY TIPS

1. Discuss the selection and screening of blood donors.
. List several examples of cations.
. Discuss the pathophysiology of dehydration.
Discuss gender and body size and its effects on total body water.
. Compare and contrast diffusion, filtration, and osmosis.
Identify three factors that generally result in fluid volume deficit.
. List three of the six measurements that are commonly used to interpret arterial blood gas tests.
. What is a volume expander? Give one example.
. List and discuss the three main mechanisms that can cause edema.
. List several of the items usually included in intravenous solution infusion sets.
. Discuss lifestyle and its effect on fluid, electrolyte, and acid—base balance.
. Describe acid~base balance and its regulation.
. List three of the four routes of fluid output.

CHAPTER 52 / Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid—Base Balance 275
14. List symptoms of hypokalemia.
15. List symptoms of hypercalcemia.
CASE STUDY
1. A 77-year-old male client has just been admitted to the unit. His fluid intake has been about 500 mL per day.
He then tells you he sometimes forgets to drink water throughout the day.
a. Why is water vital to health and normal cellular function?

b. Explain the thirst mechanism.
0. List the four routes of fluid output.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of body water. Which of the following statements
1. Approximately 60% of the average healthy adult’s weight is water, the primary body fluid.
2. Infants have the highest proportion of water, accounting for 70% to 80% of their body weight.
3. Men have a lower percentage of body water than women.
4. Water makes up a greater percentage of a lean individual’s body weight than an obese individual’s.
2. Which of the following information about osmosis is NOT correct?
1. Osmosis is the continual intermingling of molecules in liquids, gases, or solids brought about by the ran-
dom movement of the molecules.
2. Osmosis is an important mechanism for maintaining homeostasis and fluid balance.
3. Osmosis occurs when the concentration of solutes on one side of a selectively permeable membrane, such
as the capillary membrane, is higher than on the other side.
4. Osmolality is determined by the total solute concentration within a fluid compartment and is measured as
parts of solute per kilogram of water.
3. Which of the following is a sodium deficit, or serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L?
1. Hypernatremia
2. Hypokalemia
3. Hyponatremia
4. Hyperkalemia
4. Which of the following events occurs when an individual hyperventilates?
1. Less carbon dioxide than normal is exhaled.

2. Carbonic acid levels increase.
3. pH rises to greater than 7.45.
4. More oxygen than normal is exhaled.

276 CHAPTER 52/ Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid—Base Balance
The following are normal values of arterial blood gases EXCEPT:
1. PaOz = 50—70 mm Hg.
2. pH 2 7,354.45.
3. PaCOz : 35415 mm Hg.
4. HCO{ : 22—26 mEq/L.
Which of the following actions is NOT appropriate for the nurse who is starting an intravenous (IV) infusion?
The nurse:
1. Adjusts the IV pole so that the solution container is suspended about 1 m (3 ft) above the client’s head.
2. Completely fills the drip chamber with solution.
3. Uses the client’s nondominant arm, unless contraindicated.
4. Cleans the skin at the site of entry with a topical antiseptic swab.
A nurse is planning a seminar on wellness care and promoting fluid and electrolyte balance. Which of the fol-
lowing statements is correct? (Select all that apply.)
. Consume 9 to 10 glasses of water daily.

,_.i
2. Limit alcohol intake because it has a diuretic effect.
3. Avoid excess amounts of foods or fluids high in salt, sugar, and caffeine.
4. Increase fluid intake before, during, and after strenuous exercise.
5. Limit fluid intake before bedtime.
The nurse who is starting an intravenous infusion should avoid using all of the following EXCEPT a vein
that is:
1. Damaged by previous use, phlebitis, infiltration, or sclerosis.
2. In an area of flexion.
3. Not as visible, because it will tend to roll away from the needle.
4. Continually distended with blood, or knotted or tortuous.
A nurse is evaluating a nursing student’s understanding of blood transfusions. Which of the following state—
ments demonstrates a need for further teaching?
1. A blood transfusion is the introduction of whole blood or blood components into the venous circulation.
2. To avoid transfusing incompatible red blood cells, both blood donor and recipient are typed and their blood
is crossmatched.
3. Stop the transfusion immediately if signs of a reaction develop.
4. Human blood is commonly classified into four main groups: A, AB, 0, and A0.
10. Which of the following actions is NOT appropriate for the nurse administering blood to a client?
1. Blood is usually administered through a #18- to #20-gauge intravenous needle or catheter.
2. Saline is used to prime the set and flush the needle before administering blood.
3. A transfusion should be completed within 4 hours of initiation.
4. An S-type blood transfusion set with an in-line or add-on filter is used when administering blood.

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1 13. the right to accept or refuse care; the ability to use advanced
directives
Key Term Review l4. Continuing education (CE)
6 in
Case Study Answers
12. v 1. What role is the nurse acting in by representing the client ’5 needs
and wishes and assisting the client in behavior modification
plans? The nurse is acting as a change agent in this role. Nurses
16. 18. r . . . .
are continually dealing With change in the health care system.
2. The nurse is in the process ofhelping the client recognize and cope
19. 22. 23. 24 w with both the asthma condition and the tobacco cessation program
The nurse is acting as a change agent, and what other role is the
nurse representing? The nurse is acting as a client advocate to protect
the client. The nurse may represent the client’s needs to other health
care providers. The nurse may suggest some medications to assist the
client in his smoking cessation program, such as Zyban.
3. According to Banner ’s stages of nursing expertise, in what stage

Key Topic Review Answers
is the nurse functioning? The nurse has been practicing for
To promote wellness, prevent illness, restore health, care for the 4 years. The nurse is thus at Stage IV, Proficient. (Refer to
dying <LINK>Box 1—3</LINK> in the textbook.)
a,d
Review Question Answers
1. Answer: 1 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The traditional nursing mic has
always entailed humanistic caring, nurturing. comforting, and
supporting. Religion has also played a significant role in the
development of nursing. The Christian value of “love thy neighbor as
f, a, M, d, g, b, i, e. c thyself” and Christ’s parable of the Good Samaritan both had a
significant impact on the development of Western nursing. Wars
Consumer, patient. client accentuate the need for nurses. Greater financial support provided
through public and private health insurance programs has increased
and the demand for nursing care. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
professionalization
2. Answer: 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: A nurse who has an advanced
education and is a graduate of a nurse practitioner program is consid-
ered a nurse practitioner. Nurse practitioners usually deal with
nonemergency acute or chronic illness and provide primary ambulato-
ry care. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective
11. diagnosisrelated groups Care Environment
12.

278 Answer Key
3. Answer: 2 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Stage Ill, Competent, is able to

coordinate multiple complex care demands and focuses on the im-
portant aspects of care. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
Safe, Effective Care Environment
4, Answer: 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Workplace issues include inade- Key Topic Review Answers
quate staffing, heavy workloads, increased use ofovcrtime, and diffi-
culty recruiting and retaining nurses. Nursing Process: Assessment 1. Evidence-based practice
Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
2. “Right not to be harmed” either physically, emotionally. legally,
Answer: 4 (Objective: 1) Rationale: The ANA is actively working to
<1:
financially, or socially; “right to full disclosure" without decep—

improve the image of nursing. The radio commercial will most likely
tion about what participating in a study would involve; “right to
include information to help shape the listener’s image of
contemporary nursing. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: self—determination” without feeling pressured to participate in
Safe, Effective Care Environment studies and without constraints, coercion, or any undue influence
to participate in a study; “right to privacy and confidentiality,”
6. Answer: 2 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The goal of illness preven— such as ensuring anonymity of the participant
tion programs is to maintain optimal health by preventing disease.
Nursing activities that prevent illness include immunizations, 3. confidentiality
prenatal and infant care, and prevention of sexually transmitted
infections. Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Health Pro— 4. research is the application of the scientific approach to generate
motion and Maintenance empirical knowledge.
7. Answer: l (Objective: 4) Rationale: Although nurse practice acts 5. Research

differ in various jurisdictions, they all have a common purpose: to
protect the public, Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: 6. a.2;b.2;c.l;d.2;e.l
Safe. Effective Care Environment
7. a, b, d. e
8. Answer: 3 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The caregiver role has tradi—
tionally included those activities that assist the client physically 8. i, c, a, fij, h, d, g, e, b
and psychologically while preserving the client’s dignity. Nurs-
ing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Envi-
9. e, c, a, b, d
ronment
10. Quantitative research is the systematic collection, statistical anal—

9. Answer: 2 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Professionalization is the process ysis, and interpretation of numerical data; qualitative research:
of becoming professional, that is, of acquiring characteristics consid— systematic collection and thematic analysis of narrative data
ered to be professional. Nursing Process: Implementation Client
11 b
10. Answer: 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Demography is the study of

12. a
population, including statistics about distribution by age and
place of residence, mortality (death), and morbidity (incidence of
13. b
disease). From demographic data, population needs for nursing
services can be assessed. Nursing Processes: Assessment Client 14. Feasibility
15. pilot study
CHAPTER 2
Case Study Answers
Key Term Review 1. No; one research study alone does not provide adequate evidence
for changing practice.

Answer Key 279
2. The nurse should first analyze the study framework for validity 6. Answer: 2 (Objective 5) Rationale: Formulating a research
and then conduct a literature search to determine if further support problem is facilitated by performing a literature review. Nursing
for the findings in the original study exists. Processes: Implementation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care En-
vironment
3. This is a quantitative study because it involves scientific research
and empirical data. 7. Answer: 1, 2 (Objective: 3) Rationale: New scientific knowledge
acquired with new discoveries regarding health and cultural
changes that are continuously changing as time progresses are
two reasons for continually revising nursing education curricula.
1. Answer: 1 (Objective 7) Rationale: Hidden inducements, such as Disease and treatments evolve as time passes so nurses must keep
suggestions that by taking part in a study they might become up to date on all medical breakthroughs. Nursing Process:
famous or make an important contribution to science, must be Assessment Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
strictly avoided. Sharing client information with the
pharmaceutical company may be a violation of the client's right to 8. Answer: 1 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Scientific and technologic
privacy. Providing basic care to the client is a basic nursing advances are key factors in keeping abreast of the changing health
function. Giving the client information about the study is part of care environment. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
full disclosure that is a basic client right. Nursing Process: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Implementation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
9. Answer: 1, 3, 4, 5 (Objective: 7) Rationale: The research process
Answer: 3 (Objective: 5) Rationale: A qualitative study is not involves identifying the problem or question, collecting data us-
to
linear like quantitative research. The intent of qualitative research ing various means such as computer searches and/0r question-
is to describe and then explain a phenomenon. The technique naires. analyzing the data and writing up the results , and publish-
most often used to collect data for this type of research is inter- ing or presenting the research findings to expand the body of
views. Quantitative research progresses through systematic, nursing knowledge. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
logical steps according to a specific plan to collect numerical in~ Health Promotion and Maintenance
formation, often under conditions of considerable control that is
analyzed using statistical procedures. Ethnographic inquiry is re— 10. Answer: 2 (Objective: 6) Rationale: All nurses involved in research
lated to selective topics specific to a group with the same beliefs have a role in safeguarding the client’s rights. Nursing Process: lm«
or lifestyles. Pilot studies are often a tentative probe to see ift‘ur— plemcntation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
ther research study is needed on a topic. Nursing Process:
Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment 11. Answer: 1 (Objective: 5) Rationale: The dependent variable is a
behavior, characteristic, or outcome that the researcher wishes to ex-
3. Answer: 1, 2, 4 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Answers 1, 2, and 4 are plain or predict. Nursing Process: linplementation Client Need:
examples of the professional nurse’s activities in nursing re— Safe, Effective Care Environment
search. One of the nurse’s responsibilities with research is in

safeguarding the rights of the client, which includes informed
consent. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: Safe,
CHAPTER 3
Effective Care Environment
Key Term Review

4. Answer: 4 (Objective: 1) Rationale: The nursing student should
not document any identifiers on paperwork that would be made
public or could cause potential embarrassment to the client. The
use of identifiers would violate the right ofprivacy and confiden-
tiality for the client. Nursing Process: Implementation Client
5. Answer: 2 (Objective 5) Rationale: A strategy for identifying key

terms when locating research literature is PICO. 1” stands for pa- Key Topic Review Answers
tient, population, or problem ofintcrest. 1 stands for intervention
or therapy to consider for the subject of interest. C stands for 1. Theory has been defined as a supposition or system of ideas that
comparison ofinterventions, such as no treatment. 0 stands for is proposed to explain a given phenomenon. Characteristics ofa
outcome of the intervention. Nursing Processes: Assessment, theory include: (Student will choose two.)
Implementation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment a. It is an articulated idea about something important.
b. It is used to describe, predict, and control phenomena.

280 Answer Key
c. It offers ways of looking at or conceptualizing the central in-

terests ofa discipline. Case Study Answers
Choose the best nursing theory on which to base the revised
In a practice discipline, the main function of theory (and research)
philosophy ofnursingfor this particularfacility. Imogene King’s
is to provide new possibilities for understanding the discipline’s
theory of goal attainment would work well in the long-term facili~
practice (music, art, management, and nursing).
ty and the assisted living facility. King developed a transactional
model that describes the nature of and standard for nurse~client
interactions that lead to goal attainment—that nurses purposefully
interact and mutually set, explore, and agree to means to achieve
soft: hard
goals.
concepts
Explain your rationalefor using the theory that you have chosen.
The rationale for the theory should be based on the main ideals
conceptual framework; grand; conceptual model
supported by the concepts. The answer will depend on which the—
ory the student chooses.
paradigm
a. Person or client; the recipient of nursing care (includes indi-

viduals, families. groups, and communities).
b. Environment; the internal and external surroundings that affect
the client. This includes people in the physical environment, Answer: 2 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Theory is defined as a sup-
such as families, friends, and significant others.
position or system of ideas that is proposed to explain a given
c. Health; the degree of wellness or well—being experienced by phenomenon. Concepts are called the “building blocks” of theo-
the client.
ries and are difficult to explain or define. Paradigm refers to a
d. Nursing; the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality
providing care on behalf of or in conjunction with the client.
and the world. Conceptual models or frameworks are defined as a
group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. They articulate a
Nightingale’s theories, interactive theories, systems theories, and
broad range of the significant relationships among the concepts of
developmental theories
a discipline. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe,
Orem (b), Nightingale (a), Peplau (c), Parse (c), Henderson (a),
Roy (b), Neuman (c), Rogers (b), Leininger (c), Watson (a), King
Answer: 2 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Concepts are labels given to
(b) ideas, objects, and/or events—a summary of thoughts or a way to
categorize thoughts or ideas. Intelligence, motivation, learned help-
Florence Nightingale
lessness, and/or obesity are examples of a construct, which is a
group of concepts. A theory is the organization of concepts or con—
philosophy
structs that shows the relationship of the ideas with the intent nfde-
scribing, explaining, or predicting. An example of a theory includes
self-care, adaptation, caring, behavioral system, unitary man, hierar~
chy of needs, interpersonal relationships, humanistic, and/or nursei
a. Client (person): recipient of nursing care (individuals, fami»
client transactions. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe,
lies, groups)
b. Environment: internal/cxtcmal surroundings that affect the
client (includes people in the physical environment rrfamilies, Answer: 4 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Jean Watson’s theory is based
friends, significant others) on a humanistic and caring concept of nursing. The holistic outlook
addresses the impact and importance of altruism, sensitivity, trust,
Health: degree ot‘wellness and well—being experienced by the
.0
and interpersonal skills. Imogene King‘s theory is based on sys—

client
tems theory and the behavioral sciences. A transactional model of
d. Nursing: attributes, characteristics, and actions ofthe nurse interaction between the nurse and client was developed. Creation,
providing care on behalf of or in conjunction with the client spirituality, the client, and the environment are the basis of Roy‘s
model of nursing. Orem’s theory of nursing is based on self-care
Nursing is considered to be a practice discipline because the and restoring the client to the highest level of functioning. Nursing
central focus is performance of a professional role (nursing, Process: Planning Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
teaching, management, music).

Answer Key 281
4. Answer: 1 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Feplau’s psychodynamic ronment, such as families, friends, and significant others; health,
nursing model is an example ofa middle~range theory. Watson’s, the degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences;
Orem’s, and King’s theories are considered grand theories. and nursing, the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care providing care on behalf of or in conjunction with the client. Nurs-
Environment ing Process: Planning Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
5. Answer: 4 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Virginia Henderson’s theory l 1. Answer: c A nurse performing non—contact therapeutic
explains the 14 essential functions toward independence that a touch.
client must meet to achieve the highest level of health. Myra
Estrin Levine’s theory was based on four conservation principles 7a_ _ A nurse measuring the client’s intake and output
of inpatient client resources. Dorothea Orem uses nursing
interventions to meet clicnts’ self—care needs. Madeline b A nurse demonstrating therapeutic communication
Leininger’s theory uses transcultural nursing and caring nursing, with a client who has been diagnosed with depression.
in which the concepts are aimed toward caring and the
components of a culture care theory. Nursing Process: d__ A nurse who plans care with the client to establish
Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment mutual goals and outcomes.
6. Answer: l (Objective: 4) Rationale: Maintenance of system Rationale: Martha Rogers” Science of Unitary Human Beings
equilibrium is one ofthe goals of Betty Neuman’s nursing theory. states the idea of non-contact therapeutic touch. This is the idea
Orem’s model is based on assisting the client to achieve the that humans are dynamic energy fields in continuous exchange
highest level of self—care. Internal and external stimuli are based with environmental fields, both of which are infinite. Florence
on Roy’s adaptation model. The last choice in this grouping of Nightingale’s Environmental Theory linked health with five envi-
answers is not a factor in any of the nursing theories. Nursing ronmental factors: (1) pure or fresh air, (2) pure water, (3) efficient
Process: Planning Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity drainage, (4) cleanliness, and (5) light, especially direct sunlight.
Deficiencies in these five factors produced lack of health or illness.
7. Answer: 2 (Objective: 4) Rationale: It was an early effort to In addition to those factors, Nightingale also stressed the im—
define nursing phenomena that serves as the basis for later theo- portance of keeping the client warm, maintaining a noise—free envi-
retical formulations. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: ronment, and attending to the client’s diet in terms of assessing in-
Safe, Effective Care Environment take, timeliness of the food, and its effect on the person. Peplau’s
Interpersonal Relations Model introduces the existence of a thera-

8. Answer: 3 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Disciplines without a strong
peutic relationship between the nurse and the client. Imogene
theory and research base historically were referred to as “soft,” a
King’s Goal Attainment Theory describes the nature of and stand
negative comparison with the “hard” natural sciences. Many of
ard for nurse—client interactions that lead to goal attainmentAthat
the soft disciplines attempted to emulate the sciences, so theory
nurses purposefully interact and mutually sct, explore, and agree to
and scientific research became a more important part of academic
means to achieve goals. Goal attainment represents outcomes.
life, both in the practice disciplines and in the humanities.
Nursing Process: Implementation. (‘lient Need: Safe and Effective
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care
Care Environment
Environment
9. Answer: 1 (Objective: 1) Rationale: A conceptual framework is a

CHAPTER 4
group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. A paradigm refers
to a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reali-
ty and the world. A philosophy is a belief system, often an early Key Term Review Answers
effort to define nursing phenomena, and serves as the basis for
later theoretical formulations. Critical theory is the way to eluci-
date how social structures affect a wide variety of human experi-
ences, from art to social practices. Nursing Process: Assessment
10. Answer: 1, 2, 3, and 5 (Objective: 4) Rationale: The four major

concepts are considered to be person or client, the recipient of nurs-
ing care (includes individuals, families, groups, and communities);
the environment, the internal and external surroundings that affect 25. t
the client—the environment includes people in the physical envi-

282 Answer Key
Key Topic Review Answers 13. Certification
It is important because nurses are accountable for their profes~ l4. Standards of care are the skills and learning commonly possessed
sional judgments and actions. by members of a profession. The purpose is to protect the
consumer. Two standards of care include:
Accountability is the ability and willingness to assume responsi-
[Q
a. lntemal standards
bility for one’s actions and to accept the consequences ofone’s
b. External standards
behavior.
Four examples of external standards of care are:
a. To ensure that the nurse’s dec1510ns and actions are con51stent
with current legal principles. a. Nurse practice acts
b. To protect the nurse from liability. b. Professional organizations
c. Nursing specialty—practice organizations

Functions oflaws in nursing are: (Student will choose two.)
d. Federal organizations and federal guidelines
a. They provide a framework for establishing the nursing
actions while caring for clients. 16.
b. They differentiate the nurse’s responsibility from those of 17

A contract is considered to be expressed when the two parties
other members of the health care team, I
discuss and agree, either orally or in writing, to terms and
c. They help to establish the boundaries of independent nursing conditions during the creation of the contract. One example of an
action. expressed contract is when a travel nurse works at a hospital for a
d. They help to maintain a standard ofnursing practice by stated length of time and under stated conditions. An implied
making nurses accountable under the law. contract is one that has not been explicitly agreed to by the
parties, but that the law nevertheless considers as existing. An
a example of an implied contract is when the hospital is expected to

provide the necessary supplies and equipment needed to provide
a competent nursing care.
Types oflaw include: (Student will choose two.) 18

A right is a privilege or fundamental power to which an
individual is entitled unless it is revoked by law or given up
a. Public law refers to the body of law that deals with relation-
ships between individuals and the government and/or gov- voluntarily. A responsibility is the obligation associated with a
right. See Table 4—2 in Chapter 4 of the text for examples of the
ernmental agencies.
responsibilities and rights associated with each role.
b. Criminal law refers to the body of law that deals with disputes
between an individual and the society as a whole. 19' strike
c. Private law refers to the body of law that deals with 20
The two types of consent include:
relationships among private individuals. -
d. Contract law refers to the body of law that involves a. Expressed consent may take the form of either an oral or writ-
enforcement of agreements among individuals. ten agreement. Usually, the more invasive a procedure or the
8. Tort law defines and enforces duties and rights among greater the potential for risk to the client, the greater the need
individuals that are not based on contract law. for written permission.
b. Implied consent is when the client’s behavior indicates

b, d, e
agreement or when a medical emergency occurs and the client
cannot express consent.
litigation
21. b; it is the responsibility of the health care provider who is per-

a, e. d, b, c forming the procedure.
a, b, c, d 22. The nurse’s signature confirms three things:
a a. The client has no further questions about the procedure and is

ready to give consent.
mutual recognition; interstate

Answer Key 283
b. The individual signing the consent is the appropriate c. Certification of death: The formal determination of death or
individual (either the client or the individual with legal pronouncement that must be performed by a physician, a cor»
responsibility for the client, such as a parent). oner, or a nurse. The granting ofthe authority ofnurses to
pronounce death is regulated by the state or province. It is
c. The nurse is not aware of any factor that could cause the
necessary by law to complete this form.
client to be considered incompetent (such as administration of
narcotics, court order declaring the client incompetent, etc.). d. Do-not-resuscitate orders (DNRs): These are generally writ-
ten by the provider whcn the client or proxy has expressed the
The nurse must verify that the client is aware ofthe pros and cons wish for no resuscitation in the event of respiratory or cardiac
of refusal and is making an informed decision. Documentation is arrest. It is written to indicate that the goal of treatment is a
essential and tnust include notification ofthe health care provider, comfortable, dignified death and that further life-sustaining
the concerns ofthe client, the understanding of refusal ofthe cli— measures are not indicated. The nurse can request a change in
ent, and any witnesses to the refusal. assignment ifa DNR is contrary to the nurse‘s personal be—
liefs. The responsibility ofthe nurse is to make sure that the
The nurse needs to know the state Nurse Practice Act because it health care team is aware of any DNR orders.
will assist the nurse in delegation of duties among the various
6. Euthanasia: The act ofpainlessly putting to death persons Slll:
personnel, and also in the recognition of what is involved in the
fering from incurable or chronically painful disease. It is illev
scope of nursing practice. Nurses are accountable and will be
gal in both Canada and the majority of the United States to
held responsible for following the Nurse Practice act in his or her
perform any type of euthanasia. Some states have laws that al—
practicing state.
low clicnts to end their lives through the voluntary self-
administration of lethal medications, expressly prescribed by
25.
a physician for that purpose. Some states have right-to-die
statutes and honor living wills. These states legally recognize
26. The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination on
the right—to‘die statutes as the client’s right to refuse treat-
the basis ofdisability in employment, public services, and public
ment. Nurses must know their state’s policies and Nurse Prac—
accommodations. The nurse assists individuals with disabilities to
tice Act in order to make any decisions regarding this matter.
comprehend the opportunities provided by law. Also, the nurse
needs to be familiar with this law because nurses with disabilities f. Inquests: Legal inquiries into the cause or manner ofa death,
may be refused employment opportunities inappropriately, and An inquest is usually performed when the death is a result of
the nurse manager must know the laws in order to avoid discrimi— an accident to determine any blame. Agency policy dictates
nation of others who is responsible for reporting deaths to the coroner or med—
ical examiner.
27. b; federal laws regulate controlled substances
g. Organ donation: The donation of organs that an individual 18
years or older and of sound mind can endorse. Individuals can
Stress
make a gift of any organs or his or her body for the following
purposes: medical or dental education and research. the ad-
29. The definitions of the following terms and certain responsibilities
vancement of medical or dental science, therapy, and/or
of nurses are:
transplantation. Nurses may serve as witnesses for individuals
a. Advance directives: Allow individuals to specify aspects of consenting to donate organs.
care that he or she wishes to receive should that individual
become unable to make or communicate his or her own pref— 30. Tort
erences. Nurses need to assess whether clients and families
have an accurate understanding of advance directives and 3|. c, d
give instructions as necessary. Also, nurses mttst know the
laws in his or her practicing state regarding patient self» 32. l-llPAA is the first nationwide legislation to protect the privacy of
determination. health information. The four specific areas of HIPAA include:
b. Autopsies: Are also called postmortem examinations. An au— a. The electronic transfer of information among organizations
topsy is an examination of the body after death and is only
b. Standardized numbers for identifying providers, employers,
performed in certain cases. It examines the organs and tissues
and health plans
to establish the exact cause of death. The nurse must under—
stand the process to answer family's questions and to obtain a C. Security rules providing for a uniform level ofprotection of
signed consent when the autopsy is performed voluntarily. all health care information

284 Answer Key
d. Privacy rules that set standards defining appropriate disclo- tying) that may or may not cause harm. Nursing Process: Imple-
sure to protect health information mentation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
33. Nurses should question any order a client questions; any order if 4. Answer: 3 (Objective: 4) Rationale: In order for consent to be
the client’s condition has changed; any verbal orders to avoid considered informed, the physician must describe the procedure,
miscommunications; and any orders that are illegible, unclear, or explain risks ofthe procedure, and alternative treatment options;
incomplete. the client must vcrbalize understanding of the explanation; and
the informed consent form must be signed and witnessed. The
client cannot sign the consent before the procedure is explained
Case Study Answers by the surgeon, cannot have the son give express consent for sur-
gery ifthe client is competent to give consent for himself, and
Did the surgeon adhere to the signed consentform that the client consent would need to be obtained if the client has been declared
signed before the surgery? No, the surgeon did not adhere to the incompetent. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Needs: Safe,
signed consent form because the appendix was not listed in the Effective Care Environment
original signed consent.
Answer: 1 (Objective: 7) Rationale: A living will provides specific

Under the circumstances, what type oftort is the surgeon liablefor? instructions about what medical treatment the client chooses to omit
Battery is the type of tort because the surgeon has intentionally and or refuse in the event that the client is unable to make those decisions.
wrongfislly performed an act without the client’s permission. A durable power of attorney for health care is a notarized or witnessed
statement that appoints someone to make health care decisions when
What was the operating nurse 's role in this incident? The operating the client is unable to do so. designates who should make medical de—
nurse should have questioned the removal of the appendix since it cisions if the client is incapable of making independent decisions.
is assumed that she reviewed the informed consent and is consid- Neither a living will nor a durable power of attorney describes deter—
ered the patient’s advocate. mining real estate or health care provider’s actions when the client is
unable to make his or her own health care decisions. Nursing Pra-
cess: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
Answer: 4 (Objective: 1 l) Rationale: Assault is the attempt or
Answer: 4 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The nurse with a master’s
threat to touch another person unjustifiably. It often precedes bat-
degree and a certificate in maternal—infant nursing is deemed an ex-
tery. Battery is the willful touching ofa person that may or may
pert in that field because of the advanced preparation. The other
not cause harm. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Needs:
choices do not address the needed expertise. Nursing Process:
Planning; Management ofCare; Safety
Assessment Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment
Answer: 1, 3 (Objective 1) Rationale: The nurse defamed the health

Answer: 2, 5 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Of these options, the
care provider’s reputation by use of the word incompetent in the
parents of the 14—year—old child and the competent older client
documentation. The nurse also committed libel because the dcfamm
would be the best persons to make health care decisions. The oth—
tion was by means of print, writing, or pictures. The nurse did not
er responses are incorrect due to the altered mental state and age
commit slander, defamation by spoken word. Unprofessional con—
of consent limitations. If the child with the laceration was hemor—
duct includes incompetence or gross negligence, conviction for prac-
rhaging, implied consent would be adequate enough in order to
ticing without a license, falsification of client records, illegally ob—
save the child’s life. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
taining, using, or possessing controlled substances. Nursing Pro-
cess: Implementation Client Need: Management of Care
Answer: 1 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Failing to provide discharge

Answer: 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Unprofcssional conduct is
instructions is a form ofmalpractice. The nurse should document in
defined by the Code ofEthicsfor Nurses. Unethical conduct may
the client’s chart that discharge instructions were given verbally, the
also be addressed in nurse practice acts. It includes violation of
client expressed understanding of the discharge instructions, and/or a
professional ethical codes, breach ofconfidentiality, fraud, or re—
copy of the discharge instructions were given to the client or caregive
fusing to care for clients of specific socioeconomic or cultural or—
er. Negligence is misconduct or practice that is below the standard
igins. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Needs: Safety; Safe,
expected of an ordinary, reasonable, and prudent person. Assault can
be described as an attempt or threat to touch another person unjustifi—
ably. Assault precedes battery; it is the act that causes the person to
Answer: 2 (Objective: 15) Rationale: The conscience clauses
believe a battery is about to occur. Battery is the willful touching ofa
give hospitals the right to deny admission to abortion clients and
person (or the person ’5 Clothes or even something the person is car-
give health care personnel, including nurses, the right to refuse to

Answer Key 285
participate in abortions. When these rights are exercised, the stat- 1 l. '1"o reach a mutual peaceful agreement that is in the best interests
utes also protect the agency and employee from discrimination or of the client.
retaliation. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: Man—
agement of Care 12. Inform, support, and mediate
Answer: 4 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Hospital policies are not 13. Beneficence

included in the laws of nursing. The other three items are func—
tions of nursing laws. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: 14. Justice
Management of Care
Veracity
CHAPTER 5 16. Accountability; responsibility
Key Term Review Case Study Answers

1. d 2. g 3. f 4. m 5, a 6. s 1a_ What consideratimts shouldyou take into account in assisting the
client to make those decisions? You should consider the client
7. o 8 n 9 p 10. _] 1l k 12 b and family’s outlook and past experiences, the client’s fears about
and abilities to cope with this disorder, and the client’s religious
13. q 14 t 15 r 16. e 17 h 18 1 beliefs. As the nurse, you could use the seven questions to facili—
tate values clarification for the client. The process is listed in the
19. l 20. c text.
_ _ lb. In what way cozildyou assist the client in reaching decisions

Key Topic Revrew Answers about further health care? You need to let the client and family
make their own choices. help guide the client and family in work-
1. Values are enduring beliefs or attitudes about the worth of a
ing through their emotions, maintain professional relationships
‘ person, object, idea, or action. Values are important because they
with both the client and the family, and be aware of your own
influence decisions and actions, including nurses’ ethical decision
thoughts and feelings regarding this issue. You should be sure not
making.
to impose your own feelings on the client or family members.
2. Beliefs (or opinions) are interpretations that people accept as true. lc

Would an ethics committee be involved in this matter? An ethics
Beliefs do not always involve values. Values give direction to life
committee would be helpful in the decision-making process and
and form the basis ofbehavior.
would give recommendations. The committee is a multidiscipli-
nary team and assists with ethical issues, client values. and pro-
3. Attitudes
fessional obligations.
4. a. altruism b. autonomy c. human dignity d. integrity e. social 1d

What principles ofaiitonmnv are applied to this situation? Au-
justice
tonomy is defined as having independence or freedom from con—
trol by external forces. The final decision regarding the extent of
5. Whenever clients hold detrimental or conflicting values regarding
life—promoting activities is in the hands of the client. The nurse
their health, the nurse could use values clarification as a nursing
could inform the client about advance directives and other meth—
intervention.
ods that may be helpful in this matter.
6. Bioethics or nursing ethics 23

What are his rights as a client? According to the Patient’s Bill of
Rights and HIPAA regulations, he should have a right to privacy
7, Morality
and anonymity as a client in the hospital.
8' 3 2b. Could he take legal actions? He would have the right to sue the
hospital for privacy invasion. It would have to be proven in a
9. b, a, c, b, a, a and b, e, b
court oflaw.
10. A statement on compassion has been added and the duty to pro—
tect patients has been broadened to include all patient rights.

286 Answer Key
Review Question Answers convicted. HIPAA, the American Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act of 19%, requires that health information about

1. Answers: I, 2 (Objective: 1) Rationale: The feelings of shame clients be secured in such a way that only those with the right and
and guilt, along with use of feeling words such as should, orig/1t need to acquire the information are able to do so. The clinical faculty
to, rig/2t. wrong, good, and bad, both indicate the morality would already know the client they had assigned to the student. The
involved in a specific situation. Legislative regulations, nurse should not randomly discard any items ofa client’s without
infringing on individual human rights such as the right to life or express permission. If the cousin is not listed on a signed release
privacy. and fear of imprisonment indicate a legal situation. from the client and hospital, then the cousin should not be allowed to
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe and Effective review the client's record. Nursing Process: Implementation Client
Care Environment Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
2. Answer: 4 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Altruism is a concern for the 8. Answer: 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: The nurse should inform the
welfare and well—being of others. In professional practice, altruv health care provider about the lack of education and/or experience
ism is reflected by the nurse’s concern for the welfare of patients, and refuse to do the procedure or task. All of the other answers
other nurses, and other health care providers. Turning the patient would make the nurse and health care provider negligent. Howev-
every 4 hours is an example of standards of practice more than al» er, if the nurse does not inform the health care provider, only the
truism because failure to do so would result in malpractice and nurse would be liable. Nursing Process: Implementation Client
negligence. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physio» Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
logical Integrity
9. Answer: 1 (Objective: 2) Rationale: All facts and information
3. Answer: 3 (Objective: 2) Rationale: When clients hold unclear or regarding a person’s condition, treatment, care, progress, refusal
conflicting values that are detrimental to their health, the nurse or consent of treatment, and response to illness and treatment
should use values clarification as an intervention. The client who should be documented in the chart. Nursing Process: Assessment
has multiple admissions to the chemical dependency program is Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
demonstrating unclear self-values, while the other answer choices
display individuals who are clear regarding self—values. Nursing 10. Answer: 2, 3 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The National Organ Trans-
Process: Planning Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environ- plant Act prohibits thc selling of organs and/or marketing of body
ment; Education and Health Promotion parts. The other examples are acceptable. Nursing Process: Assess- V7
ment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
4. Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Ethics committees include
nurses and can be asked to provide guidance to a competent client,
an incompetent client’s family, or health care providers. These
CHAPTER 6
committees ensure that relevant facts of a case are brought out, pro-
vide a forum in which diverse views can be expressed, provide sup« Key Term Review
port for caregivers, and can reduce the institution’s legal risks. These
committees do not decide when a law has been violated; rather, these
committees are formed to provide ethical guidance. Nursing Pro-

cess: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
Answer: I (Objective: 7) Rationale: The relationshipsbased (car-

U1
ing) theories stress courage, generosity, commitment, and the need

to nurture and maintain relationships. Nursing Process: Implemen-
tation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Key Topic Review Answers
1. a. Primary prevention
6. Answer: 2 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Unintentional harm occurs
b. Secondary prevention
when the risk could not have been anticipated. The other examples
are examples of intentional harm. Ilarm can be intentionally causing c. Tertiary prevention
hann, placing someone at risk of harm, and unintentionally causing
harm. A client may be at risk ofhann as a known consequence ofa 2. a
nursing intervention that is intended to be helpful. Nursing Process:

Implementation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment 3. c
7. Answer: I, 3, 4 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Invasion of privacy is an 4 b
intentional tort and nurses and nursing staff can be held liable if

Answer Key 287
21. Increase quality and years of healthy life.

U-
for Medicare. The client may also carry other insurance plans,
b. Achieve health equity and eliminate health disparities. however Medicare is guaranteed ifshe is a citizen ofthe United
0. Create healthy environments for everyone. States.
d. Promote health and quality life across the life span.

1/the z'lient 's income is below the povertv level. irhat type alcov-
eruge could also be included in the health (titre coverage plan?
6.
Medicaid is offered to individuals with low income and can be car-
ried in addition to Medicare to reduce copayments.
Public Health Service (Pl IS) ofthe US. Department of Health
and Human Services
2a. What roles do the physical therapist and dictitianfizlfill? The
physical therapy could be performed by the physical therapist.
Occupational health clinics are an important setting for employee
Physical therapists treat movement dysfunctions by means of
health care. They are responsible for worker safety, health education,
heat, water, exercise, massage, and electric current. They also as-
annual employee health screening for tuberculosis, and maintenance
sess client mobility and strength, provide therapeutic measures.
of immunization infonnation. Other Screenings for health concerns
and teach new skills. A dietitian has special knowledge about the
can be conducted at the discretion of the nurse or companies
diets required to maintain health and treat disease.
Factors affecting health care delivery include the following:

2b. Where could the client receive the services, and what type of
(Student will choose four.)
coverage could possibly pay for these services? Services may be
21. Increasing number of older adults found in acute care outpatient facilities, long-term care facilities
b. Advances in technology that offer rehabilitation services, or in free—standing facilities in
c. Economics the community. Medicare Part B, in addition to Medicaid and/or

private insurance, will cover the cost ofthese services.
d. Women’s health
e. Uneven distribution of services

What is the true regarding clients with chronic conditions or
f. Access to health insurance disabilities and access to (are? There is (1 high prevalence (glim-
paired access to care among those with Chronic L'tHldllltfliX or
fastest; 76.5; 90 disabilities.
One of the major alterations in how health care is practiced in this 3b. What are the nursing implications when caringtbr clients with
country may be attributed to lllPAA. The new regulations were chronic conditions or disabilities." Names are often the health care
instituted to protect the privacy of individuals by safeguarding in— providers who have the most contact with clients who have disa—
dividually identifiable health care records, including electronic bilities and chronic health conditions. Nurses are in an ideal posi—
media. Violations of HIPAA regulations by health care providers tion to assist clients in obtaining the care they need at the most
or agencies can result in heavy fines for this breach of trust. appropriate facilities and cost, often bridging the gap for the client
who has decreased access to appropriate care.
A critical pathway is an interdisciplinary plan or tool that speci-
fies interdisciplinary assessments, interventions, treatments, and
outcomes for health-related conditions across a time line. Case Review Question Answers
management may be used as a cost—containment strategy in man-
aged care. Both of the systems often use critical pathways to track 1. Answer: 1., 4 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Managed care and team
a client’s progress. nursing are used as frameworks for care in today‘s health care
system, which supports continuity of care and cost effectiveness.

a. These centers permit the client to live at home while obtain- Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care
ing necessary health care. Environment
b. These centers free up costly hospital beds for seriously ill 2. Answer: 3 (Objective: 5) Rationale: The Medicare plan is divid-
clients. ed into two parts, Part A and Part B. Part A is available to people
with disabilities and people ages 65 years and older. It provides
insurance toward hospitalization, home care, and hospice care.
Case Study Answers Part B is voluntary and provides partial coverage ofoutpaticnt
and physician services to people eligible for Part A. Part D is the
la What type ofhealth care coverage is the client almost guaranteed voluntary prescription drug plan begun in January 2006. Medi-
of'carrving? Everyone in the United States over age ()5 is eligible caid is a federal public assistance program paid out of general

288 Answer Key
taxes to people who require financial assistance, such as people 8. Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Private health insurance pays
with low incomes. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: either the entire bill or a percentage of the costs of health care ser-
Psychosocial Integrity vices. Nursing Process: Assessrncnt Client Need: Psychosocial
3. Answer: 2 (Objective: 5) Rationale: The Medicare plan is 9. Answer: 3 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Prepaid group plans include
divided into two parts, Part A and Part B. Part A is available to llMOs, PPOs. PPAs, lPAs, and PlIOs. Medicare and Medicaid
people with disabilities and people ages 65 years and older. It are government programs, and Blue Cross and Blue Shield are
provides insurance toward hospitalization, home care, and private-pay insurance plans. Social Security and Supplemental
hospice care. Part B is voluntary and provides partial coverage of Security Income are government programs. Nursing Process: As—
outpatient and physician services to people eligible for Part A. sessment Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Part D is the voluntary prescription drug plan begun in January

2006. Medicaid is a federal public assistance program paid out of 10. Answer: 1 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Immunization is an illness
general taxes to people who require financial assistance, such as prevention strategy that is primary prevention, not secondary.
people with low incomes. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Caring for a dying client is palliative care and tertiary care.
Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment Assisting a stroke victim is rehabilitative care—also tertiary care.
Secondary prevention is the diagnosis and treatment of disease,
4. Answer: l (Objective: 5) Rationale: The Medicare plan is divid- illness, or injury. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
ed into two parts, Part A and Part B. Part A is available to people Health Promotion and Maintenance
insurance toward hospitalization, home care, and hospice care.
Part B is voluntary and provides partial coverage of outpatient CHAPTER 7
voluntary prescription drug plan begun in January 2006. Medi—
caid is a federal public assistance program paid out of general Key Term Review
taxes to people who require financial assistance, such as people
with low incomes. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
Safe and Effective Care Environment
5, Answer: 4 (Objective: 5) Rationale: The Medicare plan is divid—

ed into two parts, Part A and Part B. Part A is available to people
insurance toward hospitalization. home care, and hospice care.
I. a,c,d,f
Part B is voluntary and provides partial coverage of outpatient
2. (Student will choose four.)
voluntary prescription drug plan begun in January 2006. Medi-
caid is a federal public assistance program paid out of general
a. Community participation is provider directed.
taxes to people who require financial assistance. such as people b. Professional’s role is expert, provider, authority, and team
leader.
with low incomes. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
Safe and Effective Care Environment c. Collaboration occurs among members of the health care team.
d. The individual or the family is the focus.

6. Answer.- 1, 2, 5 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Supplemental Security
e. Access is limited.
Income (SSI) is for individuals with disabilities, individuals who
f. Health care is available within given health care institutions.
are blind, or those who may not be eligible for Social Security.
The benefits are not restricted to health care costs. Clients often g. Empowerment is a provider—assisted process.
use this money to purchase medicines or to cover the costs ot‘ex—
tended health care. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: 3. (Student will choose four.)
Health Promotion and Maintenance at Community participation is client directed.
b. The professional’s role is facilitator, consultant, and resource

7. Answer.- 4 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Diagnosis-related groups person.
(DRGs) are a prospective payment system limiting the amount e. Collaboration goes beyond the health care sector.
paid to hospitals that are reimbursed by Medicare. The system has
d. The community or some aggregate is the focus.
categories that establish pretreatment diagnosis billing categories.
e. Access is universal.
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe and Effective
Care Environment f. Health care is available where people live and work.

