ART HISTORY

Art history, also called art historiography, is the historical study of the visual arts, being concerned
with identifying, classifying, describing, evaluating, interpreting, and understanding the art products and
historic development of the fields of painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, the
decorative arts, drawing, printmaking, photography, interior design, etc. It is also the study of human
expression – visual, but also tactile, spatial and sometimes aural – through history.

Art history is the history of different groups of people and their culture represented throughout their
artwork. Art historians compare different time periods in art history. Such as a comparison to Medieval
Art to Renaissance Art. This history of cultures is shown in their art work in different forms. Art can be
shown by attire, architecture, religion, sports. Or more visual pieces of art such as paintings, drawings,
sculptures.

Art history as we know it in the 21st century began in the 19th century but has precedents that date to
the ancient world. Like the analysis of historical trends in politics, literature, and the sciences, the
discipline benefits from the clarity and portability of the written word, but art historians also rely on
formal analysis, semiotics, psychoanalysis and iconography.

Iconography is a major part of art history. It consists in analyzing the symbolism of works of arts. For
instance, art historians identify the visual elements of a painting and interpret its meaning. Art historians
are interested in what the works of art represented at the time they were created. It is a way to learn
about the civilizations of the past.

Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897), one of the founders of art history, noted that Winckelmann was
‘the first to distinguish between the periods of ancient art and to link the history of style with world
history’.

Heinrich Wölfflin (1864-1945), who studied under Burckhardt in Basel, is the “father” of modern
art history.

ART APPRECIATION

Art Appreciation is the knowledge and understanding of the universal and timeless qualities that
identify all great art. The more you appreciate and understand the art of different eras, movements,
styles and techniques, the better you can develop, evaluate and improve your own artwork.

Art as Creativity, Imagination and Expression

*Creativity is not Art

Creativity is the mental capacity to generate novel and useful ideas, more or less. It isn’t about art or
design, writing or music. Creativity is, at its core, about ideas and how we develop, understand, and
communicate them. Not just in terms of the arts, but in every realm of thinking and work.

*Art is an Imagination
Imagination is tied very closely to creativity because imagination is putting things, ideas, feelings or
images together, initially in the artist's mind. The artist's imagination may be in the form of picturing,
thinking or feeling what the proposed work of art will be about.

*Art is an Expression

Art is an expression made visible by a form. The expression contained in the form is an attempt
to translate the unnamed and the unknown. Intrinsic to our existence as humans in our quest to create
meaning, and art allows that process to take place. Making meaning involves understanding our
surroundings and marking our experiences.

ASSUMPTIONS OF ART

Assumption of Art: Art has been created by all people at all times, in all countries & it loves because its
well-liked & enjoyed.

Art is universal: In every country and in every generation, there is always art.

Art is cultural: In every culture in the world artistic expression has emerged o positive an outlet for
thoughts, feelings, traditions, and beliefs.

Art is nature: The exploration of nature in art can take endless forms, because nature provides us with
such as vast wealth of inspiring phenomena.

Art as expression as a form of creation: The creation of a work of art is the bringing about of a new
combination of elements in the medium (tones in music, words in literature, paints on canvas, and so
on).

VISUAL ARTS

Something that is created with imagination and skill and that is beautiful or that expresses important
ideas or feelings. It is also an art form that focuses or creating pieces of work by the means of visual
environment, in order to convey messages of emotion, ideas or information.

What does Visual Arts include?

Definitions of Visual arts encompass the following type of Arts:

1. Fine Arts = All fine arts belongs to the general category of visual arts. These include activities such as:
drawing, painting, printmaking and sculpture along with associated activities like graphic art, manuscript
etc.

2. Contemporary Arts= The visual arts also include a number of modern art forms, such as; assemblage,
collage, mixed-media,conceptual art, installation, happenings, and performance art along with Film-
based disciplines such as photography, video art etc.
3. Decorative Arts and Crafts= The general category of visual arts encompasses a number of decorative
arts disciplines and crafts, including; ceramics, and studio pottery, mosaic art, mobiles, tapestry, glass
art and others.

