chapter 11: agriculture and the rural landscape

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1. agribusiness general term for the businesses that provide 15. mediterranean specialized farming that occurs only in
the vast array of goods and services that agriculture areas where the dry-summer mediterranean
support the agriculture industry climate prevails
2. agriculture the purposeful tending of crops and 16. metes-and- a system of land surveying east of the
livestock in order to produce food and fiber bounds survey appalachian mountains. it is a system that
relies on descriptions of land ownership
3. animal genetic modification of an animal such that it
and natural features such as streams or
domestication is rendered more amenable to human
trees. because of the imprecise nature of
control
metes and bounds surveying, the u.s. land
4. biotechnology technology designed to manipulate seed office survey abandoned the technique in
varieties to increase crop yields favor of the rectangular survey system
5. climactic area of the world with similar climatic 17. monoculture dependence on a single agricultural
region characteristics commodity
6. commercial term used to describe large-scale farming 18. organic approach to farming and ranching that
agriculture and ranching operations that employ vast agriculture avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides,
land bases, large mechanized equipment, growth hormones, and other similar
factory-type labor forces, and the latest synthetic inputs
technology
19. plantation production system based on a large estate
7. first dating back 10,000 years, the first agriculture owned by an individual, family, or
agricultural agricultural revolution achieved plant corporation and organized to produce a
revolution domestication and animal domestication cash crop. almost all plantations were
8. food desert an area characterized by a lack of established within the tropics; in recent
affordable, fresh and nutritious food decades, many have been divided into
smaller holdings or reorganized as
9. genetically crop that carries new traits that have been
cooperatives
modified inserted through advanced genetic
organism engineering methods 20. plant genetic modification of a plant such that its
(gmo) domestication reproductive success depends on human
intervention
10. green the recently successful development of
revolution higher-yield, fast-growing varieties of rice 21. primary economic activity concerned with the direct
and other cereals in certain developing economic extraction of natural resources from the
countries, which led to increased production activity environment—such as mining, fishing,
per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of lumbering, and especially agriculture
the gap between population growth and 22. primogeniture system which the eldest son in a family—or,
food needs in exceptional cases, daughter—inherits all
11. koppen developed by wladimir köppen, a system of a dying parent's land
climate for classifying the world's climates on the 23. quaternary service sector industries concerned with the
classification basis of temperature and precipitation economic collection, processing, and manipulation of
system activity information and capital. examples include
12. livestock the raising of domesticated animals for the finance, administration, insurance, and legal
ranching production of meat and other byproducts services
such as leather and wool 24. quinary service sector industries that require a high
13. long-lot distinct regional approach to land surveying economic level of specialized knowledge or technical
survey system found in the canadian maritimes, parts of activity skill. examples include scientific research
quebec, louisiana, and texas whereby land is and high-level management
divided into narrow parcels stretching back 25. rectangular also called the public land survey, the
from rivers, roads, or canals survey system system was used by the u.s. land office
14. luxury crop non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, survey to parcel land west of the
coffee, and tobacco appalachian mountains. the system divides
land into a series of rectangular parcels
26. root crop crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants
27. second dovetailing with and benefiting from the industrial revolution, the second agricultural revolution witnessed improved
agricultural methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce
revolution
28. secondary economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products;
economic the manufacturing sector
activity
29. seed crop crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants
30. shifting cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning.
cultivation these clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared forestland. also known as slash-and-
burn agriculture
31. subsistence self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local
agriculture consumption, not for trade
32. tertiary economic activity associated with the provision of services—such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and
economic routine office-based jobs
activity
33. third currently in progress, the third agricultural revolution has as its principal orientation the development of genetically
agricultural modified organisms (gmos)
revolution
34. township- a rectangular land division scheme designed by thomas jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the
and-range u.s. interior
system
35. von thunen a model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. a process of
model spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning
capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market