Answer Key 289
g. Empowerment is a collaborative, enabling process.

access to services, and thus improve the health status of the
community. Outreach programs involve partnerships between

community nurses and members ofthc community.
population
a. Type: integrated health care system
Definition: System that makes all levels of care available in

an integrated form#primary care, secondary care, and ter-
tiary care. The goals are to facilitate care across settings, re—
covery, positive health outcomes. and the long-term benefits
of modifying harmful lifestyles through health promotion and Case Study Answers
disease prevention.
What are some types ofcommunity nursing that could be
b. Type: community initiatives considered? Occupational health nursing, school nursing, parish
nursing, telehealth, public health nursing, correctional nursing,
Definition: These initiatives, called healthy cities and health-
camp nurse, home health, or community nursing centers are all
ier communities, involve members of the community to estab-
possible options.
lish health priorities, set measurable goals, and determine ac-
tions to reach these goals. lfa community agency is initiating
What skills would be needed/or community nursing that might
this project, the associated hospital generally contributes hu—
not be used in the pediatric unit? The nurse would need to utilize
man resources to assist in the endeavor.
roles of the nurse such as collaborator, educator, advocate, inan-
Type: community coalitions ager, and clinician, With the experience from the pediatric ward,
5?
the nurse should consider the school nurse position role.

Definition: Alliances that bring together individuals and groups
for the shared purpose of improving the community's health.
Nurses are major participants and contributors in these coalitions Review Question Answers
and often assume leadership positions.
Answer: 2 (Objective: 6) Rationale: The key elements necessary
(1. Type: managed care
for collaboration among health care providers include communi—
Definition: A common model in health care restructuring. cation skills, mutual respect, and shared decision making. Negoti-
Health care providers (hospitals, physicians, nurse practition- ation and conflict management are important skills for the nurse
ers, insurance carriers, and so on)join to meet health needs to acquire and use; however, these are not the key elements neces-
across the care continuum. The managed care organization sary for collaboration. Nursing Process: Planning Client Needs:
serves as a “go—between” or “gatekeeper“ with the client, pro— Safety, Safe and Efficient Care Environn‘ient
vider, and payer. Providers are organized into groups and the
Answer: 1, 2, 3, 4 (Objective: 6) Rationale: The nurse
client must select one from the group to which they belong.
collaborator shares personal expertise with other nurses and
Managed care aims in this way to enhance the quality and
elicits the expertise of others to ensure quality client care, seeks
cost effectiveness of health care.
opportunities to collaborate with and within professional
e. Type: case management organizations, offers expert opinions on legislative initiatives
related to health care, and collaborates with other health care
Definition: An integrative health care model that tracks client
providers and consumers on health care legislation to best serve
needs and services through a variety of care settings to ensure
the needs of the public. Nursing Process: Implementation
continuity. The case manager is familiar with clients” health
Client Need: Safe and Efficient Care Environment
needs and resources available through their insurance coverage
so they can receive cost—effective care. Another important aspect
Answer: 2 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Discharge planning is
of case management is assisting the client and family to under»
initiated for all clients on admission to any health care setting.
stand and navigate their way through the health care system.
Effective discharge planning involves ongoing assessment to
f. Type: outreach programs obtain comprehensive information about the client’s ongoing
Definition: Methods of linking underscrved or high-risk

needs and nursing care plans to ensure those needs are met.
Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Safe and Efficient Care
populations with the fortnal health care system. These pro-
Environment
grams can minimize or reduce barriers to health care, increase

290 Answer Key
Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: The older adult client without Home care today involves a wide range of health care profession-
caregivers would need a referral to meet his or her health care needs. als providing services in the home setting to individuals recover-
In this case, the patient should be referred to a long—term care facili- ing from an acute illness/injury, individuals with disabilities, or
ty, a community-based health care facility. Nursing Process: As- individuals with chronic conditions.
sessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
Hospice
Answer: 2 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The major focus of integrat-
ed health care systems is health promotion and maintenance and
disease prevention. Nursing Processes: Planning Client Need:
Safe, Effective Care Environment a. Intimacy and familiarity of the home setting.
Answer: 2, 3, 4 (Objective: 4) Rationale: There are five main func- b. Sharing between the client, nurse, and family members.
tions of community. These include production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services; socialization; social control and c. The ability of the nurse to function independently.
social interpaiticipation; and mutual support. Nursing Process: As-
sessment Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance a. Resources may not be available in the event ofa crisis.
b. The burden of caregiving and family dynamic roles are often

Answer: 1, 2, 3, 4 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The role of the parish
more apparent to the home health nurse.
nurse includes that of personal health counselor, health educator, re-
ferral source, and integrator of faith and health. Nursing Process: 0. Home health nurses enter homes where the living conditions
Implementation Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance are less than desirable (cg, homes with no running water or
electricity).
Answer: 1, 3 (Objective: 4) Rationale: The larger numbers of
advanced practice nurses in recent years have resulted in the pro— (Student will choose four.)
vision of primary care to many consumers who had previously a. Performs physical assessments.
been neglected~those living in rural areas, people with low in—
comes, undocumented immigrants, older adults, and women and b. Changes wound dressings.
infants. The incarcerated adult and homeless individual are the c. Inserts and maintains intravenous access for various therapies.
most likely consumers cared for by the advanced practice nurse.
d. Establishes and monitors indwelling urinary catheters.
Environment e. Monitors exercise or nutritional therapies.
CHAPTER 8
c Institutions that rely on private pay sources or
“th i rdiparty” reimbursement
Key Term Review
b United Way
d Hospital home health agencies
a State health department

a. Hand hygiene
A number of factors have contributed to the growth in home

health care. Seine of these factors include rising health care costs, b. Use ofgloves
an aging population, and a growing emphasis on managing chron—

ic illness and stress, preventing illness, and enhancing the quality e. Handling of linens
oflife.
d. Disposal ot‘wastes and soiled dressings

Answer Key 291
Case Study Answers ple of the caregiver role is changing the Foley catheter and docu-
menting the care is an example of case management. Nursing
What interventions will the home health nurse likely perform Process: Implementation Client Need: Health Promotion and
when caringfor Mrs. Campos? Providing client education is an Maintenance
essential skill of the home health nurse. The home health nurse
will provide client education on diabetic care, including infor« _ Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: The major roles of the home
mation on the proper use of new equipment or supplies. In addi— health nurse are those of advocate, caregiver, educator. and case
tion, the nurse will provide education on medication management, manager. An example ofthe caregiver role is changing the Foley
especially ifthe client is nonadherent to the medication regimen. catheter. The nurse who is instructing the client on the diabetic
Additional teaching may include safety precautions and chronic diet is in the role of an educator, documenting the care is an ex»
disease management ofthe client’s comorbidities. Most agencies ample of case management, and a nurse in the advocate role
have a packet that includes forms for consent to treatment; physi- would refer the client for a social work consultation. Process:
cal, psychosocial, and spiritual assessment; medications; pain as- Implementation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
sessment; family data; financial assessment including insurance
verification; client’s bill of rights; care plan; and daily visit notes. Answer: 4 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Education is ongoing and
can be considered the core concept ofhome care practice; its goal
What unique cultural considerations will the nurse take when is to help Clients learn to manage as independently as possible.
caringfor Mrs. Campos? Mrs. Campos does not speak English Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Health Promotion
well and it is the home health nurse’s obligation to ensure that and Maintenance
the information provided to the client is well understood. The
nurse should make sure that handouts, pamphlets, and forms are Answer: 1, 2, 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Clinical manifestations
written in the client’s first language. of caregiver role strain include decreased energy, anxiety, and dif—
ficulty performing routine tasks. Difficulty concentrating is not a
What age-related considerations will the nurse plan? All clients manifestation of caregiver role strain. Nursing Process: Assess-
should be assessed for safety; however, older adult clients have an ment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
increased risk for falls and the nurse must consider this age—
related factor. In addition, adult clients tend to take multiple med- Answer: 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Daily wound care is a skilled
ications for various chronic diseases and conditions. This factor nursing task. The other tasks are not dependent on nursing care.
may lead to medication reactions or adverse effects, and client Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care
teaching on prevention of falls and multiple—medication reactions Environment
is essential.
Answer: 3 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Hospice nursing is the sup-
port and care of an individual who is terminally ill and his or her
Review Question Answers family. Hospice services are frequently delivered to terminally ill
clients in their residence. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
Answer: 3 (Objective: 3) Rationale.- A durable medical equip» Need: Psychosocial Integrity
ment (DME) company supplies health care equipment for the
client at home. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Answer: 3 (Objective: 8) Rationale: The referral process to home
Effective Care Environment care services often occurs prior to discharge from the hospital.
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Health Promotion
Answer: 3 (Objective: 4) Rationale: The major roles of the home and Maintenance
health nurse are those of advocate. caregiver, educator, and case
manager. The nurse who is instructing the client on the diabetic
diet is in the role of an educator. An example of the caregiver role CHAPTER 9
is changing the Foley catheter, documenting the care is an exam—
ple ofcase management. and a nurse in the advocate role would
refer the client for a social work consultation. Nursing Process:
Key Term Review
Implementation Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
m
0
_.,
a.
[\J
LAJ
U]
>-
75
(IC
Answer: 2 (Objective: 4) Rationale: The major roles of the home

health nurse are those of advocate, caregiver, educator, and case
manager. An example ofthe advocate role is referring the client
for a social work consultation. The nurse who is instructing the
client on the diabetic diet is in the role of an educator. An exam-

292 Answer Key
Key Topic Review Answers ing and receiving data. An important type of communications
software is electronic mail (e-mail). E-mail has become a
1. a. Design plans to enhance the nurse’s ability to use EHRs to standard method of communication worldwide.
improve health care delivery.
e. Presentation graphics programs: software programs used to
b. Have more nurses engaged in the design of national health create charts, graphs, tables, pictures, videos, audio, and other
care information systems infrastructure. nontext files. They have become increasingly popular. Users
can create so-called “slide shows” for use in teaching or re-

0. Speed adoption oftechnolcgy that can enhance health care
search presentations.
safety and effectiveness.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of

2. privacy; confidentiality
1996
3. a. management information systems (MIS)

a. Access to literature
b. Computer-assisted instruction
b. hospital information systems (HIS)
c. Classroom technologies
4. a. Admissions d. Strategies for learning at a distance

b. Medical records
a. Communicate
c. Clinical laboratory
b. Manage knowledge
d. Pharmacy
c. Mitigate error
e. Order entry
(1. Support decision making
f. Finance
5. a. Record client assessments Case Study Answers

b. Medication administration [ft/1e client ’s results are entered into computer-based patient
records (CPR3), who would be able to legally access her medical V
0. Progress notes information? Any member of the client’s health care team can ac—
cess the CPRS with the necessary passwords.
d. Care plan updating
The chest x—ray is abnormal and the physician wishes to consult a
e. Client acuity respiratory specialist. Ifhe sends the x—rayfilm electronically to
the consulting physician, that is an example ofwhat type ofmedil
f. Accrued changes cine? Telemedicine.
6. online; network What are the advantages of this awe of consultation? By using
telemedicine, the client does not physically have to be seen by the
7. (Student will choose one,) specialist unless it is deemed necessary. It could possibly save
time and resources, and enable quicker health care.
a. Word processing programs: programs that provide the ability
to save and manipulate words; probably the most used com- Does the client have to sign any Consentforms with regard to her
puter applications. They can be used in any facility in the electronic medical records? The client has a right to confidentiality
health care setting. and privacy. The hospital should have a consent form that should be
signed prior to the entering of any data into the system.
b. Databases: programs that manage detailed information. One
example ofa database is that ofa pharmacy that lists the me-
diation it has in stock and the strength, quantity, locations,
price, and manufacturer for each ofthc medications.
C. Spreadsheets: programs that manipulate words and numbers. Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Paper records have already
The data is arranged into columns and rows. It can be used to been tested by the legal community and are already understood.
manage budgets for a health care facility. Paper medical records are not standardized, the records take up a
large amount of storage space, and protection of client health in
d. Communications software: software that connects computers
formation is not ensured. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
and remote communication devices for the purpose ot'scnd-

Answer Key 293
2. Answer: 2 (Objective: 1) Rationale: The World Wide Web (WWW) 10. Answer: 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Maintaining the privacy and
refers to the complex links among web pages or websites, accessed security of health care data is a significant issue. The Health
through “addresses” called universal resource Iocators (URLs). URLs Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996
begin with the designation http://, often followed by www. URLs end established legal requirements for the protection. security, and
with a designation that denotes the type ofsitc. Nursing Process: As— appropriate sharing ofelicnt personal health information The
scssment Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment Integrity various hospitals‘ state governments, and a patient bill ofrights
currently do not set these legal requirements. Nursing Process:
3. Answer: 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Universal resource Ioeators Implementation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
(URLs) are also called “addresses.” URLs begin with the designa-
tion lrttpz/l, often followed by www. URLs end with a designation
that denotes the type of site. Nursing Process: Assessment Client CHAPTER 10
Need: Psychosocial Integrity
4. Answer: 3 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Telemedicine uses technolo- Key Term Review

gy to transmit electronic data about clients to people at distant Io-
cations. Despite its advantages, however, there are legal and ethi-
cal concerns over the use of telemedicine. Nursing Process: As—
5. Answer: 2 (Objective: 4) Rationale: URLs end with a designation 13. a 14. e 15. f
that denotes the type of site. For example, .com is used for corn-
rnercial sites, mg for organizations, .cdu for educational institu»
tions, and .gov for government facilities. Nursing Process: As— Key Topic Review Answers
sessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
1. problem solving; decision making
6. Answer: 2 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Distance learning may be

2. a. Trial and error: a number of approaches are tried until a solu—
categorized as asynchronous when the individuals involved are not
tion is found, Trial and error can be dangerous because the
interacting at the same “real” time or as synchronous when teachers
client might suffer harm if an approach is inappropriate
and students are communicating simultaneously. In this case, the
teachers and students are interacting at the same time so they are us- b, Intuition: the understanding or lcarning ofthings without the
ing synchronous distance learning. Nursing Process: Assessment conscious use ofrcasoning; also known as the “sixth sense.”
Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Its use is not recommended for novices or students.
c. Nursing process: a systemic, rational method of planning and

7. Answer: 2 (Objective: 6) Rationale: A nurse administrator may
providing individualized nursing care. The phases ofthe nurs-
use a computer system to manage personnel. budgets, human
ing process are assessing, diagnosing, planning, implement-
resources, staffing. and other measures. The other tasks may be
ing, and evaluating.
performed by a nurse administrator; however these tasks do not fit
within that role for the nurse. Nursing Process: Assessment d. Scientific method: most useful when the researcher is work-
Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment ing in a controlled situation. Refer to Table 10—4 ofthe text
for further information.
8. Answer: 1 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Software programs enhance
e. Modified scientific method: a formalized, logical. systematic
the education ofnurses, make it easier to adjust to the use of
approach to solving problems that is often used by health care
software programs, and assist nurses in meeting educational needs
professionals. Refer to Table 10—4 in the text for further in—
for credentialing. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
formation.
9. Answer: 4 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Confidentiality and privacy

3. Critical thinking
are major concerns in any health care—related field. Nurses should

participate in the ongoing debate about and development of 4. Inductive reasoning moves from specific examples (premises) to a
federal laws designed to ensure patient privacy and generalized conclusion. Deductive reasoning is reasoning that
moves from general premises to a specific conclusion.
confidentiality. HII’AA plays a major role in establishing privacy
for health care clients. Nursing Process: Implementation Client
5. Socratic questioning
Need: Safe. Effective Care Environment

294 Answer Key
6. (Student will choose five.) c. Flowchart maps: linear diagrams that demonstrate sequence
or cause—and-effect relationships
a. Independence
(:1. Systems maps: inputs and outputs illustrate relationships
b. Fair—mindedness between a concept and its attributes.
0. Insight
Case Study Answers

d. Intellectual humility
I. a. Questions about the decision or problem: This problem about
e. Intellectual courage to challenge the status quo and rituals lack of financial planning is correctly identified, important,
and clear.
f. Integrity
b. Questions about assumptions: Your friend seems to be as»
suming that she is always overdrawn at the bank. 15 that so?
g. Perseverance
c. Questions about point ofview: Can this be seen in any other
h. Confidence way? There are two possible ways that this could be viewed.
One, your friend is spending more money than she puts into
i. Curiosity her checking account. Two, your friend may not be listing all
the checks and/or service fees correctly in her checkbook.
7. Reflection
d. Questions about evidence and reasons: The evidence is the
bank statement and your friend’s stating the fact that she has
8. a. Identify the purpose.
trouble managing her checking account. What do the past
b. Set the criteria. [2 months' banking statements reflect in this matter?
0. Weigh the criteria. e. Questions about implications and consequences: The implica—
tions are that her credit could be ruined and she will pay more
d. Seek alternatives.
money in overdraft fees.
e. Examine alternatives.
f. Project.
g. Implement.
1. Answer: 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Assumptions are not used in
h. Evaluate the outcome. the nursing process and are not effective in decision making.
9. Decision making is a critical thinking process for choosing the Environment
best actions to meet a desired goal. For example, the individual
who wishes to become a nurse in the United States has several 2. Answer: 4 (Objective 3) Rationale: Trial—and-error methods lack
possible courses of action: a diploma program, an associate de- exactness or precision because there is no guarantee any of the
gree program, or a baccalaureate program. Prospective students attempts tried will result in an optimal outcome and some
must choose between the options. Therefore, they must evaluate attempts may cause more problems than solutions. While not an
the different types of programs, as well as personal circumstances, optimal method in nursing, trial-and-error can sometimes be
to make a decision appropriate to their situations. effective, may require organization, and often requires thought to
determine approaches to be tried. Nursing Process: Assessment
Client Need: Safe. Effective Care Environment
I l. a. Hierarchical maps: the arrangement of a concept and attrib— 3. Answer: 1 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The research process is
utes in a hierarchical pattern; typically constructed in a de- most effective when used by arperiencell nurses. The research
scending order of importance, Relationships are identified be- process is a formalized, logical, systematic approach to problem
tween a concept and its attributes. solving. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe,
b. Spider maps. depictions ofthe interrelzttedness of the concept
and its attributes. 4. Answer: 2. 3, 4 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The nursing process
involves the interaction between client and nurse as they work to-
gether. It is used to identify potential or actual health care needs, set

Answer Key 295
goals, devise a plan to meet the client’s needs, and evaluate that
CHAPTER 11
plan’s effectiveness. The nursing process is designed to work well in
all environments. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe,
Effective Care Environment Key Term Review
Answer: 4 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Critical thinking enables the 6 2 l 3 k 4. J S f 6 it
nurse to respond quickly even when unexpected situations arise.
It enables the nurse to adapt interventions to meet specific client p 8 o 9 b 10. s 11 c 12 a
needs, not physician needs. While critical thinking allows the
nurse to respond quickly in emergent situations, this does not 1 14 r 15 t 16. d 17 q 18 n
necessarily allow the nurse to maintain a calm demeanor during
these situations or establish teamwork with others during emer— h 20. g
gency situations. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:

Answer: 3, 4 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Implementation of client
interventions requires critical thinking and creativity. The nurse is not a. To identify a client’s health status and actual or potential
using the scientific or modified scientific method. Nursing Process: health care problems or needs.
Flaming Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
b. To establish plans to meet the identified needs.
Answer: 1 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Intuition is the understand—
ing or learning ofthings without the conscious use of reasoning, e. To deliver specific nursing interventions to meet these identi-
whereas the research process is a formalized, logical, systematic fied needs.
approach to problem solving. Intuition is also known as the “sixth
sense.” Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effec-
tive Care Environment
Answer: 3 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Inductive reasoning general—

izations are formed from a set of facts or observations. Initial assessment
F”
Nursing Process: Assessment Clicnt Need: Safe, Effective Care b. Problem—focused assessment
Environment c. Emergency assessment
d. Time—lapsed assessment
Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Discussing any problems in
a collegial way creates an environment that supports critical
24; assessments should be completed within 24 hours according
thinking. A nurse cannot develop or maintain critical thinking at-
to The Joint Commission standards. lt is important to note, how—
titudes in a vacuum. Nurses should encourage colleagues to ex—
ever, that many facilities, especially acute care facilities, require
amine evidenee carefully before they come to conclusions and to
assessments to be performed within the first hour after admission.
avoid group thinking. Nursing Process: Planning Client Need:
a. Collecting data
b. Organizing data
10. Answer: 4 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The nursing process is
defined as a systematic, rational method of planning and provid- c. Validating data
ing individualized nursing care. Nursing Process: Assessment d. Documenting data

Client Need: Safe. Effective Care Environment
a S "I feel tired all the time.”
Answer: 1 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Nursing cognitive skills are
learned through reading and applying health-related literature. b. 770 7 Skin warm and dry to touch
The other answer choices reflect how cognitive skills are en-
hanced, not learned. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: c. ¥_S .7 “I am itching all over.”
Safe, Effective Cure Environment

296 Answer Key
Smell of ammonia in urine mm! implications. The distance between the interviewer and in«
terviewee should be neither too small nor too great because peo—
7777777 Purplish discoloration on left forearm ple feel uncomfortable when talking to someone who is too close
or too far away. The Japanese culture has an accepted difference
Temperature of 102 degrees orally of 36 inches. while clients from Arab countries maintain a dis-
tance of 8 to 12 inches. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
“My son has vomited for three days.” Need.- Psychosocial Integrity
“I have been coughing for two weeks." 4. Answer: 4 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Open-ended questions are
those questions that allow the interviewee to do the talking. These
“My wife is forty—five years old. ” questions are easy to answer, are nonthreatening, and require
more than a simple “yes” or “no” answer. (Refer to Table 11-6 in
“I have a rash.” the text.) Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Health Promo-
tion and Maintenance
Answer.- 3 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The cephalocaudal or head-

interview to-toe approach begins the examination at the head; progresses to
the neck, thorax, abdomen, and extremities; and ends at the toes.
Case Study Answers and Maintenance
What is the objective data? Objective data includes vital signs, 6. Answer: 2 (Objective: 10) Rationale: Gordon’s functional health
appearance ofthe dressing, infusing IV fluids and appearance of pattern framework collects data about functional and dysfunction-
the IV site. al behaviors. Orcm delineates cight universal self-care requisites
of humans. Roy uses the adaptation model and classifies observa~
What is the subjective data? Subjective data includes the comfort ble behaviors into four categories: physiological, self—concept,
level ofthe client both when there were no complaints of pain and role functions, and intcrdependence. Nursing Process: Assess—
when he informed the nurse his pain level was increasing. ment Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Who is considered the primary source? The client. 7' Answer: 3 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Validating is the act of
“double-checking” 0r verifying data to confirm that it is accurate
Who is considered the secondary source? The recovery room and factual. Validating data helps the nurse ensure that infor-
l'lUI'SC. mation is complete, that objective and subjective data agree, and
that cues and inferences are differentiated. Nursing Process: As-
Answer: 1 (Objective: 1) Rationale: The first step in the nursing
Answer: 1, 2 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Vision and smell would
process is assessment, the process of collecting data. The other
be used. The color ofthe sputum and any smell associated with it
processes rely on accurate and complete data. Nursing Process:
may be important cues to the disease process. Touch is usually
Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
not useful in regards to sputum because consistency can be seen.
Answer: 1 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The ongoing evaluation is
Environment
done while or immediately after implementing a nursing interven—
tion. Intermittent evaluation is performed at specified intervals,
Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: The national licensure exam
1\)
whereas terminal evaluation indicates the client’s condition at the

does not recognize outcomes identification and diagnosis as
time of discharge. Nursing Process: Evaluation Client Need:
phases ofthc nursing process. Analysis is recognized by the
national licensurc exam but is not recognized by the Scope and
Standards of Nursing Practice and both recognize assessment and
Answer: 2 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Data that is measurable is
evaluation as phases of the nursmg process. Nursing Process:
objective data. The client’s statements and complaints of symp-
toms are documented as subjective data. Nursing Process: As-
Answer: 3, 4 (Objective: 10) Rationale: The seating arrangement
andphysical distance between the client and interviewer have cul-

Answer Key 297
CHAPTER 12 10. An etiology identifies one or more probable causes of a health

problem. It gives direction to the required nursing therapy and en»
ables the nurse to individualize the client’s care.
Key Term Review
Case Study Answers

What is an actual nursing diagnosis for this client? lneflective Therm
Key Topic Review Answers pentic Regimen rl/[anagement
1. Assessment What is a potential nursing diagnosisfor this client? Riskfor

Peripheral Neurovascular Dysfunction
2. Diagnosis
Identify one subjective and one objective assessment to substanti-
3. taxonomy ate the nursing diagnosis.
4. a A problem statement or diagnostic label describes the client’s

Subjective data: “I use the bathroom about eight times per day.”
health problem or response for which nursing therapy is
given.
Objective data: Fingerstick blood sugar = 213 mg/dL
b. An etiology identifies one or more probable causes of the
health problems, gives direction to the required nursing ther-
apy, and enables the nurse to individualize the client’s care. What is the outcome goo/for the client? [Effective Therapeutic
Regimen Management for Type 2 diabetes
c. A defining characteristic is the cluster ofsigns and symptoms
that indicate the presence ofa particular diagnostic label.
What are three independentfiinctions the nurse might perform when
5 b. only registered nurses make nursing diagnosis. Curingfot‘ this Client? Independent functions are functions that the
nurse can perform without the order of a physician. Two examples
6. a of these functions for this patient would include medication regimen
education and chronic disease management education.
7. a Actual
b. Risk Review Question Answers

c. Wellness Answer.- 3 (Objectives: 2 and 4) Rationale: The identification of
the actual or potential health problems of a client is the result of
cl. Possible data collection and analysis. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
e. Syndrome
Answer: 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: The potential for sleep-
8. Specific pattcm disturbances is a nursing diagnosis; the other three answer

choices are considered medical diagnoses. Nursing Process:
9. a. Deficient Planning Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
b. Impaired Answer: 3 (Objectives: 4 and 6) Rationale: The client's problem

statement consists of the diagnostic label plus etiology, which is
c. Decreased
the causal relationship between a problem and its related or risk
factors. Nursing Process: Diagnosis Client Need: Safe, Effective
d. Ineffective
Care Environment
e. Compromised

298 Answer Key
Answer: 1, 3, 5 (Objectives: 6 and 2) Rationale: All of the listed CHAPTER 13

activities are part ofthe diagnosing component of the nursing
process except obtaining a nursing health history and reviewing the
client records and nursing literature. These components are part of Key Term Review
the patient assessment. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
Safe, Effective Care Environment 1'
Answer: 1 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Clarifying the gaps and incon— 7-

UI
sistencies in the data is one of the three continuous and sequential ac-
tivities involved in the diagnostic process Nursing Process: Assess— 13-
Answer: 1 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Some diagnostic statements,

such as wellness diagnoses and syndrome nursing diagnoses, con—
sist of a NANDA label only. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Key Topic Review Answers
Nursing interventions
Answer: 2 (Objective: 7) Rationale: This statement is considered

Planning begins with the first client contact and continues until
a two-part statement and lists the diagnosis with the related fac—
the nurse—client relationship ends, usually when the client is dis—
tors and characteristics. Nursing Process: Diagnosis Client Need:
charged from the health care agency.
The nurse who performs the admission assessment usually develops

Answer: 3 (Objective: 5) Rationale: A collaborative problem is a
the initial comprehensive plan of care. Planning should be initiated
type of potential problem that nurses manage using both inde—
as soon as possible after the initial assessment, especially because of
pendent and physician-prescribed interventions Nursing Pro-
the trend toward shorter hospital stays. The plan is then adapted
cess: Diagnosis Client Need: Safe. Effective Care Environment
according to changes in the client’s condition.
Answer: 1 (Objective: 5) Rationale: The basic three—part nursing

All nurses who work with the client do ongoing planning. As \i
diagnosis statement is called the PES format and includes the
nurses obtain new information and evaluate the client’s responses
problem, etiology, and signs and symptoms. The signs and symp-
to care, they can individualize the initial care plan further. Ongo-
toms have been identified, and the PES system is ideal for begin-
ing planning also occurs at the beginning ofa shift as the nurse
ning nursing students. Nursing Process: Diagnosis Client Need:
plans the care to be given that day. Using ongoing assessment da-
ta, the nurse carries out daily planning for the following purposes:
a, To determine whether the client’s health status has changed.

Answer: 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Qualifiers are words that have
been added to some NANDA labcis to give additional meaning to the b. To set priorities for the client’s care during the shift.
diagnostic statement. Nursing Process: Diagnosis Client Need: Safe, 0. To decide which problems to focus on during the shift.
d. To coordinate the nurse’s activities so that more than one
problem can be addressed at each client contact.
Answer: 1, 3, 4 (Objective: 9) Rationale: A taxonomy is a
classification system or set of categories arranged based on a single 5_ a. Prioritize problems/diagnosis.
principle or set of principles. The members of NANDA include staff b. Formulate goals/desired outcomes.
nurses, clinical specialists, faculty, directors of nursing, deans,
G. Select nursing interventions.
theorists, and researchers. The group has currently approved more
d. Write nursing interventions.
than 170 nursing diagnoses labels for clinical use and testing.
Physicians do not use nursing diagnoses in their practice, Nursing
c' Tailored to meet the unique needs ofa specific client —
Process: Planning Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
needs that are not addressed by the standardized plan
Answer: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (Objective: 2) Rationale: A nursing diagnoses
has three components and consists of all answer choices except the 21" _ A strategy ofaetion that exists in the nurse’s mind
medical conditions. A medical diagnosis is made by a physician
and refers to a condition that only a physician can treat. Nursing
dgv _ A written or computerized guide that organizes
Process: Planning Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment information about the client’s care

Answer Key 299
7b A formal plan that specifies the nursing care for (0) Unable to turn himselfin the bed
groups of clients with common needs
(5,) “This happened so suddenly; he did not have these sores until
he had the stroke and quit eating.“
a. Complete list of client problems
b. Kardcx cards for client profile, basic needs, and collaborative (0) Older adult
plans
(0) Appears emaciated
c. Standardized plans to address client problems
(O) lmmobile client
d. Critical pathways
c. Addendum to discharge plan

What nursing diagnosis will/it this situation? Impaired Skin
f. Addendum to teaching plan Integrity related to pressure and inadequate circulation as mani-
g. Individualized nursing care plans for nursing diagnoses fested by evidence of pressure ulcer.
Standards of care are developed and accepted by the nursing staff in 2c. What are the realistic short-term and long-term goals for this
order to ensure that minimally acceptable standards are met and client? Some examples of short—term goals for this client are no
promote efficient use of nurses’ time by removing the need to author further deterioration of the ulcer stage, reduction or elimination of
common activities that are done over and over for many of the cli- the factors leading to the pressure ulcers, no development of an
ents in a nursing unit. The advantages of standards of care are that infection in the pressure ulcer. Some examples oflong—term goals
they promote efficient use of nurse’s time, they describe achievable for this client are to have healing ofpressure ulcers and/or no re-
rather than ideal nursing care, they do not contain medical interven- currence of pressure ulcers.
tions, and they define the interventions for which nurses are held ac—
countable. The disadvantages are that standards of care are not indi» What are four nursing orders or interventions that can he used
vidualized and communicate the minimal acceptable standards for this client?
A concept map is a visual tool in which ideas or data are enclosed 1, Assess causative factors such as limited activity, limited
mobility, any presence or absence ofsensory deficits. altered
in circles or boxes and relationships between these are indicated
nutrition and hydration status, oxygenation, arty circulatory
by connecting lines or arrows. Concept maps are creative endeav- concerns, and incontinence issues, etc.
ors. They can take many different forms and encompass various 2. Use pressure-related devices such as foam overlays for the
categories of data, according to the creator‘s interpretation of the mattress, float the heels, etc.
client or health condition. A rationale is the scientific principle 3. Turn every 2 hours and have client sit up for short intervals
given as the reason for selecting a particular nursing intervention.
4, Assess stages of wounds; measure length, width. depth and
Students may also be required to cite supporting literature for locations; assess for signs of infection, amount ofgranulation
their stated rationale Students are often asked to complete patho- tissue, or other abnormal findings.
physiology flow sheets, concept maps, or care plans as a method
of learning and demonstrating the links among disease processes,
laboratory data, medications, signs and symptoms, risk factors, Review Question Answers
and other relevant data (see Figure 13—5 in the text).
Answer: 2 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Short—term goals are useful
On a care plan, the goals/desired outcomes describe, in terms of for clients who require health care for a short time and for those
observable client responses, what the nurse hopes to achieve by who are frustrated by long-term goals that seem difficult to attain
implementing the nursing interventions. The terms goal and de- and who need the satisfaction of achieving a short-term goal.
sired outcome are used interchangeably in the text, except when Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Safe, Effective Care
discussing and rising standardized language. Some references also Environment
use the terms expected outcome, predicted outcome, outcome crite- Answer: 1 (Objectives: 6 and 7) Rationale: Long~term goals are
IQ
rion, and objective. They are sometimes combined into one state- often used for clients who live at home and have chronic health
ment linked by the words “as evidenced by.” The Nursing Out- problems and for clients in nursing homes, extended care facili-
comes Classification (NOC) is designed for describing client out- ties, and rehabilitation centers. Nursing Process: Planning Client
comes that respond to nursing interventions. Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
Answer: 1 (Objectives: 1 and 2) Rationale: This intervention is

Case Study Answers known as an independent intervention. These are activities that
nurses are licensed to initiate on the basis of their knowledge and
a. What are the subjective and objective data?
skills. Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Safe. Effective
(0) Stage 4 pressure ulcers on the coccyx, left and right malleo— Care Environment
lus, and both heels

300 Answer Key
4. Answer: 3 (Objectives: 4, 5, and 6) Rationale: Prevention inter- has been developed to describe measurable states, behaviors, or
ventions prescribe the care needed to avoid complications or re— perceptions that respond to nursing interventions. Each has a
duce risk factors. Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Safe, definition. a measuring scale, and indicators. Nursing Process:
Effective Care Environment Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
5. Answer: 2 (Objective: 5) Rationale: A licensed practi—

cal/vocational nurse has the necessary skills and training to insert CHAPTER 14
Foley catheters. Unlicensed personnel, regardless ofhis or her
experience, cannot insert a Foley catheter. It is inappropriate to
delegate this intervention to the physician. The Client’s family
Key Term Review
member cannot perform this intervention. Nursing Process:
Planning Client Need: Psychological Integrity
6. Answer: 3 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Selecting nursing interven—

tions based on the assessment findings and nursing diagnosis is
the next step in the nursing process. Nursing Process: Planning

7. Answer: 1 (Objectives: 1 and 2) Rationale: This is a short-term
nursing goal. It is useful for clients who require health Care for a 1. action; client centered; outcome
short period of time and clients who are frustrated by long—term
goals that seem difficult for them to attain and who need the 2. implementing
satisfaction ofcompleting a short»tenn goal. The other answer
choices are either not short term or are not specific goals. Nursing 3. Cognitive, interpersonal, technical
4. It terminates with the documentation ofthe nursing activities and

8. Answer: 4 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Planning begins with the client responses.
first meeting, is revised throughout the hospital stay as the cli-
ent’s condition changes, and continues until the client is dis- 5. assessing, diagnosing, and planning
charged. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effec-
tive Care Environment 6. b.,, i “May I help you to the restroom?”
aw __ Creativity
9. Answer: 2 (Objective: 10) Rationale: The client care plan is a
a__ Problem solving
permanent part of the record. The protocols and procedures are
not part of the permanent record. The nurse‘s notes are sometimes b7” ._ Nurse working effectively with members of the health care
called the nurse’s “brain.” The nurse may write down short notes team
about any events that happen during the shift to help the nurse to
of Taking a blood pressure
correctly document events in the client’s chart. Nursing Process:
bi; Caring for a dying patient
b Need self-awareness and sensitivity to others to perform
10. Answer: 3 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Implementation of the nurs-
this skill
ing care plan is part of the nursing process to achieve the goals
and/or outcomes. Reassessment continues at this time to see ifthe c_ Bandaging a client’s leg
interventions are working effectively. The plan ofcare may be al—
tered at any time during the client’s stay at the facility as needed. a. Reassessing the client
Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: Safe, Effective b. Determining the nurse’s need for assistance
Care Environment c. Implementing the nursing interventions
d. Supervising the delegated care

1 1. Answer: 1, 2, 3, 4 (Objective: l l ) Rationale: All of the selections are
e. Documenting nursing activities
correct. The benefits of specific nursing interventions enable nursing
professionals to provide anticipated changes in the clients. Nursing
Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
12. Answer: 2 (Objective: 9) Rationale: A taxonomy of nursing

outcome statements, the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) ,

Answer Key 301
Case Study Answers Answer: 4 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Conclusions are drawn when
the nurse uses judgments about the goal achievement status. The
List different potential nursing diagnoscsfor Mr. Sanchez, give an nurses determine whether the care plan needs to be modified.
example ofsu/g/eclive and objective data, and list one nursing inter— Nursing Process: Evaluation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care
vention/or each diz’rgnosis. Environment
a. Grieving r/t terminal illness, impending death, and overwhelm»

Answer: 1, 4 (Objective: 2) Rationale: One ofthe steps during
ing grief
the implementation ofthe plan of care is to supervise delegated
b. Subjective data: “1 do not want to see my family." care ofunliecnscd personnel such as nursing assistants or patient
care technicians. Evaluating the client’s reaction to planned inter-
c. Objective data: Client refuses to talk with family members or
ventions is an important aspect of the nursing process. The nurse
staff.
does not supervise and direct care of the physician. The nurse will
d. Intervention: Provide opportunities for the client and family not perform all patient care including all baths, vital signs, and ac—
members to vent feelings; discuss the loss openly. Employ em- tivities of daily living. These activities may be performed by unli-
pathetic sharing and acknowledge the griefby sitting with client censed personnel and the nurse should delegate these activities.
silently or talking with client during care. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: Safe, Effective
Care Environment
List other comfort measures that the nurse may implementfor
Mr. Sanchez. The nurse can provide accurate information When- 6. Answer: 2 (Objective: 3) Rationale: interpersonal skills are the
ever the client asks questions, provide privacy during periods of combination of verbal and nonverbal activities individuals use
acute pain, assess response to medication administration 30 when interacting with one another. Nursing Process: Implementa-
minutes after the dose was given, reposition the client, splint the tion Client Need: Safe. Effective Care Environment
area ot'pain. employ distraction techniques, and utilize massage
and music therapy. 7. Answer: 4 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The nurse will need assis-
tance during transfer ofa bilateral amputee in order to provide
safe care, The nurse needs to be holistic, implement safe care,
Review Question Answers adapt activities to the individual clients, and clearly understand
the needed nursing interventions. Nursing Process: Implementa—
Answer.- 3 (Objective: 10) Rationale: An audit means tlic exami— tion Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
nation or review of records. A concurrent audit is the evaluation
ofa client’s health care while the client is still receiving care from 3‘ Answer: 4 (Objective: 6) Rationale: The nursing process is a
the agency. A retrospective audit is the evaluation ofa client’s dynamic, ever-changing process. Evaluating and assessing are
record after discharge from an agency. Another type of evaluation two phases of the nursing process that often overlap because the
is the peer review that involves other nurses reviewing the care nurse is continually evaluating the plan of care and assessing the
based on preestablished standards or criteria. which are normally client’s responses to it. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
conducted after the client’s discharge. Nursing Process: Assess- Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
Answer: 2 (Objective: 8) Rationale: The evaluation statement

Answer: 1 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Nursing interventions are
I“)
consists of two parts, conclusion and supporting data The con-

based on scientific knowledge, nursing research, and evidenced- clusion is a statement that the goal or desired outcome was met,
based practice. The nurse implements the interventions and evalu— partially met, or not met. Supporting data are the list of client re-
ates the desired outcomes. Based on this evaluation, the plan of sponses that support the conclusion. Reexamining the client care
care is modified. continued, or modified. Refer to Chapter 13 of plan is a process of making decisions about problem status and
the text. Nursing Process: implementation Client Need: Physio- critiquing each phase ofthe nursing process. Nursing Process:
logical integrity Implementation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
Answer: 1 (Objcctivc: 5) Rationale: Evaluating is a planned, 10‘ Answer: 1. 2, 3 (Objective: 9) Rationale: A quality assurance
ongoing, purposeful activity in which clients and health care pro— program is an evaluation that includes the consideration ofthe
fessionals determine the client’s progress toward achievement of structures, processes, and outcomes ofnursing care. Quality
goals/outcomes and the effectiveness ofthe nursing care plan. improvement is a philosophy and process internal to the
The steps of the nursing process in order are assessment, diagno— institution, and does not rely on inspections by an external
sis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Nursing Process: agency. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: Safe,
Evaluating Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment Effective Care Environment

302 Answer Key
CHAPTER 15 Disadvantages: The information about a particular problem is

scattered throughout the chart and often is not in chronological
order. It can lead to decreased communication with the health care
Key Term Review team.
1. r 2 d 3 s 4. t 5 t 6 o 9 The data in the chart are arranged according to the client’s prob—
lems. The health care members contribute to the problem list, plan
7. q 8 l 9 n 10. g ll c 12 e of care, and progress notes
The four basic components are the database, problem list, plan of
13. u 14 y 15 l 16 a 17 b 18 k
care, and progress notes.
19. V 20. m 21. p 22. h

10. Advantages: It encourages collaboration, and the problem lists in
the front of the chart alert health care members to the client’s
needs and make it easier to track the status of the problem.
Key TOplC Revrew Answers
Disadvantages: The caregivers differ in their ability to use the re—
1. d
quired charting format, it takes vigilance to maintain the problem
lists, and it is somewhat inefficient because assessments and inter-
2. duty
ventions that apply to more than one problem have to be repeated.
3. (Student will choose four.)
a. communication 1 l. SOAP is an acronym for subjective data (S), objective data (0),
b. planning client care assessment (A), and plan (P) of care designed to resolve the stated
problem.
c. auditing health agencies
The SOAP format has been changed over the years to include (I)
d. research
interventions, (E) evaluations of client’s responses to the inter-
e. education
ventions. and (R) revision ot‘the plan ofcare.
f. reimbursement
g. legal documentation 12' Charting by exception (CBE) is a documentation system in which ‘V

only abnormal or significant findings or exceptions to norms are
h. health care analysis
recorded. The three key elements of CBE are:
4. a. timely 1. Use of flow sheets

b. complete
2. Standards of nursing care
0. accurate
3. Bedside access to chart forms.
d. confidential
e. client specific Many nurses believe the saying “not charted, not done," and they
may be uncomfortable with the CBE system.
5. The fax cover sheet should contain instructions that the faxed
material is to be given only to the named recipient. Consent is 13' Advantages: The case management model emphasizes quality, cost-
needed from the client to fax information. All personally identifi- effective care delivered within an established length of stay. lt pro-
able information (name, Social Security number, etc.) should be motes collaboration and teamwork among caregivers, helps to de-
removed. Be sure to check that the fax number is correct and crease the length of stay, and makes efficient use of time.
check the number three times.

Disadvantages: Clients with multiple diagnoses or those with an
unpredictable course of symptoms are difficult to document on a
6. b. Students or graduates are bound by a strict ethical code and
critical path.
legal responsibility to hold all information in confidence.
7. The traditional client record is called a source-oriented record. Each Case Study Answers
department makes notations in separate areas of the chart. Narrative
charting is a traditional part of source—oriented records. 1. a. What is the correct method toflx this error? Although each
institution’s policies may vary in terms ofwhat is acceptable for
8. Advantages: It is convenient because ofthe forms used and it is correcting documentation errors, the most correct method is to «
easy to locate each department‘s notes regarding the client. draw a single line through it and write the words “mistaken entry”
above or next to the original entry with your name or initials.