4. Applied Arts= Wider definitions of visual art sometimes include applied art areas such as graphic
design, fashion design, and interior design.

5. Body Arts= Body art may also fall under the general heading of visual arts, these include tattoo art,
face printing, and body painting.

6. Academic Arts= Contained all sorts of rules about how mainly paintings and sculptures were to be
created elements such as subject matter, form, message, composition, colour were quite strictly
regulated.

The visual arts have been used to educate, persuade, commemorate and problem solve.

2D Arts - The composition of the art, which is limited in the two dimensions of depth and height, is
called 2D art. .

3D Arts - A 3D art composition is defined through the dimensions of height, width, and depth. Any type
of sculpture or artwork that can be touched or seen from all sides is included in 3D art.

Performance Art - An art form that combines visual art with dramatic Performance.

- Is a performance presented to an audience with in a fine art context, traditionally

“Types of Performance Art”

1. Dance – Is a form of performance art where a performer uses in a body as the medium of art.
Human movement is used to express a performance, which may be scripted or unscripted or
choreographed.

2. Music – Is one of the most interesting forms of performance art. It is an academic discipline,
which focuses on three major career paths, music, education, musicology and music performance.

3. Opera – A dramatic work in one or more acts, set to music for singers and instrumentalists.

4. Theatre – A building or outdoor area in which plays and other dramatic performance are given.

5. Musical and theatre – Is an art form and type of entertainment that combines acting, dancing,
and singing.

6. Musical theater – productions, also known as musicals, are performed around the world.
 Poetry Performance – is poetry that is specifically composed for or during a performance before
an audience. During the 1980’s, the term came into popular usage to describe poetry written or
composed for performance rather than print distribution.

Three main kinds of Poetry

1. Narrative – A spoken or written account of connected events; a story.

2. Dramatic–something associated with emotion, conflict or tension. An example of dramatic is a
relationship of fraught with conflict and lots of exciting ups and downs.
3. Lyrical – (of literature, art, or music) expressing the writer’s emotions in an imaginative and
beautiful way; Is a literary or creative work that can be sung, or is a literary work that is the author’s
feelings.

ARCHITECTURE

• Came from the Latin word “Architectura” or from the Greek word “Arkhitekton”, “Arkhi”
meaning chief and “tekton” meaning building.

• It is the art of science of designing building and other physical structures. A wider definition
often includes the design of total built environment from the macro level of town planning, urban
design and landscape architecture to the micro level of construction details and sometimes furniture.

HISTORIC TREATISES OF ARCHITECTURE

The earliest surviving written works of architecture is the De Architectura by a Roman architect
Vitruvius. He said that a good building should satisfy the Principles:

• FIRMITAS (firmness) Durability- a building should stand up and remain good condition.

• UTILITAS (comodity) Utiliy- it should be suitable for the purpose for which it is used.

• VENUSTAS (delight) Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing.

ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE

Many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality architecture torepresent symbolically thte poltical
power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself. Architectural ‘style’ developed in the form of
Classical orders.

Examples: The Pyramid at Giza in Egypt and The Parthenon in Athens, Greece

ASIAN ARCHITECTURE

Kao Gong Ji from China (7th-5th Centry BCE) is one of the earliest asian writtings on architecture.
Architecture in different parts of Asia ws developed along different lines from that of Europe, Budhist,
Hindu, and Sihk archhitecture each having a characteristics.
 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE (17th Century)

Incorporating architectural forms from ancient Middle East and Byzantum, but also developing features
to suit their religious and social need of the society.

Examples: Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and Taj Mahal in India

MIDDLE AGES ARCHITECTURE

In Europe during Medeival Period, guilds were formed by craftsman to organize their trades. Major
archtectural undertaking were the buildings of abbeys and Cathedrals. From about 900 CE onward, the
movements of the tradesman and clerics carried architectural knowledge across Europe, rsulting in the
pan-European styles Romanisque and Gothic.