Answer Key 303
b. Identifii an incorrect methodforfixing errors in client rec— 6. Answer: 2, 3, 5 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The main purposes of
ords. Why is this method incorrect? Any method such as us- charting are to communicate care, help identify patterns ofre-
ing more than one single line to strike through the error, sponses and changes in status, provide a basis for evaluation, pro-
crossing out the error, or scratching out the error. These vide a legal document, and supply validation for insurance pur-
methods are incorrect because the original documentation poses. The purpose of charting is not to fill up the nurse’s spare
cannot be viewed. The original documentation, even if in er- time or to demonstrate what the nurse did every moment ofthe
ror, must been in plain sight for legal purposes. shift. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective
Care Environment
When preparing the chongengf-shijt report/or this client, what kind
ofspecific data would you want to report to the oncoming nurse as— 7. Answer: 4 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The student nurse needs to
signed to Mr. Bronson 's care? read the charts and ask questions such as “What are the diagno-
ses?” “What are they doing to treat the client?” “How is the client
Start the report by introducing the client, such as: “Mr. Michael responding?” Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe.
Braitson, age 47. is in room number , _ _g. He was admitted Effective Care Environment
with a medical diagnosis of alcohol withdrawal and is experienc-
ing delirium tremens.” Continue by describing the client’s IV site7 8.
Answer: 1 (Objective: 7) Rationale: The charting is specific.
type of fluid infusing, rate ofinfusion, and whether it is infusing concise, descriptive, nonj udgmcntal, and objective. The other
by pump or gravity. Describe Mr. Branson‘s behavior when he three examples are vague and subjective. Nursing Process: Im-
experiences hallucinations, vital sign measurements obtained dur— plementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
ing hallucinations compared to his baseline vital signs, what med-
ications were administered, how long before the client responded 9.
Answer: 2 (Obj ective: 8) Rationale: When giving the change~0f-
to medications, and the type of response you assessed. shift report, the nurse should use a guide, begin by giving back—
ground information of the client, be specific, describe abnormal
findings and provide supporting evidence. Nursing Process: Im-

Review Question Answers plementation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
Answer: 4 (Objective: 4) Rationale: The Kardex is used to 10. Answer: 4 (Objective: I) Rationale: Flow sheet charting allows
provide quick access to client information It should be kept nurses to record nursing data quickly and concisely. It provides an
updated at all times. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: easy-tO-read record of the client’s condition over time. Nursing
Safe. Effective Care Environment Process: Implementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
Answer: 2, 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Skilled care clients require 1 1' Answer: I, 2, 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: The nurse has a legal
more extensive nursing with specialized nursing skills. The and ethical duty to maintain confidentiality ofthe client’s record.
intermediate care focus is on clients with chronic illnesses. Nursing Personal passwords should not be shared, the nurse should never
Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity leave the computer unattended, and paperwork should not be left
unattended in an unsecured location. Client records should never
Answer: 4 (Objective: 6) Rationale: The client with an M1 would be discarded into a trash can; they should be shredded or disposed
require more frequent charting due to the unstable changes occur- ofper the facility policies. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
ring after a major MI. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
Need: Physiological Integrity
Answer: I, 3, 4 (Objective: 5) Rationale: The client’s status or

Answer: 2 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Draw a line through it and care should never be discussed in situations where other persons
write the words “mistaken entry” above or next to the original may overhear the privileged information. Nurses have a legal and
entry with your name or initials. Do not erase. blot out, or use ethical duty to maintain confidentiality of the client’s record, per-
correction fluid. Avoid writing the word “error" when recording sonal information, and any other information that relates to that
that a mistake has been made. Nursing Process: Implementation individual‘s health care. Appropriate use of sharing client infor-
Client Need: Physiological Integrity mation includes during change—of-shift report. contacting the phy—
sician. and during care plan conferences. Nursing Process: As-
Answer: 1 (Objective: 7) Rationale: The documentation is com-
{J}

plete and states that education was given informing the client of
the consequences of refusal. Nursing Process: Implementation
Client Need: Physiological Integrity

304 Answer Key
CHAPTER 16
6. a. “Increase quality and years of healthy life” indicates the aging
ofthe population.
Key Term Review b. “Eliminate health disparities” reflects the diversity ofthe
population.
These two goals reflect the nation’s changing demographics.
The health promotion plan needs to fit the desires and priorities of

the client.
The nurse acts as a resource person in a nonjudgmental manner.

25.
10. All of the selections except the marital status would be relevant to
the lifestyle assessment. Assessment of marital status falls under
the sociocultural domain.
I. 21. They are self-regulating.
b. They are compensatory.

Case Study Answers
c. They tend to be regulated by negative feedback systems.
What health promotion education will you provide? Health pro-
d. They may require several feedback mechanisms to correct on—
motion education may include encouraging group support and so-
ly one physiological imbalance.
cial support, providing health education, enhancing behavior
change, and modeling wellness. The nurse will encourage the cli-
a. Health promotion
ent to quit smoking andjoin a support group to help in doing so.
The nurse will provide the client health education regarding the
b. Health maintenance
client‘s acute symptoms, as well as education on prevention of
disease.
c. Health education
When providing education to Mr. Conner, what type ofprevention

(I. Illness prevention
will you be demonstrating? Tertiary prevention. This type of pre—
vention begins after an illness, when a defect or disability is fixed,
e. Restorative—rehabilitation care
stabilized, or determined to be irreversible.
a. Physiological needsiAir, food, H20, shelter, rest, sleep,

DJ
activity, and temperature maintenance are crucial for survival.

b. Safety and security needs—Client needs to feel safe in both
physical environments and in relationships. Answer: 4 (Objective: 10) Rationale: In the precontemplation
stage, the person does not change his/her behavior during the next
c. Love and belonging needsiGiving and receiving affection,
6 months. In this stage, the client tends to avoid reading. talking,
attaining a place in a group, and maintaining the feeling of
or thinking about his or her high-risk behaviors. Nursing
belonging.
Process: Assessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
d. Selliesteem needsiFeelings of independence, competence,
and self-respect and esteem from others such as recognition, Answer: I, 4 (Objective: I I) Rationale: Information dissemination is
respect, and appreciation. the most basic type of health promotion program. Examples are bill—
boards, posters, brochures, newspapers, books, and health fairs. It
e. Selfeactualization—When self-esteem is satisfied, the indi-
raises the level ofknowlcdgc and awarcncss of individuals and groups
vidual strives for the innate need to develop onc’s maximum
about healthy behaviors. Nursing Process: Implementation Client
potential and realize one’s abilities and qualities.
Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Richard Kalish added an additional category between the physio—

logical needs and the safety and security needs. This level in- Answer: 3 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Tertiary care begins after an
illness, when a disability is fixed, stabilized, or determined to be
cludes sex, activity, exploration, manipulation, and novelty.
irreversible. The focus is to assist rehabilitation and restore clients

Answer Key 305
to the highest level of functioning. Nursing Process: Implementa— occurs when the person actively implements the changes needed
tion ClientNeea': Health Promotion and Maintenance to interrupt the previous risky behaviors. The preparation stage
occurs when the person intends to take action in the immediate
Answer: 1 (Objective: l I) Rationale: Primary prevention is gen— future. The termination stage is when the individual has complete
eralized health promotion and specific protection against diseases confidence that the problem is no longer a temptation or threat.
or specific accidents targeted to a specific group. This interven- Nursing Process: Evaluation Client New]: Health Promotion and
tion precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to generally Maintenance

healthy individuals or groups. Secondary prevention emphasizes
early detection of disease, prompt intervention, and health Answer: 1 (Objective: 10) Rationale: The maintenance stage is
maintenance for individuals experiencing health problems. Ter- when the person is striving to prevent relapse by integrating
tiary prevention begins after an illness, when a defect or disability newly adopted behaviors into his or her lifestyle. The action stage
is fixed, stabilized, or determined to be irreversible. Its focus is to occurs when the person actively implements the changes needed
help the client rehabilitate and be restored to an optimum level of to interrupt the previous risky behaviors. The preparation stage
functioning within the constraints of disability. Limited preven— occurs when the person intends to take action in the immediate
tion is not a type of prevention. Nursing Process: Implementation future. The termination stage is when the individual has complete
Client Need.- Health Promotion and Maintenance confidence that the problem is no longer a temptation or threat,
Answer: 3 (Objective: 13) Rationale: Primary prevention is and Maintenance
U.
generalized health promotion and specific protection against

diseases or specific accidents targeted to a specific group. This 10. Answer: 3 (Objective: ll) Rationale: The client develops his or
intervention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to her own plan with some assistance from the other team members
generally healthy individuals or groups. Secondary prevention as needed. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Health
emphasizes early detection ot‘disease, prompt intervention, and Promotion and Maintenance
health maintenance for individuals experiencing health problems.
Tertiary prevention begins after an illness, when a defect or
disability is fixed, stabilized, or determined to be irreversible. Its CHAPTER 17
focus is to help the client rehabilitate and be restored to an
optimum level of functioning within the constraints of disability.
Key Term Review
Limited prevention is not a type of prevention. Nursing Process:
m
N
3‘
cs
7”-
7"
a:
tic
-_
Answer: 2 (Objective: 1 1) Rationale: Primary prevention is gen—
eralized health promotion and specific protection against diseases
or specific accidents targeted to a specific group. This interven«
tion precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to generally
healthy individuals or groups. Secondary prevention emphasizes
early detection of disease, prompt intervention, and health Key Topic Review Answers
maintenance for individuals experiencing health problems. Ter-
tiary prevention begins after an illness, when a defect or disability Illness is usually associated with disease, but may occur
is fixed, stabilized, or determined to be irreversible. Its focus is to independently ofit. Illness is a highly personal state in which the
help the client rehabilitate and be restored to an optimum level of person feels unhealthy or ill. Disease alters body functions and
functioning within the constraints of disability. Limited preven- results in a reduction of capacities or a shortened life span.
tion is not a type of prevention. Nursing Process: Implementation
b7, Outlined five stages ot‘illness
Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
iav Described four aspects of the sick role

Answer: 1, 2, 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: All of the individuals
listed are engaging in health promotion activities. However, the
An individual’s usual pattern of behavior changes with illness and
overweight 29—year—old who engages in risky behaviors is not en—
hospitalization, which disrupt a person’s privacy, autonomy, life-
gaged in health promotion activity. Nursing Process: Assessment
style, roles, and finances. Nurses need to be aware that the illness
ofone member ofa family affects all other members.
Answer: 1 (Objective: 10) Rationale: The maintenance stage is

Internal variables include biologic, psychological, and cognitive
when the person is striving to prevent relapse by integrating
dimensions. The biologic dimension includes genetic makeup, sex,
newly adopted behaviors into his or her lifestyle. The action stage
age, and developmental level. The psychological dimension includes
”C 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

306 Answer Key
mind—body interactions and self-concept. The cognitive dimension d. Health beliefs: Concepts about health that an individual believes
includes lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious beliefs. are true.
6. Health status: Level of health of an individual, a group, or a popu-

5. Well-being is a subjective perception ofvitality and feeling well
lation as assessed by that individual or by objective measures.
that can be described, experienced, and measured. Wellness is an
active, seven-dimensional process of becoming aware of and f. Acute illness: Typically characterized by severe symptoms of
making choices toward a higher level ofwell-being. relatively Shol’l. duration, for example, appendicitis.
Remission: Abatement or lessening in severity of the symptoms
QC
6. External variables influencing health include: (Student will
choose three.) ofa disease.
h. Risk factors: Practices that have potentially negative effects on

a. Physical environment
health, for example, overeating.
b. Standards ofliving
Case Study Answers

c. Family and cultural beliefs
1. With consideration oft/1e goals ofHealthy People 2020, how can the
d. Social support networks
nurse assist the client? The goals of Healthy People 2020 are to in-
crease the lcngth and quality of life and to eliminate health dispari-
7. The seven dimensions of wellness include:
ties within populations. When the client decides to quit smoking, she
will reduce her risks of many of the diseases associated with smok-
a. Physical
ing. The nurse could supply the client with smoking cessation in-
formation, refcr her to social support groups, and notify the physi-
b. Social
cian ofthe client‘s desires.
c. Emotional
(1. Intellectual Review Question Answers

Spiritual 1. Answer: 3 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The role performance model
f”
identifies health as the ability of an individual to fulfill societal

f. Occupational roles, such as performing his or her own work. People are viewed
as physiological systems with related functions, and health is
g. Environmental dimensions identified by the absence of signs and symptoms of disease or in—
jury, in the clinical model. In the adaptive model, health is a crea—
8. etiology tive process; disease is a failure in adaptation, or maladaption.
The eudemonistic model incorporates a comprehensive View of
9. a. Clients are not held responsible for their condition. health. Health is seen as a condition of aetualization or realization
b. Clients are excused from certain social roles and tasks. of a person’s potential. In this model the highest aspiration of
people is fulfillment and complete development, which is actual-
c. Clients are obliged to try to get well as quickly as possible.
ization. Illness, in this model, is a condition that prevents self-
d. Clients or their families are obliged to seek competent help. actualization. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Health
Promotion and Maintenance
10. a. Locus of control (LOC): A concept from social learning theory
that nurses can use to determine whether clients are likely to 2. Answer: 4 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The eudemonistic model
take action regarding health—that is, whether clients believe incorporates a comprehensive View ofhealth. Health is seen as a
that their health status is under their own or others” control. condition of actualization or realization ofa person’s potential.
b. Exacerbation: An increase in the severity of a disease or any of Actualization is the apex ofthe fully developed personality, de—
its signs or symptoms. scribed by Abraham Maslow. In this model the highest aspiration
of people is fulfillment and complete development, which is actu—
(2. Health behaviors: The actions people take to understand their alization. Illness, in this model, is a condition that prevents self—
health state, maintain an optimal state ofhcalth, prevent actualization. People are viewed as physiological systems with re—
illness and injury, and reach their maximum physical and lated functions, and health is identified by the absence of signs
mental potential. and symptoms of disease or injury, in the clinical model. In the
adaptive model, health is a creative process; disease is a failure in
adaptation, or maladaption. The role performance model identifies

Answer Key 307
health as the ability of an individual to fulfill societal roles, such Answer: 2 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Many factors influence
as performing his or her own work. Nursing Process: Evaluation adherence to healthy practices. Role modeling by the nurse is a
Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance very important aspect when teaching clients about healthier
choices. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: Health
Answer: 2 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Gender influences the distri- Promotion and Maintenance
bution of disease Certain acquired and genetic diseases are more
common in one gender than the other. Genetic makeup influences Answer: 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic
biologic characteristics, innate temperament, activity level, and illness. A chronic illness is one that lasts for an extended period.
intellectual potential. Age is also a significant factor. The distri- usually 6 months or longer, and oflen for the person’s life. Acute
bution ofdisease varies with age. Developmental level has a ma— illness is typically characterized by symptoms of relatively short
jor impact on health status. Nursing Process: Assessment Client duration. The symptoms often appear abruptly and subside quick—
Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance ly and, depending on the cause, may or may not require interven—
tion by health care professionals. Adherence and exacerbations
Answer: 4 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Developmental level has a are not types of illnesses and diabetes mellitus would not be cate-
major impact on health status. Genetic makeup influences biolog— gorized by these terms. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
ic characteristics, innate temperament, activity level, and intellec- Health Promotion and Maintenance
tual potential. Gender influences the distribution of disease. Cer—
tain acquired and genetic diseases are more common in one gen-
der than the other. Age is also a significant factor. The distribu- CHAPTER 18
tion of disease varies with age. Nursing Process: Assessment
Key Term Review
Answer: 1, 2 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Role changes often occur
when a family member becomes ill. The client may become de-
pendent on the health care provider, may distance from the fami-
ly, or may no longer be able to work. The change is not usually
one of becoming more outgoing although that is possible. Self»
esteem tends to be reduced by illness. Nursing Process: Evalua—
tion Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Answer: 2, 3. 4 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Exercise, regular oral

25.
care, and use of seat belts have been shown to have a positive
effect on health. Use of tobacco is a lifestyle choice known to
have a negative effect on health. Nursing Process: Assessment
Culture can be defined as the nonphysical traits, such as values.
Answer: 1 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The locus of control is a beliefs. attitudes, and customs, that are shared by a group of peo—
concept nurses can use to determine whether clients are likely to ple and passed from one generation to the next. It is also consid-
take action regarding health. People who believe that they have ered the thoughts, communications. actions, customs, beliefs, val-
a major influence on their own health status are more likely ues, and institutions ofracial, ethnic. religious, or social groups.
than others to take the initiative on their own health care, be
Culture defines how health is perceived, how health care infor-
more knowledgeable about their health, make and keep
mation is received, how rights and protections are exercised, how
appointments with primary care providers, and give up smoking.
a health problem is defined, how concerns are expressed, who
should provide treatment, and how and what kind oftreatment
and Maintenance
should be given.
Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Physical wellness is the

heritage
ability to carry out daily tasks and practice positive lifestyle hab—
its. Social wellness is the ability to interact successfully with peo-
The US. Department ocalth and Human Services (USDHHS)
ple and within the environment. Emotional wellness is the ability
houses the Office of Minority Health “to improve and protect the
to manage stress and express emotions appropriately. Intellectual
health of racial and ethnic minority populations through the de—
wellness is the ability to learn and use that information positively.
velopment ofhealth policies and programs that will eliminate
health disparities.” In collaboration with other organizations, it
and Maintenance
developed the National Standardsfor Culturally and Linguisti—

308 Answer Key
cal/y Appropriate , crvices in Health Class (CLAS). Culture and lc. Give an example ofon ethnocentric statement from the nurse.
language have a considerable impact on how clients access and “An antibiotic would treat you quicker than these bruises. We
respond to health care services. have a better success rate with antibiotics, and it’s less painful!”
4. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has an Office ot‘Minority What nursing action would be considered discrimination? Denying
Health to “promote health and quality oflife by preventing and con- the client basic care or any medical treatment that one might offer
trolling the disproportionate burden of disease, injury and disability other clients.
among racial and ethnic minority populations.”
2a. l/‘the client does not return direct eve contact, is this indicative ofa
5. The purpose of the National Center on Minority Health and cultural diflt‘ence or a result of'a “shiftv, ” evasive Client? Hispanic
Health Disparities (NCMHD) within the National Institutes of culture does not always use direct eye contact. The nurse must treat all
Health (NIH) is to promote minority health and to lead. coordi~ clients with a nonjudgmental attitude.
nate, support, and assess the NIH effort to reduce and ultimately
eliminate health disparities. 2b. The client ’sfamilv desires to spend as much time with him as
possible, including staring after hours. How does the nurse handle
6. The nursing profession plays a major role in REACH by striving this situation? The nurse should use her own judgment and see if
to eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality; in the family members are hindering the client’s recovery process. It
screening and management of breast and cervical cancer, cardio— may be necessary to obtain a physician’s order or the supervisor‘s
vascular diseases, diabetes, and HIV infections/AIDS; and in permission for the family to remain after hours. If the family mem—
child and adult immunizations. bers are disturbing other clients, they may need to leave. or have
only one or two family members remain with the client.
7, One of the major goals of Healthy People 2010 is to eliminate
health disparities by gender, race or ethnicity, education, income, 2c. The client docs not want to take his preventive medication to prevent
disability, geographic location, and sexual orientation. stress ulcers, He states that his life and recovery status are in God '3‘
hands, and that he has “no need ojpharmaceutical medications. "
8. It influences nursing because it includes a comprehensive over- What action should the nurse take at this time? Notify the physician
view ofdisparitics in health care among racial, ethnic, and socio- ot‘thc client‘s wishes to decline the medication and explain the con-
economic groups in the general U.S. population and among pri— sequences of the medication refusal to the client.
ority populations.
9, Culturally sensitive nursing implies basic knowledge of and Review Question Answers
constructive attitudes toward the health traditions observed
among the diverse cultural group found in the setting in which the Answer: 3. (Objective 3) Rationale: There is an ongoing shift in
nurse is practicing. the U.S. population that includes a decreasing number of White
Americans (formerly the majority population) and increasing
Culturally appropriate nursing implies that nurses apply the un— numbers of other cultural groups. The birth rate is actually
derlying background knowledge that must be possessed to pro— decreasing; limited access to health care is a complex issue that is
vide the client with the best possible health care. not the major factor here; and immigration has increased. Client
Need: Psychosocial Integrity.
Culturally competent nursing implies that the nurse understands and
attends to the total content ofthe client's situation and uses a complex
Answer: I (Objective: 9) Rationale: The term biculturul is used
combination of knowledge, attitudes. and skills. Providing nursing
to describe a person with dual patterns ofidentification who
care within these three parameters is critical.
crosses two cultures, lifestyles, and sets of values. Diversity refers
to the fact or state of being different . A subculture is usually
10. Madeline Leininger
composed ofpeople who have a distinct identity and yet are
related to a larger cultural group. Acculturution occurs when
Case Study Answers people incorporate traits from another culture. Nursing
In. [ft/7c nurse is culturally competent, what would lie on appropri-
ate comment? “Are these areas from using traditional treatments Answer: 3 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Diversity refers to the fact or
to aid in healing your illness?” state of being different Many factors account for diversity: race,
gender, sexual orientation, culture, ethnicity. socioeconomic
1b. If the nurse has xenophobia, what comment might the nurse make status, educational attainment, religious affiliation, and so on.
regarding the coining or cupping that occurred? “You appear to be Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
too smart to believe cupping will actually cure you!”

Answer Key 309
Answer: 2 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Aeeulturation is the involun— CHAPTER 19

tary process that occurs when people adapt to or borrow traits
from another culture. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
Psychosocial Integrity Key Term Review
Answer: 3 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Assimilation is the process 1-
by which an individual develops a new cultural identity. It means
the person becomes similar to the members ofthe dominant cul- 7- It 8. b 9. p 10. q ll. u 12. I
ture. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Psychosocial
Integrity 13.
Answer: 3 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Stereotyping is assuming 19»

that all members of a culture or ethnic group are alike, instead of
unique individuals. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: 25-
Psychosocial Integrity
Answer: 4 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Healing rituals are Key Topic Review Answers
considered both a mental and spiritual method of maintaining
Holism
health, protecting health, and restoring health. The other answer
choices are not outlined in this model Nursing Process:
The vision statement of the AHNA states . .a world in which
Assessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
nursing nurtures wholeness and inspires peace and healing” and
has a purpose to “promote the education of nurses, other health
Answer: 4 (Objective: 3) Rationale: An interpreter is “an
care professionals and the public in all aspects ofholistic caring
individual who mediates spoken or signed communication
and healing."
between people speaking different languages, without adding,
omitting, or distorting material from one language to another.
Healing environments are created when nurses empower clients
Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Safe. Effective Care
by providing the knowledge, skills, and support that allow them
Environment
to tap into their inner wisdom and make healthy decisions for
themselves.
Answer: 1 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Stereotyping is assuming
that all members ol‘a culture or ethnic group are alike. Stereotyp- 4‘ Methods of self-healing include: (Student will choose three.)
ing that is unrelated to reality may be based on racism or discrim-
a. Identify behaviors that indicate overinvolvement (example :
ination. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effec~
saying yes instead of no, feeling selfish when you do say no).
tive Care Environment
b. Perform relaxation exercises on a regular basis.
Answer: 2, 3, 5 (Objective: 9) Rationale: The nurse should c. Maintain and enhance your physical health.
speak slowly, use nonverbal communication, and address the d. Develop support networks with other nurses or health care
workers.
client when communicating with a client who has limited
knowledge of the English language. The nurse should avoid
a, d,e
slang words and should not use a member of the client’s family to
act as an interpreter because the client may not want the family to
Energy
know about his condition. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
chiropractic
Answer: I, 3, 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Nurses are encouraged

fbi ,_ No specific outcome is requested during prayer time
to integrate cultural skills, encounters. desires, awareness, and
knowledge. Methods to obtain the integration include attending

d7 7 An informal talk with God ilikc talking with a good
in—services, participating in community events that entertain other
friend
cultures. and reviewing professional nursingjournals that include
cultural awareness topics. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
of Individual who is praying asks for a specific outcome
Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment.
a7, Asking God for things for oneself or others

310 Answer Key
c The use of formal prayers or rituals such as prayers system, assisted by small doses of remedies or medicines, which is
from a prayer book or Jewish siddur useful in a variety of acute and chronic disorders. Chiropractic prac—
titioners believe that health is a state of balance, especially of the
__f__ Contemplative prayer nervous and musculoskelctal systems. Nursing Process: Assessment
Contraindications include pregnancy, pacemakers, implanted
defibrillators, aneurysm clips in the brain, cochlear implants, or Answer: 3 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Nurses should encourage all
other implanted electric devices. Magnetic therapy works on the clients to discuss any use of complementary and alternative inedi—
principle that every animal, plant, and mineral has an cine use. Hydrotherapy may not be appropriate for all older adult
electromagnetic field that enables organic beings and inorganic clients. Nurse’s will not encourage or suggest colonies to a client
objects, such as crystals, to communicate and interact as part of a with Crohn’s disease. Acupuncture and yoga may not be appro-
single, unified energy system. Magnetic fields are able to priate for all populations. Nursing Process: Implementation Cli-
penetrate the body and affect the functioning of cells, tissues, ent Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
organs, and systems. These therapies work best in combination

with other healing modalities and are considered to be adjunct Answer: 3 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Pilates is a method of physi~
treatments to conventional medicine. cal movement and exercise designed to stretch, strengthen, and
balance the body. Increased lung capacity, improved flexibility
Chelation therapy is the introduction of chemicals into the blood- and joint health, improved muscular coordination, increased bone
stream that bind with heavy minerals in the body. density, and better posture and balance are possible benefits. Pila-
tes may not necessarily decrease boredom or increase spirituality
in the client. Pilates does not cleanse the colon. Nursing Process:
Case Study Answers Planning Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
la. What type of questions should the nurse ask to investigate Ms. Answer: 4 (Objective: 10) Rationale: Humor and laughter in
Sinclair '5 use ofcomplementary and alternative therapies? nursing are defined as helping the client “to acknowledge and
“What alternative therapies have you used, such as acupuncture, express what is funny, amusing, or ludicrous in order to
touch therapies, herbs, or dietary supplements?” “Tell me about any establish relationships, relieve tension, release anger, facilitate
teas, herbs, vitamins, or other natural products you use to improve learning, or cope with painfulfeelings or emotions. ”Nursing
your health.” Process: Planning Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
2;]. Which popular herbal preparations could intetfere with Mr. Answer: 3 (Objective: l0) Rationale: The program consists of
Santos '5 current medication regimen? Feverfew, ginger, gingko, 108 hours of in-depth, hands-on training to provide nurses with
and garlic may increase the anticoagulant effects of aspirin and training in reldvution and therapeutic imagery skills. This pro-
anticoagulant medications. gram does not provide certification in music therapy or hypno-
therapy. Humor therapy may be used by all nurses and does not
Which additional complementary and alternative healing modali— require a separate certification. Nursing Process: Assessment
ties might the nurse suggest to Mr. Santos to help treat his hyper— ClientNeed: Physiological Integrity.
tension? Yoga and meditation have been shown to improve hy—
pertension and these modalities are appropriate for this client. Answer: 1 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Physical resting and rhythmic
breathing are used in all three modalities of CAM. Meditation is a
general term for a wide range of practices that involve relaxing
Review Question Answers the body and easing the mind. Guided imagery is a two—way
communication between the conscious and unconscious mind and
Answer: 1, 2, 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Holism, balance, and
involves the whole body and all ofits senses. It is a state of fo-
spirituality are concepts common to all alternative practices. Altema-
cused attention that encourages changes in attitudes, behaviors,
tive practices do not generally involve prescription medications.
and physiological reactions. Biofeedback is a method for learned
While technology and instrumentation may be used, these are not
control of physiological responses of the body. Nursing Process:
common to most alternative practices. Nursing Process: Assessment
Planning Client Need: Physiological Integrity
Answer: 3 (Objectives: 2 and 3) Rationale: Music without words

Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Naturopathic medicine places
is often used to relax and distract clients in a variety ofsettings,
an emphasis on client responsibility, client education, health mainte»
such as operating rooms and birthing rooms. The other genres of
notice, and disease prevention. Nutritional therapy consists of the
music have not been shown effective in relaxation and distraction
consumption of several kinds of diets. Homeopathy is a self-healing

Answer Key 311
of clients. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: Physi— f. the individual’s state of health
ological Integrity
gr cultural influences
Answer: 3, 5, 6 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Massage aids in the
reliefofmusclc tension. reduces muscle spasms, and increases 4. Psychosocial development refers to the development of personality.
relaxation Music without words is often used to relax and distract
clients in a variety of settings. Guided imagery is a two-way 5. Defense mechanisms, or adaptive mechanisms, as they are more
communication between the conscious and unconscious mind and commonly called today, are the result of conflicts between the
involves the whole body and all ofits senses. It is a state of id’s impulses and the anxiety created by the conflicts due to social
focused attention that encourages changes in attitudes, behaviors, and environmental restrictions. The third aspect of the
and physiological reactions, Administering medication is a personality, according to Freud, is the superego. The superego
pharmacologic intervention. The client is on bed rest and should contains the conscience and the ego ideal. The conscience
not be assisted to a chair. Telling the client that the health care consists of society’s “do riots,” usually as a result of parental and
provider will see him tomorrow does not case the client’s cultural expectations. The ego ideal comprises the standards of
discomfort. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: perfection toward which the individual strives. Freud proposed
Physiological Integrity that the underlying motivation to human development is a
dynamic, psychic energy, which he called libido.
CHAPTER 20 6. Social learning theory states that learning can occur by observa—
tion. Role modeling and learning from watching role models are a
part of social learning theory. Attention and cognitive function, in
Key Term Review which the individual thinks about the behavior ofself and others,
as well as the expected rewards and punishments for certain be—
haviors, are important to social learning.
7. q 8 w 9 o 10. a 1 1 t 12 n 7
Moral development—a complex process not fully understood;
involves learning what ought not to be done. Kohlberg’s theory
13. u 14 b 15 x 16. _] 17 m 18 e
focuses on the reason an individual makes a decision.
19. f 20 1 21 h 22: c 23 d 24 k 8
Behaviorist learning theory emphasizes stiinulus—response and
either positive or negative reinforcement as the basis for learning
and behavior change.
Key TOplC Revrew Answers
, . . . . 9. Fowler and Westerhoffarc two theorists who describe stages of
1. Growth is defined as phystcal change and increase in Size. Some
spiritual development or faith. The spiritual component of growth
indicators of growth include height, weight, bone size, and
and development refers to individuals‘ understanding oi" his or her
dentition.
relationship with the universe and his or her perceptions about the
direction and meaning oflife.
2, Development is an increase in the complexity of function and
skill progression. It is the capacity and skill ofa person to adapt 10
a. Accommodation: A process of change whereby cognitive
to the environment and is the behavior aspect of growth. processes mature sufficiently to allow the person to solve
problems that were unsolvablc before.
3. Four factors that influence growth and development include:
b. Adaptation: The ability to handle the demands made by the envi-
ronment. Also known as coping behavior.
a. genetics c. Assimilation: The process through which humans encounter

and react to the new situations by using the mechanisms they
b. temperament already possess.
d. Developmental task: A task that arises at or about a certain

0. family influence
period in the life of an individual, successful achievement of
which leads to her or his happiness and to success with later

d. adequate nutrition
tasks, while failure leads to unhappiness in the individual,
disapproval by society, and difficulty with later tasks.
e. environmentalconditions

312 Answer Key
Case Study Answers throughout life. His developmental tasks provide a framework
that the nurse can use to evaluate a person’s general
What primary abilities will the infimt use in this phase ofcogni- accomplishments. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
tive development? In each phase ofPiaget 's phases ofcognitive Health Promotion and Maintenance
development, the individual uses three primary abilities: assimi—
lation, accommodation, and adaptation. Answer: I (Objective: 1 l) Rationale: Morals means relating to
“both right and wrong.” Spirituality and religion are not indicated
Describe the significant behavior noted in this phase ofcognitive by the client's behavior and statement. The client’s moral devel»
development. The infant is in stage 3 oft/7e sensorimotor phase, opment, not psychological development, is demonstrated in the
secondaiji Circular reaction. The significant behavior in this question. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Health
phase is that the infant begins to discover and rediscover the ex— Promotion and Maintenance
ternal environment.
Answer: 4 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Peck’s theory believes mental
and social capacities tend to increase in the later part of life. In
Review Question Answers Freud‘s theory ofpsychosexual development, the personality devel-
ops in five overlapping stages from birth to adulthood. Piaget’s theo—
Answer: 4 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The cephalocaudal direction ry deals with the child’s cognitive ability. Kohlberg’s theory deals
of growth starts at the head and moves to the trunk, legs, and the with males and is not applicable. Nursing Process: Assessment Cli-
feet. This pattern is very obvious at birth, when the head of the in- ent Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
fant is larger than the body. Proximodistal describes growth from
the center of the body outward. Simple to complex and peripheral Answer: 3 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Stage 4 is when marriages
to medial are not patterns of growth. Nursing Process: Assess— and careers are established. The other answers apply to other
ment Client Need: Physiological Integrity stages. Nursing Process: Asscssment Client Need: Health Pro-
motion and Maintenance
Answer: 3 (Objective: IO) Rationale: The preconceptual phase is
from ages 2 to 4 years. The significant behavior at this phase is when Answer: 2 (Objective: I I) Rationale: In stage 2, women feel the
toddlers associate words with objects and everything relates to “me." need for a caring relationship. Stage I is when women feel more
The toddler associates the nurse with the needle and pain. Primary isolated and selfish. Stage 3 is when women identify the need for
circular reaction is stage 2 from ages I41 months where the balance between caring for self and others. There is an increased
significant behavior is perception that events are centered on the awareness of responsibility. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
body and objects are extension of self. Intuitive versus guilt phase is Need: Psychosocial Integrity
an aspect of Erikson’s theory, not Piaget's. The concrete operations
phase is ages 77] 1 years and the significant behaviors include
solving concrete problems. Refer to Table 2m5n the text, Nursing CHAPTER 21
Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
Answer: 2 (Objective: 9) Rationale: According to Peck, Key Term Review

preoccupation with declining body functions reduces happiness and
h 2. f 3. m 4, o 5. r 6. k
satisfaction with life. The individual is adjusting to decreasing
physical capacities and maintaining feelings of well-being. Body
transcendence versus body preoccupation and this task calls for the
individual to adjust to decreasing physical capacities and at the same
time maintain feelings of well—being. Ego differentiation versus
work»role perception is when an adult’s identity and feelings of
worth are highly dependent on that person’s work role. Ego
transcendence versus ego preoccupation is the acceptance without
fear of onc’s death as inevitable. Integrity versus despair is Erikson’s Key Topic Review Answers
stage of development that deals with maturity. Nursing Process:
Prenatal or intrauterine development lasts approximately 0 calen-
Assessment Client Need: Physiological Needs
dar months (10 lunar months) or 38 to 40 weeks. depending on
the method of calculation.
Answer: I (Objective: 8) Rationale: Adolescents are achieving
new and mature relations. The other answers apply to other stages
Trimesters; 3
5Q
of development that take place after adolescence. Havighurst

believed learning is basic to life and that people continue to learn

Answer Key 313
3. a. Embryonic phase is the first semester—the fertilized ovum

and careful monitoring ofthe child’s ability to be trusted with an
develops into an organism.
automobile are essential types of information to share. The nurse
b. Fetal phase is the second trimester~—rapid growth of fetus oc-
curs and it resembles a small baby. might teach the mother about signs and symptoms of substance
abuse. Helping the mother to promote an open relationship that
c. Third trimester—the baby is approximately 20 inches in
length and approximately 7 pounds in weight. encourages communication and sharing may be the most im-
portant anticipatory guidance the nurse can provide.
4. a. Underweight before pregnancy
b. Less than 21 pounds gained during pregnancy 3a. At what time(s) will the nurse perform the Apgar score? Apgar
scoring occurs at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth. The scoring
c. Low socioeconomic level
provides an indication of the newborn’s physiological adaptation
(1. High stress levels, including physical or emotional abuse
to extrauterine life.
e. Smoking cigarettes during pregnancy
3b. What is the newborn ’s current Apgar score? 9. The APGAR
5. doubles; 5th; triples; 12th score is based on heart rate, respirations, muscle tone, reflex irri-
tability, and color. The newbom‘s presentation adds up to a score
6. In the infant, cognitive development occurs due to interactions of 9. (See Table 21—2 in the text for an in-depth representation of
between individual and environment. the Apgar score.)
7. a. Learning to walk and speak, and increased voluntary control

b. Learning to control their bladder and bowels
1. Answer: 1 (Objectives: 8 and 10) Rationale: Significant changes in
maternal temperature can alter the amniotic fluid and fetus, which
c. Learning about their environment
may result in birth defects. Temperature maintenance is one of the
areas of health promotion. Oxygen, nutrition and fluids, rest, safe ac-
8. initiative versus guilt task
tivities, and safety are also areas of instruction for pregnant mothers
in order to promote a safe pregnancy and delivery of a healthy child.
9. a
The other statements indicate that the prenatal client understands
10 a, c e nursing teaching. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Needs.-

Health Promotion and Maintenance
Case Study Answers 2. Answer: 4 (Objective: 4) Rationale: According to Piaget, school-

age children begin the phase of concrete operations. Children learn
1a. What reflex disappears after 8 months? The plantar reflex disap-
about cause and effect during this time and learn to distinguish fan-
pears aftcr 8 months.
tasy from fact. The other answer choices reflect different age groups,
according to Piaget. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
lb. lftlte Babinski reflex persists after I year and remains positive.
what does that indicate? It" the Babinski reflex persists after 1
year, it could indicate possible upper motor neuron damage.
3. Answer: 2 (Objective: 8) Rationale: The increasing number of
overweight children contributes to an increasing incidence of hyper»
2a. What explanation might the nurse give this mother to explain the
tension and type 2 diabetes. Falls occur more often in the late adult
adolescent ’s behavior? As girls become adolescents they shift
stage, while colic is seen in infants. Unprotected sex occurs more of-
their focus to establishing their own identity. Their peers take on
ten in the adolescence period. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
increased importance and they question the values and beliefs of
what they have been taught by their family as a means ofdevelop—
ing their own values and beliefs that they will take with them into
4. Answer: 2 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Fetal movements may be felt
adulthood. Independence becomes increasingly more important
by the mother around 5 months of gestation. All the other responses
as they learn to he an adult.
are incorrect based on normal prenatal development. The fetal heart—
beat may also be heard around this time. Nursing Process: Assess-
2b. What anticipatory guidance will the nurse provide this mother to
ment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
prepare herfin‘fz'tture changes she is likely to see in her daugh-
ter? Health promotion regarding sexual practices, substance use,
5. Answer: 2, 3, 4. 5 (Objective: 7) Rationale: The Denver Develop-
diet, and physical activity are important to discuss with not only
mental Screening Test (DDST-ll) is used to screen children from
the mother but also the adolescent. Preparing the parent and child
birth to 6 years of age. The test compares the abilities of the child
for driving and the importance of safety belts. traffic regulations,

314 Answer Key
with an average group of children of the same age. Four main areas Key Topic Review Answers
of development screened are personal-social, tine motor adaptive,
language, and gross motor skills. Grovnh and weight, as well as fine Adulthood is categorized into emerging adulthood (ages 187-25),
motor Skills, are not assessed in the DDST—II. Nursing Process: young adulthood (ages 25 ~40), and middle (ages 40—65),
Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
a. Baby boomers
6. Answer: 3 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The heads ol‘many newborn
babies are misshapen because of head molding that occurs during b. Generation X
vaginal deliveries. Fontanels are unossified membranous gaps in the
bone structure of the skull. Sutures are junction lines of the skull c. Generation Y
bones that override to provide flexibility for molding oi‘ the head.
The head usually regains its symmetry in approximately I week. All lifestyle; behaviors
other responses are incorrect responses to the new mother. Nursing
Process: Implementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity Maturity
Answer: 3 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Stroking the sole of the foot Generativity

elicits the Babinski reflex. The stepping reflex can be elicited by
holding the baby upright so that the feet touch a flat surface. The a. Adjusting to aging parents
legs move up and down as if walking, This reflex disappears
around 2 months. Touching or stroking the baby’s cheek causes b. Valuing work as a central theme
the rooting reflex, in which the head turns to the touched side.
It will disappear after 4 months. The plantar reflex occurs when c. Achieving social and civic responsibility
an object is placcdjust beneath the toes and causes the toes to curl
around it. This reflex disappears after 8—1 0 months. Nursing (1. Establishing and maintaining an economic standard oi‘living
a. Cancer
Answer: 1 (Objectives: 2 and 7) Rationale: The toddler can walk,
stand, dress self, and recognize and delay elimination. By 3 years b. Heart disease
of age, most children are toilet trained. although they may still
have the occasional “accident.” The other answer choices do not
reflect a readiness for toilet training. Nursing Process: Planning
Client Need: Physiological Integrity Generativity versus stagnation; middle-aged adults look back for
a sense of successfully having met goals they developed earlier in
Answer: 4 (Objectives: 1 and 3) Rationale: Teenagers respond more life.
readily if they know they are not alone and other teens have the same
issues. Adolescents do not routinely want their parents present. Any 10. a. Marry or remain single/rearing children
instructional material should be age appropriate. Nursing Process: b. Employment
Implementation Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
0. Starting a home
d. Education
Answer: 2 (Objectives: 6 and 8) Rationale: The parents have the
right to request that the child be circumcised on that date. The
nurse needs to inform the health care provider and obtain orders
Case Study Answers
to carry out the request. Nursing Process: Implementation Client
Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment la. Whm health problem could Lou be at riskfor, especially since
Mary reported to you that he has been staying out late and ar-
rives home with alcohol on his ln‘eoth? Lou could be at risk for
CHAPTER 22 alcoholism.
How can the nurse help Mary, Lou, and theirfiunilies in dealing
Key Term Review with this concern." The nurse can provide information about the
dangers of excessive alcohol use, help the client clarify values

about health, and refer the client and/or family to special groups
such as Alcoholics Anonymous,

Answer Key 315
lc. What other resources might help the couple resolve their other milestone for middle-aged adults. Civic and social responsibility is
issues? Marriage counseling, pastor counseling, or a support not a developmental milestone for any ot‘the other populations.
group could be beneficial, among other options. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
Answer: 2 (Objective: 8) Rationale: The young adult group has

Review Question Answers several psychosocial development tasks to meet, such as feeling
independent from parents yet interacting well with the family.
Answer: 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: lininlentional injuries Young adults should like their lives and demonstrate emotional,
(primarilv motor vehicle crashes) are lhejifth leading cause of social, and economic responsibility for their own lives. Nursing
death/or the total population, but the leading cause ofdeath for Process: Assessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
individuals 1 to 44 years of age. Suicide. cancer, and S US are not
the leading cause of death in individuals 1 to 44 years ofage. 9' Answer: 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Baby boomers were born
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological from 1945 to 1964; Generation X individuals were born from
Integrity I965 to 1978; Generation Y individuals were born from 1979 to
2000; and boomerang kids are young adults who have returned
Answer: 1 (Obj ective: I) Rationale: High divorce and unem-
Ix.)
home to live. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Psy—

ployment rates are factors that influence “boomerang kids ” to chosocial Integrity
move back in with their parents. Additional contributingfactors
include high housing costs, maladaptive behaviors, and substance 10_ Answer: 1 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Generativity is concern for
abuse issues. Fear ofintimacy, lack of supervision, and parental establishing and guiding the next generation. Ageism is discrimi—
requests are not factors that typically influence the decision of nation against an individual based on the individual’s age. Gener»
"boomerang kids” to move back in with their parents. Nursing ation gap is the difference of opinions among various generations.
Process: Evaluation Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity Generativity is not the concern for onc's own generation. Nursing
Answer: 3 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Young African American
adults, especially men, have increased incidence of hyperten- I 1. Answer: I, 4, 5 (Objectives: 5 and 6) Rationale: According to
sion. Many of the causes of hypertension are unknown. Contrib— Erikson. the middle-aged adult is in the generativity versus
uting factors include smoking, obesity, high—sodium diet, and stagnation phase of Erikson ’5 stages of development. . The
high stress levels. Although hypertension occurs within the other middle-aged adult feels the need to achieve adult civic and social
population groups, these groups are not associated with the high— responsibility and is also adjusting to aging parents. The middle—
est incidence of hypertension. Nursing Process: Assessment Cli- aged adult has work as a central theme instead of leisure time
ent Need: Physiological Integrity activities. Kohlberg is a moral developmental theorist and that
answer does not address the psychosocial development. Nursing
Answer: 1 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Testicular cancer is the most Process: Assessment Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity,
common neoplasm in men ages 20 to 34. Young men should be in— Health Promotion and Maintenance
structed in how to perform testicular selfeexamination. The other
types of cancer listed are not the most common neoplasm among this
population. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiologi— CHAPTER 23
cal Integrity
Answer: 2 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The average age for meno—

Key Term Review
pause is 47 years. Menopause refers to the so»called change-of—
(JO
life in women. The other responses would not be relevant to the

symptoms the client reported. Nursing Process: Assessment
Answer: I (Objective: 2) Rationale: Decreased metabolic and

physical activity means a decrease in caloric need. The nurse
should counsel clients about reducing caloric intake and exercis-
ing regularly. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need:
25.
Answer: I (Objective: 8) Rationale: According to Havighurst,

achieving adult civic and social responsibility is a developmental

316 Answer Key
Key Topic Review Answers b. The faster an organism lives, the quicker it dies.
1. With advancements in disease control, living conditions, and c. Cells wear out through exposure to internal and external stress-
health technology, people are living longer. ors, including trauma, chemicals, and buildup of natural wastes.
2. older adult; young

Case Study Answers
3. Individuals 85 years and older are the fastest growing of all age
groups in the country, numbering 4.6 million in 2002 and project-
1a. What age category of the aging population is this client currently
ed to reach 9.6 million by the year 2030. in? The client belongs in the old—old age population.
60; 74 lb. What is the myth ofaging that the client ’5 children are subscribing
to? What is the reality? The myth is that older adults are depressed
b. old; 75; 100
and should be allowed to withdraw from society. The reality of that
c. 100
myth is that only about one third of older adults exhibit depressive
symptoms.
5. a. Reduce the proportion of older adults who have moderate to
severe functional limitations.
1c. According to Erikson, what developmental task occurs at this
b. Increase the proportion of older adults with one or more
chronic health conditions who report confidence in managing phase? The developmental task at this time is ego integrity versus
their conditions. despair.
6. b. Disease often occurs with aging; however, it is not a guaran-

tee and individuals may have “successful aging” in that the Review Question Answers
client will age without disease.
Answer: 2 (Objective: 8) Rationale: By age 80, nearly all older
adults have some lens opacity or cataracts that reduce visual
7. b. Ageism is a term used to describe negative attitudes toward
acuity. Presbyopia is the inability to focus or accommodate due to
aging or older adults.
loss of flexibility in the lens, causing a decrease in near vision.
Presbycusis is vision loss, and glaucoma is a different visual
concern. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
Physiological Integrity
9. Gerontology; Geriatrics
10. Gerontological nursing involves advocating for the health of older

Answer: 1, 3, 4. 5 (Obj ective: 15) Rationale: The working capaci-
persons at all levels of prevention (<BIB>Mauk, 2014</BIB>).
ty ofthe heart diminishes with age, The heart rate at normal rest
Practicing gerontological nurses can obtain gerontological nurs—
may decrease with age and is slower to respond to stress or after
ing certification through the American Nurses Association. Ad-
physical activity. There is reduced arterial elasticity in the arter-
vanced practice in gerontological nursing requires a master‘s de-
ies. Orthostatic hypotension may place the older adult client at
gree in nursing, of which there are two options: the gerontological
risk for falls due to sudden changes in position. Nursing Process.-
clinical nurse specialist and the gerontological nurse practitioner.
11. Long-term care facilities support clients and maintain their opti- Answer: 2 (Objective: 9) Rationale: The activity theory suggests that
mal level of functioning. Long-term care includes many different the best way to age healthily is to stay active physically and mentally.
levels of care; c.g., assisted living, intermediate care, skilled care, The disengagement theory states that older adults withdraw from oth-
and Alzheimer’s units. ers. The continuity theory states that individuals continue practicing
their values, behaviors, and habitats in older age. The growth and de~
12. Many long—term care facilities offer specialized units for clients velopmcnt theory is not an aging theory. Nursing Process: Assess-
with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is characterized by pro— ment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
gressive dementia, memory loss, and inability to care for oneself.
The gerontological nurses working in Alzheimer’s units have Answer: 1 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Many nursing homes offer
specialized knowledge and help family members understand and respite care for caregivers. Assisted living, adult day care , and home
cope with the disease process affecting their loved ones. health care do not provide around-the—clock supervision and the type
ofassistance a client with Alzheimer’s would nced. Nursing Process:
13. a. Humans, like automobiles. have vital parts that run down with Flaming Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
time, leading to aging and death.

Answer Key 317
Answer: 3 (Objective: 1 5) Rationale: Falls are the leading cause of Key Topic Review Answers
morbidity and mortality among older adults (<BIB>EtIelman &
Mandle, 2010</BIB>, pg. 635). Motor vehicle crashes, drownings, family
and homicides are not the leading cause ofmorbidity and mortality
among older adults. Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Health system
systems theory
Answer: 4 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Older adults are the fastest
growing population group in the United States today. All other re-
The purpose ofa family assessment is to determine the level of
sponses are incorrect. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
family functioning, to clarify family interaction patterns, to identi-
fy family strengths and weaknesses, and to describe the health sta-
tus of the family and its individual members.
Answer: 2, 3 (Objective: 15) Rationale: Older adult mistreatment
may affect either gender; however, the victims most ofien are women
affordable child care
over 75 years of age, those with physical or mental impairments, and
those who are dependent on care from the abuser. The abuse may in—
genogram
volve physical, psychological, or emotional abuse; sexual abuse; fi-
nancial abuse; violation of human or civil rights; and active or passive
13; 10.5; 2.5
neglect. Others are beaten and even raped by family members. Most
victims experience two or more forms of abuse, Older adult abuse or
a. Child care concerns
neglect may occur in private homes, senior citizens homes, nursing
homes, hospitals, and long-term care facilities. Nursing Process: As— b. Financial concerns
0. Role overload and fatigue in managing daily tasks,

Answer: I (Objective: 15) Rationale: By increasing roughage
and fluids in the diet, constipation may be prevented. The other
d. Social isolation
answers do not take priority for this particular diagnosis. Nursing
Process: Implementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity Feedback
Answer: 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: The endocrine theory states

structural—functional theory
that the hypothalamus and pituitary are responsible for changes in
hormone production and response, then the organism’s decline.
The idea that the faster an organism lives, the faster it dies is a
Case Study Answers
proposal of the wear»and-tear theory. The genetic theory proposes
that organisms are programmed for a predetermined number of la. What would be the best interventions by the nurse in this situation?
cell divisions, after which the cells die. The immunologic theory The nurse could attempt to talk with the client alone by sending
suggests that the immune system declines with age. Nursing her husband on an errand or insisting that he step out ofthe room
Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity while she is being examined, and then perform a thorough
physical examination, attempting to ascertain the extent of the
Answer: I, 2, 3, 5 (Objective: 16) Rationale: All of the measures current injuries and also looking for any previous injuries
listed except for removing the carpet and waxing the floors are (scarring, old bruising, prior injuries). The nurse needs to
measures to prevent falls. With aging comes the gradual reduction verbalize concerns to the health care provider so that he or she
in the speed and power of skeletal or voluntary muscle contrac— can evaluate for signs of abuse. The nurse could also place a small
tions and sustained muscular effort. The client‘s reaction time brochure about battered women’s shelters within reach of the
slows with aging. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: client so she might place the item in her purse or pocket.
Safe. Effective Care Environment
What should the nurse be observing during the interactions be
tween herself, the client, and the spouse? Communications be-
CHAPTER 24 tween all three individuals should be observed, including nonver»
bal communications.
Key Term Review

1. Answer: I, 3, 4 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Due to the mother’s
substance abuse, the family is experiencing interruptedfamily

318 Answer Key
processes. The mother is demonstrating the inability to create, situations and conflicting goals. the concept of coping resources is
maintain, or regain an environment that promotes the optimum being assessed. Family assessment gives an overview of the family
growth and development of children. The parent is also display- process and helps the nurse identify areas that need further
ing caregiver role strain because she is having difficulty perform- investigation. The purpose of family assessment is to determine the
ing the family caregiver role. The scenario does not describe the level of family functioning, clarify family interaction patterns,
mother as wanting or seeking care, so the diagnosis ofReadiness identify family strengths and weaknesses, and describe the health
for Enhanced family Coping is not appropriate. Nursing Pro- status of the family and its individual members. Nursing Process:
cess: Diagnosis Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Assessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
Answer: 2 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Individuals born into families 7. Answer: 1 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Late manifestations of family
with a history of certain diseases. such as diabetes or cardiovascular violence often seen are depression, alcohol and substance abuse,
disease, are at greater risk of developing these conditions, due to and suicide attempts. Early symptoms are evident in burns, cuts,
hereditary factors. The other answer choices are factors that may fractures, and even death. Nurses should be alert to the symptoms
lead to health problems; however, these are not the types of factors of family violence and take appropriate measures to report it and
identified in the question. Nursing Process: Assessment Client obtain resources for the family. Nursing Process: Assessment
Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Answer: 4 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Many diseases are preventa- 8. Answer: 2 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Nurses committed to family—
ble, the effects of some diseases can be minimized, or the onset of centered care involve both the ailing individual and the family in
disease can be delayed through lifestyle modifications. The other the nursing process. Through their interaction with families, nurs-
answer choices are factors that may lead to health problems; how— es can give support and information. Nurses make sure that not
ever, these are not the types of factors identified in the question. only the individual but also each family member understands the
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Health Promotion and disease, its management, and the effect of these two factors on
Maintenance family functioning The nurse will not leave out treatment infor-
mation for the client. While the nurse will assess the treatment ef»
Answer: 3 (Objective: 2) Rationale: In this case, the grandparents fects on the client, this does not represent family—centered care.
live with and care for their grandchild, but the child‘s parents are Family-centered care does not involve discussing with the prima»
not a part of this family. Foster families contain children who can ry care provider how the treatment is affecting the family unit.
no longer live with their birth parents and require placement with a Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Health Promotion
family that has agreed to include them temporarily. Traditional and Maintenance
families are viewed as an autonomous unit in which both parents
reside in the home with their children, the mother often assuming 9. Answer: 4 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Nurses assess and plan health
the nurturing role and the father providing the necessary economic care for three types of clients: the individual, the family, and the
resources. Cohabiting (or communal) families consist of unrelated community. The beliefs and values of each person and the support
individuals or families who live under one roof. Nursing Process: he or she receives come in large part from the family and are rein-
Assessment Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance forced by the community. Thus, an understanding of family dynam—
ics and the context of the community assists the nurse in planning
Answer: 3 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Family assessment includes care. When a family is the client, the nurse determines the health sta-
family structure, roles and functions, physical health status, interac— tus of the family and its individual members, the level of family
tion pattems, family values, and coping resources. When the nurse functioning, family interaction patterns, and family strengths and
is observing the ways the family expresses affection, love, sor- weaknesses. Political values are not an aspect of the family assess-
row, and anger, the nurse is assessing the interaction patterns of ment. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Health Promotion
the family. Family assessment gives an overview of the family pro- and Maintenance
cess and helps the nurse identify areas that need further investiga—
tion. The purpose of family assessment is to determine the level of 10. Answer: 1, 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Hand washing and
family functioning, clarify family interaction patterns, identify fami— knowledge of personal hygiene are age-appropriate classes and
ly strengths and weaknesses, and describe the health status of the this information will keep students from sharing illnesses with
family and its individual members. Nursing Process: Assessment family members. Other topics are not age appropriate and these
Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity programs are best directed toward parents, rather than third
graders. Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Health
Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Family assessment includes Promotion and Maintenance
family structure, roles and functions, physical health status,

interaction patterns, family values, and coping resources. When the
nurse is evaluating how the family members handle stressful

Answer Key 319
CHAPTER 25 Case Study Answers

1a. What are two additional intewentions the nurse may implement to
Key Term Review provide comfort measures? Any of the following are appropriate
responses: (1) Turn every 2 hours while in bed if client is
immobile; (2) offer fluids/refreshments every 2—4 hours unless
contraindicated; (3) provide privacy to the client during care.
2a. As a student nurse assigned to this client, which ofthe six C ’s of

Caring in nursing do you want to incorporate in your
Key Topic Review Answers interventions? You would want to incorporate compassion,
competence, confidence, conscience, commitment, and
Caring; central
comportment—all six of the six C’s.
a, Connection between individuals

2b, vou are using the caring processesfrom Swanson 's theory of
caring, on what/Ive processes would you base your nursing
b. Mutual recognition
interventions for this client?The processes are knowing, being
with. doing for, enabling, and maintaining belief.
c. Involvement of both client and nurse
20. What type ofknowing wouldyou demonstrate ifyou are observing

a. Compassion,
and documenting phenomena as they occur in this case? This would
demonstrate empirical knowing—the science of nursing.
b. Competence
c. Confidence
d. Commitment
Answer: 4 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Leininger’s theory of culture
care diversity and universality is based on the assumption that
e. Compartment
nurses must understand different cultures in order to function
effectively. Watson views caring as the moral ideal of nursing.
f. Conscience
Miller believes that caring validates the humanness of both client
and caregiver. Swanson focuses on caring processes as nursing
interventions. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe,
Answer: 3 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Compassion is showing

individuals that one cares. The nurse is sharing herself with the
client. Nursing implementation and competence are not types of
caring. The nurse’s actions are not empowering the client.
Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: Safe. Effective
Care Environment
Answer: 1, 2, 3, (Objective: 3) Rationale: Caring for selfis

defined as helping oneself grow and actualize one’s possibilities
and it means taking the time to nurture oneself. Eating a balanced
diet, performing regular exercise, and obtaining adequate rest and
Aesthetic knowing
sleep all help when caring for self. Taking medication is not an
action that promotes caring for self. While hours per week may
12. Personal knowing
contribute to caring for self, an individual does not need to work
part-time in order to care for self. Nursing Process: Assessment

13. Reflection
Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
b. Caring in nursing always takes place in a relationship. Mutuality

Answer: 1, 3, 4 (Objective: 5) Rationale: All of the responses are
within this relationship involves a partnership between the nurse
interventions to promote a healthier lifestyle, except for delaying
and client. This cannot be taught in nursing school.

320 Answer Key
exercise. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: Health

Promotion and Maintenance 13‘
. . . . . (
Answer: 1 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Personal knowrng is I )'
developed through critical reflection on onc’s actions and feelings
in practice. The other choices are examples of ethical knowing, 25.
empirical knowing, and aesthetic knowing. Nursing Process:

Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Adaptation
6. Answer: 2 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Physical presence combined
In nursing, conununication is a dynamic process used to gather
with the promise ofavailability, especially at a time ofneed,
assessment data. to teach and persuade. and to express caring and
demonstrates caring in the form of nursing presence. The other
comfort. It is an integral part ofthe helping relationship.
answer choices do not reflect the nurse’s actions. Nursing
Process: Implementation ClientNeed: Psychosocial Integrity
0, d, e, f
Answer: 3 (Objective: 4) Rationale: There are times when the

a. Failure to listen
nurse “enables” and “empowers” the client in order to enhance
and encourage self-care. The other answer choices do not reflect
b. Improperly decoding the client’s intended message
the nurse’s actions. Nursing Process: Implementation Client
c. Placing the nurse’s needs above the client’s needs
Answer: I, 4 (Objective: 4) Rationale: The nurse demonstrates

a. Face the client squarely in an open posture.
both competence and compassion by providing the actions listed
in the question. The other answer choices do not reflect the
b. Lean into the client.
nurse’s actions. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need:
c. Maintain good eye contact.
Answer: 2 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Guided imagery uses the power

d. Try to be relatively relaxed.
of imagination as a therapeutic tool. Music therapy involves
listening, singing, rhythm, and body movement. Yoga utilizes
a, C. d
various postures and breathing practices to relax and tone the
muscles and improve function of the internal organs. Storytelling
Elderspeak
assists individuals to move toward wholeness. Nursing Process:
congruent communication
Answer: l (Objective: 1) Rationale: Caring means that people,

relationships, and things matter. The nurse best demonstrates
caring when holding and rocking an infant so the mother can rest
Teaching groups impart information to the participants, whereas
quietly for a few hours after being up all night. The nurse will
self—help groups are voluntary organizations composed ofpeople
administer pain medications as the client needs them, not
who share similar health, social, or daily living problems.
necessarily by schedule. Enforcing the hospital‘s visitations hours
and performing the newborn assessment in a timely manner do
not best demonstrate caring. Nursing Process: Implementation
Case Study Answers
1a. What could the nurse do in order to create a more positive environ—
ment/or the health interview? Explaining what the client can expect
CHAPTER 26 with the health care provider visit, as well as answering any of the
client‘s questions may help to reduce anxiety before proceeding with
the interview The nurse could make sure the interview and exam
Key Term Review take place in a private and nonthreatening environment. Also, atten-
tive listening could he used as well as open-ended questions.
I. r 2 o 3 k 4. h 5 u 6 b
lf'the nurse shares a similar experience with the client, then what
7.58e9nIO.allw12q 1b:
communication technique is the nurse using? The nurse is using

Answer Key 321
the therapeutic communication of offering self by empathetic lis— therapeutic communication techniques. Nursing Process: Implemen-
tening and responding to the client and of being genuine in her tation Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
desire to place the client at ease.
7. Answer: 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: There are situations when ap-
Ic. What are three therapeutic responses the nurse could employ in propriate use of touch reinforces caring feelings. However, the nurse
this situation? The nurse could use several therapeutic communi- must be sensitive to the differences in attitudes and practices of clients
cation techniques such as offering self, giving information about and self. The other answers are not acceptable uses of touch. Nursing
procedures. acknowledging the client’s apprehension, and using Process: Implementation Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
therapeutic touch.
8. Answer: 1 (Objective: 8)Rutiom11e: During the initial parts ofthe
introductory phase, the client may display some resistant

Review Question Answers behaviors that inhibit involvement, cooperation, or change. It may
be because of difficulty in asking for assistance. All of the other
1. Answer: I (Objective: 3) Rationale: Proxemics is the study of answers are not correct. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
distance between people in their interactions, Intimate distance is Need: Psychosocial Integrity
0 to 1.5 feet, such as observing a client’s wound. While the other
answer choices represent distances according to proxemics, these 9. Answer: 2 (Objective: 6) Rationale: The introductory phase includes
do not best describe the clinical scenario in the question. Nursing a mutual nurse—client agreement about the overall purpose ofthe rela-
Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care tionship. The other answer choices do not reflect this aspect of the
Environment helping relationship. Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Safe,
2. Answer: 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: The verbal message in this
case is incongruent with the nonverbal message. The sender, re- 10. Answer: 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: While giving expert advice is
ceiver, and feedback are not the areas that are incongruent. Nursing therapeutic, giving common advice is nontherapcutic and acts as a
Process: Assessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity barrier to communication. Common advice is telling the client what to
do, denying the client the right to an equal partnership. The other
3. Answer: 2 (Objective: 3,) Rationale: The nurse who is establishing an answer choices do not rcllcct the scenario presented. Nursing
intravenous infusion is best demonstrating personal distance. The Process: Implementation Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
nurse who is positioning an immobile client is demonstrating intimate
space. The nurse making rounds on all the clients in the unit is
demonstrating social distance. Finally, the nurse who is speaking at a CHAPTER 27
conference is demonstrating public distance. Nursing Process: As—
sessment Client Need: Psychological Integrity
Key Term Review
4. Answer: 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Congruent communication is
1. I 2. k
a
U.)
u:
n
as
"b
d“
as
when the words and actions are focused in the same direction. Non»
verbal communications are actions without verbal expression. Process

recording is a word—for—word account of a conversation. Incongruent
communication is when actions and words do not match or focus in
the same direction. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Psy»
chosocial Integrity
5. Answer: 1 (Objective: 3) Rationale: For nurses, professional

boundaries are crucial in the context ofthe nurseiclient relation-
ship. To keep clear boundaries, the nurse keeps the focus on the
client and avoids sharing personal information or meeting his or I a
her own needs through the nurse—client relationship. The nurse

will demonstrate empathy. not sympathy. Nursing Process: Im- 2. a
plementation Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity

3. a
6, Answer: I, 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Using open-ended questions

and restating or paraphrasing the client’s comments are the most ther- 4. b. Active learning promotes critical thinking, enabling learners
apeutic communication techniques. The other answer choices are not to problem solve more effectively. Also, listening to a lecture
or watching a film is passive, not active lcaniing.

322 Answer Key
learn, but also the ability to learn at a specific time. For example,
a client may want to learn self-care during a dressing change, but
E-health it' the client experiences pain or discomfort, he or she may not be
able to learn. The nurse can provide pain medication to make the
anxiety client more comfortable and more able to learn. The nurse's role
is often to encourage the development of readiness.
concepts
lzlentifv three ways you couldfacili/ate Ms. Whitman '5' learning.
cu ltural Use of video or audio may help the client learn despite difficulty
reading. Explaining to the client why the material is important to
avoid learn may help to supply motivation for learning. Reducing the
client’s anxiety by developing a trusting relationship with the
g_ The term used to describe the process involved in stimu- nurse may also improve her ability to learn. Information should
lating and helping elders to learn be presented in short quantities.
a A system of activities intended to produce learning lc. Discuss various teaching aids to help foster ills Whitman 's
learning.
_i__ The art and science of teaching adults
I Keep language level at or below the fifth-grade level.
Use active, not passive, voice.
bg _ A desire or a requirement to know something that is
presently unknown to the learner I Use easy, common words of one or two syllables (eg, use in-
stead of utilize or give instead of administer).
I Use the second person (you) rather than the third person
k f_ 7 A change in human disposition or capability that per—
(client).
sists and that cannot be solely accounted for by growth
I Use a large type size (l4 to 16 point).
Write short sentences.
1 A commitment or attachment to a regimen
Avoid using all capital letters.
‘hA The discipline concerned with helping children learn
__e77_ The process by which a person learns by observing the Review Question Answers
behavior of others
Answer: 2 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Andragogy is the art and sci—
d7_ Means to learn is the desire to learn ence of teaching adults. Geragogy is the term used to describe the
process involved in stimulating and helping elders to learn. Peda-
c7_ The process by which individuals copy or reproduce gogy is the discipline concerned with helping children learn. Adher»
ence is Commitment or attachment to a regimen. Nursing Process:
what they have observed
Assessment Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Andragogy
2. Answer: 1 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Modeling is the process by
Cognitivism which an individual learns by observing the behavior of others. Imi-

tation is the process by which individuals copy or reproduce what
psychomotor they have observed. Trial and error is the process of experimenting
with various techniques until finding the best method. Positive rein-
a, b, c forcement (e.g., a pleasant experience such as praise and encour-

agement) is fostering repetition of an action. Nursing Process:
a Planning Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
3. Answer: 2 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Teaching a client how to self-
Case Study Answers administer insulin is in the psychomotor domain, one of Piaget’s five
major phases of cognitive development. The sensorimotor phase is
la. How will you be able to determine if Ms. Whitman is readv to thc first ofPiaget’s cognitive development phases. This phase is
learn? Readiness to learn is the demonstration of behaviors or from birth to age 2, and would not be used when teaching the client
cues that reflect the learner’s motivation to learn at a specific to self-administer insulin. The cognitive domain, the “thinking” do—
time. Readiness reflects not only the desire or willingness to main, includes six intellectual abilities and thinking processes be- a,

Answer Key 323
ginning with knowing, comprehending, and applying to analysis, Answer: 4 (Objective: 1) Rationale: The sexual orientation is
synthesis, and evaluation. The affective domain, known as the “feel— not an element in the nursing history that provides clues to
ing" domain, is divided into categories that specify the degree of a learning needs. Several elements in the nursing history provide
“person‘s depth of emotional response to tasks." Nursing Process: clues to learning needs: (at) age, (b) the client’s understanding and
Assessment Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance perceptions of the health problem, (c) health beliefs and practices.
(d) cultural factors, (e) economic factors, (f) learning style, and
4. Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: The nurse is applying the (g) the client’s support systems. Nursing Process: Planning
humanistic theory by encouraging the learner to establish goals and Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
promote self-directed leaming. The nurse would be applying cogni-
tive theory when encouraging a positive teacher—leamer relation- Answer: 1 (Objective 4) Rationale: Skinner introduced the
ship; providing a social, emotional, and physical environment con- concept of positive reinforcement. Imitation and modeling are
ducive to learning; and selecting multisensory teaching strategies, concepts developed by Bandura. Behaviorism is a concept
because perception is influenced by the senses. Nursing Process: introduced by Thorndike. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
Implementation Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Need: Psychosocial Integrity
5. Answer: 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: In teaching a client about Answer: 1, 3, 5 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Having the client write
heart disease who may need to know the effects of smoking down information, giving handouts on the information, and
before recognizing the need to stop smoking, motivation is the having the client be active in the learning process all promote
factor that can facilitate client learning Readiness, active retention. Reading the information several times to the client does
involvement, and allotted time are not the best choices for this not promote retention, nor does speaking very slowly. Nursing
clinical scenario. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: Process: Implementation Client Need: Health Promotion and
Health Promotion and Maintenance Maintenance
6. Answer: I, 2, 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Fear, sensory deficits, and
muscle weakness are barriers to learning. Chronic illness and medi- CHAPTER 28
cation use arc not specific barriers to learning. Nursing Process: As-
sessment Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Key Term Review

7. Answer: 3,4 (Objective: 8) Rationale: lfthe client displays a
pattern of excuses for not reading the instructions. the nurse may
have reason to suspect a literacy problem. A pattern ot‘noncom—
pliance in client behaviors may cause a nurse to suspect a literacy
problem. A client reading the information slowly does not always
indicate a literacy problem. A client insisting that he or she al—
ready knows the information could sometimes be an indication of
a literacy problem. The client who is able to read the instructions
but is unable to repeat the instructions in medical terms is not dis—
playing a literacy problem. Nursing Process: Planning Client


8. Answer: 2 (Objective: 9) Rationale: “The client selects low-fat
foods from a menu” is a leaining outcome for a teaching plan. Avoid
using words such as knows, understands, believes, and appreciates
because they are neither observable nor measurable. State the client b. The formal leader, or appointed leader, is selected by an
(learner) behavior or performance, not the nurse behavior. The other organization and given official authority to make decisions
answer choices are not correct, Nursing Process: Flaming Client and take action.
9. Answer: 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Sending a computer—

generated billing statement to the client’s home address is not part
of erhcalth. E-health includes many aspects, such as online ap—
pointment access, e—mail access between the client and health care b. A manager is an employee of an organization who is given
provider, and online health information. Nursing Process: Plan— authority, power, and responsibility for planning, organizinO,
ning Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance coordinating, and directing the work ofothers. and for estab»
lishing and evaluating standards.

324 Answer Key
6. democratic cussion and decision-making. This type ofleader acts as a cata»

lyst or facilitator, actively guiding the group toward achieving
7. laisscz—faire group goals. Group productivity and satisfaction are high as
group members contribute to the work effort. The democratic
8. bureaucratic leader assumes individuals are internally motivated (their driv-
ing force is intrinsic; they desire self—satisfaction), capable of
9. situational making decisions, and value independence. This leadership style

can be extremely effective in the health care setting.
10. charismatic
l 1. Organizing Review Question Answers
12. Authority Answer: 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: The democratic leadership

style demands that the leader have faith in the group members to
13. Networking accomplish the goals. In the laissez—faire leadership style, the
leader assumes a “hands-off” approach. Under the autocratic
14. Efficiency leadership style, the group may feel secure because procedures are
well defined and activities are predictable. The bureaucratic lead-
15. Delegation er does not trust self or others to make decisions and instead relies
on the organization’s rules, policies, and procedures to direct the
group’s work efforts. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
Case Study Answers Safe, Effective Care Environment
la. ls Mr. Thomas assuming the role of a leader or manager? Answer: 3 (Objective: 3) Rationale: A transformational leader
Mr. Thomas is assuming the role ofa leader, as evidenced by the fosters creativity, risk taking, commitment, and collaboration by
following: influencing others to work together to accomplish a empowering the group to share in the organization‘s vision. A
specific goal and demonstrating initiative, ability, and confidence charismatic leader is rare and is characterized by an emotional
to innovate change, motivate, facilitate, and mentor others. relationship with group members. The charming personality of
the leader evokes strong feelings of commitment to both the
lb. Compare and contrast the role ofa leader and manager. A leader leader and the leader‘s cause and beliefs. The transactional leader
influences others to work together to accomplish a specific goal. has a relationship with followers based on an exchange for seine
Leaders are often visionary; they are informed, articulate, conti- resource valued by the follower. These incentives are used to
dent, and self~aware. Leaders also usually have outstanding inter- promote loyalty and performance. Shared leadership recognizes
personal skills and are excellent listeners and communicators. that a professional workforce is made up of many leaders. No one
individual is considered to have knowledge or ability beyond that
Leaders have initiative, ability, and confidence to innovate change,
of other members of the work group. Nursing Process:
motivate, facilitate, and mentor others. Within their organizations,
nurse leaders participate in and guide teams that assess the effective—
ness of care, implement evidence—based practice, and construct pro—
Answer: 3 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Upper~level (top—level)
cess improvement strategies. They may be employed in a variety of
managers are organizational executives who are primarily
positionsifrom shifi team leader to institutional president. Leaders
responsible for establishing goals and developing strategic plans.
may also hold volunteer positions such as chairperson of a profes-
First-level managers are responsible for managing the work of
sional organization or community board of directors.
nonmanagerial personnel and the day—to—day activities ofa
specific work group or groups. Middle-level managers supervise a
A manager is an employee of an organization who is given
number of first—level managers and are responsible for the
authority, power, and responsibility for planning, organizing.
activities in the departments they supervise. Middle-level
coordinating, and directing the work of others, and for establishing
managers serve as liaisons between first-level managers and
and evaluating standards. Managers understand organizational
upper-level managers. They may be called supervisors, nurse
structure and culture. They control human, financial, and material
managers. or head nurses. Supervising managers are not a
resources. Managers set goals, make decisions, and solve problems.
category of organizational executives. Nursing Process:
They initiate and implement change.
Assessment Client Need: Safe. Effective Care Environment
le. What particular leaders/zip style has Mr. Thomas developed?

Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: The management principle being
Mr. Thomas has developed a democratic (participative, consulta—
demonstrated is accountability. Accountability is the ability and ~/
tive) leadership style. This type ofleader encourages group dis—
© 2016 by Pearson Education, lnc.

Answer Key 325
willingness to assume responsibility for one’s actions and to accept transactional leader has a relationship with followers based on an
the consequences of one’s behavior. Authority is defined as the exchange for some resource valued by the follower. Nursing
legitimate right to direct the work of others. It is an integral Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
component ot‘managing. Responsibility is an obligation to complete a

task. Coordinating is the process of ensuring that plans are carried out
and evaluating outcomes. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: CHAPTER 29
Answer: 4 (Objective: ll) Rationale: Planned change is an in- Key Term Review
tended, purposeful attempt by an individual, group, organization,
or larger social system to influence its own current status.
Unplanned change is an alteration imposed by external events or
persons; it occurs when unexpected events force a reaction It is
usually haphazard, and the results can be unpredictable. Drift is a

type of unplanned change in which change occurs without effort
on anyone’s part. Natural, or situational, change also may be con—
sidered unplanned and occurs without any control by the person
t 20.x 21.q 22.0 23.j 24.p
or group impacted. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
Answer: 1 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The leader role influences others

toward goal setting, either formally or informally. The manager role
carries out predetermined policies, rules, and regulations; maintains an
orderly, controlled, rational, and equitable structure; relates to people
according to their roles; and feels rewarded when fulfilling the

Vital signs
organizational mission or goals. Nursing Process: Planning Client
exhaustion
Answer: 2 (Objective: 10) Rationale: The nurse who is initiating,

Compliance
motivating, and implementing change is acting in the role of
change agent. The other answer choices do not apply to this
deficit
nursing role. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe,
Hypothermia
Answer: 3 (Objective: 1]) Rationale: Perception that the change

will improve the situation is considered a driving force. Restrain-
1, e, a, c, h, g, f, d, b
ing forces include low tolerance for change related to intellectual
or emotional insecurity; misunderstanding of the change and its
implications; and lack of time or energy. Nursing Process: As-
sessment Client Need: Safe, Effective Carc Environment
Answer: 2 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Guidelines for dealing with

resistance to change include the following: Emphasize the posi-
tive consequences of the change and how the individual or group
will benefit. Clarify information and provide accurate infor—
mation. Maintain a climate oftrust, support, and confidence.
Communicate with those who oppose the change. Get to the root
oftheir reasons for opposition. Nursing Process: Planning Client
Case Study Answers
What are the normal vital signsfor a 20—year—old male client?
Answer: I, 2, 3, 4 (Objective: 1) Rationale: The situational leader
A typical blood pressure for a healthy adult is 120/80 mia
flexes task and relationship behaviors, considers the staff members’
(pulse pressure of40),
abilities, knows the nature of the task to be done, and is sensitive to
the context or environment in which the task takes place. The Oral temperature = 37°C (98.60F)

326 Answer Key
Pulse average (range) = 80 beats/min (60—100 beats/min) Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological
Integrity
Respiration average (range) = l6/rnin (lZ—ZO/rnin)
Answer: 1 (Objective: 5) Rationale: The posterior tibial site is on

2. What type offever is the Client most likely experiencing? A tem-
the medial surface of the ankle where the posterior tibial artery
perature that rises to fever lcvc‘. rapidly following a normal tem—
passes behind the medial nralleolus. The poplitcal site is where
perature and then returns to normal within a few hours is called a
the popliteal artery passes behind the knee. The femoral site is
fever spike.
where the femoral artery passes along side the inguinal ligament.
The radial site is where the radial artery runs along the radial
3. Why has the doctor ordered blood work? A temperature that rises to
bone, on the thumb side of the inner aspect ofthe wrist. Nursing
fever level rapidly following a normal temperature and then returns to
normal within a few hours is called a fever spike. Bacterial blood in-
fections ofien cause fever spikes.
Answer: 3 (Objective: l2) Rationale: Having the arm above the
level of the heart can cause an erroneously low blood pressure re—
sult. Having the cuff wrapped too loosely or unevenly, having the
bladder cuff too narrow, and assessing immediately after a meal
1. Answer: 1 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Conduction is the transfer of or while the client smokes or has pain can cause an erroneously
heat from one molecule to a molecule of lower temperature. high blood pressure result. Nursing Process: Implementation
Radiation is the transfer of heat from the surface of one object to Client Need: Physiological Integrity
the surface of another without contact between the two objects.

mostly in the form of infrared rays. Vaporization is continuous Answer: 3 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Pull the pinna straight back
evaporation of moisture from the respiratory tract and from the and upward for children over age 3. Pull the pinna slightly
mucosa ofthe mouth and from the skin. Convection is the disper- downward and backward for an adult patient. Insert the probe
sion of heat by air currents. Nursing Process: Assessment Client slowly using a circular motion until snug. Point the probe slightly
Need: Physiological Integrity anteriorly, toward the eardrum. Presence of ccrumen can affect
the reading. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need:

Answer: 1 (Objective: 3) Rationale: With intermittent fevcr, the Physiological Integrity
ix)
body temperature alternates at regular intervals between periods

of fever and periods ofnormal or subnormal temperatures. During 8- Answer: 4 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Dyspnea, not stridor, is
a rernittent fever such as with a cold or influenza, a wide range of difficult and labored breathing during which the individual has a
temperature fluctuations (more than 2°C [3.6°F]) occurs over the persistent, unsatisfied need for air and feels distressed. Stridor is a
24—hour period, all of which are above normal. In a relapsing shrill. harsh sound heard during inspiration with laryngeal
fever, short febrile periods of a few days are interspersed with obstruction. Stertor is a snoring or sonorous respiration, usually
periods of I or 2 days of normal temperature. During a constant due to a partial obstruction of the upper airway. Wheeze is a
fever. the body temperature fluctuates minimally but always continuous, high-pitched musical squeak or whistling sound
remains above normal. Nursing Process: Assessment Client occurring on expiration and sometimes on inspiration when air
Need: Physiological Integrity moves through a narrowed or partially obstructed airway.

Bubbling is a gurgling sound heard as air passes through moist
Answer: 3 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Individuals experiencing secretions in the respiratory tract. Nursing Process:Assessment
Lu
heatstroke generally have been exercising in hot weather, have Client Need: Physiological Integrity
warm, flushed skin, and often do rot sweat. They usually have a
temperature of4l°C (106°F) or higher, and may be delirious, 9- Answer: 1 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Hemoptysis is the presence
unconscious, or having seizures. Hypothermia is a core body ofblood in the sputum. Productive cough is a cough accompanied
temperature below the lower limit of normal. Heat exhaustion is a by expectorated secretions. Nonproductive cough is a dry. harsh
result of excessive heat and dehydration. Signs of heat exhaustion cough without secretions. Orthopnea is the ability to breathe only
include paleness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting. fainting, and a in upright sitting or standing positions. Nursing Process:
moderately increased temperature (38.3—38.9OC [101— 102°F]). Planning Client Need: Physiological lntcgrity
A blood pressure that is persistently above normal is a condition
called hypertension. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: l0- Answer: 4 (Objective: 1 l) Rationale: Phase li'fhe pressure level
Physiological Integrity at which the first faint, clear tapping or thumping sounds are heard.
These sounds gradually become more intense. The first tapping
4. Answer: 4 (Objective: 3) Rationale: When the Celsius reading is 40: sound heard during deflation of the cuff is the systolic blood pres-
sure. Phase Z—The period during deflation when the sounds have a
F=(40><9/5)+32=(72)—32: 104 muffled, whooshing, or swishing quality. Phase 4~The time when

Answer Key 327
the sounds become muffled and have a soft, blowing quality, Phase _f A disturbance in the circulation of aqueous fluid,
S—The pressure level when the last sound is heard. Nursing Pro— which causes an increase in intraocular pressure; is the most fre-
cess: Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Integrity quent cause of blindness in people over age 40
kgi Constrieted pupils that may indicate an inflammation of

CHAPTER 30 the iris or result from such drugs as morphine or pilocarpine
b An instrument for examining the interior ofthe ear,

Key Term Review especially the eardrum. consisting essentially ofa magnifying lens
and a light
_e A part ofthe middle ear that connects the middle ear

to the nasopharynx
13. _c Earwax that lubricates and protects the canal
a Farsightedness
u:
to
b. Palpation is the examination of the body using the sense oftouch,

Ix)
DJ
Case Study Answers

b.‘ Percussion is the act of striking the body surface to elicit 1a. Discuss the purposes ofi physical examination Some of the
sounds that can be heard or vibrations that can be felt. purposes of the physical examination are to:
Bmit Obtain baseline data about the client’s functional abilities.
Supplement, confirm, or refute data obtained in the nursing

aphasia history.
I Obtain data that will help establish nursing diagnoses and

reflex plans of care,
I Evaluate the physiological outcomes of health care and thus
the progress ofa client’s health problem.
hernia
I Make clinical judgments about a client’s health status.
10. Discrimination I Identify areas for health promotion and disease prevention.
i The process of listening to sounds produced within the b. Several client positions orefi'cquent/y required during the physi-
,_‘
body cal assesmnent. List six client positions used during the physical
assessment and provide a description ofeach one.
h Nearsightedness
Dorsal recumbent: back-lying position with knees flexed and
jg Loss ot‘elastieity of the lens and thus loss of ability to hips externally rotated; small pillow under the head; soles of
see close objects feet on the surface
d_ An uneven curvature of the cornea that prevents horizontal Supine (horizontal recumbent): back-lying position with legs ex-
tended; with or without pillow under the head
and vertical rays from focusing on the retina; is a common problem
that may occur in conjunction with myopia and hyperopia

328 Answer Key
Sitting: a seated position; back unsupported and legs hanging Percussion is the act of striking the body surface to elicit sounds
freely that can be heard or vibrations that can be felt. Nursing Process:
Lithotomy: back-lying position with feet supported in stirrups;
the hips should be in line with the edge ofthc table
Answer: 3 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Jaundicc (a yellowish tinge)
Sims: side—lying position with lowermost arm behind the body, may first be evident in the sclera of the eyes and then in the mucous
uppermost leg flexed at hip and knee, upper arm flexed at membranes and the skin. Pallor is the result of inadequate circulating
shoulder and elbow blood or hemoglobin and subsequent reduction in tissue
oxygenation. Cyanosis (a bluish tinge) is most evident in the nail
Prone: lying on abdomen with head turned to the side, with or
beds, lips, and bueeal mucosa. Cyanosis is the result of tissue
without a small pillow
hypoxia. Erythema is a redness associated with a variety of rashes.
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
lc. List the equipment and supplies usedfor a health examination.
Answer: 1 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Myopia means nearsighted-

Flashlight or penlight
ness; hyperopia means farsightedness; presbyopia means loss of
Nasal speculum elasticity of the lens and thus less of ability to see close objects; and
stigmatism means an uneven curvature of the cornea that prevents
Ophthalmoscope
horizontal and vertical rays from focusing on the retina. Nursing
Otoscope Process: Assessment ClientNeed: Physiological Integrity
Percussion (reflex) hammer

Answer: 2 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Sound transmission and
Tinting fork hearing are complex processes. In brief, sound can be transmitted
Vaginal speculum by air conduction or bone conduction. Air—conducted transmis-
sion occurs by this process:
Cotton applicators
Gloves I A sound stimulus enters the external canal and reaches the
tympanic membrane.
Lubricant
I The sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane and reach V
Tongue blades (depressors)
the ossicles.
I The sound waves travel from the ossicles to the opening in
Review Question Answers the inner ear (oval Window).
I The cochlea receives the sound vibrations.