RENAISSANCE AND ARCHITECT

In Renaissance Europe (1400 onwards), there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the
development of Renaissance Humanism. There was still no deviding line between artist, architect, and
engineer or any related vocations, and the apellation was often one of regional preference.

DANCE

HISTORY OF DANCE

From the earliest moments of known human history, dance accompanied ancient rituals,
spiritual gatherings and social events. As a conduit of trance, spiritual force, pleasure, expression,
performance and interaction, dance became infused into our nature from the earliest moments of our
existence from the moment when first African tribes covered themselves in war-paint to the spreading
of music and dance across all four corners of the world. Without a doubt, dancing remains one the most
expressive forms of communications that we know. This dance soon became even more energetic in
1844 with the beginning of so called ‘International polka craze” which also brought us the first
appearance of famous waltz. English ballet master John Weaver, writing in 1721, argued on the other
hand “ Dancing is an elegant, and regular movement, harmoniously composed of beautiful Attitudes,
and contrasted graceful Posture of the Body, and parts thereof.”.

TYPES OF DANCE

Many types of dance emerged with focused on less restrictive woman clothing, and tendency
for skipping and jumping. There are the types of dance

 Ballet— is often referred to as the backbone of dance. The fundamentals used in ballet are often
used throughout all other styles of dance well. This style of dance is used to tell story. It relies
heavily on technique and requires an enormous about of diligence and dedication to perfect.
Ballet is typically danced to classical music and is done wearing slippers or pointed shoes.

 Contemporary— this style of dance incorporates lyrical, modern, ballet and jazz. Contemporary
 dance is all about connecting the mind and the body through dance movements. It is typically
done barefoot and there is a heavily emphasis on strong controlled legwork.

 Jazz — is fun and energetic . It is typically paired with upbeat music such as hip-hop or show tunes to
add a theatrical flare. Jazz often have more freedom to express their own individual personality
through their dance performance.

 Tap — is probably best known for the types of shoes the dancers wear. Tap dance wears special
shoes with metal taps on the soles that allows them to create their own drum like rhythmic
patterns and sound while they dance.

 Hip-hop— is a style of dance that evolved from hip-hop culture and is typically danced to of course,
hip hop music. Breakdancing is the most well-known type of hip-hop dance, but other styles
include krumping, popping and locking.

 Ballroom— are done with a partner, almost always a man and a woman. For this reason, it is known
as the social dance, because of the interaction between the two dance partners. There are several
popular types of ballroom dance including the Cha Cha, foxtrot, jive, lindy hop, mambo,paso
doble, quickstep, rumba, samba, tango, Vietnamese waltz, and the waltz

FILM

 a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the
illusion of continuous movement.

 a thin flexible strip of plastic or other material coated with light-sensitive emulsion for exposure
in a camera, used to produce photographs or motion pictures.

HISTORY OF FILM

 The movie industry as we know it today originated in the early 19th century through a series of
technological developments: the creation of photography, the discovery of the illusion of
motion by combining individual still images, and the study of human and animal locomotion.

 Such a device was created by French-born inventor Louis Le Prince in the late 1880s. He shot
several short films in Leeds, England, in 1888, and the following year he began using the
newly invented celluloid film. He was scheduled to show his work in New York City in 1890, but
he disappeared while traveling in France.

 By 1892 Edison and Dickson invented a motion picture camera and a peephole viewing device
called the Kinetoscope. They were first shown publicly in 1893 and the following year
the first Edison films were exhibited commercially.

 During the 1890s films became several minutes long and started to consist of several shots. The
first film studios were built in 1897. The first rotating camera for taking panning shots was built
 in 1898. ... By 1910, actors began to receive screen credit for their roles, opening the way for the
creation of film stars.

THOMAS ALVA EDISON

(February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931)

Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman who has been described as
America’s greatest inventor. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power
generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures.

William Kennedy Dickson

(3 August 1860 – 28 September 1935)

William Kennedy-Laurie Dickson was a Scottish inventor who devised an early motion picture
camera under the employment of Thomas Edison.