1. Answer: I, 2, 3, 4 (Objective: 1) Rationale: The following statements
would be correct responses by the nurse regarding purposes for a l The stimulus travels to the auditory nerve (the eighth cranial
physical examination: nerve) and the cerebral cortex.
“To obtain baseline data about a client’s functional abilities.” Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
“To obtain data that will help establish nursing diagnoses and
plans of care.” Answer: 4 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The left hypochondriac, not
lumbar, region includes the stomach, the spleen, the tail of the pan-
“To identify areas for health promotion and disease prevention.” creas, the splenic flexure of the colon, the upper half of the left kid—
“To supplement, confirm, or refute data obtained in the nursing ney, and the suprarenal gland. The epigastric region includes the aor—
history.” ta, the pylorie end of the stomach, part ofthe duodenum, and the
pancreas. The umbilical region includes the omentum, the mesen-
Implementing appropriate, individualized care is an important tery, the lower part ofthe duodenum, and part of the jejunum and il-
aspect of the nursing process; however, this is achieved in eum. The right lumbar region includes the ascending colon, the low-
the implementation phase, after the assessment ofthe client. er half of the right kidney, and part ofthe duodenum andjejunum.
Answer: 2 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Cranial nerve II, not IV, is

2. Answer: 4 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Auscultation is the process assessed by asking the client to read a Snellen—type chart. Cranial
oflistening to sounds produced within the body. Inspection is the nerve I is assessed by asking the client to close his/her eyes and
visual examination;that is, assessing by using the sense of sight. identify different mild aromas, such as coffee, vanilla, peanut but-
\
Palpation is the examination of the body using the sense of touch,

Answer Key 329
tcr, orange/lemon, or chocolate. Cranial nerve VI is assessed by

CHAPTER 31
observing the client’s directions of gaze. Cranial nerve VII is as-
sessed by asking the client to smile, raise the eyebrows, frown, puff
out cheeks, close eyes tightly. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Key Term Review
Answer: 1 (Objective: 3) Rationale:
A friction rub is a superficial grating or creaking sounds heard

during inspiration and expiration; this is not relieved by coughing.
C rackles (rales) are fine, short, interrupted crackling sounds;
alveolar rales are high pitched. Their sound can be simulated by
rolling a lock of hair near the ear. Crackles are best heard on
inspiration, but can be heard on both inspiration and expiration
25.
Crackles may not be cleared by coughing. A wheeze is a
continuous, high-pitched, squeaky musical sound. This is best
heard on expiration and is not usually altered by coughing.
Gurgles (rhonchi) are continuous, low-pitched, coarse, gurgling,
harsh, louder sounds with a moaning or snoring quality. Rhonchi is b. An infection is an invasion of body tissue by microorganisms
best heard on expiration, but can be heard on both inspiration and and their growth within that tissue.
expiration. Rhonchi may be altered by coughing. Nursing Process:
The lithotomy position is used for assessing the female genitals, rec-
b. Surgical asepsis, or sterile technique, refers to those practices
tum, and female reproductive tract. The prone position is used for
that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms; it
assessing the posterior thorax and hipjoint movement. The supine
includes practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores
position is used for assessing the head, neck, axillae, anterior thorax,
(microscopic dormant structures formed by some pathogens
lungs, breasts, heart, vital signs, heart, abdomen, extremities, and pe—
that are very hardy and often survive common cleaning
ripheral pulses. The sitting position is used for assessing the head,
techniques). Surgical asepsis is used for all procedures
neck, posterior and anterior thorax, lungs, breasts, axillae, heart, vital
involving the sterile areas of the body.
signs, upper and lower extremities, and reflexes. Nursing Process:
Answer: 2 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Assessment of peripheral

perfusion of toes, capillary blanch test. pedal pulse if able. and communicable
vital signs is most appropriate for a client who has a cast to the
lower extremity. This type of assessment assesses the opportunistic
neurovascular patency of the client’s lower extremity. Assessment

Asepsis
of tissue turgor as well as input and output is most appropriate for
the client with alterations to fluid volume. While assessment of
Bacteria
apical pulse is an important nursing assessment, this is not the
most important assessment after a new cast is applied to an
extremity. Assessment of neurovascular patency is more dirty
important. Assessment of the client’s level ofconsciousness is

j_ Consist primarily ofnucleic acid and therefore must
also an important assessment; however, this is not the most
important assessment after a new cast is applied to an extremity. enter living cells in order to reproduce
Assessment of neurovascular patency is more important.

h Include yeasts and molds
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological
Integrity f Live on other living organisms
d_ The process by which strains of microorganisms become

resident flora

330 Answer Key
7b! The direct result ot‘diagnostic or therapeutic procedures dred species can cause disease in humans and can live and be trans—
ported through air, water, food, soil, body tissues and fluids, and in-
i A person or animal reservoir ofa specific infectious animate objects. Most ofthe microorganisms listed in Table 31—1 in
agent that usually does not manifest any clinical signs ofdiscase the text are bacteria. Viruses consist primarily of nucleic acid and
therefore must enter living cells in order to reproduce. Common vi—
_ a Any substance that serves as an intermediate means to rus families include the rhinovirus (causes the common cold). hepa—
transport and introduces an infectious agent into a susceptible titis, herpes. and human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus. Fungi in-
host through a suitable portal of entry clude yeasts and molds. Candida albicans is a yeast considered to be
normal flora in the human vagina. Parasites live on other living or—
g An animal or flying or crawling insect that serves as an ganisms. They include protozoa such as the one that causes malaria,
intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent helminths (worms), and arthropods (mites, fleas, ticks).
iC A person at increased risk, an individual who for one or

1c. Explain the diflerence between standard precautions and transmis—
more reasons is more likely than others to acquire an infection
Sion-basedprecazztions. Standard precautions: These precautions
are used in the care of all hospitalized persons regardless of their
e Protect the person against all microorganisms, regardless
diagnosis or possible infection status. They apply to blood, all body
of prior exposure
fluids, secretions, excretions except sweat (whether or not blood is
present or visible), nonintact skin, and mucous membranes. Thus

12. d
they combine the major features of UP and 881.
13. b Transmission-based precautions: These precautions are used in addi-

tion to standard precautions for clients with known or suspected in—
14. c fections that are spread in one of three ways: by airborne or droplet
transmission, or by contact. The three types of transmissiotrbased
15. a precautions may be used alone or in combination but always in addi»
tion to standard precautions. They encompass all of the conditions or
16. 1) diseases previously listed in the category—specific or disease—specific
classifications developed by the CDC in 1983.
Case Study Answers

la. What is the difl'erence between asepsis and sepsis, and between
medical use/Isis and surgical asepsis? Asepsis is the freedom 1. Answer: 2 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Asepsis is the freedom from
from disease-causing microorganisms. To decrease the possibility disease-causing microorganisms. Medical asepsis includes all prac-
of transferring microorganisms from one place to another, aseptic tices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area,
technique is used. There are two basic types ofasepsis: medical limiting the number, growth, and transmission of microorganisms.
and surgical. Medical asepsis includes all practices intended to Surgical asepsis, or sterile technique, refers to those practices that
confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the keep an area or object free of all microorganisms; it includes practic-
number, growth, and transmission of microorganisms. In medical es that destroy all microorganisms and spores (microscopic dormant
asepsis, objects are referred to as clean, which means the absence structures formed by seine pathogens that are very hardy and often
ofalmost all microorganisms, or dirty (soiled, contaminated), survive common cleaning techniques). Sepsis is a state ofinfection
which means likely to have microorganisms, some of which may and cart take many forms, including septic shock. Nursing Process:
be capable of causing infection. Surgical asepsis, or sterile Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
technique, refers to those practices that keep an area or object free
of all microorganisms; it includes practices that destroy all Answer: 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Viruses consist primarily of
Ix)
microorganisms and spores (microscopic dormant stmcturcs nucleic acid and therefore must enter living cells in order to re»
formed by some pathogens that are very hardy and often survive produce. Fungi include yeasts and molds. Bacteria are by far the
common cleaning techniques). Surgical asepsis is used for all most common infection—causing microorganisms. Parasites live
procedures involving the sterile areas ofthc body. Sepsis is a state on other living organisms. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
of infection and can take many forms, including septic shock. Need: Physiological Integrity
lb. l’V/mtfour major categories ofmicroorganisms cause infection in 3. Answer: 4 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Fatigue is not a sign of
humans? Four major categories of microorganisms cause infection inflammation. Inflammation is a local and nonspecific defensive
in humans: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Bacteria are by far response of the tissues to an injurious or infectious agent. It is an
the most common infection-causing microorganisms. Several hun~ adaptive mechanism that destroys or dilutes the injurious agent,

Answer Key 331
prevents further spread of the injury, and promotes the repair of 8. Answer: I (Objective: ll) Rationale: The CDC recommends
damaged tissue. It is characterized by live signs: (a) pain, antimicrobial hand cleansing agents in the following situations:
(b) swelling, (c) redness, (d) heat, and (c) impaired function of the
When there are known multiple resistant bacteria
part, if the injury is severe. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
Before invasive procedures
In special care units, such as nurseries and ICUs
4. Answer: 4 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Boiling water: This is the Before caring for severely immunocompromised clients
most practical and inexpensive method for sterilizing, in the home.
The main disadvantage is that spores and some viruses are not Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological
killed by this method. Boiling a minimum of 15 minutes is ad- Integrity
vised for disinfection of articles in the home. Gas: Ethylene oxide

gas destroys microorganisms by interfering with their metabolic 9. Answer: 3 (Objective: 1 l) Rationale: Disinfectants and antiseptics
processes. It is also effective against spores. Its advantages are often have similar chemical components, but the disinfectant is a
good penetration and effectiveness for heat—sensitive items. Its more concentrated solution. A disinfectant is a chemical preparation=
major disadvantage is its toxicity to humans. Moist heat: To steri— such as phenol or iodine compounds, used on inanimate objects.
lize with moist heat (such as with an autoclave), steam under Disinfectants are frequently caustic and toxic to tissues. An
pressure is used because it attains temperatures higher than the antiseptic is a chemical preparation used on skin or tissue. A
boiling point. Radiation: Both ionizing (such as alpha, beta. and disinfectant is an agent that destroys pathogens other than spores.
x-rays) and nonionizing (ultraviolet light) radiation are used for Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
disinfection and sterilization. The main drawback to ultraviolet
light is that the rays do not penetrate deeply. Ionizing radiation is 10. Answer: 2 (Objective: IO) Rationale: Droplet precautions are
used effectively in industry to sterilize foods, drugs, and other used for clients known or suspected to have serious illnesses
items that are sensitive to heat. Its main advantage is that it is ef— transmitted by particle droplets larger than 5 microns. Airborne
fective for items difficult to sterilize; its chiefdisodvantagc is that precautions are used for clients known to have or suspected of
the equipment is very expensive. Nursing Process: Assessment having serious illnesses transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei
Client Need: Physiological Integrity smaller than 5 microns. Contact precautions are used for clients
known or suspected to have serious illnesses easily transmitted by
5. Answer: 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Acute infections generally direct client contact or by contact with items in the client’s
appear suddenly or last a short time. A chronic infection may occur environment. Connection precautions do not exist. Nursing
slowly. over a very long period, and may last months or years. Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
A local infection is limited to the specific part of the body where the
microorganisms remain. In a systemic infection. the microorganisms
spread and damage different parts of the body. Nosocomial CHAPTER 32
infections are classified as infections that are associated with the
delivery of health care services in a health care facility. Nursing
Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity Key Term Review
g 2. k 0
ON
Lu
4;
Ln
3:
6. Answer: 3 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Six links make up the chain 1'

ofinfection: the etiologic agent. or microorganism; the place
where the organism naturally resides (reservoir); a portal ofexit 7'
from the reservoir; a method (mode) oftransmission: a portal of 14
.3:
entry into a host; and the susceptibility ofthe host. Nursing
Process: Planning Client Need: Physiological Integrity
7. Answer: 2 (Objective: 4) Rationale: An antigen is a substance that

induces a state of sensitivity or immune responsiveness (immunity).
With active immunity, the host produces antibodies in response to 1-
natural antigens (cg, infectious microorganisms) or artificial 2
b. Restraints are never used for stal'l'eonvenience or client
antigens (cg, vaccines). With passive (or acquired) immunity, the .
punishment.
host receives natural (cg, from a nursing mother) or artificial (e.g.,
from an injection of immune serum) antibodies produced by another 3
source. Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins. are part ofthc .
body‘s plasma proteins. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: 4

b. Partial seizures (also called focal) involve electrical
discharges from one area of the brain.

332 Answer Key
Case Study Answers

6. Terrorism a. What preventive measures do you need to teach the couple?
7. homicide I Keep emergency numbers near the telephone, or stored for

speed dialing.
8. scald I Be sure to install smoke alarms that are operable and appro-
priately located.
9. Radiation
I Change the batteries in smoke alarms annually on a special
day, such as a birthday or January 1.
10. Risk
I Have a family “fire drill” plan. Every member needs to know the
1 1. h An intentional attack using weapons ofviruses, plan for the nearest exit from different locations of the home.
bacteria, and other infectious agents
I Keep fire extinguishers available and in working order.
f A bed or chair has a position—sensitive I Close windows and doors if possible; cover the mouth and
switch that triggers an audio alarm when the client attempts to get nose with a damp cloth when exiting through a smoke-filled
out of the bed or chair area; and avoid heavy smoke by assuming a bent position
with the head as close to the floor as possible.
a A sudden onset of excessive electrical discharges
in one or more areas of the brain lb. Explain the three categories offires.
i Safety measures taken by the nurse to protect Class A: paper, wood, upholstery, rags, ordinary rubbish
clients from injury should they have a seizure
Class B: flammable liquids and gases
1' An odorless, colorless, tasteless gas that is very Class C: electrical

toxic
b Suffocation, or , is lack of oxygen due

to interrupted breathing
1. Answer: 1, 3 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The 2014 National Patient
g The emergency response is the , or Safety Goals (NPSGs) include a goal to improve accuracy of
abdominal thrust, which can dislodge the foreign object and patient information. Aspects of this goal include using at least two
reestablish an airway patient identifiers when providing care, treatment, and services;
and eliminating transfusion errors related to patient
e Protective devices used to limit the physical activity misidentification. The other answer choices are appropriate goals
of the client or a part of the body
of the NPSGs, however, these are not aspects of the goal to
improve patient information. Nursing Process: Planning Client

c Occurs when a current travels through the body to the
ground rather than through electric wiring, or from static
electricity that builds up on the body
2. Answer: 4 (Objective: 4) Rationale: A common accident during
infancy is suffocation. Trash bags or any type of plastic bag must
d Medications such as neuroleptics, anxiolytics,
be kept out of an infant’s reach. All of the other responses by the
sedatives, and psychotropic agents used to control socially
parent are correct in preventing safety hazards in children.
disruptive behavior.
Nursing Process: Evaluation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care
Environment
12. c
3. Answer: 2 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Obtaining a driver’s license

13. b
is an important event in the life ofa U.S. adolescent, but the privi-
lege is not always wisely handled. Teenagers may use driving as

14. d
an outlet for stress, as a way to assert independence, or as a way
to impress peers, When setting limits on automobile use, parents
15. d
need to assess the teenager’s level of responsibility, common
sense, and ability to resist peer pressure. The age of the teenager
16. c
alone does not determine readiness to handle this responsibility.

Answer Key 333
Adolescents have better coordination skills than toddlers. It is not circulatory status distal to restraints and of extremities; effectiveness
necessary for an adolescent to sleep in a low bed. Lead poisoning of other available safety precautions. Nursing Process: Assessment
(plumbism) is a risk for children exposed to lead paint chips, Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
fumes frotn leaded gasoline, or any “leaded” substances. The in—
gestion oflead-based paint chips is the most common cause of 8. Answer: 1 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Avoid storing toxic liquids
lead poisoning in children, not adolescents. Adolescents would or solids in food containers, such as soft drink bottles, peanut but-
need safety training about driving an automobile, not a tricycle. terjars, or milk cartons. Display the phone number of the poison
Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Safe, Effective Care control center near or on all telephones in the home so that it is
Environment available to babysitters, family, and friends. Teach children never
to eat any part of an unknown plant or mushroom and not to put
Answer: 2 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Suicide and homicide are leaves, stems, bark, seeds, nuts, or berries from any plant into
two leading causes of death among teenagers. Adolescent males their mouths. Do not refer to medicine as candy or pretend false
commit suicide at a higher rate than adolescent females, and Afri» enjoyment when taking medications in front ofchildrcn; allow
can Americans commit homicide at a higher rate than European them to see the necessity of the medicine without glamorizing it,
Americans. Strong emotions towards friendships may be positive Nursing Process: Evaluation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care
or negative and do not directly increase the rate ofsuicide among Environment
teenagers, Suicides by firearms, drugs, and automobile exhaust
gases are the most common. Factors influencing the high suicide 9. Answer: 1 (Objective: 8) Rationale: If clients have frequent or
and homicide rates include economic deprivation. family breakup, recurrent seizures or take anticonvulsant medications. they should
and the availability of firearms, which are the most frequently wear a medical identification tag (bracelet or necklace) and carry
used weapons. Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Psycho- a card delineating any medications they take. Assist the client in
social Integrity determining which persons in the community should/must be
informed of their seizure disorder (e,g., employers, health care
Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Accidents are the leading cause providers such as dentists. motor vehicle department if driving,
of death in school-age children. Natural disasters are not one of the companions). Discuss safety precautions for inside and out of the
leading causes of death among school—age children. The most fre— home. If seizures are not well controlled, activities that may
quent causes of fatalities, in descending order, are motor vehicle require restriction or direct supervision by others include tub
crashes, drownings, fires, and firearms. School—age children are also bathing, swimming, cooking, using electric equipment or
involved in many minor accidents, frequently resulting from outdoor machinery, and driving. Discuss with the client and family factors
activities and recreational equipment such as swings. bicycles, that may precipitate a seizure. Nursing Process: Planning Client
skateboards, and swimming pools. Nursing Process: Implementa- Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
tion Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Answer: 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: All ofthe following would
Answer: 3, 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Falls are the leading cause of be a preventive measure for an older client with poor vision:
accidents among older adults, They are also a major cause of ensuring eyeglasses are functional, ensuring appropriate lighting.
hospital and nursing home admissions. Most falls occur in the home marking doorways and edges of steps as needed. and keeping the
and are a major threat to the independence of older adults. Suicide is environment tidy. Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Safe.
a leading cause ofdeath among teenagers and older adults. The Effective Care Environment
incidence ofsuicide in older adults is increasing and often goes
unnoticed when the causes are due to hidden self-destructive
behaviors, such as starvation, overdosing with medications, and CHAPTER 33
noncompliance with medical care, treatments, and medications. In
older individuals, the suicide attempt is usually more serious,
because it is truly intended to end the life, notjust to get attention as Key Term Review
is often seen in other age groups. Also. the method ofsuicide is
generally more violent in the older person, such as a gunshot wound 1-
to the head, or hanging. Natural disasters are not the leading cause of
death among older adults. Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: 7-
13,
Answer: 2 (Objective: 2) Rationale: During the nursing assessment,

all of the following should be assessed: the behavior indicating the 19. w 20. q 2l. r 22. a 23. 24. k
(m
possible need for a restraint; underlying cause for assessed behavior;

other protective measures that may be implemented before applying 25.
a restraint; status of skin to which restraint is to be applied;

334 Answer Key
2. b. Most dentists recommend that dental hygiene should begin

when the first tooth erupts and be practiced after each feeding.
3. a
4. a
5. b. Water used for the shampoo should be 405°C (105°F) for an Case Study Answers
adult or child to be comfortable and not injure the scalp.
1a. What is the proper water temperaturefor the client '5 bath? The
6. Pediculosis temperature of the bath water should be between 43°C and 46°C
(110°C and 11531:).
7. Scabies
List two reasons why a nurse should check the temperature ofthe
bath water. The nurse must check the water temperature to avoid
8. hirsutism
burning the client with water that is too hot. The water for a bath
should be changed when it becomes dirty or cold.
9. Lanugo
Why is it important to verifit the temperature ofthe waterfor this

10. Plaque
client? Clients with decreased cognitive problems will not be able
to verify the temperature.
l 1. ,,h__ Personal 7_ is the self—care by which people attend
to such functions as bathing, toileting, general body hygiene, and
grooming
i Are on all body surfaces except the lips and parts
Answer: 2, 3, 5 (Objective: 10) Rationale: When stripping and
of the genitals
making the client‘s bed, it is important to avoid shaking soiled
linen in the air because shaking can disseminate secretions and
d The , located largely in the axillae and
excretions and the microorganisms they contain. When stripping
anogenital areas, begin to function at puberty under the influence
and making a bed, the nurse can conserve time and energy by
of androgens
stripping and making up one side as much as possible before
working on the other side. The nurse should raise the bed to a
c 7 Given for physical effects, such as to soothe irrie
comfortable working height when stripping and making the bed to
tated skin or to treat an area (cg, the perineum)
avoid back strain. To avoid contamination from soiled linens, the
nurse should avoid holding the linens close to his or her uniform,
e Thickened portion of epidermis, a mass of keratotic
and should never place linens on another client’s bed. Nursing
material
Process: Implementation Client Need: Safe, Effective Care
Environment
j A keratosis caused by friction and pressure from a shoe
Answer: 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: The water for a bath should

f Deep grooves that frequently occur between the toes
feel comfortably warm to the client. People vary in their
as a result of dryness and cracking of the skin
sensitivity to heat, The bath water temperature is generally
included in the order; 37.7°C to 46°C (100°F to 1 15°F) may be
_r_a Athlete’s foot, or (ringworm ofthe foot), is
ordered for adults. All other bath water temperatures listed are too
caused by a fungus
cold or too hot. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need:
by The growing inward ofthe nail into the soft tissues
around it; most often results from improper nail trimming
Answer: 1 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Dental caries occur
frequently during the toddler period, often as a result of the
g A visible, hard deposit of plaque and dead bacteria
excessive intake of sweets or prolonged use ofthe bottle during
that forms at the gum litres
naps and at bedtime. The nurse should give parents the following
C“ 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Answer Key 335
instructions to promote and maintain dental health: Beginning at Answer: 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: The student nurse should
about 18 months of age, brush the child’s teeth with a soft perform all of the following when shaving a client with a safety
toothbrush. Use only a toothbrush moistened with water at first razor: The student nurse holds the skin taut, particularly around
and introduce toothpaste later, Use one that contains fluoride. creases, to prevent cutting the skin. The student nurse wears
Give a fluoride supplement daily or as recommended by the gloves in case facial nicks occur and she comes in contact with
physician or dentist, unless the drinking water is fluoridated. blood. The student nurse applies shaving cream or soap and water
Schedule an initial dental visit for the child at about 2 or 3 years to soften the bristles and make the skin more pliable. The student
of age or as soon as all 20 primary teeth have erupted. Some nurse holds the razor so that the blade is at a 45° angle to the skin,
dentists recommend an inspection type of visit when the child is and shaves in short. tirm strokes in the direction ofhair growth.
about 18 months old to provide an early pleasant introduction to Nursing Process: Implementation ClientNeed: Safe, Effective
the dental examination. Seek professional dental attention for any Care Environment
problems such as discoloring ofthe teeth, chipping, or signs of
infection such as redness and swelling. Nursing Process.- Answer: 1 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Appropriate actions must be
Ex'aluation Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance followed by the nurse bathing a person with dementia. The
following are just a few of the actions that must be followed:
4. Answer: I (Objective: 4) Rationale: During discharge planning Move slowly and let the person know when you are going to
for preventing dry skin the nurse should review the following move him or her. Use a supportive, calm approach and praise the
with the client: Use cleansing creams to clean the skin rather than person often. Gather everything that you will need for the bath
soap or detergent, which cause drying and, in some cases, allergic (e.g., towels, washcloths, clothes) before approaching the person.
reactions. Use bath oils, but take precautions to prevent falls Help the person feel in control. Nursing Process: Implementation
caused by slippery tub surfaces, Humidify the air with a Client/Veal: Physiological Integrity
humidifier or by keeping a tub or sink full of water. Use
moisturizing or emollient creams that contain lanolin, petroleum Answer: 2 (Objective: 10) Rationale: Before a nurse inserts a
jelly, or cocoa butter to retain skin moisture. Nursing Process: hearing aid into a patient‘s ear it is very important to perform the
Implementation Client Need: Safe. Effective Care Environment following steps: Determine from the client iftlie earmold is for
the left or the right ear. Gently press the earmold into the car
Answer: I (Objective: 4) Rationale: While washing the feet, the while rotating it backward. Inspect the earmold to identify the ear
U)
nurse should inspect the skin of the feet for breaks or red or swol- canal portion. Check that the earmold tits snugly by asking the
len areas. Use a mirror if needed to visualize all areas. The nurse client ifit feels secure and comfortable. Nursing Process: Im-
should cover the feet—except between the toesiwith creams or plementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
lotions to moisten the skin. Lotion will also soften calluses. A lo—
tion that reduces dryness effectively is a mixture of lanolin and
mineral oil. When providing foot care for a client, the nurse CHAPTER 34
should check the water temperature before immersing the feet to
prevent any burns. The nurse should wash the feet daily, and dry
them Well, especially between the toes. Nursing Process: linple- Key Term Review
mentation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
6. Answer: 4 (Objective: 4) Rationale: The client’s nail should be

cut or filed straight across beyond the end ofthe finger or toe.
Healthy nail care practices are reflected in clean, short nails with
smooth edges and intact cuticles. The client should avoid
trimming or digging into nails at the lateral corners, This
predisposes the client to ingrown toenails. Nursing Process:
Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
25.
7. Answer: 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: The nurse must evaluate the
client's understanding of measures to prevent tooth decay. Brush—

ing the teeth thoroughly after meals and at bedtime, flossing the
teeth daily, avoiding sweet foods and drinks between meals. and
having a checkup by a dentist every 6 months are just some ofthe

measures that must be understood by the client. Nursing Process:
b. Decreased RBC counts are indicative of anemia.

336 Answer Key
8 Case Study Answers

:1. Why did the health care provider order sputum specimens? The
a:
health care provider ordered an AFB to identify the presence of

organisms tuberculosis (TB).
biopsy lb. How will you collect the sputum specimens? To collect a sputum
specimen, the nurse follows these steps:
manometer
I Offer mouth care so that the specimen will not be contami-
Aspiration nated with microorganisms from the mouth.
I Ask the client to breathe deeply and then cough up 1 to 2 ta—

Hematocrit blespoons. or 15 to 30 mL (4 to 8 fluid drains), of sputum.
I Ask the client to expectorate (spit out) the sputum into the
a A person from a laboratory who performs veni—
specimen container, Make sure the sputum does not contact
puncture to collect a blood specimen for the ordered by a physician
the outside of the container, If the outside of the container
does become contaminated, wash it with a disinfectant.
e The number of RBCs per cubic millimeter of
whole blood I Following sputum collection, offer mouthwash to remove
any unpleasant taste.
c The main intracellular protein of erythrocytes
C. What PPE should you wear when you collect the sputum
f Produced in relatively constant quantities by the specimens? Wear gloves and PPE to avoid direct contact with the
muscles and is excreted by the kidneys sputum. Follow special precautions if tuberculosis is suspected,
obtaining the specimen in a room equipped with a special airflow
h Substance used in a chemical reaction to detect a system or ultraviolet light, or outdoors. If these options are not
speei lie substance available, wear a mask capable offiltering droplet nuclei.
i A measure of the solute concentration of urine and a 1d What information should you document in the Client medical
more exact measurement of urine concentration than specific gravity record after collecting the sputzmi specimens? Document the col-
lection ofthe sputum specimens on the client’s chart. Include the
j An indicator of urine concentration, or the amount of amount. color, odor. and consistency (thick, tenacious, watery) of
solutes (metabolic wastes and electrolytes) present in the urine the sputum, the presence of hemoptysis (blood in the sputum),
any measures needed to obtain the specimen (e. g.. postural drain—
g A measure of the solute concentration of the blood age), and any discomfort experienced by the client.
d Measures the percentage of red blood cells in the total How should the specimens be stored until they are transported to the
blood volume laboratotjt‘? Ensure that the specimen labels and the laboratory req—
uisitions contain the correct information. Arrange for the specimens
b Includes hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements, to be sent to the laboratory immediately or refrigerated. Bacterial
erythrocyte (RBC) count, leukocyte (WBC) count, red blood cell cultures must be started immediately before any contaminating or»
(RBC) indices, and a differential white cell count ganisms can grow, multiply, and produce false results.

Answer: 3 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The normal hematocrit
finding for an adult female is 36%—46%. The normal hemoglobin
finding for air adult female is 12 16 g/dL. The normal RBC
finding for an adult female is 4.1 5.1 million/mm}. The normal
MCV finding for an adult female is 78—102 um}. Nursing


Answer Key 337
Answer: 2 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The normal potassium serum excess fluid. A health care provider performs the procedure with
level is 3.5—5.0 mEq/L. The normal sodium serum level is 135— the assistance ofa nurse. Strict sterile technique is followed.
145 mEq/L. The normal chloride level is 95—105 mEq/L. The Normally about 1.500 mL is the maximum amount offluid
normal magnesium level is 1.5 2.5 mEq/L or 1.6—2.5 mg/dL. drained at one time to avoid hypovolcmic shock. The fluid is
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity drained very slowly for the same reason. Nursing Process: lin-
plementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
Answer: 1 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The normal hematocrit level
for an adult male is 37%49‘Vo. The normal hemoglobin level for 9. Answer: 1 (Objective: 4’) Rationale: Taking the sample from the
an adult male is 13.8 18 g/dL. Nursing Process: Assessment center ofa formed stool to ensure a uniform sample is a correct
Client Need: Physiological Integrity technique for a fecal occult blood test. Using a ballpoint pen to
label the specimens with your name, address. age, and date of
Answer: 3 (Objective: 7) Rationale: 1“ or a male client. using a specimen is a correct technique for a fecal occult blood test.
circular motion to clean the urinary meatus is the correct Avoiding contamination ofthe specimen with urine or toilet tis~
technique For a female client, the perineal area should be cleaned sue is a correct technique for a fecal occult blood test. The nurse
from front to back. Always explain to the client that a urine should state “Avoid collecting specimens during your menstrual
specimen is required, give the reason. and explain the method to period and for 3 days afterward, and while you have bleeding
be used to collect it. A nurse should always perform hand hygiene hemorrhoids or blood in your urine.” Either ofthese situations
and observe other appropriate infection control procedures. The would give a false positive to the fecal occult blood tests. Nurs-
nurse must ensure that the specimen label is attached to the ing Process: Implementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
specimen cup, not the lid, and that the laboratory requisition
provides the correct information. Nursing Process: 10. Answer: 2 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Sterile gloves are not
Implementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity necessary for obtaining a throat culture. Wearing sterile gloves
during this procedure is considered an unnecessary expense. To
Answer: 2 (Objective: 1 l) Rationale: A bone marrow biopsy is obtain a throat culture specimen. the nurse puts on clean gloves,
the removal of a specimen of bone marrow for laboratory study. then inserts the swab into the oropharynx and runs the swab along
The biopsy is used to detect specific diseases ofthe blood. such as the tonsils and areas on the pharynx that are reddened or contain
pernicious anemia and leukemia. The bones ofthe body exudate. The gag reflex, active in some clients. may be decreased
commonly used for a bone marrow biopsy are the sternum, iliac by having the client sit upright ifhcalth permits, open the mouth.
crests, anterior or posterior iliac spines. and proximal tibia in extend the tongue. and say “ah,” and by taking the specimen
children. The posterior superior iliac crest is the preferred site quickly. The sitting position and extension of the tongue help
with the client placed prone or on the side. The knee—chest. expose the pharynx; saying “ah” relaxes the throat muscles and
lithotomy. and dorsal recumbent positions are incorrect positions helps minimize contraction ofthe constrictor muscle ofthe
for a bone marrow biopsy. Nursing Process: Implementation pharynx (the gag reflex). If the posterior pharynx cannot be seen.
Client Need: Physiological Integrity use a light and depress the tongue with a tongue blade. Nursing
Process: Implementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
Answer: 4 (Objective: I 1)Rutionale: Assist the client to a dorsal
recumbent position with only one head pillow. The client remains
in this position for l to 12 hours, depending on the health care CHAPTER 35
provider’s orders. The kneeechest, lithotomy. and prone positions
are incorrect positions for recovery after a lumbar puncture. Nurs-
ing Process: Implementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
Key Term Review
Answer: 3 (Objective: 1 I) Rationale: After a client returns from a

thoraccntesis the nurse should have the client lie on the unaffected
side with the head ofthe bed elevated 30 degrees for at least 30 7.
minutes because this position facilitates expansion ofthe affected 13.
lung and cases respirations. Ifthe head of bed is elevated at a po~
sition other than 30 degrees, the client will not have case of rcspi- l‘).
ration and will not achieve proper expansion ofthe lungs. Nurs-
ing Process: Implementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity 25-
Answer: 1 (Objective: 1 1) Rationale: An abdominal paracentesis
is carried out to obtain a lluid specimen for laboratory study and

to relieve pressure on the abdominal organs due to the presence of
"C 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

338 Answer Key
Key Topic Review Answers 12.

b. Medications may have natural (e.g., plant, mineral, and animal) 13.
sources, or they must be synthesized in the laboratory.
14.
a
15.
a
16.
b. The action ofa drug in the body can be described in terms of
its half—life, the time interval required for the body’s elimina—
tion processes to reduce the concentration of the drug in the Case Study Answers
body by 50%.
la. Whal are the 10 ”rights " ofmedicarion administration?
b. Oral administration is the most common, least expensive, and
most convenient route for most clients. 1. Right medication
2. Right dose
eyes
3. Right time
intramuscular
4. Right route
vial 5. Right client
6. Right client education

bevel
7. Right documentation
plunger
8. Right to refuse
a The written direction for the preparation and
9. Right assessment
administration ofa drug
10. Right evaluation
d A drug’s name given by the drug manufacturer
~ . ' . 1b. The Compazine is available in an ampule. How will you properly
e The study of the effect ot drugs on livmg organisms
prepare the C0271pazirzeflom the ampule?
g A book containing a list of products used in medi- a. Check the label on the ampule carefully against the MAR to
cine, with descriptions of the product, chemical tests for deter- make sure that the correct medication is being prepared.
mining identity and purity, and formulas and prescriptions b. Perform drug calculations as necessary to determine amount
of medication to prepare.
i A secondary effect of a drug, one that is unintended
c. Follow the three checks for administering medications: Read
i Deleterious effects of a drug on an organism or the label on the medication (1) when it is taken from the med—
tissue that results from overdosage, ingestion of a drug intended ication cart, (2) before withdrawing the medication, and
for external use, and buildup of the drug in the blood because of (3) after withdrawing the medication.
impaired metabolism or excretion (cumulative effect)
d. Organize the equipment.
AThe _ ofa drug, also referred to as the

0. Perform hand hygiene and observe other appropriate infection
desired effect, is the primary effect intended, that is, the reason control procedures.
the drug is prescribed.
f. Flick the upper stem ofthe ampule several times with a fingernail.
f The art ofpreparing, compounding, and dispensing
Use an ampule opener or place a piece ofsterile gauze or
no
drugs
alcohol wipe between your thumb and the ampule neck or
around the ampule neck, and break offthe top by bending it
0 Given before a drug officially becomes an ap—
toward you to ensure the ampule is broken away from
proved medication
yourself and away from others or place the antiseptic wipe
packet over the top of the ampule before breaking off the top.
b A substance administered for the diagnosis, cure,
treatment, or relief of a symptom or for prevention of disease.

Answer Key 339
Dispose of the top ofthe ampule in the sharps container. n. Clean the site with an antiseptic swab using circular motions
and beginning in the center moving about 5 cm outward.
Place the ampule on a flat surface.
0. Transfer and hold the swab between the third and fourth fin-
Attach the filter needle/straw to the syringe.
gers of your nondominant hand in readiness for needle with-
Remove the cap from the filter needle and insert the needle drawal, or position the swab on the client’s skin above the in-
into the center ofthe ampule. Do not touch the rim of the am- tended site. Allow skin to dry prior to injecting medication.
pule with the needle tip or shaft.
p. Remove the needle cover and discard without contaminating
With a single-dose ampulc, hold the ampule slightly on its the needle.
side, if necessary, to obtain more than the ordered amount of
q. Use the ulnar side of the nondominant hand to pull the skin
medication
approximately 2.5 cm (1 in.) to the side. Under some
Dispose of the filter needle by placing it in a sharps container. circumstances, such as for an emaciated client or an infant.
the muscle may be pinched.
Replace the filter needle with a regular needle, tighten the cap
at the hub ofthe needle, and push solution into the needle, to r. Holding the syringe between the thumb and forefinger (as if
the prescribed amount. holding a pen), pierce the skin quickly and smoothly at a 90"
angle, in a dart—like motion, and insert the needle into the
1c. Describe the process of administering Compulinc by intramuscu— muscle.
lar injection. 5. Hold the barrel of the syringe steady with your nondominant
a. Check the label on the medication carefully against the MAR hand and aspirate by pulling back on the plunger with your
to make sure that the correct medication is being prepared. dominant hand. Aspiratc for 5 to 10 seconds. If blood
appears in the syringe, withdraw the needle, discard the
Follow the three checks for administering the medication and
syringe, and prepare a new injection.
dose: Read the label on the medication (i) when it is taken
from the medication cart, (2) before withdrawing the t. lfblood does not appear, inject the medication steadily and
medication, and (3) after withdrawing the medication. slowly (approximately 10 seconds per milliliter) while hold-
ing the syringe steady.
Confirm that the dose is correct.
u. After injection, wait 10 seconds to permit the medication to
Perform hand hygiene and observe other appropriate infection
disperse into the muscle tissue, thus decreasing the client‘s
control procedures (cg. clean gloves).
discomfort.
Provide for client privacy.
v. Withdraw the needle smoothly at the same angle ofinsertion.
Prior to performing the procedure, introduce self and verify
w. Apply gentle pressure at the site with a dry sponge,
the client’s identity using agency protocol.
x It is not necessary to massage the area at the site ofinjection.
Assist the client to a supine, lateral, prone, or sitting position,
(in
depending on the chosen site. Ifthe target muscle is the glu— y. lfbleeding occurs, apply pressure with a dry sterile gauze un—
teus medius (ventrogluteal site), have the client in the supine til it stops.
position flex the kneets); in the lateral position, flex the upper
7.. Activate the needle safety device or discard the uncapped
leg: and in the prone position. toe in.
needle and attached syringe into the proper receptacle.
Obtain assistance in immobilizing an uncooperative client.
aa. Remove and dispose ofgloves. Perform hand hygiene.
Explain the purpose of the medication and how it will help,
bb. Document all relevant information. Include the time of admin-
using language that the client can understand. lnclude rele—
istration, drug name, dose, route, and the client’s reactions.
vant information about effects of the medication.
cc. Assess effectiveness of the medication at the time it is
Select a site free of skin lesions, tenderness, swelling, hard—
expected to act.
ness, or localized inflammation and one that has not been
used ti'equently.
Ifinjections are to be frequent, alternate sites. Avoid using Review Question Answers
the same site twice in a row.
1. Answer: 1 (Objective: 16) Rationale: The type ofsyringe used
Locate the exact site for the injection.
for subcutaneous injections depends on the medication to be giv-
. Apply clean gloves. en. Generally a 2—mL syringe is used for most subcutaneous injec-
tions. Needle sizes and lengths are selected based on the client’s

340 Answer Key
body mass, the intended angle of insertion, and the planned site. 2.2 lb: 1 kg
Generally a #25—gauge, 5/8—inch needle is used for adults of nor»
mal weight and the needle is inserted at a 45° angle; a 3/8-inch llOlbzxkg
needle is used at a 900 angle. A child may need a l/2—ineh needle
inserted at a 45° angle. One method nurses use to determine 110><l
X'r
length of needle is to pinch the tissue at the site and select a nee— 2.2
dle length that is halfthe width ofthe skinfold. To determine the
angle of insertion, a general rule to follow relates to the amount of
:SOkg
tissue that can be bunched or grasped at the site, A 45° angle is
used when 1 inch of tissue can be grasped at the site; a 90° angle
Any other amount listed is incorrect. Nursing Process:
is used when 2 inches of tissue can be grasped. Nursing Process:
Implementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
Implementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
Answer: 1 (Objective: 1) Rationale: A drug that produces the

Ix)
Answer: 1 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Erythromycin 500 mg is

same type of response as the physiological or endogenous
ordered. It is supplied in a liquid form containing 250 mg in
substance is called an agonist. Conversely, a drug that inhibits cell
5 mL. To calculate the dosage, the nurse uses the formula
function by occupying receptor sites is called an antagonist. The
antagonist prevents natural body substances or other drugs from Dose on hand (250 mg) desired dose (500 mg)
activating the functions of the cell by occupying the receptor
Quantity on hand (5 mL) quantity desired (x)
sites. A receptor, usually a protein, is located on the surface of a
cell membrane or within the cell. A cell membrane contains
Then the nurse cross multiplies:
receptors for physiological or endogenous-substances such as
hormones and neurotransmitters. Biotransformation, also called
250x : 5 mL >< 500mg
detoxification or metabolism, is a process by which a drug is
converted to a less active form. Most biotransformation takes 5 mL X 500 mg
.r :
place in the liver, where many drug-metabolizing enzymes in the 250 mg
cells detoxify the drugs. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
x : 10 ml,
Therefore, the dose ordered is 10 mL. The nurse can also use this
3. Answer: 2 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Drug habituation denotes a
formula to calculate dosages:
mild form of psychological dependence. The individual develops
the habit of taking the substance and feels better after taking it.
desired dose
The habituated individual tends to continue the habit even though Amount to administer (x) = ——-——
it may be injurious to health. Drug dependence is a person’s reli— dose on hand
ance on or need to take a drug or substance. The two types of de— >< quantity on hand
pendence, physiological and psychological, may occur separately

or together. Physiological dependence is due to biochemical Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: Physiological
changes in body tissues, especially the nervous system. These tis- Integrity
sues come to require the substance for normal functioning. A de—
pendent person who stops using the drug experiences withdrawal Answer: 1 (Objective: l4) Rationale: When handling a syringe,
symptoms. Psychological dependence is emotional reliance on a the nurse may touch the outside of the barrel and the handle of the
drug to maintain a sense of well-being, accompanied by feelings plunger; however, the nurse must avoid letting any unsterile ob—
of need or cravings for that drug. There are varying degrees of ject touch the tip or inside ofthe barrel, the shaft of the plunger,
psychological dependence, ranging from mild desire to craving or the shaft or tip of the needle. Nursing Process: Implementation
and compulsive use of the drug. Nursing Process: Planning Client Neel]: Physiological Integrity
Answer: 4 (Objective: l7) Rationale: The client should remain in
4. Answer: 2 (Objective: 7) Rationale: When converting pounds to the left lateral or supine position for at least 5 minutes to help rc-
kilograms: The pound is a smaller unit than the kilogram. and the tain the suppository. Assist the client to a left lateral or left Sims”
nurse converts by dividing or multiplying by 2.2: position, with the upper leg flexed. Unwrap the suppository and
lubricate the smooth, rounded end, or see manufacturer’s instruc—
2.2 lb: 1 kg tions. The rounded end is usually inserted first and lubricant re—
duces irritation of the mucosa. Press the client’s buttocks together
llOlb=xkg for a few minutes. Nursing Process: Implementation Client
C) 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Answer Key 341
8. Answer: 1 (Obiective: 17) Rationale: Explain that the client may 3.

experience a feeling of fullness, warmth. and, occasionally. dis-
comfort when the fluid comes in contact with the tympanic mem- 4, b. Because an inadequate intake of calories, protein, vitamins,
brane. Insert the tip of the syringe into the auditory meatus, and and iron is believed to be a risk factor for pressure ulcer
direct the solution gently upward against the top of the canal. The development, nutritional supplements should be considered
solution will flow around the entire canal and out at the bottom. for nutritionally compromised clients.
The solution is instilled gently because strong pressure from the
fluid can cause discomfort and damage the tympanic membrane. 5,
Straighten the ear canal prior to inserting the tip of the syringe
and during the procedure. After the procedure the nurse should 6. health
place a cotton ball, not a cotton-tipped applicator. in the auditory
meatus to absorb the excess fluid. Nursing Process: Implementa- 7. maceration
tion Client Need: Physiological Integrity
cleaning
9. Answer: 2 (Objective: l7) Rationale: The client needs to remain
lying in the supine position for 5 to 10 minutes following the 9. piston
insertion. Gently insert the applicator into the vagina about 5 cm
(2 in.). Slowly push the plunger untilthc applicator is empty. 10. skin
Remove the applicator and place it on the towel. The applicator is
put on the towel to prevent the spread of microorganisms. Discard ll. i_ A force acting parallel to the skin surface
the applicator ifdisposable or clean it according to the manufac-
turer’s directions Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: __J A reduction in the amount and control of
Physiological Integrity movement a person has
10, Answer: 3 (Objective: l7) Rationale: When applying a transdermal a Renewal ot‘tissues
patch the nurse must select a clean, dry area that is free ofhair and
matches the manufacturer’s recommendations. The nurse should b The cessation ofblecding that results from
then remove the patch from its protective covering, holding it with- vasoeonstriction of the larger blood vessels in the affected area,
out touching the adhesive edges, and apply it by pressing firmly with retraction (drawing back) of injured blood vessels, the deposition of
the palm of the hand for about 10 seconds. Nursing Process: Im— fibrin (connective tissue), and the formation of blood clots in the area
plementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
It A whitish protein substance that adds tensile
strength to the wound
CHAPTER 36
c A material, such as fluid and cells, that has es-
caped from blood vessels during the inflammatory process and is
Key Term Review deposited in tissue or on tissue surfaces
f The washing or flushing out of an area
_ d A strip ofcloth used to wrap some part of the

body
7 g Any lesion caused by unrelieved pressure

(a compressing downward force on a body area) that results in
damage to underlying tissue, as defined by the U.S. Public Health
u.
Id
\\'
Service‘s Panel for the Prediction and Prevention of Pressure
Ulcers in Adults
Key Topic Review Answers c A deficiency in the blood supply to the tissue
2. b, Hypoproteinemia is an abnormally low protein content in the

blood.

342 Answer Key
14. b
15. a 1 Answer: 1 (Objective: 6) Rationale: A purulent exudate is thicker
than serous exudate because ofthe presence of pus, which
16. c consists of leukocytes, liquefied dead tissue debris, and dead and
living bacteria. A serosanguineous (consisting ofclear and blood-

tinged drainage) exudate is commonly seen in surgical incisions.
Case Study Answers A serous exudate consists chiefly of serum (the clear portion of
the blood) derived from blood and the serous membranes ofthe
la. Explain the local effects afcold. The physiological effects of cold body, such as the peritoneum. It looks watery and has few cells.
are opposite to the effects oflreat. Cold lowers the temperature of A sanguineous (hemorrhagic) exudate consists of large amounts
the skin and underlying tissues and causes vasoconstriction. of red blood cells, indicating damage to capillaries that is severe
Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the affected area and thus enough to allow the escape of red blood cells from plasma. This
reduces the supply of oxygen and metabolites. decreases the type of exudate is frequently seen in open wounds. Nursing
removal ofwastes, and produces skin pallor and coolness. Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
Prolonged exposure to cold results in impaired circulation, cell
deprivation, and subsequent damage to the tissues from lack of 2_ Answer: 3 (Objective: l6) Rationale: In applying electric pads,
oxygen and nourishment. The signs oftissue damage due to cold the nurse needs to teach the client the following guidelines:
are a bluish—purple mottled appearance of the skin, numbness, and
sometimes blisters and pain. Cold is most often used for sports I Do not insert sharp objects (e.g., pins) into the pad. The pin
injuries (e.g., sprains, strains, fractures) to limit postinjury could damage a wire and cause an electric shock.
swelling and bleeding.
I Ensure that the body area is dry unless there is a waterproof
cover on the pad. Electricity in the presence of water can
lb. Explain the systemic efi’ects of cold. With extensive cold
cause a shock.
applications and vasoconstriction, a client’s blood pressure can
increase because blood is shunted from the cutaneous circulation I Use pads with a preset heating switch so a client cannot in—
to the internal blood vessels. Shivering, a generalized effect of crease the heat.
prolonged cold, is a normal response as the body attempts to I Do not place the pad under the client. Heat will not dissipate, V
warm itself. and the client may be burned. Nursing Process: Implementa-
tion Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment.
1c. List some indications for applying ice to the injured ankle.
Indicators include muscle spasms, inflammation, pain, and
Answer: 4 (Objective: l6) Rationale: The following temperatures
traumatic injury.
ofthe water in the bag are considered safe in most situations and
provide the desired effect: normal adult and child over 2 years,
ld. Summarize the guidelines a nurse sliouldfollowfor all local cold
46°C to 52°C (115°F to I250F); debilitated or unconscious adult,
applications. or child under 2 years, 405°C to 46°C (lt)5"F to 115°F). The
client fills the bag two thirds full with water. After filling the bag
I Determine the client’s ability to tolerate the therapy.
with water the client dries the bag and holds it upside down to test
I Identify conditions that might contraindicate treatment it for leakage. The client expels the remaining air out of the bag
(cg, bleeding, circulatory impairment). before securing the top. Nursing Process: Implementation Client
l Explain the application to the client. Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment
I Assess the skin area to which the cold will be applied.

Answer: 4 (Objective: l3) Rationale: The bandage should be firm,
I Ask the client to report any discomfort. but not too tight. Ask the client if the bandage feels comfortable. A
tight bandage can interfere with blood circulation, whereas a loose
I Return to the client 15 minutes after starting the cold applica-
bandage does not provide adequate protection. Bandages can be
tion and observe the local skin area for any untoward signs
used to support a wound (e.g., a fractured bone). Bandages can also
(e.g.. redness). Stop the application if any problems occur.
be used to immobilize a wound (cg, a strained shoulder). Bandages
I Remove the equipment at the designated time, and dispose of can be used to apply pressure (cg, elastic bandages on the lower
it appropriately. extremities to improve venous blood flow). Nursing Process:

I Examine the area to which the heat or cold was applied, and
record the client’s response.
Answer: 3 (Objective: [3) Rationale: Dressings are applied for
the following purposes: to protect the wotrnd from mechanical

Answer Key 343
injury, to prevent hemorrhage (when applied as a pressure organisms would be found in deep wounds, tunnels, and cavities.
dressing or with elastic bandages), to provide thermal insulation, Administer an analgesic 30 minutes before the procedure if the client
and to protect the wound from microbial contamination. Nursing is complaining of pain at the wound sitc. Nursing Process:
Process: Planning Client Need: Physiological Integrity Assesstnent Client Need: Physiological Integrity
6. Answer: 3 (Objective: l3) Rationale: Transparent dressings are

often applied to wounds including ttlcerated or burned skin areas. CHAPTER 37
These dressings offer several advantages: they are elastic; they
catt be placed over ajoint without disrupting the client‘s mobility;
they act as temporary skin; and they are nonporous. nonabsorbent, Key Term Review
sell-adhesive dressings that do not require changing as other
dressings do. They are often left in place until healing has oc—
curred or as long as they remain intact, and adhere only to the

skin area around the wound and not to the wound itself because
they keep the wound moist. Nursing Process: Implementation
13.
19.
Answer: 3 (Objective: I4) Rationale: Black wounds are covered
with thick necrotic tissue, or eschar. Black wounds require deb—
(13
ridement (removal of the necrotic material). Removal ofnonvia—
ble tissue from a wound mttst occur before the wound can be
staged or heal. Wounds that are red are usually in the late regen-
eration phase oftissuc repair (i.e., developing granulation tissue).
They need to be protected to avoid disturbance to regenerating
b. The preoperative phase begins when the decision to have
tissue. Yellow wounds are characterized primarily by liquid to
surgery is made and ends when the client is transferred to the
semiliquid “slough” that is often accompanied by purulent drain»
operating table.
age or previous infection. The nurse cleanses yellow wounds to
remove nonviable tissue. Blue is not part ofthe RYB color code
Id
of wounds. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physio-

logical Integrity
it. Adequate nutrition is required for normal tissue repair.
Answer: 2 (Objective: 10) Rationale: Any at-risk client confined to

bedgeven when a special support mattress is used~should be re—
positioned at least every 2 hours, depending on the client’s need, to
allow another body surface to bear the weight. Six body positions
can usually be used: prone, supine. r1ght and tell lateral (side—lying),
6. circulatory
and right and left Sims positions. When a lateral position is used, the
nurse should avoid positioning the client directly on the trochanter

suture
and instead position the client on a 30° angle. A written schedule
should be established for turning and repositioning. A knee~chest
sedation
position would ttot be appropriate. Nursing Process: Implementa—
clot
Answer: I (Objective: 8) Rationale: Albumin is an important

closed
indicator of nutritional status. A value below 3.5 g/dL indicates
poor nutrition and may increase the risk ofpoor healing and in—
Begins with the admission ol‘the client to the postan—
fection. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological
esthesia urea and ends when healing is complete
Integrity
i A technique in which the anesthetic agent is injected

Answer: 2 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Check the medical orders. not
into and around a nerve or small nerve group that supplies sensa-
the progress notes, to determine if the specimen is to be collected for
tion to a small area ofthc body
an aerobic (growing only iii the presence of oxygen) or anaerobic
(growing only in the absence of oxygen) culture. Aerobic organisms
g Used most often for procedures involving the arm.
are generally found on the surface of the wound. whereas anaerobic
wrist. and hand

344 Answer Key
h An injection of an anesthetic agent into the epidural niques that preserve skin integrity. Electric clippers or a depilato»
space, the area inside the spinal column but outside the dura mater ry cream should be used to reduce the risk of traumatizing the
skin during hair removal. Ifa dcpilatory is used, hypersensitivity
f The passage ofblood through the vessels testing is performed prior to applying it to the surgical site. Skin
trauma and abrasions increase the risk ofmicroorganisms colo-
a Begins when the decision to have surgery is made nizing the surgical site. lfhair is to be removed, it is done as close
and ends when the client is transferred to the operating table to the time of surgery as possible and not in the vicinity ofthe
sterile field to avoid dispersal ofloose hair and potential contami-
e (Infiltration) is injected into a specific area and is nation ofthe sterile field.
used for minor surgical procedures such as suturing a small
wound or performing a biopsy
j Applied directly to the skin and mucous membranes,
open skin surfaces, wounds, and burns Answer: 2 (Objective: 2) Rationale: The intraoperative phase
begins when the client is transferred to the operating table and
d The temporary interruption of the transmission of ends when the client is admitted to the postanesthesia care unit
nerve impulses to and from a specific area or region of the body (PACU), also called the postanesthetic room or recovery room.
The preoperative phase begins when the decision to have surgery
b Begins when the client is transferred to the operating is made and ends when the client is transferred to the operating
table and ends when the client is admitted to the postanesthesia table. The postoperative phase begins with the admission of the
care unit (PACU), also called the postanesthetic room or recovery client to the postanesthesia area and ends when healing is
I'OOlTl complete Surgery is a unique experience of a planned physical

alteration encompassing three phases: preoperative,
intraoperative, and postoperative. These three phases are together
referred to as the perioperative period. Nursing Process: Planning
Answer: 4 (Objective: 10) Rationale: Antibiotics would not be as

much ofa risk as the other medications listed. The regular use of
certain medications can increase surgical risk. Consider these
examples:
I Anticoagulants increase blood coagulation time.

I Tranquilizers may interact with anesthetics, increasing the
risk of respiratory depression.
Case Study Answers Diuretics may affect fluid and electrolyte balance.
Corticosteroids may interfere with wound healing and in-

1a. Define major surgery and minor surgery. Major surgery involves
crease the risk of infection.
a high degree ofrisk for a variety of reasons: It may be compli—
cated or prolonged, large losses of blood may occur, vital organs Clients may be unaware of the potential adverse interactions of
may be involved, or postoperative complications may be likely. medications and may fail to report the use of medications for con—
Minor surgery normally involves little risk, produces few compli- ditions unrelated to the indication for surgery. The astute nurse in»
cations, and is often performed in an outpatient setting. terviewer should question the client and family about the use of
commonly prescribed medications, over—the—counter preparations.
Give two examples of major surgery and two examples of minor and any herbal remedies for specific conditions mentioned during
surgery. Major surgery examples are organ transplant and open the nursing history. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
heart surgery. Minor surgery examples are breast biopsy and knce Safe, Effective Care Environment
surgery,
Answer: 1 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Clean the surgical site and

Why wouldyou need to remove the hair on the client’s abdomen
surrounding areas. This can be accomplished before the surgical prep
be are surgery? llair would be removed from the surgical site one
by having the client shower and shampoo or wash the surgical site
ly if it interferes with the surgical procedure. Remove hair from
before arriving in the surgical setting, or by washing the surgical site
the surgical site only when necessary or according to the primary
in the surgical setting immediately before applying an antimicrobial
care practitioner’s orders or institutional policies and procedures.
agent. Prepare the surgical site and surrounding area with an
Personnel skilled in hair removal should remove hair using tech—
antimicrobial agent when indicated. A nontoxic antimicrobial agent

Answer Key 345
with a broad range of germicidal action is used to inhibit the growth 8. Answer: ] (Objective: 12) Rationale: Draw up the ordered volume
of microorganisms during and following the surgical procedure. The of irrigating solution in the syringe; 30 mL of solution per
agent selected depends on the client’s history of hypersensitivity instillation is usual, but up to 60 mL may be given per instillation if
reactions. the location ofthc surgical site, and the skin condition. The ordered. Attach the syringe to the nasogastric tube and slowly inject
area prepared needs to be large enough to accommodate an extension the solution. Gently aspirate the solution. Foreet‘ul withdrawal could
of the incision and any potential drain sites or additional incisions it‘ damage the gastric mucosa. Nursing Process: Implementation
needed. Remove hair from the surgicai site only when necessary or Client Need: Physiological Integrity
according to the primary care practitioner’s orders or institutional
policies and procedures. Document surgical skin preparation in the 9. Answer: 1 (Objective: 6) Rationale: The student nurse should assist
client’s record. Documentation should include the skin condition, the client to a lying position in bed. Reach inside the stocking from
including any growths, abrasions, or rashes: hair removal and the the top and, grasping the heel, turn the upper portion of the stocking
techniques used, if performed; the skin preparation, including inside out so the foot portion is inside the stocking leg. Have the
cleansing and antimicrobial agent applied; who performed the client point his or her toes, then position the stocking on the client’s
preoperative skin preparation; and any adverse or hypersensitivity foot. Ease the stocking over the toes, taking care to place the toe and
responses noted. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Safe, heel portions of the stocking appropriately. Nursing Process:
Effective Care Environment Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
4. Answer: 4 (Objective: 1 l ) Rationale: The nurse wears sterile 10. Answer: 4 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Atelectasis is a condition in
gloves, not exam gloves. Before removing skin sutures, the nurse which alveoli collapse and are not ventilated. Thrombophlebitis is
needs to verify the orders for suture removal (in many instances, inflammation of the veins, usually of the legs and associated with a
only alternate interrupted sutures are removed one day, and the blood clot. Pulmonary embolism is a blood clot that has moved to
remaining sutures are removed a day or two later) and whether a the lungs and blocks a pulmonary artery, thus obstructing blood flow
dressing is to be applied following the suture removal. The nurse to a portion ofthe lung. Pneumonia is inflammation of the alveoli.
will grasp the suture at the knot with a pair offorceps. Sutures are Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Physiological Integrity
cut as close to the skin as possible on one side ofthc visible part
because the suture material that is visible to the eye is in contact
with resident bacteria of the skin and must not be pulled beneath CHAPTER 38
the skin during removal. Suture material that is beneath the skin is
considered free from bacteria. Nursing Process: Implementation
Key Term Review
Answer: 3 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Instruct the client to report

U:
promptly to the primary care practitioner any increasing redness,

swelling, pain, or discharge from the incision or drain sites. Instruct
the client to use pain medications as ordered. not allowing pain to

become severe before taking the prescribed dose. Teach the client to
avoid using alcohol or other central nervous system depressants
while taking narcotic analgesics. Emphasize the importance of ade—
quate rest for healing and immune function. Nursing Process: Plan—
ning Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
6. Answer: 2 (Objective: 10) Rationale: The proper technique is to
place the bulk of the dressing over the drain area and below the
drain, depending on the client‘s usual position. Sterile gloves must
2. b. Stereognosis refers to the ability to perceive and understand
be worn during the procedure. The dressing should be secured with
an object through touch by its size, shape, and texture.
tape or ties. The sterile dressings are applied one at a time over the
drain and the incision. Nursing Process: Evaluation Client Need:
3, a
4. a
7. Answer: 1 (Objective: 9) Rationale: The client should hold his or
her breath for 2 to 3 seconds. The client should be in a sitting posi-
5. b. Sensory deprivation is generally thought of as a decrease in or
tion. The client should exhale slowly through the mouth. The Client
lack of meaningful stimuli.
should inhale slowly and evenly through the nose until the greatest
chest expansion is achieved. Nursing Process: Evaluation Client
6. perception

346 Answer Key
stress Older adult clients with a hearing loss have difficulty understanding
fast speech. Research indicates that the older adult’s ability to
culture process fast verbal information is slower and that rapid speech
allows for less time for the older adult to recognize the acoustic or
attention auditory cues ot‘thc speech. An individual who speaks with an
accent can also affect speech understanding by the older adult
overload Normative English speakers may vary their pronunciation of
syllables and/or words, making it challenging for the older adult.
[low can environmental stimuli be atlftistctlfor this client? The

client functions best when the environment is somewhat similar to
that of the individual’s ordinary daily life. Sometimes nurses need
to take steps to adjust the client’s environment to prevent either
sensory overload or sensory deprivation.

1. Answer: 2 (Objective: 8) Rationale: The following guidelines
Case Study Answers should be adhered to by nurses:
I Always announce your presence when entering the client‘s

la. ”"770! actions .S’liOll/(Iyolt take to help will? the client '3 visual
room and identify yourself by name.
impairment?
I Speak in a warm and pleasant tone of voice. Some people tend

I Orient the client to the arrangement of room furnishings and
to speak louder than necessary when talking to a blind person.
maintain an uncluttered environment.
I Always explain what you are about to do before touching the
I Keep pathways clear and do not rearrange furniture without
person.
orienting the client. Ensure that housekeeping personnel are
I Explain the sounds in the environment.
informed about this.
I Organize self—care articles within the client’s reach and orient I Stay in the client’s field of vision if the client has a partial
the client to her location. vision loss.
I Indicate when the conversation has ended and when you are
I Keep the call light within easy reach and place the bed in the
low position. leaving the room.
The nurse should not speak in an overly loud voice in an attempt
I Assist with ambulation by standing at the client’s side, walk— for the client to hear the nurse.
ing about 1 foot ahead, and allowing her to grasp your arm.
Confirm whether the client prefers grasping your arm with Nursing Process: Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
the dominant or nondominant hand.
lb. What actions slzoula’you take to help with the client ’s hearing Answer: 2 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Delirium alertness fluctuates.
impairments? Clients with hearing impairments who are unable to The client may be alert and oriented during the day but become
hear the alarms of IV pumps and cardiac monitors need to be

confused and disoriented at night. The level ofalenness ofa
assessed frequently. They can be taught to use their visual sense to client with dementia is generally normal. Delusions and
identify kinks in the 1V tubing or a loose ECG lead, and so on. For hallucinations are not described in terms of lluctuating alertness.
home safety, clients with impaired hearing need to obtain devices Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Physiological integrity
that either amplify sounds or respond with flashing lights to sounds

such as a doorbell or smoke detector, 3 baby crying, or a burglar
Answer: 1 (Objective: 7) Rationale: The nurse shorrld teach the
alarm. The sounds of doorbells and alarm clocks may be amplified client the following: wear protective eye goggles when using
or changed to a lower frequency or buzzer—like sound. These devices power tools, riding motorcycles, spraying chemicals, and so on.
can be obtained from hearing aid dealers, telephone companies, and Wear ear protectors when working in an environment with high
appliance stores. An important consequence ofa decline in hearing noise levels or brief loud impulse noises (e.g., blasting). Wear
as an individual ages is difficulty understanding speech. Factors that dark glasses with UV protection to avoid damage from ultraviolet
influence this difficulty are the environment, rate of speech, and rays and never look directly into the sun. Have regular health ex-
presence of an accent. Environments that are noisy and reverberant aminations. Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Health
(echoing, hollow sounds) cause difficulty for old adult listeners.

Answer Key 347
Answer: 4 (Objectives: 7. 8) Rationale: Eliminate unnecessary l Olfactory sense identification of specific aromas.
noise. Reinforce reality by interpreting unfamiliar sounds, sights,
l Gustatory sense—identification of three tastes such as
and smells; correct any misconceptions of events or situations.
lemon. salt. and sugar.
Address the person by name and introduce yourself frequently:
“Good morning, Mr. Richards. I am Betty Brown. I will be your I Tactile sense test light touch, sharp and dull sensation, two»
nurse today.“ Identify time and place as indicated: "Today is point discrimination, hot and cold sensation, vibration sense,
December 5, and it is 8:00 in the morning.” Ask the client. “Can position sense, and stereognosis.
you tell me where you are right now?" and orient the client to Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
place (eg, nursing home) ifindicated. Nursing Process:
Implementation Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
Answer: 2 (Objective: 7) Rationale: The spouse should get the

CHAPTER 39
following: a phone dialer with large numbers, reading material
with large noncursive print, an amplified telephone, and a Key Term Review
magnifying glass. Nursing Process: Evaluation Client Need:
Answer: 2, 4 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The nurse should inform

the client beforehand of the care to be provided, not during the
care. The nurse should also provide oral care, perform range—0t1
motion exercises, and provide aromatic stimuli. Too much

environmental stimuli can be very distressing to a client. The
client is unconscious and should not be assisted to the commode. Key Topic Review Answers
Nursing Process: Planning Client Neel]: Physiological Integrity
Answer: 2 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Stereognosis is the ability to

perceive and understand an object through touch by its size, b. A client's attitude to a newly acquired disability is often the
shape, and texture. Sensory reception is the process of receiving determining factor in successful rehabilitation.
stimuli or data. Sensory perception involves the conscious
organization and translation of data or stimuli into meaningful
information. Sensor-istasis is the term used to describe when an
individual is in optimal arousal. Nursing Process: Assessment
Answer: I (Objectives: 7, 8) Rationale: Encourage the client to

use eyeglasses and hearing aids during waking hours. Address the
positive
client by nnrne and touch the client what- speaking tram is not
culturally offensive. Provide a telephone, radio and/or TV, clock, self
and calendar. Encourage the use of self-stimulation techniques
such as singing, humming, whistling, or reciting. Nursing Specific
strength
Answer: 3 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Gustatoryi‘Have you
experienced any changes in taste?" Visuali"When did you last
idenl
visit an eye doctor?” Auditoryi‘llave you experienced any
dizziness or vertigo?” Olfactory—"Can you distinguish foods by
their odors and tell when something is burning?” Nursing
Answer: 2 (Objective: I)Rationale: Specific sensory tests include:
I Visual acuity «use a Snellen chart or other reading material,

such as a newspaper, and visual fields.
I Hearing acuityvobscrve the client‘s conversation with

others and perform the whisper test and the Weber and Rinne
tuning fork tests.
((5) 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

348 Answer Key
Case Study Answers I Noticc and verbally reinforce client strengths.
I Provide honest, positive feedback. . ,.

in. What nursing techniques may help clients analyze the problem
and enhance sol/iconcept? I Encourage the setting of attainable goals.
Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity

I Encourage clients to appraise the situation and express their
feelings.
Answer: 1 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Guidelines for conducting a
I Encourage clients to ask questions, psychosocial assessment include the following:
I Provide accurate information. I Create a quiet, private environment.

I Become aware of distortions, inappropriate or unrealistic I Minimize interruptions ifpossible.
standards, and faulty labels in clients” speech.
I Maintain appropriate eye contact.
I Explore clients” positive qualities and strengths.
I Sit at eye level with the Client.
I Encourage clients to express positive self-evaluation more than
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
negative self—evaluation.
I Avoid criticism. Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Guidelines for conducting a
I Teach clients to substitute negative self—talk (“I can’t walk to psychosocial assessment include the following:
the store anymore”) with positive self—talk (“I can walk half a
I Indicate acceptance ofthe client by not criticizing, frowning,
block each morning"). Negative self-talk reinforces a nega-
or demonstrating shock.
tive self-concept.
I Ask open»cnded questions to encourage the client to talk rather
lb. Listfive strevsom that afloat selficoncept. (Student trill clmoscfiva) than close-ended questions that tend to block free sharing.
I Minimize the writing ol‘detailed notes during the interview

I Change in physical appearance (cg, facial wrinkles)
because this can create client concern that confidential mate-
l Declining physical, mental, or sensory abilities rial is being “recorded” as well as interfere with your ability
to focus on what the client is saying. v"
I Inability to achieve goals
l Avoid asking more personal questions than are actually
I Relationship concerns
needed.
I Sexuality concerns
I Unrealistic ideal self
Answer: 4 (Objective: 5) Rationale: The question “What are your

1c. During your assessment, what questions snot/[dyou ask the client?
responsibilities in the family?” is used to assess role performance
I How would you describe your personal characteristics? or and family relationships.
How do you see yourself as a person?
The following are questions to determine a client’s self-esteem:
I How do others describe you as a person?
I Are you satisfied with your life?
I What do you like about yourself?
I How do you feel about yourself?
I What do you do well?
I Are you accomplishing what you want?
I What are your personal strengths, talents, and abilities?
I What would you change about yourself ifyou could? Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
I Does it bother you a great deal if you think someone doesn’t

like you? Answer: 1 (Objective: 5) Rationale: To enhance her son’s seltl
esteem she would take the following actions:
Review Question Answers I Give him opportunities to “practice” who he is.
I Allow him to explore and experiment with the world around

1. Answer: 1 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Nurses can employ the
him.
following specific strategies to reinforce strengths:
I Allow him to express himself as a unique individual.
I Stress positive thinking rather than self—negation,

Answer Key 349
I Encouraging him to stay connected with all memories would CHAPTER 40

not be the best answer. This would be more appropriate for
an elderly patient.
Key Term Review
Nursing Process: Evaluation Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
Answer: 2 (Objective: 5) Rationale: The question “What are your
F.
:3
i:
(to
relationships like with your other relatives?" is used to assess
family relationships. The following questions are appropriate to
ask a client when assessing body image:
I Is there any part ot‘ your body you would like to change?
I Are you comfortable discussing your surgery?
I How do you feel about your appearance?

Answer: 3 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The ideal selfis the individ— b. The development of sexuality begins with conception and
ual’s perception of how one should behave based on certain per- continues throughout the life span.
sonal standards, aspirations, goals. and wines. Global self refers
to the collective beliet's and images one holds about oneself Body
image is how a person perceives the size, appearance, and t‘unc‘
tioning ofthe body and its parts Self-concept is one‘s mental im- b, Once gender identity is established, it cannot be easily changed.
b)
age ot‘onesclt‘. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Psye

chosocial Integrity
Answer: 4 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Erikson's stages of psychosocial

development are as follows:
responsibilities
I Middle adulthood stage: generath ity vs. stagnation
I Adolescence: identity vs. role confusion condom
I Early adulthood: intimacy vs, isolation

brain
I Older adults: integrity vs. despair
arousal
Androgyny
Answer: 2 (Objective: 4) Rationale: People undergoing role strain
are frustrated because they feel or are made to feel inadequate or _g Painful menstruation
unsuited to a role. Role strain is often associated with sex-role
stereotypes. Role conflicts arise from opposing or incompatible _a How one values oneself as a sexual being
expectations. Role ambiguity occurs when expectations are unclear,
and people do not know what to do or how to do it and are unable to J4_ One‘s self—image as a female or male
predict the reactions of others to their behaVior. Role development
involves socialization into a particular role, Nursing Process: 7177 The outward expression oi‘a person’s sense of
Assessment Client Ne rd: Psychosocial Integrity maleness or femaleness as well as the expression ofwhat is per—
ceived as gender-appropriate behavior
Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Change or loss ot'job or
other significant role, loss ot‘tinancial security, abusive i Flexibility in gender roles, the beliel‘that most
relationship, and unrealistic expectations are considered stressors characteristics and behaviors arc human qualities that should not
affecting self-concept. Nursing Process: Assessment Client be limited to one specific gender or the other
Neel]: Psychosocial Integrity
h One’s attraction to people of the same sex, other
sex. or both sexes

350 Answer Key
c The ongoing love affair that each ofus has with Follow safe sex practices during oral sex, including the use
ourselves throughout our lifetime of a latex dental dam during cunnilingus to prevent STl
transmission.
0 The involuntary climax of sexual tension, accom—
Talk openly with sexual partners about how to have “safer
panied by physiological and psychological release
sex” and be honest about any history of an STl.
f The period of return to the unaroused state; may Abstain from high-risk sexual activity with a partner known
last 10 to l5 minutes after orgasm, or longer if there is no orgasm to have or suspected of having an STI.
Report to a health care facility for examination whenever in

d A severe distaste for sexual activity or the thought doubt about possible exposure or when signs of an STI are
of sexual activity, which then leads to a phobic avoidance of sex evident.
When an STI is diagnosed, notify all partners and encourage

them to seek treatment.
13. Avoid transfusions of banked blood or blood products. Use

autologous transfusions (donation of own blood before sur—
14. gery) for elective surgery whenever possible.
Summarize the nursing strategies to deal with the client ’5 inap—

Case Study Answers propriate sexual behavior.
1a. Explain how to provide client teachingfar testicular self- I Communicate that the behavior is not acceptable by saying, for
examination, example, “I really do not like the things you are saying,” or “I
see you are not dressed. I will be back in 10 minutes and will
Choose one day ofeach month (cg, the first or last day of each help you with breakfast when you get your clothes on.”
month) to examine yourself.
Tell the client how the behavior makes you feel: “When you
Examine yoursell‘ when you are taking a warm shower or act like that toward me, I am very uncomfortable. lt embar-
bath. rasses me and makes it hard for me to give you the kind of
Support the testicle underneath with one hand. Place the fin- nursing care you need.”
gers of the other hand under the testicle and the thumb on top Identify the behavior you expect: “Please call me by my
(this may be easier to do ifthe leg on that side is raised). name, not ‘l-loney’” or “I expect you to keep yourself cov-
Roll each testicle between the thumb and fingers of your ered when I am in the room. If you are feeling hot or some-
hand, feeling for lumps, thickening, or a hardening in con- thing is uncomfortable, let me know, and I will try to make
sistency. you more comfortable.”
The testes should feel smooth. Palpate the epididymis, a Set firm limits: Take the client’s hand and move it away, use
eordlike structure on the top and back of the testicle. The ep- direct eye contact, and say, “Don’t do that!”
ididymis feels soft and not as smooth as a testicle. Try to refocus clients from the inappropriate behavior to
Locate the spermatic cord, or vas deferens, which extends their real concerns and fears; offer to discuss sexuality con—
upward from the scrotum toward the base of the penis. It cerns: “All morning you have been making very personal
should feel firm and smooth. sexual comments about yourself. Sometimes people talk like
that when they are concerned about the sexual part of their
Using a mirror, inspect your testicles for swelling, any en—
life and how their illness will affect them. Are there things
largement, or lumps in the skin of the testicle.
that you have questions about or would like to talk about?”
Promptly report any lumps or other changes to your health
Report the incident to your nursing instructor, charge nurse,
care provider.
or clinical nurse specialist. Discuss the incident, your feel-
ings, and possible interventions.

lb. Explain how to prevent the transmission ofS775 and HIV.
Assign a nurse who will confront the behavior and relate to
Limit the number ofsexual partners. the client in a consistent manner.
Use condoms in nonmonogamous and homosexual relation— Clarify the consequences of continued inappropriate behav~
ships or other relationships that have the potential for ST] ior (avoidance, withdrawal of services, no chance to help re—
transmission. solve underlying concerns of client).

Answer Key 351
Review Question Answers 7. Answer: 2 (Objective: 1) Rationale: The orgasmic phase is the
involuntary climax of sexual tension, accompanied by physiologi—
1. Answer: 4 (Objective: 8) Rationale: When an $11 is diagnosed, cal and psychological release. The response cycle starts in the
notify all partners and encourage them to seek treatment. Use ofcon- brain, with conscious sexual desires called the desire phase. The
doms should occur in nonmonogamous and homosexual relation— resolution phase, the period of return to the unaroused state. may
ships, or other relationships that have the potential for STI transmis- last 10 to 15 minutes after orgasm, or longer iftherc is no orgasm.
sion. Follow safe sex practices during oral sex, including the use ofa Myotonia, an increase oftension in muscles, may increase until
latex dental dam during cunnilingus to prevent STl transmission. Re— released by orgasm, or it may also simply fade away. Nursing
port to a health care facility for examination whenever in doubt about Process: Assessment Ciient Need: Physiological Integrity
possible exposure or when signs ofan STI are evident. Nursing Pro-
cess: Planning Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. Answer: 1 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Body image, a central part of
the sense of self, is constantly changing. Gender identity is one’s
2. Answer: 2 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Press the breast tissue against self—image as a female or male. Gender-role behavior is the out-
the chest wall firmly enough to know how your breast feels. A ridge ward expression of a person’s sense of maleness or femaleness as
of firm tissue in the lower curve of each breast is normal. Use the well as the expression of what is perceived as gender-appropriate
fuiger pads (tips) of the three middle fingers (held together) on your behavior. Androgyny, or flexibility in gender roles, is the belief
left hand to feel for lumps. Use small circular motions systematically that most characteristics and behaviors are human qualities that
all the way around the breast as many times as necessary until the should not be limited to one specific gender or the other. Nursing
entire breast is covered. Look for any change in size or shape; lumps Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
or thickenings; any rashes or other skin irritations; dimpled or puck-
ered skin; any discharge or change in the nipples. Nursing Process: 9. Answer: 2 (Objective: 9) Rationale: “Preorgasmic women have
Evaluation Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance experienced an orgasm“ is an incorrect statement. The following
statements would not need any further education: “Preorgusmic
Answer: 4 (Objective: 8) Rationale: The correct statement should women have never experienced an orgasm.“ “Rapid ejaculation is
Lu
have been: “I will report the incident to my nursing instructor, one of the most common sexual dysfunctions among men.” “Vul-
charge nurse. or clinical nurse specialist.” The following state» vodyniu is constant, unremitting burning that is localized to the
ments would be correct: “I will communicate that the behavior is vulva with an acute onset.” “Vesti/mlitis causes severe pain only
not acceptable.” “1 will identify the behavior I expect.” “I will set on touch or attempted vaginal entry." Nursing Process: Evalua-
firm limits with the client.” Nursing Process: Evaluation Client tion Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
10. Answer: 1 (Objective: 3) Rationale: One technique nurses can use
4. Answer: 1 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Vaginal diaphragms, cervi- to help clients with altered sexual function is the PLISSIT model.
cal caps, and condoms are mechanical barriers of contracep- developed by Annon (1974) for this purpose. The model involves
tion, not chemical ones. Chemical barriers include insertion of four progressive levels represented by the acronym PLISSIT:
spermicidal foams, creams, jellies, or suppositories into the vagi—
P Permission giving
na before intercourse. Surgical sterilization . tubal ligation and
LI Limited information
vasectomy, is an effective contraception method. Intrauterine de»
Vices (IUDs) may be used for contraception. Nursing Process: SS Specific suggestions
Planning Client Need: Physiological Integrity IT Intensive therapy
The following are incorrect choices: PLIISIT, PLLISSIT, PLISIT.

5. Answer: 2 (Objective: 9) Rationale: The following statement by
the nurse would be correct: “Diuretics decrease vaginal lubrica—
tion.” The following statements would be correct: “Antipsychot—

ics decrease sexual desire.” “Narcotics inhibit sexual desire and
CHAPTER 41
response.” “Barbiturates in large amounts decrease sexual desire.”
Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Physiological Integrity
Key Term Review
6. Answer: 4 (Objective: 9) Rationale: “Alcohol is a sexual
I. f 2. j 3. m 4. b
a.
:r
57
stimulant” is an incorrect statement. Alcohol is a relaxant and

central nervous system depressant The following statements
would be correct: “Sexual ability is not lost due to age.” “There is
no evidence that sexual activity weakens a person.” “Chronic
alcoholism is associated with erectile dysfunction.” Nursing
Process: Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
r“
352 Answer Key
Key Topic Review Answers Case Study Answers

b. Spirituality generally involves a belief in a relationship with la. The client asksyou to pray with him. Describe some oft/7e guide-
some higher power, creative force, divine being, or infinite lines you s/touldfbl/ow.
SOUI'CC Of energy.
I Prayers with clients should only be done when there is mutual

a agreement between the clients and those praying with them.
L)
I Nurses who are unaccustomed to praying aloud or in public

a
may find it helpful to have a formal prayer or a scriptural
a passage readily available,
I Because prayer can evoke deep feelings, the nurse may need
a
to spend time with the client following a prayer to enable the
client to express these feelings.
kosher
I The nurse’s goal when praying with the client is to facilitate
Presencing the client’s prayer and not to self—disclose his or her own re-
ligious beliefs.
planning
Summarize the practice guidelines you shouldfollow to support

Sacred lb'
the client ’5 religious practices.
forgiveness
I Create a trusting relationship with the client so that any
Vf To believe in or be committed to something or religious concerns or practices can be openly discussed and
addressed.
someone
I If unsure ot‘client religious needs. ask how nurses can assist
g A concept that incorporates spirituality in having these needs met. Avoid relying on personal as—
sumptions when caring for clients.

Ad_ ‘ The beliefin more than one God
I Do not discuss personal spiritual beliefs with a client unless
ihkg The belief in the existence ofone God the client requests it.
I Inform clients and family caregivers about spiritual support

_ 7c77 One without belief in a God
available at your institution (e.g., chapel or meditation room,
chaplain services).
__i _ A person who doubts the existence of God or a
supreme being or believes the existence of God has not been proved I Remember the difference between facilitatirig/supporting a
client’s religious practice and participating in it yourself.
¥_b_fi_ An organized system of beliefs and practices
I All spiritual interventions must be done within agency
A challenge to the spiritual we11«being or to the guidelines.

_a;
belief system that provides strength, hope, and meaning to life
lc. Give some €.\‘fliii])lE’S ofspiritual needs that would be related to
j_ ls manifested by a feeling of being “generally others.

alive, purposeful, and fulfilled"
I Need to forgive or be forgiven by others.
e Refers to that part of being human that seeks incan—
I Need to cope with loss ofloved ones
ingfulness through intra—, inter—. and transpersonal connection

Answer: 4 (Objective: 5) Rationale: It is important for nurses to
understand health-related information about specific religions.
SeventhiDay AdventistsAAvoid unnecessary treatments on Sat-
urday (Sabbath). Sabbath begins Friday sundown. ends Saturday

sundown Adventists prefer restful, spirit—nurturing. family activi-
ties on Sabbaths. Buddhistsi -Facilitate meditation (may desire
TC) 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Answer Key 353
incense, visual focal point, use breathing or chanting, etc.). Jeho— practices, and cultures of the area in which you are working.”
vah’s WitnessesfiAbstain from most blood products; need to dis- Nursing Process: Evaluation Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
cuss alternative treatments such as blood conservation strategies,
autologous techniques, hematopoietic agents, nonblood volume 7. Answer: 4 (Obj eetive: l) Rationale: Personalizing the prayer is an
expanders. and so on; contact local Jehovah‘s Witness hospital li- appropriate practice guideline for praying with clients. The fol»
aison committee. Latter-Day Saints (LDS or Mormons)— rAvoid lowing statements are also appropriate practice guidelines for
alcohol, caffeine, smoking. Prefer to wear temple undergarments. praying with clients: “Clients’ preferences for prayer reflect their
Arrange for priestly blessing if requested. Nursing Process: As— personalities." “Before praying, assess what they would like for
sessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity you to pray." “Prayer may be the springboard to further discus-
sion or catharsis.” Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need:
Answer: 1 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Religion is an organized Psychosocial Integrity

system of beliefs and practices. It offers a way of spiritual expres-
sion that provides guidance for believers in responding to life’s 8. Answer: 3 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Muslims follow the practice
questions and challenges. Spiritual distress refers to a challenge to of prayer fives times a day, and the Muslim client may need assis-
the spiritual well—being or to the belief system that provides tance to maintain this commitment. Nursing Process: Assessment
strength, hope, and meaning to life. Spiritual health, or spiritual Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
well-being, is manifested by a feeling of being “generally alive,
purposeful, and fulfilled.” Spirituality refers to that part of being 9. Answer: 4 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Planning in relation to
human that seeks meaningfulness through intraa, inter-, and spiritual needs should be designed to do one or more of the
transpersonal connection. Nursing Process: Assessment Client following:
I Promote a sense of hope.
Answer: 2 (Objective: l)Rationale: An atheist is an individual I Help the client fulfill religious obligations.
without beliefin a God. An agnostic is an individual who doubts
I Help the client draw on and use inner resources more effec-
the existence of God or a supreme being or believes the existence
tively to meet the present situation.
ot‘God has not been proved. Monothcism is the beliefin the ex-
istence oi‘one God, while polytheism is the belici'in more than I Ilelp the client find meaning in existence and the present sit-
one god. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Psychoso— uation.
cial Integrity
Answer: 2 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Orthodox Jews do not eat
shellfish or pork. Buddhists and Hindus are generally vegetarian, 10. Answer: 4 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The need to cope with loss
not wanting to take life to support life. Members ofthe Church of oi‘loved ones is a need related to others. Needs related to the self
Jesus Christ ofLatter—Day Saints (LDS or Mormons) do not drink include:
caffeinated or alcoholic beverages. Nursing Process: Assessment
Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity I Need for meaning and purpose
I Need to express creativity

Answer: 2 (Objective: 1) Rationale: “Being there in a way that is
I Need for hope
meaningful to yourself" is incorrect. The following statements are
correct: “Being there in a way that is meaningful to another per-
son,” “Giving ofself in the present moment." “Listening, with
full awareness ofthe privilege ofdoing so.” “Being available with
all Ofthe self." Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need:
CHAPTER 42
6. Answer: 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: “Always discuss personal

Key Term Review
spiritual beliefs with a client” is incorrect. The following
statements would demonstrate practice guidelines that support I
religious practices: “Do not discuss personal spiritual beliefs with
5
a Client unless the client requests it. Create a trusting 7

E
W
D.
0
00
0
.
.D
relationship with the client so that any religious concerns or

practices can be openly discussed and addressed.” “If unsure of 13.
client religious needs, ask how nurses can assist in having these
needs met.” “Acquaint yourselfwith the religions, spiritual 22. k
’0 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

354 Answer Key
Key Topic Review Answers 12. c
1 a 13. a V
2. a 14. d
3. a 15. a
4. b. Self—control (discipline) is assuming a manner and facial 16. c

expression that convey a sense of being in control or in charge.
5. b. Structuring is the arrangement or manipulation ofa situation Case Study Answers

so that threatening events do not occur.
1a. What level of anxietv is the client most likely experiencing? The
6. Suppression client is most likely experiencing severe anxietyfisee Table 42 —2

in the text.
7. Fantasy
lb. Describe various methods you could teach the client to minimize
8. Coping stress and anxiety.
I Listen attentively; try to understand the client’s perspective

9. intervention
on the situation.
1 0. strategy I Provide an atmosphere of warmth and trust; convey a sense

ofcaring and empathy.
1 l. e Unconscious psychological adaptive mechanisms or,
I Determine ifit is appropriate to encourage the client’s partic-
according to Sigmund Freud (1946), mental mechanisms that devel—
ipation in the plan of care; give the client choices about seine
op as the personality attempts to defend itself, establish compromis-
aspects of care but do not overwhelm the client with choices.
es among conflicting impulses, and calm inner tensions
I Stay with the client as needed to promote safety and feelings of
f 7 An extreme feeling of sadness, despair, dejection, security and to reduce fear.
lack oi‘wor’th, or emptiness; affects millions of Americans 21 year I Control the environment to minimize additional stressors,
such as by reducing noise, limiting the number of individuals
c An emotional state consisting ofa subjective feel- in the room, and providing care by the same nurse as much
ing of animosity or strong displeasure as possible.
I Implement suicide precautions ifindicated.

j An emotion or feeling of apprehension aroused by
impending or seeming danger, pain, or other perceived threat I C ommunicate in short, clear sentences.
I Help the client to

_h A state of mental uneasiness, apprehension, dread, or
a. Determine situations that precipitate anxiety and identify
foreboding or a feeling of helplessness related to an impending or
signs of anxiety.
anticipated unidentified threat to self or significant relationships
b. Verbalize feelings, perceptions, and fears as appropriate.
b When the body‘s adaptation takes place Some cultures discourage the expression of feelings.
c. Identify personal strengths.

i When the changes produced in the body during the d. Recognize usual coping patients and differentiate posi«
shock phase are reversed tive from negative coping mechanisms.
0. identify new strategies for managing stress (cg. exer-

a The stressor may be perceived consciously or
cise, massage, progressive relaxation).
unconsciously by the person
f. Identify available support systems.
g One organ or a part ofthe body reacts alone I Teach the client about:
a. The importance of adequate exercise, a balanced diet,
d Any event or stimulus that causes an individual to and rest and sleep to energize the body and enhance cop-
experience stress ing abilities.