LITERARY ARTS

Literary Arts is the integrative discipline of ideation, literary appreciation and multi-modal creative
writing.

THEATER

The word "theater" comes from the Greek word theatron which means "seeing place".

Theater is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of real or imagined
event before a live audience in specific place.

Theater is an "art" complete with creativity, imagination, elegance, power and aesthetic harmony.

Meant to capture the human spirit

integrating our emotions with our intellect
Drama comes from the Greek word dran which means "to do"

Theater - Drama

Drama is something done an action

Theater is something seen an action witnessed

What does a theater mean?

A building
Metaphorically it can be mean a place where surgeries or wars take place
The players (owners, managers and technician) who perform in a space a company
An occupation
Theater Architecture

1. Proscenium Theater - is a structure in front of the stage that frames the action of the play. It can be squared or
arched, and the stage curtain is generally directly behind it.

2. Thrust theater - is a performance space in which the stage breaks through and extends well past the proscenium
arch.

Seats on 3 sides

More intimate

3. Arena Theater - Seats on all 4 sides

Very intimate

More emphasis on props and costumes than a scenery

4. Black Box Theater - Have been popular since 1920's. This type of unique space offers the ability to easily
transform a scene through flexible staging and alternate lighting configuration.

Occupations in Theater

Producer - Finances, hiring, promoting

Director - Supervises, rehearsal, controls and develops his/her "vision" of the play.

Actors - Perform the roles/ character

Designer - creates the visual aspects of production: scenery, costumes, props, make - up, lighting, sound.

Builders - tech crew; build and paint the set; make the costumes

Crews - Execute changes on scenery, light and sound cues, placement and return of properties.

Stage Manager - Runs " live" production

House Manager - Admits and seats audience

Playwright - His work is generally done away from the theater building itself.

Modes of Performance

Presentation theater – is a non-realistic style in which the audience is forced into awareness that they are
watching a play.

Representation theater – incorporates a more naturalistic style. The audience is meant to intellectually
and emotionally buy in to the reality of the plot, setting and character.

Applied Arts
Applied arts are those in which artistic design is applied to utilitarian objects of everyday use (as
opposed to Fine arts which have no function other than to aesthetically and intelectually stimulate the
viewer).

Industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design, and the decorative arts all belong to
the realm of Applied arts.

Industrial Design
— aims to make our lives easier, to optimize function, value and appearance guided by special
requierements.
Graphic Design
— was used to convey ideas in a symbolic yet memorable manner.
— the most part remained a practical method of communication using images, words, or graphic forms.
Fashion Design
— influenced by social and cultural norms and expectations, fashion has a tremendous impact on how
we see ourselves and each other.
Interior Design
— fulfills our need to live in beautiful surroundings.
— can be applied to residential and commercial spaces, but also on temporary structures such as the
theater stage, event design etc.
Decorative Arts
— serve a definite purpose of embellishing everyday objects and enhancing their functionality.
— it encompasses ceramics, glassware, basketry, jewelry, metal ware, furniture, stained glass, tapestry,
and textiles.
— also embraces just about any category of “precious or crafted object” with only limited practical use.

FUNCTIONS OF ARTS

- All arts have function, for man, the maker, creates things because he has a particular need for them
- Arts Creates beauty
- Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

PERSONAL FUNCTION
Arts are vehicle for the artists expression of their feelings and ideas. The arts also serve as means of
expression for us.

Ex. Music

The therapeutic value of music cannot be ignored.

Works of art make us aware of other ways of thinking, feeling, and imagining that have never
occurred to us before.
Utilitarian Art- is that art which art has utility on the market and individuals. Unitarian arts also a design,
but performing or visual arts.

Public Art- An art that has been created with the intention of being displayed in a public place where it
can be accessible with art that is privately held or being kept in the museum.

PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS OF ART

- Art shares responsibility for the built environment: how it looks and how it works. Sometimes how it
looks improves how it works, and sometimes the opposite occurs.
- The physical functions of art are often the easiest to understand. Works of art that are created to perform
some service have physical functions.