Answer Key 355
b. Support groups available such as Alcoholics Anony- I Develop collegial support groups to deal with feelings and
mous, Weight Watchers or Overeaters Anonymous, and anxieties generated in the work setting.
parenting and child abuse support groups,
I Get involved in constructive change efforts iforganizational
c. Educational programs available such as time managc~
policies and procedures cause stress.
ment, assertiveness training, and meditation groups.
I Learn to say no.
Erp/ain lite difference between anxiety ant/flan: The source of
I Establish a regular exercise program to direct energy
anxiety may not be identifiable; the source of fear is identifiable.
outward.
Anxiety is related to the future, that is. to an anticipated event. Fear
is related to the present. Anxiety is vague, whereas fear is definite. Nursing Process: Iinpletnentation Client Need: Psychosocial
Anxiety is the result of psychological or emotional conflict; fear is Integrity
the result ofa discrete physical or psychological entity.
Review Question Answers I The adolescent is characterized by changing physique, rela-

tionships involving sexual attraction, exploring independ-
Answer: 2 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The client is experiencing
ence, choosing a career.
moderate anxiety as evidenced by voice tremors and pitch changes,
facial twitches. shakiness, and slightly elevated respiratory and I The young adult is characterized by getting married, leaving
heart rates, and she told you “I feel like 1 have butterflies in my home, managing a home, getting started in an occupation,
stomach.” Mild anxiety would be characterized by mild restless- continuing one’s education, having children.
ness, sleeplessness, increased verbalization, feelings of increased
I The middle adult is characterized by physical changes of ag-
arousal and alertness. and no changes in respiratory and heart rates.
ing, maintaining social status and standard ofliving, helping
Severe anxiety is characterized by communication difficulties; in»
teenage children to become independent, aging parents.
creased motor activity; inability to relax, focus, and concentrate;
case ofdistraetibility; tachycardia; and hyperventilation. Panic anx- I The older adult is characterized by decreasing physical abili-
iety is Characterized by increased motor activity, agitation, unpre— ties and health, changes in residence, retirement and reduced
dictable responses, distorted or exaggerated perception, dyspnea, income, death of spouse altd friends
palpitations, choking, chest pain, and a feeling ofimpcnding doom.
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
Answer: 1 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The source of anxiety may Answer: 1 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Displacement is the
I»)
not be identifiable; the source of fear is identifiable. Anxiety is transferring or discharging of emotional reactions from one object
related to the future, that is, to an anticipated event. Fear is related or person to another object or person. An example would be when
to the present. Anxiety is vague, whereas fear is definite. Anxiety a husband and wife have an argument, the husband becomes so
is the result ot‘psyctioiogipat or emotional conflict: fear is the angry he hits a door instead of his wife. Denial is an attempt to
result ofa discrete physical or psychological entity. Nursing screen or ignore unacceptable realities by ret'usrng to
Process: Evaluation Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity acknowledge them. An example would be a woman who, though
told her father has metastatic cancer, continues to plan a family
Answer: 1 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Try to understand the mean~ reunion 18 months in advance. Projection is a process in which
ing of the client’s anger. After the interaction is completed, take blame is attached to others or the environment for unacceptable
time to process your feelings and your responses to the client with desires, thoughts, shortcomings, and mistakes. An example would
your colleagues. Let clients talk about their anger. Listen to the be a mother who is told that her child must repeat a grade in
client, and act as calmly as possible. Nursing Process: Implemen— school, and the mother blames this on the teacher’s poor
tation Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity instruction. Substitution is the replacement ofa highly valued,
unacceptable. or unavailable object by a less valuable. acceptable.
Answer.- 3 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Nurses can prevent burnout or available object. An example would be a woman who wants to
by using the techniques to manage stress discussed for clients. marry a man exactly like her deceased father, and settles for
Nurses must first recognize their stress and become attuned to someone whose appearance resembles her father’s. . Nursing
such responses as feelings of being overwhelmed, fatigue, angry Process: Assessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
outbursts, physical illness. and increases in coffee drinking.
smoking, or substance abuse. Once attuned to stress and personal Answer: 2 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Regression is resorting to an
reactions, it is necessary to identify which situations produce the earlier, more comfortable level of lunctioning that is
most pronounced reactions so that steps may be taken to reduce characteristically less demanding and responsible. An example
the stress. Suggestions include:

356 Answer Key
would be an adult who throws a temper tantrum when he does not I Sweat production (diaphoresis) increases to control elevated
get his own way. Repression is an unconscious mechanism by body heat due to increased metabolism.
which threatening thoughts. feelings, and desires are kept from
I Heart rate and cardiac output increase to transport nutrients
becoming conscious; the repressed material is denied entry into
and by-products ofmctabolism more efficiently.
consciousness. An example would be a teenager who. having seen
his best friend killed in a car crash, becomes amnesic about the I Skin is pallid because of constriction ofperipheral blood
circumstances surrounding the accident. Reaction formation is a vessels. an effect ofnorepinephrine.
mechanism that causes people to act exactly opposite to the way
Nursing Process: Evaluation Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
they feel. An example would be an executive who resents his
bosses for calling in a consulting firm to make recommendations
for change in his department, but verbalizes complete support of
the idea and is exceedingly polite and cooperative.
CHAPTER 43
Rationalization is justification of certain behaviors by faulty logic
and ascribing motives that are socially acceptable but did not in
fact inspire the behavior. An example would be a mother who
Key Term Review
spanks her toddler too hard and says it was all right because he 1. r 2. d 3. w 4. u 5. 11
couldn’t feel it through the diaper anyway. Nursing Process:
Answer: 4 (Objective: 9) Rationale: To minimize stress and anxiety

111
the nurse should communicate in short, clear sentences; provide an
atmosphere ofwarmth and trust; convey a sense of caring and empa»

thy; listen attentively; try to understand the client’s perspective on the
situation; and control the environment to minimize additional stress-
ors. such as by reducing noise. limiting the number ofindividuals in Key Topic Review Answers
the room, and providing care by the same nurse as much as possible.
Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity 1 a
Answer: 3 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Common characteristics of 2. b. Anticipatory loss is experienced before the loss actually occurs.
crises include:
3. a
I All crises are experienced as sudden. The person is usually not
aware of a warning signal, even if others could “see it coming.”
4. a
The individual or family may feel that they had little or no
preparation for the event or trauma. 5. a
I The crisis is often experienced as ultimately life threatening,
whether this perception is realistic or not. 6. mortis
I Communication with significant others is often decreased or

7. Algor
cut off.
I There may be perceived or real displacement from familiar 8. mortieian/undcrtaker

surroundings or loved ones.
9. shroud
I All crises have an aspect ofloss, whether actual or perceived.
The losses can include an object, a person, a hope, a dream,

10. Hopelessness
or any significant factor for that individual.
Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity 11. c
12. c
10. Answer: 1 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The clinical manifestations
of stress include:
13. d
I Pupils dilate to increase visual perception when serious
threats to the body arise. 14. c

Answer Key 357
influenced by culture, spiritual beliefs, and custom. Loss is an actual

or potential situation in which something that is valued is changed or
no longer available. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
Answer: 1 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Rigor inortis is the stiffening

ofthe body that occurs about 2 to 4 hours after death. It results
from a lack of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which causes the
muscles to contract. which in turn immobilizes lhcjoints. Rigor
mortis starts in the involuntary muscles (heart, bladder, and so
on), then progresses to the head, neck, and trunk, and finally
reaches the extremities. All other times are incorrect. Nursing

Case Study Answers
Answer: I (Objective: 2) Rationale: Denial occurs when an
Which type afloss is the client experiencing? The Client is individual refuses to believe that loss is happening, or is unready
experiencing an actual loss because it can be recognized by to deal with practical problems. such as a prosthesis after loss of
others. leg. A client in denial may assume artificial checrfulness to pro-
long denial. Anger is when a client or family is hostile toward a
Explain grief bereavement, and mourning. Grief is the total
[Q
staff member about matters that normally would not bother them.
response to the emotional experience related to loss. Griefis Bargaining occurs when one seeks to bargain to avoid loss. The
manifested in thoughts. feelings, and behaviors associated with bargaining client may express feelings of guilt or fear of punish—
overwhelming distress or sorrow. Bereavement is the subjective ment for past sins, real or imagined. Depression occurs when one
response experienced by the surviving loved ones after the death gricvcs over what has happened and what cannot be. The dc«
ofa person with whom they have shared a significant pressed client may talk freely (e.g.. reviewing past losses such as
relationship. Mourning is the behavioral process through which money or job) or may withdraw. Nursing Process: Assessment
gricfis eventually resolved or altered; it is often influenced by Client Need: Psychosocial integrity
culture. spiritual beliefs, and custom, Grief and mourning are
experienced not only by the individual who faces the death ofa Answer: 1 (Objective: 2) Rationale: During the shock and
loved one. but also by the individual who suffers other kinds of disbeliefstage. the client refuses to accept loss, has stunned
losses. Grieving is essential for good mental and physical health. feelings, and accepts the situation intellectually but denies it
It permits the individual to cope with the loss gradually and to emotionally. During the developing awareness stage, reality of
accept it as part ofreality. Griefis a social process; it is best loss begins to penetrate consciousness. and anger may be directed
shared and carried out with the assistance ofothers. at the agency, nurses, or others. During the restitution stage, the
List/bur appropriate questions to ask during the assessment. client conducts rituals ofinourning (cg, funeral). During the
stage ofresolving the loss. the client attempts to deal with the
I Are you having trouble sleeping? Eating? Concentrating? painful void, is still unable to accept a new love object to replace
Breathing? the lost person or object. may accept a more dependent
relationship with a support person, and thinks over and talks
I Do you have any pain or other new physical problems?
about memories of the lost person or object. Nursing Process:
I What are you doing to help you deal with this loss? Assessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
I Are you taking any drugs or medications to help you cope
with this loss? Answer: 2 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Conservanon/withdrawal-
during this phase. survivors feel a need to be alone to conserve
and replenish both physical and emotional energy. The social
Review Question Answers support available to the bereaved has decreased, and they may ex—
perience despair and helplessness. The healing phase is the turn-
1. Answer: 2 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Bereavement is the subjective
ing point. During this phase. the bereaved move from distress
response experienced by the surviving loved ones after the death of a
about living without their loved one to learning to live more inde-
person with whom they have shared a significant relationship. Grief
pendently. Awareness oflossiduring this phase the friends and
is the total response to the emotional experience related to loss. Grief
family resume normal activities. The bereaved experience the full
is manifested in thoughts, feelings. and behaviors associated with
significance oftlteir loss. Shock—during this phase the survivors
overwhelming distress or sorrow. Mourning is the behavioral pro—
are left with feelings of confusion, unreality, and disbelieftliat the
cess through which grief is eventually resolved or altered; it is often
loss has occurred. They are often unable to process the normal

358 Answer Key
thought sequences. This phase may last from a few minutes to I 12 to 18 years—Fears a lingering death.
many days. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Psycho»
social Integrity Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity
6. Answer: 1 (Objective: 7) Rationale: For an unconscious client Answer: 3 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Nursing personnel may be
experiencing airway clearance problems, the nursing student responsible for care ofa body after death. Normally the body is
would put the client in a lateral position. For a conscious client placed in a supine position with the arms either at the sides, palms
down, or across the abdomen. Dentures are usually inserted to
with an airway clearance problem, the nursing student would
place him in Fowler’s position. Ifthe client is diaphoretic, the help give the face a natural appearance. The mouth is then closed.
nursing student would give the client frequent baths, change the One pillow is placed under the head and shoulders to prevent
linen, and regularly change the client‘s position. The nursing stu- blood from discoloring the face by settling in it. The eyelids are
dent would provide skin care to the client in response to inconti- closed and held in place for a few seconds so they remain closed.
All jewelry is removed, except a wedding band in some instances,
nence of urine or feces. Nursing Process: Implementation Client
Need: Physiological Integrity which is taped to the finger. Nursing Process: Implementation
7, Answer: 4 (Objective: 6) Rationale: The dying person’s bill of

rights includes:
CHAPTER 44
I I have the right not to die alone.
I I have the right to express my feelings and emotions about

Key Term Review
my approaching death in my own way.
o
d 2. l 3.
.U'
0‘
4;
(IO
I I have the right to expect continuing medical and nursing
attention even though cure goals must be changed to comfort
goals.
I I have the right to be free from pain.
8. Answer: 4 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Clinical manifestations of

impending clinical death include:
I Slower and weaker pulse
I Difficulty swallowing and gradual loss ofthe gag reflex
I Mottling and cyanosis of the extremities

I\)
I Rapid, shallow, irregular, or abnormally slow respirations

Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: Physiological
Integrity
9. Answer: I (Objective: 4) Rationale:
I Infancy to 5 yearsADoes not understand concept of death.

Infant’s sense ot‘separation forms basis for later understand—
ing ofloss and death, Believes death is reversible, a tempo- Hypertrophy
rary departure, or sleep. Emphasizes immobility and inactivi-
ty as attributes of death. Osteoporosis
I 5 to 9 years-—Understands that death is final. Believes own atrophy

death can be avoided. Associates death with aggression or
violence, Believes wishes or unrelated actions can be respon» contracture
sible for death.
ankylosed
I 9 to 12 yearsAUnderstands death as the inevitable end of
life. Begins to understand own mortality, expressed as inter-
e The ability to move freely, easily, rhythmically, and .H
est in afterlife or as fear of death.
purposefully in the environment; is an essential part of living

Answer Key 359
a Bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle I Instruct in the availability of assistive ambulatory devices
contraction that increases energy expenditure and correct use ofthem.
I Discuss pain control measures required before exercise.

b A type ofphysieal activity defined as a planned,
structured, and repetitive bodily movement performed to improve
Preventing Injury
or maintain one or more components of physical fitness
I Provide assistive devices for moving and transferring, \vhcnev»
0 Exercise in which the muscle shortens to produce er possible, and teach safe transfer and ambulation techniques.
muscle contraction and active movement I Discuss safety measures to avoid falls (cg, locking wheel-
chairs, wearing appropriate footwear. using rubber tips on
i Exercise in which there is muscle contraction with»
crutches, keeping the environment safe, and using mechani—
out moving thejoint (muscle length does not change)
cal aids such as a raised toilet seat, grab bars. urinal. and
bedpan or commode to facilitate toileting).
g__ Involve muscle contraction or tension against
resistance; thus, they can be either isotonic or isometric I Teach the use of proper body mechanics, especially for those
times when assistive equipment is not used.
d Activity during which the amount ol'oxygen taken
I Teach ways to prevent postural hypotension.
in by the body is greater than that used to perform the activity
Managing Energy to Prevent Fatigue
f Involves activity in which the muscles cannot draw
out enough oxygen from the bloodstream, and anaerobic path- I Discuss activity and rest patterns and develop a plan as indi-
ways are used to provide additional energy for a short time cated; intersperse rest periods with activity periods.
I Discuss ways to minimize fatigue such as performing activi-

i Air circulating into and out ofthe lungs ties more slowly and for shorter periods, resting more often.
and using more assistance as required.
_ h A condition in which the bones become brittle and
I Provide information about available resources to help with
fragile due to calcium depletion
ADLs and home maintenance management.
I Teach ways to increase energy (cg, increasing intake of

high~energy foods, ensuring adequate rest and sleep. control-
ling pain, sharing feelings with a trusted listener).
I Teach techniques to monitor activity tolerance as appropriate.
Preventing Back Injuries
I Understand that the use of body mechanics will not neces-

sarily prevent injury ifmanually handling a load greater than
51 pounds without the use ot’assistive (lcvrccs.
Case Study Answers
I Avoid lifting anything greater than 51 pounds' use assistive
Provide the client and the client 'rflzmily education about the equipment, get help from coworkers, and participate in the
following topics: purchasing/ordering process of appropriate assistive equip-
ment for your work setting.
Maintaining Museuloskeletal Function
I Become consciously aware of your posture and body
I Teach the systematic performance of passive or assistive
mechanics.
ROM exercises to maintainjoint mobility.
I When standing for a period ot‘time, periodically move legs and
I Demonstrate, as appropriate, the proper way to perform iso—
hips, and flex one hip and knee and rest your foot on an object
tonic, isometric, or isokinetic exercises to maintain muscle
ifpossible.
mass and tone (collaborate with the physical therapist about
these). Incorporate ADLs into exercise program if appropriate. I When sitting, keep your knees slightly higher than your hips.
I Provide a written schedule for the type, frequency. and dura- I Use a firm mattress and soft pillow that provide good body
tion of exercises; encourage the use ofa progress graph or supp01t at natural body curvatures.
Chart to facilitate adherence with the therapy. I Exercise regularly to maintain overall physical condition and
I Offer an ambulation schedule. regulate weight; include exercises that strengthen the pelvic.
abdominal. and spinal muscles.

360 Answer Key
I Avoid movements that cause pain or require spinal flexion with I Never leave a client unattended on a stretcher unless the wheels
straight legs (e.g., toe-touching and sit»ups) or spinal rotation are locked and the side rails are raised on both sides and/or the
(twisting). safety straps are securely fastened across the client.
I When moving an object, spread your feet apart to provide a I Always push a stretcher from the end where the client’s head
wide base of support. is positioned. This position protects the client’s head in the
event ofa collision.
I When lifting an object, distribute the weight between the
large muscles of the legs and arms, limiting the load to 15 to I Fasten safety straps across the client on a stretcher, and raise
25 pounds held at elbow height. the side rails.
I Wear comfortable low-heeled shoes that provide good foot

Support and reduce the risk of slipping, stumbling, or turning
Environment
your ankle.
Answer: 1 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Active ROM exercises

guidelines include:
I Perform each ROM exercise as taught to the point of slight re—
1. Answer: 4 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The following statements sistance, but not beyond, and never to the point of discomfort.
would be correct when providing client teaching about preventing
I Perform the movements systematically, using the same se—
back injuries:
quence during each session.
I Exercise regularly to maintain overall physical condition and
I Perform each exercise three times.
regulate weight; include exercises that strengthen the pelvic,
abdominal, and spinal muscles. I Perform each series of exercises twice daily.
I When standing for a period of time, periodically move legs Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: Safe, Effective
and hips, flex one hip and knee and rest your foot on an ob— Care Environment
ject if possible.
Answer: 3 (Objective: 5) Rationale: During client teaching about

I When sitting, keep your knees slightly higher than your hips.
controlling postural hypotension, the client should verbalize the
I Use a firm mattress and soft pillow that provide good body following:
support at natural body curvatures. I Use a rocking chair to improve circulation in the lower
extremities.
I Never bend down all the way to the floor or stand up too
2. Answer: 2 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Practice guidelines for
quickly after stooping.
wheelchair safety include:
I Wear elastic stockings at night to inhibit venous pooling in

I Raise the footplates before transferring the client into the
the legs.
wheelchair.
I Get out of a hot bath very slowly, because high temperatures
I Always lock the brakes on both wheels of the wheelchair
can lead to venous pooling.
when the client transfers in or out of it.
I Lower the footplates after the transfer, and place the client’s Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Safe, Effective Care
feet on them. Environment
I Ensure the client is positioned well back in the seat ofthe

Answer: 4 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Isotonic (dynamic) exercises
wheelchair.
are those in which the muscle shortens to produce muscle contrac-
tion and active movement. Isometric (static or setting) exercises are
those in which there is muscle contraction without moving the joint
Environment
(muscle length does not change). lsokinetic (resistive) exercises
involve muscle contraction or tension against resistance; thus, thcy
3. Answer: 3 (Objective: 7) Rationale: The following are correct
can be either isotonic or isometric. Aerobic exercise is activity dur—
statements that indicate understanding of stretcher safety:
ing which the amount of oxygen taken in by the body is greater
I Maneuver the stretcher when entering the elevator so that the than that used to perform the activity. Nursing Process: lmplcmcn~
client’s head goes in first. tation Client Need: Physiological Integrity

Answer Key 361
Answer: I (Objective: 7) Rationale: Positioning a client in good Key Topic Review Answers
body alignment and changing the position regularly (every
2 hours) and systematically are essential aspects of nursing prac-
tice. Any position, correct or incorrect, can be detrimental if
maintained for a prolonged period. For all clients, it is important b. Stage 3 is the deepest stage ofsleep.
to assess the skin and provide skin care before and after a position
change. Frequent change of position helps to prevent muscle dis-
comfort. undue pressure resulting in pressure ulcers, damage to
superficial nerves and blood vessels, and contractures. Nursing
Process: Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Integrity b. Sleep hygiene is a term referring to interventions used to
promote sleep.
Answer: 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Fowler’s position, or a
semisitting position, is a bed position in which the head and trunk
Sleep
are raised 45° to 60". In the dorsal recumbent (back—lying) position,
the client’s head and shoulders are slightly elevated on a small rhythms
pillow. In the prone position, the client lies on the abdomen with the
head turned to one side. In the lateral (side-lying) position. the 90
person lies on one side of the body. Flexing the top hip and knee and
placing this leg in front of the body creates a wider, triangular base Insomnia
of support and achieves greater stability, Nursing Process:
Narcolepsy
Answer: 2 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Always support or hold the _j_ The study of sleep
client rather than the equipment and ensure the client’s safety and
_i_ The basic organization of normal sleep
dignity. Obtain essential equipment before starting (cg, transfer
belt. wheelchair), and check its function. Remove obstacles from
a A pattern of symptoms (eg. agitation. anxious. ag-
the area used for the transfer. Explain the transfer to the nursing
gressive, and sometimes delusional) that occur in the late afternoon
personnel who are helping: specify who will give directions (one
person needs to be in charge). Nursing Process: Implementation (:1 A subjective characteristic. often determined by
Client Need: Safe. Effective Care Environment whether or not a person wakes up feeling energetic or not
Answer: 2 (Objective: 7) Rationale: When nurses measure clients

g The total time the individual sleeps
for axillary crutches, it is most important to obtain the correct length
for the crutches and the correct placement of the hand piece. The fib— The most common sleep complaint in America
nurse must measure for the crutches and determine the correct
placement of the hand bar. The nurse measures the angle of elbow cf Learning to develop positive thoughts and beliefs
flexion. It should be about 30°. The client lies in a supine position about steep
and the nurse measures from the anterior fold ofthe axilla to the heel
of the foot and adds 2.5 cm (I in.). The client stands erect and h Creating a sleep environment that promotes sleep
positions the crutch. The nurse makes sure the shoulder rest of the
Conditions where the affected individual obtains
crutch is at least three fingerwidths, that is, 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in).
sufficient sleep at night but still cannot stay awake during the day
below the axilla. The client stands upright and supports the body
weight by the hand grips of the crutches. Nursing Process.-
e A disorder of excessive daytime sleepiness caused
by the tack ofthe chemical hypocretin in the area ofthe central
nervous system that regulates sleep
CHAPTER 45
Key Term Review
2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

C)
362 Answer Key
Case Study Answers Ci Explain the ill/bl‘lllfllloll that Should be included in a Sleep diam:
.—
A sleep diary may include all or selected aspects of the following
la. Etplain the two types afsleep. The two types of sleep are NREM information that pertain to the client’s specific problem:
(nonerapid-eyc—movcment) sleep and REM (rapid-cye—movement)
I Time of(a) going to bed, (b) trying to fall asleep. (c) falling
sleep. During sleep, NREM and REM sleep alternate in cycles.
NREM sleep occurs when activity in the RAS is inhibited. About asleep (approximate time), (d) any instances of waking up
and duration of these periods, (e) waking up in the morning,
75% to 80% ofsleep during a night is NREM sleep. NREM sleep is
divided into four stages, each associated with distinct brain activity and (1) time and duration ofany naps
and physiology. Stage 1 is the stage of very light sleep and lasts only a I Activities performed 2 to 3 hours before going to bed (type.
few minutes. During this stage, the individual fecls drowsy and re- duration. and time)
laxed, the eyes roll from side to side, and the heart and respiratory
I Consumption of caffeinated beverages and alcohol and
rates drop slightly. The individual can be readily awakened and may
amounts of those beverages
deny that he or she was sleeping. Stage 2 is the stage of light sleep
during which body processes continue to slow dovm. The eyes are I Any prescribed and over-the-counter medications, and herbal
generally still, the heart and respiratory rates decrease slightly, and remedies, taken during the day
body temperature falls. Stage 2 lasts only about 10 to 15 minutes but
I Bedtime rituals before bed
constitutes 44% to 55% oftotal sleep. An individual in stage 2 re—
quires more intense stimuli than in stage 1 to awaken. Stages 3 and 4 I Any difficulties remaining awake during the day and times
are the deepest stages of sleep, differing only in the percentage ofdel- when difficulties occurred
ta waves recorded during a 30—seccnd period. During deep sleep or I Any worries that the client believes may affect sleep
delta sleep, the individual’s heart and respiratory rates drop 20% to
I Factors that the client believes have a positive or negative ef»
30% below those exhibited during waking hours. The sleeper is diffi-
fect on sleep
cult to arouse. The individual is not disturbed by sensory stimuli, the
skeletal muscles are very relaxed, reflexes are diminished. and snoring
is most likely to occur. Even swallowing and saliva production are re-
duced during delta sleep. These stages are essential for restoring ener-
gy and releasing important growth hormones. REM sleep usually rc-
Answer: 2 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Clients may be asked to keep
curs about every 90 minutes and lasts 5 to 30 minutes. Most dreams
a sleep diary or log for 1 to 2 weeks in order to get a more corn—
take place during REM sleep, but usually will not be remembered un—
plete picture of their sleep complaints. A sleep diary may include
less thc individual arouses briefly at the end of the RPM period. Dur-
all or selected aspects ofthe following information that pertain to
ing REM sleep, the brain is highly active, and brain metabolism may
the client’s specific problem: consumption of caffeinatcd bevcr—
increase as much as 20%. For example. during REM sleep, levels of
ages and alcohol and amounts ofthese beverages; activities per—
acetylcholine and dopamine increase, with the highest levels of ace—
formed 2 to 3 hours before going to bed (type, duration, and
tylcholine release occurring during REM sleep. Since both ofthese
time); bedtime rituals before bed; any prescribed and over-the-
neurotransmitters are associated with cortical activation, it makes
counter medications, and herbal remedies taken during the day.
sense that these neurotransmitter levels would be high during dream-
ing sleep. This type of sleep is also called paradoxical sleep because
EEG activity resembles that of wakefulness. Distinctive eye move-
Answer: 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: “When I’m in pain, I will
ments occur. voluntary muscle tone is dramatically decreased, and
take the prescribed analgesics 30 minutes before I go to sleep”
deep tendon reflexes are absent. In this phase, the individual may be
would have been a correct statement. The following statements by
difficult to arouse or may wake spontaneously, gastric secretions in»
the client would be correct: “I should wear loose»f1tting night—
crease, and heart and respiratory rates often are irregular. It is thought
wear.” "I will void before bedtimc.” “I will perform hygienic rou-
that the regions of the brain that are used in learning, thinking, and or-
tines prior to bedtime." Nursing Process: Evaluation Client
ganizing information are stimulated during REM sleep.
Describefaclom that affect sleep. Both the quality and the quantity
Answer: 3 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Sleep medications affect
ofslccp are affected by a number of factors. Sleep quality is a sub—
REM slccp more than NREM sleep. The following statements are
jective characteristic and is often determined by whether or not an
correct: Antianxiety medications decrease levels ofarousal by
individual wakes up feeling energetic or not. Quantity ol‘sleep is the
facilitating the action of neurons in the CNS that suppress
total time the individual sleeps. Illness. emironment, lifestyle, emo-
responsiveness to stimulation. Sleep medications vary in their
tional stress, stimulants and alcohol, diet, smoking, motivation, and
onset and duration of action and will impair waking function as
medications are some ofthe factors that affect sleep.
long as they are chemically active. Initial doses ofmedications
should be low and increases added gradually, depending on the
’6 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Answer Key 363
client’s response. Nursing Process: Evaluation Client Need: avoid excessive physical exertion at least 3 hours before bedtime;
Physiological Integrity establish a regular bedtime routine before sleep such as reading.
listening to relaxing music. and taking a warm bath or shower,
4. Answer: 1 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Hypersomnia refers to a Nursing Process: Planning Client Need: Physiological Integrity
condition in which the affected individual obtains sufficient sleep
at night but still cannot stay awake during the day. Narcolepsy is 9. Answer: I (Objective: 8) Rationale: Interventions to promote sleep
a disorder of excessive daytime sleepiness caused by the lack of can include the following: Create a sleep-conducive environment
the chemical hypocretin in the area ofthe central nervous system that is dark. quiet, comfortable, and cool. Give analgesics before
that regulates sleep. Sleep apnea is characterized by frequent short bedtime to relieve aches and pains. If a bedtime snack is necessary,
breathing pauses during sleep. A parasomnia is behavior that may give only low»carbohydrate snack or a milk drink, Avoid giving the
interfere with sleep and/or occurs during sleep, Nursing Process: client heavy meals 2 to 3 hours before bedtime. Nursing Process.-
Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity Planning Client Need: Physiological Integrity
Answer: 2 (Objective: 2) Rationale: NREM sleep is divided into

t1.
10. Answer: 4 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Night terrors are partial

four stages, each associated with distinct brain activity and awakenings from non—REM stage 3 or 4 sleep, They are usually
physiology. Stage 2 lasts only about 10 to 15 minutes but seen in children 3 to 6 years of age. The child may sieepwalk. or
constitutes 44% to 55% of total sleep. An individual in stage 2 may sit up in bed screaming and thrashing about. Children
requires more intense stimuli than in stage I to awaken. Stage 1 is experiencing night terrors usually cannot be wakened, but should
the stage ofvery light sleep and lasts only a few initiates. Stage 2 be protected from injury, helped back to bed, and soothed back to
is the stage of light sleep during which body processes continue to sleep. Baby-sitters should be alerted to the possibility ofa night
slow down. The eyes are generally still, the heart and respiratory terror occurring. Children do not remember the incident the next
rates decrease slightly, and body temperature falls. Stages 3 and 4 day, and there is no indication ofa neurologic or emotional
are the deepest stages of sleep, differing only in the percentage of problem. Excessive fatigue and a full bladder may contribute to the
delta waves recorded during a 30-second period. During deep problem. Having the child take an afternoon nap and empty the
sleep or delta sleep, the individual’s heart and respiratory rates bladder before going to sleep at night may be helpful. Nursing
drop 20% to 3( "0 below those exhibited during waking hours. Process: Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
The individual is difficult to arouse. Nursing Process:
CHAPTER 46
6. Answer: 3 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Physiological changes
during NREIVI sleep include:
Key Term Review
I Peripheral blood vessels dilate.
I Arterial blood pressure falls.
I Pulse rate decreases.
I Cardiac output decreases.
Nursing Process: Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
7. Answer: 4 (Objective: 8) Rationale: To reduce environmental

distractions in hospitals the following should be practiced: Perform 25. y
only essential noisy activities during sleeping hours; lower the ring
tone ofnearby telephones; discontinue use of the paging system af-
ter a certain hour (e.g., 2100 hours} or reduce its volume; keep re- Key Topic Review Answers
quired staff conversations at low levels; conduct nursing reports or
Sympathetieally maintained pain occurs occasionally when
other discussions in a separate area away from client rooms. Nurs-
abnormal connections between pain fibers and the
ing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
sympathetic nervous system perpetuate problems with both
the pain and sympathetically controlled functions (e.g..
8. Answer: 1 (Objective: 8) Rationale: The following are sugges—
edema, temperature, and blood flow regulation),
tions to promote sleep: Establish a regular bedtime and wake-up
time for all days ofthe week to enhance biological rhythm; avoid
Pain threshold is the least amount ol‘stimulus that is needed
9’
to
performing office work or discussing family problems before

for an individual to label a sensation as pain.
bedtime; get adequate exercise during the day to reduce stress, but

364 Answer Key
Case Study Answers

la. As t/iefifr/z vital sign, pom should be screenedfor every time vital
signs are evaluated. Define pain. Pain is an unpleasant and highly
5. b. Pain tolerance is the maxinium amount of painful stimuli that personal experience that may be imperceptible to others, while
a person is willing to withstand without seeking avoidance of consuming all parts of the person’s life. The widely agreed-on
the pain or relief. definition of pain is “Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or
6. analgesic described in terms of such damage.” Three parts of this definition
have important implications for nurses. First, pain is a physical and
7. ceiling emotional experience, not all in the body or all in the mind.
Second, it is in response to actual or potential tissue damage, so
8. Equianalgesia there may not be abnormal lab or radiographic reports, despite real
pain. Finally, pain is described in terms of such damage. This final
9. Placebo component is aligned with McCaffery’s often-quoted definition of
pain: “Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing
10. Transdermal whenever he says it does.” Given that some clients are reluctant to
disclose the presence of pain unless prompted, nurses will not
11. _f_‘ Appear to arise in different areas know of the client‘s pain until they assess for it. Additionally, it is
clear that even nonverbal clients (e.g., preverbal children, intubated
_h_ Pain arising from organs or hollow viscera clients, the cognitively impaired) experience pain that demands
nursing assessment and treatment even if clients are unable to
_'i__ When pain lasts only through the expected recovery “describe in terms” the nature of their discomfort.
period
Identifi' the two major components ofa pain assessment. Pain as-
_a__ Prolonged, usually recurring or persisting over 6 sessments consist oftwo major components: (1) a pain history to
months or longer, and interferes with functioning obtain facts from the client and (2) direct observation ofbehav-
iors, physical signs oftissue damage, and secondary physiological V
b Pain in the 173 range ofa 0-10 scale responses ofthe client.
#c_fifi Experienced when an intact, properly functioning Explain the pain intensity scale. The use ofpain intensity scales is
nervous system sends signals that tissues are damaged, requiring an easy and reliable method of determining the client's pain
attention and proper care intensity. Such scales provide consistency for nurses to
communicate with the client and other health care providers. To
g Originates in the skin, muscles, bone, or connective avoid confusion, pain scales should use a 0 to 10 range with 0
indicating “no pain“ and the highest number indicating the "worst
tissue
pain possible” for that individual.
e Experienced by people who have damaged or

malfunctioning nerves
Ad_ Follow damage and/or sensitization of peripheral
Answer: 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Severe pain is viewed as an
[ICI'VCS
emergency situation deserving attention and prompt professional
treatment. Pain is tnore than a symptom ofa problem; it is a high-
i Pain in the 4. 6 range ofa 0-10 scale
priority problem in itself. Pain presents both physiological and
psychological dangers to health and recovery. Nursing Process:
12. d
13. c
Answer: 2 (Objective: 1) Rationale: When pain lasts only through
the expected recovery period, it is described as acute pain, whether
14. b
it has a sudden or slow onset and regardless of the intensity, Chron—
ic pain, on the other hand, is prolonged, usually recurring or per-
15. d
sisting over 6 months or longer, and interferes with functioning.
Pain may be referred (appear to arise in different areas) to other J
parts of the body. Visceral pain (pain arising from organs or hollow

Answer Key 365
viscera) often presents this way, being perceived in an area remote 6. Answer: 4 (Objective: 5) Rationale: That the amount oftissue
from the organ causing the pain. Nursing Process: Assessment damage is directly related to the amount of pain is a
Client Need: Physiological Integrity misconception about pain. The following are correct statements
about pain: The individual who experiences the pain is the only
Answer: 2 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Pain tolerance is the maxi— authority about its existence and nature. Pain is a subjective
mum amount of painful stimuli that an individual is willing to experience, and the intensity and duration of pain vary
withstand without seeking avoidance of the pain or relief. Pain considerably among individuals. Even with severe pain, periods
threshold is the least amount of stimuli that is needed for a person of physiological and behavioral adaptation can occur. Nursing
to feel a sensation he or she labels as pain. Dysesthesia is an un- Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
pleasant abnormal sensation Allodynia is the condition in which
nonpainful stimuli (e.g., contact with linen, water, or wind) pro- 7. Answer: 4 (Objective: IO) Rationale: Giving a dose of nonopioid
duce pain. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiolog- at the same time as a dose ofopioid poses no more danger than
ical Integrity giving the doses at different times. In fact, many opioids are com-
pounded with a nonopioid (e.g., Percocet [oxycodone and aceta—
Answer: 1 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Linking the rating to health
minophen]). It is safe to administer a nonopioid and opioid at the
and fianctioning scores, pain in the l to 3 range is deemed mild
same time. The following statements are true about nonopioids:
pain, a rating of 4 to 6 is moderate pain, and pain reaching 7 to 10
Nonopioids alone are rarely sufficient to relieve severe pain, but
is ranked severe pain and is associated with the worst outcomes.
they are an important part in the total analgesic plan. Side effects
from long—term use of NSAIDs are considerably more severe and
Uh
life threatening than the side effects from daily doses of oral mor—
phine or other opioids. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
Acute Pain Need: Physiological Integrity
Mild to severe
Answer: 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: The COLDERR mnemonic
Sympathetic nervous system responses: for pain assessment is defined as follows:
I Increased pulse rate

Character: Describe the sensation (cg, sharp,
I Increased respiratory rate aching. burning)
Onset: When it started, how it has changed
I Elevated blood pressure
Location: Where it hurts (all locations)
I Diaphoresis
Duration: Constant versus intermittent in nature
I Dilated pupils
Exacerbation: Factors that make it worse
Related to tissue injury; resolves with healing Relief: Factors that make it better (medications and
other factors)
Client appears restless and anxious
Radiation: Pattern of shooting/ spreading/location of
Client reports pain pain away from its origin
Client exhibits behavior indicative of pain: crying, rubbing area,

holding area
Answer: 3 (Objective: 3) Rationale: The Puerto Rican culture

Chronic Pain
tends to be loud and outspoken in their expressions of pain. Do
Mild to severe not judge or disapprove. This is a socially learned way to cope
with the pain. The Asian American culture values silence, Some
Parasympathetic nervous system responses:
clients may be quiet when in pain. Becoming verbally loud may
I Vital signs normal be viewed as causing dishonor to themselves and their family.
The African American culture believes pain and suffering is a part
I Dry, warm skin
ot‘life and is to be endured. The Mexican American culture
I Pupils normal or dilated believes that enduring pain is a sign ofstrength. Native
Continues beyond healing Americans are quiet, less expressive verbally and nonverbally,
and may tolerate a high level ol‘pain. Nursing Process:
Client appears depressed and withdrawn
Client often does not mention pain unless asked
Pain behavior often absent Answer: 4 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Maintain an unbiased

attitude (open mind) about what may relieve the pain. New ways
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity to relieve pain are continually being developed. It is not always

366 Answer Key
possible to explain the effectiveness of particular pain relief 1 1. c Organic molecules made up primarily ofcarbon,
measures; however, the use of approaches the patient believes hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, which combine to form proteins
will work should be considered. Provide measures to relieve pain
before it becomes severe. Consider the client's ability and ' Those that cannot be manufactured in the body and
willingness to participate actively in pain relief measures. Clients must be supplied as part of the protein ingested in the diet
who are excessively fatigued, sedated, or have altered levels of
consciousness are less able to participate actively. Establish a f Those that the body can manufacture
trusting relationship. Convey your concern, and acknowledge that
you believe that the client is experiencing pain. A trusting a Contain all of the essential amino acids plus many
relationship promotes expression 0fthe client’s thoughts and nonessential ones
feelings and enhances effectiveness of planned pain therapies
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological integrity _b Lack one or more essential amino acids (most
commonly lysine, methionine, or tryptophan) and are usually de—
rived from vegetables
CHAPTER 47
i Organic substances that are greasy and insoluble in
water but soluble in alcohol or ether
Key Term Review
g Lipids that are solid at room temperature
d Lipids that are liquid at room temperature
h Made up of carbon chains and hydrogen; are the

basic structural units ofmost lipids
19. I 20. n 21. s 22. u 23. w 24. q

e Fatty acids with one double bond
7
'5‘ 0 12.
Key Topic Revrew Answers 1‘

l a 14.
2 a 15
3 '1 16.
4. b Sugars, the simplest of all carbohydrates, are water soluble

and are produced naturally by both plants and animals.
Case Study Answers
la. Explain the combinations ofplant proteins that provide complete
5 b. Of the three monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and
proteins. The combinations of plant proteins that provide complete
galactose), glucose is by far the most abundant simple sugar.
proteins are grains plus legumes; legumes plus nuts or seeds; and
grains, legumes, nuts or seeds plus milk or milk products.
6. Nutrition
lb. Identify ways this client can improve his or her appetite.
7. Nutrients
I Provide familiar food that the individual likes. Often the rela-
8. Starchcs tives ofclients are pleased to bring food from home but may
need some guidance about special diet requirements.
9. Fiber
I Select small portions so as not to discourage the client.
10. Enzymes I Avoid unpleasant or uncomfortable treatments immediately

before or after a meal.

Answer Key 367
I Provide a tidy, clean environment that is free of unpleasant Answer: 2 (Objective: 2) Rationale: In common use, the terms
sights and odors. A soiled dressing, a used bcdpan, an un- fats and lipids are used interchangeably. Lipids are organic sub—
covered irrigation set, or even used dishes can negatively at"— stances that are greasy and insoluble in water but soluble in alco-
fect the appetite. hol or ether. Fats are lipids that are solid at room temperature.
Oils are lipids that are liquid at room temperature. Nursing Pro-
I Encourage or provide oral hygiene before mealtime. This
cess: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
improves the client’s ability to taste.
I Relieve illness symptoms that depress appetite before Answer.- 1 (Objective: 4) Rationale:
mealtime; for example, give an analgesic for pain or an anti-
pyrctic for a fever or allow rest for fatigue. To calculate the BMI use the following formula:
I Reduce psychological stress. A lack of understanding of

Weight in kilograms
BMI = any, 7 ,7 A“. ,
therapy. the anticipation of an operation, and fear ofthe
(Height in meters)2
unknown can cause anorexia. Often, the nurse can help by
discussing feelings with the client, giving information and
assistance, and allaying fears. or
Ic, Discuss possible variations in nutritional practices and prefer-

70 kilograms
ences among this client 's culture. fi—ZMII
l.5><l.5(meters)
I Gifts of food are common and should never be rejected.
I Diets are often high in fat, cholesterol, and sodium.

I Being overweight is viewed as positive.
Answer: 2 (Objective: 5) Rationale: The following suggestions
may help parents meet the child’s nutritional needs and promote
effective parentwhild interactions: (a) Make mealtime a pleasant
time by avoiding tensions at the table and discussions of had be-
Answer: 4 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Micronutrients—vitamins havior; (b) offer a variety of simple, attractive foods in small por—
and minerals—are those required in small amounts (cg, milli— tions, and avoid meals that combine foods into one dish. such as a
grams or micrograms) to metabolize the energy—providing nutri— stew; (e) do not use food as a reward or punish a child who does
ents. Carbohydrates, fats, and protein are referred to as macronu— not eat; (d) schedule meals. sleep, and snack times that will allow
trients, because they are needed in large amounts (e.g.. hundreds for optimum appetite and behavior; and (e) avoid the routine use
of grams) to provide energy. Nursing Process: Assessment Client of sweet desserts. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need:
Need: Physiological Integrity Physiological Integrity
Answer: 2 (Objective: 8) Rationale: A food diary is a detailed

Answer: 4 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Fiber is present in the outer
record ofmeasurcd amounts (portion sizes) of all food and fluids
layer of grains and bran, and in the skin, seeds, and pulp or many
a client consumes during a specified period, usually 3 to 7 days.
vegetables and fruits. Starehes are the insoluble. nonsweet forms
For a 24-hour food recall, the nurse asks the client to recall all the
of carbohydrate. Most sugars are produced naturally by plants,
food and beverages the client consumes during a typical 24-hour
especially fruits, sugar cane, and sugar beets. Fiber, a complex
period when at home. A diet history is a comprehensive, time-
carbohydrate derived from plants, supplies roughage, or bulk, to
consuming assessment ofa client’s food intake that involves an
the diet. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiologi»
extensive interview by a nutritionist or dietitian. A food frequen—
cal Integrity
cy record is a checklist that indicates how often general food
groups or specific foods are eaten. Nursing Process: implementa-
Answer: 2 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Nonessential amino acids
include alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid. glycine, by.
droxyproline, proline, serine, and tyrosine. The nine essential
Answer: 4 (Objective: 1 l)RationaIe: The statement, “Note that
amino acids are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
the word “clear" in clear diet means “colorless” is not correct. A
phenylalanine, tryptophan, threonine, and valine. Essential amino
clear liquid diet is limited to water, tea, coffee, clear broths, gin—
acids are those that cannot be manufactured in the body and must
ger ale. or other carbonated beverages, strained and clear juices,
be supplied as part ofthe protein ingested in the diet. Nonessen—
and plain gelatin. A full liquid diet contains only liquids or foods
tial amino acids are those that the body can manufacture. Most
that tum to liquid at body temperature, such as ice cream. The soft
animal proteins, including meats, poultry. fish. dairy products,
diet is easily chewed and digested. Nursing Process: Evaluation
and eggs, are complete proteins Nursing Process: Assessment

368 Answer Key
9. Answer: 3 (Objective: 12) Rationale: Enteral feedings can be 1 1. c Bed-wetting

given intermittently or continuously. Intermittent feedings are the
administration of300 to 500 mL of enteral formula several times b The production of abnormally large amounts of
per day. The stomach is the preferred site for these feedings, urine by the kidneys, often several liters more than the client’s
which are usually administered over at least 30 minutes. The other usual daily output
amounts given are incorrect. Nursing Process: Implementation
Client Need: Physiological Integrity __i_ Low urine output
10. Answer: 4 (Objective: 13) Rationale: Provide a tidy, clean __a_ Refers to a lack of urine production
environment that is free ofunpleasant sights and odors. Avoid
unpleasant or uncomfortable treatments immediately before or _j_ Voiding two or more times at night
after a meal. Provide familiar food that the client likes. Encourage
g_ Voiding that is either painful or difficult
or provide oral hygiene before mealtime. Nursing Process:
_d__ Urine remaining in the bladder following the voiding
f A test that uses 24—hour urine and serum creatinine

CHAPTER 48 levels to determine the glomerular filtration rate, a sensitive indi-
cator of renal function
Key Term Review

__e Requires that the client postpone voiding, resist or
inhibit the sensation of urgency, and void according to a timetable
rather than according to the urge to void
h Referred to as timed voiding or scheduled toilcting.
13 X 14 o l5 1 16. e 17 d 18 1 attempts to keep clients dry by having them void at regular intervals
12
19 b 20 s 2] g 22 w 23 p 24. l
25. u 13-
14.
Key Toplc Revrew Answers

15.
1 a
16.
2 b. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common
infection in children, after respiratory infections.
Case Study Answers
3. a
la. List the steps a nurse mustfifllan' to measure/[trial output,
4. a
I Wear clean gloves to prevent contact with microorganisms or
blood in the urine.
5. a
I Ask the client to void in a clean urinal, bedpan, commode. or
6, Diuretics toilet collection device (“hat”).
I Instruct the client to keep the urine separate from feces and
7. flaccid to avoid putting toilet paper in the urine collection container.
l Pour the voided urine into a calibrated container.

8. Irrigation
l Holdingy the container at eye level, read the amount in the con-
9, nephrostomy tainer. Containers usually have a measuring scale on the inside,
I Record the amount on the lluid intake and output sheet,

10, vesicostomy
which may be at the bedside or in the bathroom.
'9 2016 by Pearson Education. Inc.

Answer Key 369
I Rinse the urine collection and measuring containers with cool Answer: 4 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Intermittent self-
water and store appropriately. catheterization protects the upper urinary tract from rellux, reduc—
es the incidence of urinary tract infection, enables the client to re-
I Remove gloves and perform hand hygiene.
tain independence and gain control olthe bladder, and allows
I Calculate and document the total output on the client’s chart normal sexual relations without incontinence, Nursing Process:
at the end of each shift and at the end o4 hours. Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
[den/[fir various goals/or elients with urinary elimination prob-

Answer: 3 (Objective: 4) Rationale: The normal color or clarity
lems. The goals established will vary according to the diagnosis
and defining characteristics. Examples of overall goals for clients of urine is straw. amber, or transparent. Abnormal color or clarity
of urine is dark amber, dark orange, red, dark brown, cloudy, muA
with urinary elimination problems may include the following:
cous plugs. viscid, thick. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
I Maintain or restore a normal voiding pattern. Need: Physiological Integrity
I Regain normal urine output.

Answer: 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Normal results for a urine
I Prevent associated risks such as infection, skin breakdown,
specific gravity should be in the range of 1.010 to 1.025. All other
fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and lowered self—esteem.
results not in this range are considered abnormal. Nursing
I Perform toilet activities independently with or without assis- Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
tive devices.
Answer: 3 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Lubricate the catheter 6 to 7
I Contain urine with the appropriate device, catheter, ostomy
inches for males. Ifthis is not done, the entire part ofthe catheter
appliance, or absorbent product.
that is inserted into the male penis will not be lubricated. This will
make the procedure very uncomfortable for the client as well as
Explain lzow this client can maintain normal urinatj‘ elimination.
cause harm to the client. The following statements are correct
Most interventions to maintain normal urinary elimination are inde-
steps: Pick up a cleansing ball with the forceps in your dominant
pendent nursing functions. These inelude promoting adequate fluid
hand and wipe from the center ol‘the meatus in a circular motion
intake. maintaining normal voiding habits. and assisting with toileting.
around the glans. Grasp the catheter firmly 2 to 3 in. from the tip.
Ask the client to take a slow deep breath and insert the catheter as
the client exhales. Nursing Process: Implementation Client
Answer: 1 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Oliguria is low urine output,
usually less than 500 mL a day or 30 mL an hour for an adult. Answer: 3 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Facilitating and promoting
Polyuria (or diuresis) refers to the production of abnormally large urinary elimination includes the following: Emphasize the im»
amounts of urine by the kidneys, often several liters more than the portance of drinking eight to ten 8—ounee glasses of water daily.
client's usual daily output. Polydipsia is excessive fluid intake. Advise the client and family to install grab bars and elevated toi—
Anuria refers to a lack of urine production. Nursing Process: As- let seats as needed. Teach the client to empty the bladder com-
sessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity pletely at each voiding Suggest clothing that is easily removed
for toileting, such as elastic—waist pants or pants with Velcro cloi

Answer.- 2 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Urinary frequency is voiding sures. Nursing Process: Evaluation Client Need: Physiological
at frequent intervals, that is, more than four to six times per day. Integrity
Nocturia is voiding two or more times at night. Urgency is the
sudden strong desire to void. Dysuria means voiding that is either Answer: 3 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Develop a schedule that will
painful or difficult. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: help remind you to do these exercises, for example. before getting
Physiological Integrity out ofbed in the morning. Initially perform each contraction It)
times, three times daily. Gradually increase the count to a full 10
Answer: 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Ways to prevent a recur— seconds for both contraction and relaxation. To control episodes of
renee ofa UTl include the following: Avoid tight-fitting pants or stress incontinence. perform a pelvic muscle contraction when
other Clothing that creates irritation to the urethra and prevents initiating any activity that increases intra-abdominal pressure, such
ventilation ofthe pcrineal area. Drink eight S-ounce glasses of as coughing. laughing, sneezing, or lifting (‘ontract your pelvic
water per day to flush bacteria out of the urinary system. Wear muscles whereby you pull your rectum, urethra, and vagina up
cotton rather than nylon underclothes. Girls and women should inside, and hold for a count of3 to 5 seconds. Then relax the same
always wipe the pcrineal area from front to back following urina— muscles for a count of3 to 5 seconds. Nursing Process: Planning
tion or defecation in order to prevent introduction of gastrointes— Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
tinal bacteria into the urethra. Nursing Process: Planning Client
© 20 I 6 by Pearson Education, Inc.

370 Answer Key
10. Answer: 2 (Objective: 8) Rationale: For preventing catheter— a A condition that can occur when the veins become
associated urinary infections the following guidelines should be distended, as can occur with repeated pressure
practiced: Do not disconnect the catheter and drainage tubing un»
less absolutely necessary. Maintain a sterile closed—drainage sys- f The expulsion offeces from the anus and rectum
tem. Provide routine perineal hygiene, including cleansing with
soap and water after defecation. Prevent contamination ofthc i Increased peristalsis of the colon after food has
catheter with feces. Nursing Process: Evaluation Client Need: entered the stomach
Preventing Catheter-Associated Urinary Infections

__b Medications that stimulate bowel activity and so
assist fecal elimination
CHAPTER 49 d Fewer than three bowel movements per week
_g A mass or collection of hardened feces in the folds

Key Term Review ofthe rectum
e The passage ofliquid feces and an increased

frequency of defecation
c The loss ofvoluntary ability to control fecal and

gaseous discharges through the anal sphincter
12. c
13. b
14. d
15. d V
2. b. The large intestine extends from the ileocecal (ileocolic) Case Study Answers
valve, which lies between the small and large intestines. to the
anus. la. Identify u'aysjbr the client to manage diarrhea.
I Drink at least eight glasses of water per day to prevent dehy—

3 b. Normal feces are made of about 75% water and 25% solid
dration. Consider drinking a few glasses of electrolyte re-
materials.
placement fluids each day.
4. a I Eat foods with sodium and potassium. Most foods contain

sodium. Potassium is found in meats and many vegetables
5. a and fruits, especially purple grapejuice, tomatoes, potatoes,
bananas, cooked peaches, and apricots.
6. Flatulence I Increase foods containing soluble fiber, such as rice, oatmeal,
and skinless fruits and potatoes.
7. ostomy
I Avoid alcohol and beverages with cafleine, which aggravate
the problem.
8. bedpan
I Limit foods containing insoluble fiber, such as high—fiber
9. enema whole-wheat and whole-grain breads and cereals, and raw
fruits and vegetables.
10. Cathartics I Limit fatty foods.
I Thoroughly clean and dry the perianal area after passing

l l. __h~ The act of eating food
stool to prevent skin irritation and breakdown. Use soft toilet
Waste products leaving the stomach through the tissue to clean and dry the area. Apply a dimethicone-based
_j
cream or alcohol—free barrier film as needed.
small intestine and then passing through the ileocecal valve

Answer Key 371
I If possible, discontinue medications that cause diarrhea. same time each day; avoid over—the—counter medications to treat
constipation and diarrhea. Nursing Process: Evaluation Client
I When diarrhea has stopped, reestablish normal bowel flora by
eating fermented dairy products, such as yogurt or buttermilk.
l Seek a primary care provider consultation right away if Answer: 3 (Objectives: 2, 7) Rationale: Limit foods containing
weakness, dizziness, or loose stools persist for more than insoluble fiber, such as high-fiber whole—wheat and whole-grain
48 hours. breads and cereals, and raw fruits and vegetables. Drink at least
eight glasses of water per day to prevent dehydration. Eat foods
lb. Provide the client with in/ormotion about healthy defecation. with sodium and potassium. Limit fatty foods. Nursing Process.-
I Establish a regular exercise regimen.
I Include high—fiber foods. such as vegetables, fruits, and Answer: 2 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Ostomy appliances can be
whole grains, in the diet. applied for up to 7 days. The pouch is emptied when it is one-third
to one-halffull. Most pouches contain odor barrier material. lfthe
I Maintain fluid intake of2.000 to 3,000 ml. a day.
pouch overtills, it can cause separation of the skin barrier from the
I Do not ignore the urge to defecate. skin, and stool can come in contact with the skin. Nursing Process:
I Allow time to defecate, preferably at the same time each day. Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
l Avoid over-the-counter medications to treat constipation and Answer: 4 (Objective: 9) Rationale: The divided colostomy is
diarrhea. often used in situations where spillage of feces into the distal end
of the bowel needs to be avoided. The single stoma is created
1c. Identifit three major causes ofoliorrhea. Some causes of diarrhea when one end of bowel is brought out through an opening onto
include psychological stress (e.g., anxiety); medications; antibiotics; the anterior abdominal wall. In the loop colostomy, a loop of
cathartics; allergy to food, fluid, or drugs; intolerance of food or fluid. bowel is brought out onto the abdominal wall and supported by a
plastic bridge, or a piece ofrubber tubing. The divided colostomy
consists of two edges ofbowel brought out onto the abdomen but
Review Question Answers separated from each other. Nursing Process: Evaluation Client
1. Answer: 1 (Objective: 1) Rationale: A gastrostomy is an opening
through the abdominal wall into the stomach. A jejunostomy
Answer.- 3 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Although the squatting position
opens through the abdominal wall into thejejunurn. A colostomy
best facilitates defecation, the best position for most clients seems to
opens into the colon (large bowel). An ileostomy opens into the
be leaning forward while on a toilet seat. A client should be encour-
ileum (small bowel). Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
aged to defecate when the urge is recognized. Regular exercise helps
clients develop a regular defecation pattern. For clients who have
difficulty sitting down and getting up from the toilet. an elevated toi-
Answer: 2 (Objective: 8) Rationale: A carminative enema is
IQ
let seat can be attached to a regular toilet. Nit/sing Process: Imple-

given primarily to expel tIatus. A retention enema introduces oil
mentation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
or medication into the rectum and sigmoid colon. A return-flow
enema is used occasionally to expel flatus. Cleansing enemas may Answer: 2 (Objective: 3) Rationale:
also be described as high or low. Nursing Process: Assessment
Client Need: Physiological Integrity Orange or green-colored stools are indications of an intestinal in-
fection Additional abnormal colors to stools include:
3. Answer: 2 (Objective: 6) Rationale: Ask the client to assume a
left side-lying position, with the knees flexed and the back toward Adult: brown, clay or white, absence ol‘bile pigment (bile ob-
the nurse. Place a bed pad under the client’s buttocks and a bed- struction); diagnostic study using barium
pan nearby to receive stool. Drape the client for comfort and to
Infant: yellow. black or tarry, drug (cg, iron); bleeding from up—
avoid unnecessary exposure of the body. Gently insert the index
per gastrointestinal tract (e.g.. stomach, small intestine): diet
finger into the rectum and move the linger along the length of the
high in red meat and dark green vegetables (cg. spinach)
rectum. Nursing Process: Implementation Client Need: Physio-
logical Integrity Red, bleeding from lower gastrointestinal tract (cg, rectum);
some foods (e.g.. beets)
4. Answer: 2 (Objectives: 2, 7) Rationale: Client teaching for White, malabsorption of fats; diet high in milk and milk products
healthy defecation: maintain fluid intake of 2,000 to 3,000 mL a and low in meat
day; include high—fiber foods, such as vegetables, fruits, and
whole grains, in the diet; allow time to defecate, preferably at the Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity

372 Answer Key
10. Answer: 3 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Oil solutions lubricate the _e Oxygen—carrying red pigment
feces and the colonic mucosa. Isotonic solutions distcnd the co
lon, stimulate peristalsis, and soften feces. Hypertonic solutions ‘ Red blood cells (RBCs) H
draw water into the colon. Hypotonic solutions distend the colon,
stimulate peristalsis, and soften feces. Soapsuds solutions irritate ~h A condition ofinsufiicient oxygen anywhere in
the mucosa and distend the colon. Nursing Process: Evaluation the body, from the inspired gas to the tissues
Bluish discoloration of the skin, nail beds, and
mucous membranes, due to reduced hemoglobin—oxygen saturation
CHAPTER 50
f An abnormally slow respiratory rate
Key Term Review i The inability to breathe except in an upright or

standing position
b Coughed—up material
d Spit out
g Devices that add water vapor to inspired air
25. n

m
!\)
3. b. Hyperinflation involves giving the client brcaths that are 1 to

1.5 times the tidal volume set on the ventilator through the
Case Study Answers
ventilator circuit or via a manual resuscitation bag.
1a. Whichfactors does adequate ventilation depend on?

4. b. When air collects in the pleural space, it is known as a
pneumothorax. Adequate ventilation depends on several factors:
5. b. Hyperoxygenation can be done with a manual resuscitation I Clear airways

bag or through the ventilator and is performed by increasing I An intact central nervous system and respiratory center
the oxygen flow (usually to 100%) before suctioning and
I An intact thoracic cavity capable of expanding and contracting
between suction attempts.
I Adequate pulmonary compliance and recoil.
(1. Oxygen
Which factors affect the rate of oxygen transport from the lungs to
7. lntrapulmonary the tissues?
8. Atelectasis The following factors can affect the rate of oxygen transport from
the lungs to the tissues:
9. Diffusion
I Cardiac output
10. Apnea I Number of erythrocytes and blood hematocrit
I Exercise.
1l. _a A lipoprotein produced by specialized alveolar cells;
acts like a detergent, reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Answer Key 373
Ic. Which factors that influence oxygenation affect the cardiovascular Answer: 3 (Objective: 5) Rationale: Cheyne~Stokes respirations are
system as well as the respiratory system? These factors include age, the marked rhythmic waxing and waning ofrespirations from very
environment, lifestyle, health status, medications, and stress. deep to very shallow breathing and temporary apnea; common
causes include congestive heart failure, increased intracranial
Id. What are oxygen therapv safety precautions? pressure, and overdose of certain drugs. Biot’s (cluster) rcspirations
are shallow breaths interrupted by apnea; may be seen in clients with
I For hotne oxygen use or when the facility permits smoking,
central nervous system disorders. Orthopnea is the inability to
teach family members and roommates to smoke only outside
breathe except in an upright or standing position. Difficult or
or in provided smoking rootns away front the client and oxy-
uncomfortable breathing is called dyspnea. Nursing Process:
gen equipment.
I Place cautionary signs reading “No Smoking: Oxygen in
Use” on the client’s door, at the foot or head ofthe bed, and Answer: 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: The nonrebreather mask deliv—
on the oxygen equipment ers the highest oxygen concentration possible—95% to l00%- —by
I Instruct the client and visitors about the hazard of smoking means other than intubation or mechanical ventilation, at liter flows
with oxygen in use. of 10 to 15 L per mimrte. The other answers are incorrect. Nursing
I Make sure that electric devices (such as razors, hearing aids,
radios, televisions, and heating pads) are in good working

Answer: 2 (Objective: 7) Rationale: The Venturi mask delivers
order to prevent the occurrence ofshort-cireuit sparks.
oxygen concentrations varying from 24% to 40% or 50% at liter
I Avoid materials that generate static electricity, such as wool— flows of4 to 10 L per minute. The nonrebreather mask delivers
en blankets and synthetic fabrics Cotton blankets should be the highest oxygen concentration possibleg95% to 100%7by
used, and clients and caregivers should be advised to wear means other than intubation or mechanical ventilation, at liter
cotton fabrics. flows of 10 to IS L per minute. One-way valves on the mask and
I Avoid the use ofvolatile, flammable materials, such as oils, between the reservoir bag and the mask prevent the room air and
greases, alcohol, ether, and acetone (e.g., nail polish remov- the client’s exhaled air from entering the bag so only the oxygen
er) near clients receiving oxygen. in the bag is inspired. The simple face mask delivers oxygen con«
I Be sure that electric monitoring equipment, suction ma— centrations from 40% to 60% at liter flows 0f5 to 8 L per minute.
chines, and portable diagnostic machines are all electrically respectively. The partial rebreather mask delivers oxygen concen—
grounded. trations of 60% to 90% at liter flows of6 to 10 L per minute, re-
spectively. The oxygen reservoir bag that is attached allows the
I Make known the location offire extinguishers, and make
client to rebreathe about the first third of the exhaled air in con-
sure personnel are trained in their use.
junction with oxygen. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need:
Review Question Answers Answer: 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Because an endotraclreal
tube passes through the epiglottis and glottis, the client is unable
Answer: 3 (Objective: 1) Rationale: Adequate ventilation de-
to speak while it is in place; however, the client is still able to
pends on several factors:
swallow. Endotracheal tubes are most commonly inserted for cli—
ents who have had general anesthetics or for those in emergency
I An intact central nervous system and respiratory center
situations where mechanical ventilation is required. An endotra-
I Clear airways cheal tube is inserted by the primary care provider, nurse, or res-
I Adequate pulmonary compliance and recoil piratory therapist with specialized education. An endotracheal
I An intact thoracic cavity capable of expanding and contracting tube is inserted through the mouth or the nose and into the trachea
with the guide ol'a laryngoscope. The tube terminatesjust superi—
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity or to the bifurcation of the trachea into the bronchi. The tube may
have an air-filled cuff to prevent air leakage around it. Nursing
Answer: I (Objective: 5) Rationale: Normal respiration (eupnea) Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
is quiet, rhythmic, and effortless. Tachypnea (rapid rate) is seen
with fevers, metabolic acidosis, pain, and with hypercapnia or hy— Answer: 2 (Objective: 6) Rationale:
poxemia. Bradypnea is an abnormally slow respiratory rate,
which may be seen in clients who have taken drugs such as mor— Residual volume (RV): the amount of air remaining in the lungs
phine, who have metabolic alkalosis, or who have increased intra» after maximal exhalation
cranial pressure (e.g., from brain injuries). Apnea is the cessation
Total lung capacity (TLC): the total volume of the lungs at maximum
ofbreathing. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physio-
inflation; calculated by adding the VT, IRV, ERV, and RV
logical Integrity

374 Answer Key
Vital capacity (VC): total amount ofair that can be exhaled alter a Answer: 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Put on sterile gloves, Keep
maximal inspiration; calculated by adding the V1, IRV, and ERV your dominant hand sterile during the procedure Clean the lumen
and entire inner cannula thoroughly using a brush or pipe cleaners
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): maximum amount of air that
moistened with sterile normal saline. Rinse the inner cannula thor-
can be exhaled following a normal exhalation
oughly in the sterile normal saline. After rinsing, gently tap the can-
nula against the inside edge ofthe sterile saline container. Nursing
Process: Implementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
Answer: 2 (Objective: 1) Rationale: The cough reflex consists of

the following:
CHAPTER 51
I Nerve impulses are sent through the vagus nerve to the medulla.
I A large inspiration of approximately 2.5 L occurs. Key Term Review

I The epiglottis and glottis (vocal cords) Close.
1. w 2. n 3. h 4. f 5. c 6. p
I A strong contraction of abdominal and internal intercostal
muscles dramatically raises the pressure in the lungs.
I The epiglottis and glottis open suddenly.
I Air rushes outward with great velocity.
I Mucus and any foreign particles are dislodged from the low—
25.
er respiratory tract and are propelled up and out.

Answer: 4 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Oxygen therapy safety pre-
cautions include:
I Avoid the use 01’ volatile, flammable materials. such as oils,
greases. alcohol, ether, and acetone (e.g., nail polish remov- b. Heart rates are highest and most variable in newborns.
!\)
er) near clients receiving oxygen.
I For home oxygen use or when the facility permits smoking,

teach family members and roommates to smoke only outside or
b. The AHA recommends at least 150 minutes per week of
in provided smoking rooms away from the client and oxygen
moderate exercise or 75 minutes per week of vigorous
equipment.
exercise for adults.
I Place cautionary signs reading “No Smoking: Oxygen in
Use" on the client’s door, at the foot or head ofthe bed, and
on the oxygen equipment.
I Instruct the client and visitors about the hazard of smoking Ischemia
with oxygen in use.

heart
I Make sure that electric devices (such as razors, hearing aids, ra—
dios, televisions, and heating pads) are in good working order stroke volume (SV)
to prevent the occurrence of short-circuit sparks.
I Avoid materials that generate static electricity, such as wool— Preload

en blankets and synthetic l‘abrics. Cotton blankets should be
used, and clients and caregivers should be advised to wear Afterload
cotton fabrics.
db A major component ol’rcd blood cells (erythro-
I Be sure that electric monitoring equipment, suction machines,
cytes), the predominant type of cell present in blood
and portable diagnostic machines are all electrically grounded.
I Make known the location of fire extinguishers, and make _,d_ _ The buildup of fatty plaque within the arteries; is
sure personnel are trained in their use. the major contributor to cardiovascular disease, the leading cause
of death in North America

Answer Key 375
c Serves as the transport medium within the cardio- What are the rig/(factors/or coronary heart disease? Nonmodifrable
_.
vascular systcm, bringing oxygen and nutrients from the envi- risk factors are heredity. age, and gender (women’s risk increases after
ronment (via the lungs and gastrointestinal system) to the cells menopause); modifiable risk factors are elevated serum lipid levcl,
hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes, obesity, and sedentary life—
i A VF arrest (pulmonary arrest) is the cessa- style; other risk factors are previous health status, stress and coping,
tion of breathing. dietary factors, alcohol intake, and elevated hornocysteinc level.
$1 The study ofthe forces or pressures involved in

blood circulation Review Question Answers
i A lack of blood supply due to obstructed circulation Answer: I (Objective: 2) Rationale: Modifiable risk factors for
coronary heart disease include elevated serum lipid level; hyper

h The molecule that oxygen attaches to; it gives an
tension; cigarette smoking; diabetes; obesity; sedentary lifestyle.
indication ofthe oxygen—carrying capacity ofthc blood
Nonmodifrable risk factors include heredity; age; gender (wom—
en’s risk increases post-menopause). Other risk factors include
f The heart and the blood vessels make up the
previous health status; stress and coping; dietary factors; alcohol
system that, together with blood, is the major system
intake; elevated homocysteine level, Nursing Process: Assess—
for transporting oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and waste
ment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
products away from the tissues for elimination.
e A type of blood vessel that carries blood to the tissues Answer: 3 (Objective: 4) Rationale: Homocysteine does not
through a system of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries and returns it increase the Cholesterol level of an individual. llomocysteine is an
to the heart through the venules, veins, and the venae cavae
amino acid that has been shown to be increased in many people
with atherosclerosis, increasing the risk for developing
a The force exerted on arterial walls by the blood cardiovascular disease. It is thought that individuals can reduce
flowing within the vessel their hornocysteine level by taking a multivitamin that provides
folate, vitamin B“, vitamin 8]], and riboflavin. Nursing Process.-
Assessrncnl Client Need: Physiological Integrity
Answer: 4 (Objective: 2) Rationale: Normal changes of aging

may contribute to problems of circulation in elders, even when
there is no actual pathology:
I There is a decrease in baroreceptor response to blood pres~

sure changes. making the heart and blood vessels less re—
sponsive to exercise and stress. This often results in dizzi-
ness, falls, orthostatic hypotension, and mental changes.
Case Study Answers I A decrease of muscle tone in the heart results in a decrease in
cardiac output.
Ia. Wln‘ is the health care provider cancelrned about my lipid levels
being elevated? A strong link exists between elevated serum lipid I Blood vessels become less elastic and have an increase in
levels and the development ofcoronary heart disease. Lipoproteins calcification. This results in a restricted blood flow and a de—
circulate in the blood and are made up of cholesterol, triglycerides, crease of oxygen and nutrients to tissues (heart, peripheral,
and phospholipids. A high dietary intake of saturated fats is the most and cerebral).
critical factor for the development ofclevated serum lipids. The av»
I Impaired valve function in the heart is often the result ofin—
erage American diet often contains more than 40% of its calories in
creased stiffness and calcification and results in a decrease in
fats The American Heart Association recommends that less than cardiac output.
30% oftotal calories come from fats.
Nursing Process: Assessment Client New]: Physiological Integrity
What is Irma/tension? Hypertension (or increased blood pressure)
increases the risk of coronary heart disease in several ways. First, it Answer: 2 (Objective: 7) Rationale: Promoting a healthy heart
increases the workload of the heart, increasing oxygen demand and includes exercising regularly, participating in at least 20 minutes
coronary blood flow. The increased workload also causes hypertro- (40 minutes is preferred) ofvigorous exercise four to five times a
phy ofthe ventricles. Over time this can contribute to heart failure. week; not smoking; eating a diet low in total fat, saturated fats,
Second, hypertension causes endothelial damage to the blood ves— and cholesterol; reducing stress; and managing anger. Nursing
sels, which stimulates the development of atherosclerosis, Process: Planning Client Need: Physiological Integrity
@ 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc,

376 Answer Key
5. Answer: 4 (Objective: 1)Rationale: Deoxygenated blood from the I Increased respiratory rate
veins enters the right side ot‘the heart through the superior and inferi-
Peripheral vasoconstriction; cold, pale extremities g
or venae cavae. Four hollow chambers within the heart, two upper
atria and two lower ventricles, are separated longitudinally by the in- l Distended neck veins
terventricular septum, forming two parallel pumps. The heart is a hol-
low, cone-shaped organ about the size ofa list. The heart is located in Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need.- Physiological Integrity
the mediastinum, between the lungs and underlying the sternum.

Nursing Process: Evaluation Client Need: Physiological Integrity
CHAPTER 52
6. Answer: 2 (Objective: 1) Rationale: With each heartbeat, the
myocardium goes through a cycle of contraction (systole) and re«
Iaxation (diastole). Systole is when the heart ejects (propels) the
Key Term Review
blood into the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Diastole is 1. c 2. f 3. q 4. e 5. g 6. in
when the ventricles fill with blood. The diastolic phase ofthe car—
diac cycle is twice as long as the systolic phase. This is important
because diastole (or ventricular filling) is largely a passive process.
The longer diastolic phase allows this filling to occur. At the end of
the diastolic phase the atria contract, adding an additional volume
to the ventricles. This volume is sometimes called atrial kick.
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity 25.
7. Answer: 1 (Objective: l)Rutionale: The primary pacemaker of

the heart is the sinoatrial (SA or sinus) node. located where the Key Topic Review Answers
superior venae cavae enters the right atrium. The SA node
normally initiates electrical impulses that are conducted b. Approximately 60% of the average healthy adult’s weight is
throughout the heart and result in ventricular contraction. In water, the primary body fluid.
adults, it usually discharges impulses at a regular rate of 60 to 100

times per minute, the “normal” heart rate. The impulse then
spreads throughout the atria via the interatrial pathways. These

conduction pathways converge and narrow through the
atrioventricular (AV) node, slightly delaying transmission ofthe
impulse to the ventricles. This delay allows the atria to contract b. Osmotic pressure is the power ot‘a solution to pull water
slightly before ventricular contraction occurs. From the AV node, across a semipermeable membrane.
the impulse then progresses down through the intraventrieular

septum to the ventricular conduction pathways: the bundle of His,
the right and left bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibers.
Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity calcium
8. Answer: 4 (Objective: I) Rationale: Resistance is opposition to hypervolemia
flow; peripheral vascular resistance impedes or opposes blood

flow to the tissues. PVR is determined by: blood
I Blood vessel length 9. drip
I Blood vessel diameter

Butterfly
l The viscosity, or thickness, 01‘ the blood
C The chemical combining power ofthe ion, or the

capacity ofcations to combine with anions to form molecules
9. Answer: 1 (Objective: 9) Rationale: Signs ofheart failure may

j The continual intermingling ofmoleculcs in liq-
includc:
uids, gases, or solids brought about by the random movement of
the molecules
I Pulmonary congestion; adventitious lung sounds
I Shortness of breath a Found outside the cells and accounts for about one
I Increased heart rate third of total body fluid

Answer Key 377
i Have a low hydrogen ion concentration and can List thefour routes offluid output. The tour routes of fluid output
accept hydrogen ions in solution are (1) urine, (2) insensible loss through the skin as perspiration and
through the lungs as water vapor in the expired air, (3) noticeable
11 Also known as hyperosmolar imbalance, this oc-
loss through the skin, and (4) loss through the intestines in feces.
curs when water is lost from the body, leaving the client with ex—
cess sodium
f Prevent excessive changes in pH by removing or Review Question Answers

releasing hydrogen ions
Answer: 3 (Objective: 1)Ratiimale: Women have a lower percentage
g A sodium deficit, or serum sodium level ofless ofbody water than men. Approximately 60% ot‘the average healthy
than 135 mEq/L, adult’s weight is water, the primary body fluid. In good health, this vol—
ume remains relatively constant and the individual’s weight varies by
__e_ A substance that releases hydrogen ions (1—11) in less than 0.2 kg (0.5 lb) in 24 hours, regardless ofthc amount of fluid
solution ingested. Infants have the highest proportion ol‘water, accounting for
70% to 80% of their body weight. Water makes up a greater percentage
hd A process whereby fluid and solutes move together
of a lean individual’s body weight than an obese individual’s. Nursing
across a membrane from one compartment to another
7137 Ions that carry a positive charge
Answer: 1 (Objective: 1)Rati0nale: Diffusion is the continual
intermingling of molecules in liquids, gases, or solids brought about

by the random movement of the molecules. Osmosis is an important
mechanism for maintaining homeostasis and fluid balance. Osmosis
occurs when the concentration of solutes on one side ot‘a selectively
permeable membrane, such as the capillary membrane, is higher than
on the other side. Osmolality is determined by the total solute
concentration within a fluid compartment and is measured as parts 01‘
solute per kilogram of water. Nursing Process: Assessment Client
Case Study Answers
Answer: 3 (Objective: 3) Rationale: Hyponatremia is a sodium
la. Why is water vital to health and normal cellularfimction? Water deficit, or serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L, and is. in
is vital to health and normal cellular function because it serves as acute care settings, a common electrolyte imbalance. Hypernatremizi
a medium for metabolic reactions within cells; a transporter for is excess sodium in ECF, or a serum sodium of greater than 145
nutrients, waste products, and other substances; a lubricant; an in— mEq/L. Hypokaleinia is a potassium deficit or a serum potassium
sulator and shock absorber; and one means of regulating and level of less than 3.5 mEq/L. Hyperkalemia is a potassium excess or
maintaining body temperature. a serum potassium level greater than 5.0 mEq/L. Nursing Process:
Explain the thirst mechanism. The thirst mechanism is the prima—
ry regulator of fluid intake. The thirst center is located in the hy— Answer: 3 (Objective: 5) Rationale: When an individual hyperventi—
pothalamus of the brain. A number of stimuli trigger this center, lates, the pH rises to greater than 7.45. In addition, more carbon diox-
including the osmotic pressure ofbody fluids, vascular volume, ide than normal is exhaled (not oxygen) and carbonic acid levels fall.
and angiotensin (a hormone released in response to decreased Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
blood flow to the kidneys). For example, a long—distance runner
loses significant amounts ofwater through perspiration and rapid Answer: 1 (Objective: 5) Rationale: The normal values of arterial
breathing during a race, increasing the concentration of solutes blood gases are:
and the osmotic pressure 01‘ body fluids. This increased osmotic
PaO: 804 00 mm 11g
pressure stimulates the thirst center, causing the runner to experi—
ence the sensation ofthirst and the desire to drink to replace lost pH 7354.45
fluids. Thirst is normally relieved immediately after drinking a PaCOg 35—45 mm Hg

small amount ofiluid. even before it is absorbed from the gastro- HCO: 22~26 mEq/L
intestinal tract. However, this reliet‘is only temporary, and the Base excess 7 2 to 1-2 mEq/L
thirst returns in about 15 minutes. The thirst is again temporarily
03 saturation 95%—98%
relieved after the ingested fluid distends the upper gastrointestinal
tract. These mechanisms protect the individual from drinking too Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological Integrity
much, because it takes from 30 minutes to 1 hour for the fluid to
be absorbed and distributed throughout the body.

378 Answer Key
6. Answer: 2 (Objective: 7) Rationale: The following steps are appro- for the client. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physio—
priate for the nurse who is starting an intravenous infusion: Partially logical Integrity
fill the drip chamber with solution. Adjust the IV pole so that the
container is suspended about 1 m (3 ft) above the client’s head. Use Answer: 4 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Human blood is commonly
the client’s nondominant arm, unless contraindicated. Clean the skin classified into four main groups: A, B, AB, and O, A blood transfis-
at the site of entry with a topicfll antiseptic swab. Nursing Process: sion is the introduction of whole blood or blood components into the
Implementation Client Need: Physiological Integrity venous circulation. To avoid transfusing incompatible red blood
cells, both blood donor and recipient are typed and their blood is
7. Answer: 2, 3, 4 (Objective: 6)1t’ationale: The following pertain to crossmatched. Stop the transfusion immediately if signs of a reaction
wellness care and promoting fluid and electrolyte balance: Consume develop. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need: Physiological
six to eight glasses of water daily; limit alcohol intake because it has Integrity
a diuretic effect; avoid excess amounts of foods or fluids high in salt,
sugar, and caffeine; increase fluid intake before, during, and afier Answer: 4 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Special precautions are neces-
strenuous exercise, particularly when the environmental temperature sary when administering blood. A Y-type blood transfusion set with
is high; and replace lost electrolytes from excessive perspiration as an in—line or add-on filter is used when administering blood. Blood
needed with commercial electrolyte solutions, Nursing Process: is usually administered through a #l 8- to #ZO-gauge intravenous
Planning Client Need: Physiological Integrity needle or catheter; using a smaller needle may slow the infusion and
damage blood cells (although a smaller gauge needle may be neces—
8. Answer: 3 (Objective: 8) Rationale: Avoid using veins that are sary for small children or clients with small, fragile veins). Saline is
highly visible, because they tend to roll away from the needle. Also used to prime the set and flush the needle before administering
avoid using veins damaged by previous use, phlebitis, infiltration, blood. Once blood or a blood product is removed from the refrigera»
or sclerosis; those in areas of flexion (e.g., the antecubital fossa); and tor, there is a limited amount of time to administer it (e.g.. packed
those continually distended with blood, or knotted or tortuous or in a RBCs should not hang for more than 4 hours after being removed
surgically compromised or injured extremity (e.g., following a mas- from the refrigerator). Nursing Process: Implementation Client
tectomy), because of possible impaired circulation and discomfort Need: Physiological Integrity

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What are some important concepts related to fluid and electrolyte balance?

What are some important concepts related to fluid and electrolyte balance?

What are some important considerations when starting an intravenous infusion?

What are some important considerations when starting an intravenous infusion?

PREFACE

Chapter Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice .............................................. 1

Chapter Evidence-Based Practice and Research in Nursing ......................................... 7

Chapter Nursing Theories and Conceptual Frameworks ............................................ 13

Chapter Legal Aspects of Nursing .................................................................................. 18

Chapter Values, Ethics, and Advocacy .......................................................................... 26

Chapter Health Care Delivery Systems ......................................................................... 31

Chapter Community Nursing and Care Continuity ..................................................... 36

Chapter Home Care ......................................................................................................... 40

Chapter Electronic Health Records and Information Technology ............................. 44

Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning ...................................................... 49

Chapter 11 Assessing ............................................................................................................ 54

Chapter 12 Diagnosing ......................................................................................................... 59

Chapter 13 Planning ............................................................................................................. 64

Chapter 14 Implementing and Evaluating ......................................................................... 69

Chapter 15 Documenting and Reporting ............................................................................ 73

Chapter 16 Health Promotion .............................................................................................. 78

Chapter 17 Health, Wellness, and Illness ........................................................................... 83

Chapter 18 Culturally Responsive Nursing Care .............................................................. 87

Chapter 19 Complementary and Alternative Healing Modalities ................................... 92

Chapter 20 Concepts of Growth and Development ........................................................... 97

Chapter 21 Promoting Health from Conception through Adolescence ......................... 101

Chapter 23 Promoting Health in Older Adults ................................................................ 110

Chapter 24 Promoting Family Health ............................................................................... 114

Chapter 25 Caring .............. 117

Chapter 26‘ Communicating ............................................................................................... 121

Chapter 27 Teaching ........................................................................................................... 126

Chapter 28 Leading, Managing, and Delegating ............................................................. 131

Chapter 29 Vital Signs ........................................................................................................ 136

Chapter 30 Health Assessment .......................................................................................... 142

Chapter 31 Asepsis .............................................................................................................. 148

Chapter 32 Safety ................................................................................................................ 154

Chapter 33 Hygiene ............................................................................................................ 160

Chapter 34 Diagnostic Testing ........................................................................................... 166

Chapter 35 Medications ..................................................................................................... 172

Chapter 36 Skin Integrity and Wound Care .................................................................... 178

Chapter 37 Perioperative Nursing .................................................................................... 184

Chapter 38 Sensory Perception ......................................................................................... 190

Chapter 39 Self-Concept .................................................................................................... 195

Chapter 40 Sexuality ........................................................... 200

Chapter 41 Spirituality ....................................................................................................... 206

Chapter 42 Stress and Coping ........................................................................................... 212

Chapter 43 Loss, Grieving, and Death .............................................................................. 218

Chapter 44 Activity and Exercise ...................................................................................... 223

Chapter 46 Pain Management ........................................................................................... 235

Chapter 47 Nutrition .......................................................................................................... 241

Chapter 48 Urinary Elimination ....................................................................................... 247

Chapter 49 Fecal Elimination ............................................................................................ 253

Chapter 50 Oxygenation ..................................................................................................... 259

Chapter 51 Circulation ....................................................................................................... 265

Chapter 52 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid—Base Balance ................................................... 271

Answer Key ...................................................................................................... 277

HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY

KEY TERM REVIEW

1. Caregiver . Degree of wellness or well—being that the client

6 7 , Consumer ‘. Process of helping a client to recognize and