Example:
- Paintings and buildings can both be symbols, but buildings also serve a physical function. Many objects
have both physical and aesthetic duties. Architects, Industial and Graphic Designers, Interior Decorators-
all of these professionals have to balance form and function.
-Architecture, any of the crafts, and industrial design are all types of art that have physical functions.

PHILOSOPHICAL FUNCTION OF ART

-Like philosophy, art also has a profoundly communicativefunction. Through it people communicate to
one another their feelings, their most intimate and infinitely varied and poignant thoughts. A common
feature ofart and philosophy is the wealth they both contain of cognitive, moral and social substance.
- Equally true is the fact that no thinking and emotionally developed person can remain indifferent to
literature, poetry, music, painting, sculpture and architecture. Obviously, one may be to some extent
indifferent to some highly specialised science, but it is impossible to live an intellectually full life if one
rejects philosophy and art.

For the medieval theologian St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), a beautiful thing had three primary
characteristics (Summa Theologica, First Part, Question 39, Article

1. Integritas (Integrity)-
The wholeness.
It must not be deficient in what it needs to be most itself.
- “Integrity is doing the right thing, even if nobody is watching."
- Integrity as a concept has to do with perceived consistency of our actions, values, methods, principles,
expectations and outcome .
- This carries the idea that an object has everything important to its essence; in other words, it is not
lacking anything it needs. A dog ought to have four legs, according to its nature, not three or five. When it
comes to design, this might not be as specific as the number of legs a dog should have. But we still
occasionally have a sense that something is missing from an object or another object is too busy or
complicated. A good designer will be able to know the middle ground (or mean) between excess and
deficiency.

2. Consonantia (Consonants)-
The proportionality and its dimensions should suitably correspond to other physical objects as well as to
a metaphysical ideal, an end.
- This involves composition; there must be balance and harmony. People might have different ways of
ordering things, but people delight in order and harmony, rather than disorder and chaos, especially for
design. A poorly designed website—where you can’t find anything—is not pleasing. There are many
ways to order something, but it should make sense. Good design presents harmony, order, or proportion.
And all of the parts must fit together with each other. Thus, balance should be present.

3. Claritas (Clarity) –
Its Radiance.
It should clearly radiate intelligibility, the logic of its inner being and impress this knowledge of itself on
the mind of the perceiver.
- Radiance is the quality of an object that makes us want to continue perceiving it.
- Radiance might involve real light, but it is also metaphorical for the quality that captures our attention.

SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF ART

Social Functions of art are those that go beyond personal intrinsic value to art’s social benefits.
Individuals and their society are dynamically related. Art communicates. Most often it is constructed with
the intention of sharing responses to and opinions about life with others. Art enriches, informs, and
questions our world. When highly valued it can be both a social and financial asset. Art can have
powerful transformative and restorative effects within a society as well.

Aesthetic

- The word aesthetic is derived from the Greek αἰσθητικός (aisthetikos, meaning esthetic, sensitive,
sentient, pertaining to sense perception)

Aesthetics studies how artists imagine, create and perform works of art; how people use, enjoy, and
criticize art; and what happens in their minds when they look at paintings, listen to music, or read poetry,
and understand what they see and hear. It also studies how they feel about art — why they like some
works and not others, and how art can affect their moods, beliefs, and attitude toward life.

SUBJECT TYPE

What is subject?

-The subject of art refers to any person, object, scene or event described or represented in a work of
art.

Two main types of Subjects of art

1. Representational or objective
- Arts that have subject
Painting
Sculpture
Graphic arts
Literature
Theatre arts

2. Non-Representational or Non-objective
- Arts that do not have subjects. They do not present descriptions, stories, or references to
identifiable objects or symbols. Rather they, appeal directly to the sense primarily because
of the satisfying organization of their sensuous and expressive elements.
Ways of representing subjects

The manner of representing subject varies according to the intent and inventiveness of each artist.

1. Realism- when things are depicted in the way they would normally appear. Some paintings
seem to be photographic renderings of facts or anchored on historical facts.
2. Abstraction- it is the process of simplifying and/or reorganizing objects and elements according
to the demands of the artistic expression. The artist selects and renders the objects with their
shapes, colors and positions altered. In some abstract works, enough of a likeness has been
retained to represent real things.

3. Distortion- is when the figures have been so arranged that proportions differ noticeably from
natural measurements. It could also mean twisting, stretching or deforming the natural shape of
the object. It is usually done to dramatize the shape of a figure or to create an emotional effect.
4. Surrealism- it is realism plus distortion. It is a method where the artist in giving expression to
what is in the subconscious composes dreamlike scenes that show an irrational arrangement of
objects.

SOURCE OF SUBJECT

Subject Sources

- Identifies subject heading lists, thesauri, and databases that are the sources of topical , geographic,
chronological and other headings or terms in used to describe the subject content of a source, and
assigns a code of each source.

The subject of art refers to any person, OBJECT, SCENE, OR EVENT described or represented in a work
of art.

Representational or Objectives

- Arts that have subject. eg Painting, Sculpture, Graphic Arts, Literature and Theatre Arts.

Source of Art Subject

1. Nature

Animals
People
Landscapes
2. History

Rulers
Events
3. Greek And Roman Mythology

Ex. Venus, Cupid,Zeus,Poseidon and Olympus.

4. The Judaeo-Christian Tradition.

 A. The Bible – Old & New Testament.
B. The Apocrypha- Unchosen Books.
C. Legends and Lives of the saints.
D. Rituals.
E. Oriental Sacred Texts.
F. Subject derived from other works of Arts.

Kinds of Subject
 Landscapes, Sea Scapes and Cityscapes
 Still Life
 Animals
 Portraits
 Figures
 Everyday Life
 History and Legend
 Religion and Mythology
 Dreams And Fantasies

ARTIST VS. ARTISANS

An ARTISAN is essentially a manual worker who makes items with his or her hands, and who through
skill, experience and talent can create things of great beauty as well as being functional.
An ARTIST is dedicated only to creative side, making visually pleasing work only for the enjoyment and
appreciation of the viewer, but with no functional value.

Art Dealer
- is a person or company that buys and sells works of art.
- Art dealers' professional associations serve to set high standards for accreditation or
membership and to support art exhibitions and shows.

Managers- A person responsible for controlling or administering all or part of a company or similar
organization.
Operator - A person who operates equipment or a machine.
Buyers - A person who make a purchase.

PRODUCTION PROCESS

PRE-PRODUCTION

 It is the process of planning some of the elements involved in a film, play, or other performance.
 Planning, scripting, and storyboarding.
PRODUCTION

 The actual producing, creating or making an art of something.

 The act of bringing something forward.
 The act of being produced
POST-PRODUCTION

 It occurs in the making of motion pictures, television programs, radio programs, advertising,
audio recordings, photography, and digital art.
 Everything between production and creating the final master copy.
Medium

 It refers to the materials that are used to create a work of art.

 Some of the common media are oil paints, (paints that use oil to hold pigments together), tempera
( pigments held together with egg yolk, marble (soft, white stone, and bronze (a metal used to cast
sculptures.)

Technique

 Is the manner in which the artist controls his medium to achieve the desired effect.
 The ability which the artist fulfills the technical requirements of his/her particular work of art.

GAMABA OR GAWAD sa MANLILIKHA ng BAYAN AWARDEE

Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972)

 first national artist in 1972 known as the “ Grand Old Man of Philippine Art”.

Jose Joya ( 1931- 1995)

 Filipino pioneer of abstract expressionism, multi-media painter he used bold and

vibrant colours with a variety of painting techniques, layering, loose impasto strokes
and controlled drips. His mastery lies in gestural painting, where the paint is applied
spontaneously on canvas.

Pacita Abad (1946- 2004)

 internationally revered artist, her paintings consist of vibrant colors and a constant
change of patterns and materials
 Created unique technique called “ trapunto”

Benedicto Cabrera ( 1942- present)

 fondly known as “BenCab” in the Philippines

 best-selling commercial painter of his generation and a prominent head of the local
contemporary art scene.
Kidlat Tahimik ( 1942- present)

 known as the Father of Philippine independent film

Napoleon Abueva (1930-2018)

 Noted as the Father of Modern Filipino sculpture

ELEMENTS OF ART

VISUAL ART- refers to art experienced primarily through the sense of sight.
Example: Ceramics, drawing, painting, printmaking. Also, modern visual arts which use
technology: photograph and video, filmmaking and architecture.
ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ART
 LINE- A continuous mark made on a surface by a moving point.
-Foundation of all drawing.
 SHAPE- is the area enclosed by a line or other shape.
 COLOR- The strongest effect on our emotion. We use this to create the mood or
atmosphere of an artwork.
 TEXTURE- The surface quality of an artwork.
-The roughness or smoothness of the material from which it is made.
 FORM- An element of art defined that is three-dimensional and enclosed
volume; includes height, width, and depth as a cube, a sphere, a pyramid or a
cylinder.
 VALUE- The lightness or darkness of tones or colors.
 SPACE- is concerned with the area deep within the moment of designated design
will take place on.
AUDITORY ART- An art that is heard at one particular time.
EXAMPLE: Music
ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
 RHYTHM- The tones of silences of varying durations moving through time.
 MELODY- Is the pitch added to the rhythm.
 HARMONY-The simultaneous sounding of tones.
 TONE COLOR- The result of tempo, dynamic, and the timbre or the medium or
mediums.
 TEXTURE- This is the characteristics disposition and relationship between melody
and harmony.
 FORM- The overall design or plan is called a musical structure or musical form.
COMBINED ARTS- can be refer to event that combine variety of media or materials which can
be both seen and heard, and which exist in both space and time.
EXAMPLES ARE THE FOLLOWING:
 PERFORMANCE- That requires human beings to demonstrate certain skills.
 THEATER- As a combined art may put together literature or drama, music,
actors on stage where scenery, props and lightning are arranged, plus other
media to complete a production.
 MUSIC- May include sound, spectacular impression and video.
 CINEMA- May creatively integrate elements of photography, video, film, music
and literature and other materials in its production.

THE SPATIO TEMPORAL OF COMBINED ARTS

o LOCUS- The specific space in which music, film, and theater and other
combined arts occur.
o SPACE- Most conform to the plastic feature of the actor or the actresses,
and that is must work to serve his or her moving, alive and three
dimensional character.

THE DISPLAY OF SKILLS IM COMBINED ARTS

 PERFORMACE- Which consist in the display or the demonstration of the certain
technical skills of human beings for the public’s pleasure?
 THEATER- This may be shown in the display of aural and visual images.
 MUSIC- this can be shown in the demonstration of virtuosity of the pianist who
performs a piece before an audience.
 CINEMA- can be shown in the display of aural and visual images.

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

Balance – is the distribution of the visual weight of objects, colors, texture, and space.

Emphasis – is the part of the design that catches the viewer’s attention.

Movement – is the path the viewer’s eye takes through the work of art, often to focal areas.

Pattern – is the repeating of an object or symbol all over the work of art.

Repetition – works with pattern to make the work of art seem active.

Proportion – is the feeling of unity created when all parts (sizes, amounts, or number) relate well with
each other.
Rhythm – is created when one or more elements of design are used repeatedly to create a feeling of
organized movement.

Variety – is the use of several elements of design to hold the viewer’s attention and to guide the
viewer’s eye through and around the work of art.

Unity – is the feeling of harmony between all parts of the work of art, which creates a sense of
completeness.

RULE OF THIRDS

The rule of thirds is one of the most useful composition techniques in photography.

The rule of thirds is a type of off-center composition where important elements of a photograph are
placed along a 3x3 grid, which equally divides the image into nine parts.

WHAT IS RULE OF THIRDS?

The rule of thirds involves mentally dividing up your image using 2 horizontal lines and 2 vertical lines.