Exercise OFDM 1 PDF
Exercise OFDM 1 PDF
Exercise OFDM 1 PDF
Systems
521316S
Exercise 1
• Determine parameters for OFDM system operating
under the following conditions:
• bit rate Rb 20 Mbps
• tolerable rms delay spread 200 ns
• System bandwidth B 15 MHz
• Loss due to cyclic prefix max. 1 dB
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Example Design for OFDM (1)
• Let’s choose Tcp=800 ns*), to allow for timing errors<~0.6
s
• In order to have loss due to cyclic prefix less than 1 dB:
T Tcp T Tcp
10 log10 Ploss log10 Ploss
T T
T 1 10 Ploss / 10
T
cp T
Tcp
1 10Ploss / 10
0.8s
Now, T 1/ 10
3.9s
1 10
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Example Design for OFDM (3)
• 16-QAM with rate 1/2 coding gives
4*1/2*N/4.8s= 20 Mbps => N=48 subcarriers for
data
• QPSK with rate 3/4 coding gives
2*3/4*N/4.8s= 20 Mbps => N=64 subcarriers for
data
• However, 64 subcarriers would mean bandwidth of
64*250kHz=16MHz
• The first option is selected to maintain under
15MHz bandwidth (48*250kHz=12MHz).
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Example Design for OFDM (4)
• The receiver operates by using samples. Hence an integer
number of samples must be collected both from FFT interval
and OFDM symbol interval:
64-FFT => sampling freq. 64*250kHz=16MHz, BUT
16MHz*0.8s=12.8 samples for cp
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Example Design for OFDM (5)
Sampling rate is Rs N FFT / TFFT s , then it must also be Rs N cp / Tcp
N FFT N cp N FFT
N cp Tcp .
TFFT Tcp TFFT
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Example Design for OFDM (7)
• How the system parameters would be changed if the channel delay
spread is 1s and the number of subcarriers is kept the same?
• Let’s assume that 0.6 s is enough to cover timing errors etc. =>
Tcp=1.6s
1.6s
T 1/ 10
7.8s
1 10
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Example Design for OFDM (8)
• 48 subcarriers results in 48* 147 kHz = 7 MHz system
bandwidth.
• The larger delay spread causes lowering the data rate and
lowering the system bandwidth if the number of subcarriers
is kept constant.
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Example Design for OFDM (9)
• How the data rate of 20Mbps can be maintained with system
bandwidth of 15 Mbps for delayspread of max. 1 s?
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Discussion on the Choice of
Parameters (2)
• If we define an OFDM system for a quasi-AWGN-channel
context (i.e. channel impulse response is short) - so, the
data throughput can be increased by choosing a short guard
interval.
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Exercise 2
• Consider a multicarrier (MC) system, which has a total
passband bandwidth of 1 MHz. Assume that the channel
delay spread Tm = 20 µs. How many subchannels are
needed, so that each subchannel can be expected to be
approximately flat fading?
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Exercise 2 solution
• The coherence bandwidth of the channel Bc can be
calculated from the channel delay spread Tm,
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Exercise 3 solution a)
• The subchannel symbol duration is
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Exercise 3 solution b)
• If we assume raised cosine pulse, we get a symbol time
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Exercise 3 solution b)
• The entire occupied bandwidth for non-overlapping
subchannels is then given by
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Exercise 3 solution c)
• This time β and ε do not affect the total system bandwidth
due to the subchannels overlap except in the first and last
subchannels. The total system bandwidth with overlapping
subchannels is given by
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Exercise 3 solution c)
• The total bandwidth using overlapping carries is less than
half of the non-overlapping bandwidth.
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Exercise 4
• Consider a high-speed data signal with bandwidth 0.5 MHz
and a data rate of 0.5 Mbps. The signal is transmitted over a
wireless channel with a delay spread of 10 µs.
a) If multicarrier modulation with non-overlapping
subchannels is used to mitigate the effects of ISI,
approximately how many subcarriers are needed? What is
the data rate and symbol time on each subcarrier? (We do
not need to eliminate the ISI completely, so BN = Bc is
enough for ISI mitigation)
b) Assume that the average received SNR (γs) on the nth
subcarrier is 1000/n (linear units) and that each subcarrier
experiences flat Rayleigh fading (so ISI is completely
eliminated). Suppose BPSK modulation is used for each
subcarrier. If a repetition code is used across all
subcarriers (i.e. if a copy of each bit is sent over each
subcarrier), then what is the BER after majority decoding?
What is the data rate of the system? 22
Exercise 4 solution a)
• Aim: diversity gain obtained from subcarriers. The
condition imposed for ISI mitigation in this time
[compare to BN = 0,1xBc << Bc ->TN = 10Tm] is TN
= Tm = 10 μs
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Exercise 4 solution b)
• The bit error probability of BPSK in a Rayleigh
fading channel [1],(6.58) is
• where
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Exercise 4 solution b)
• Thus, for the 5 subchannels, it is possible to
calculate the following BERs
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Exercise 5
• Consider a channel with impulse response
h(t) = α0δ(t) + α1δ(t − T1) + α2δ(t − T2).
• Assume that T1 = 10 µs and T2 = 20 µs. You want to design a
multicarrier system for the channel, with subchannel bandwidth
BN = Bc/2. If raised cosine pulses with β = 1 are used, and the
subcarriers are separated by the minimum bandwidth necessary
to remain orthogonal, then what is the total bandwidth occupied
by a multicarrier system with 8 subcarriers? Assuming a constant
SNR on each subchannel of 20 dB, find the maximum
constellation size for MQAM modulation that can be sent over
each subchannel with a target BER of 10−3, assuming M is
restricted to be a power of 2. Find also the corresponding total
data rate of the system.
• Use as the upper bound for BER of an M-ary QAM, where
γ denotes the SNR.
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Exercise 5 solution
• Channel impulse response is h(t) = α0δ(t) + α1δ(t − T1) +
α2δ(t − T2).
• T1 = 10 µs and T2 = 20 µs.
• Subchannel bandwidth BN = Bc/2.
• Raised cosine pulses with β = 1 are used.
• Subcarriers are separated by the minimum bandwidth
necessary to remain orthogonal.
• Constant SNR on each subchannel of 20 dB = 100.
• Target BER of 10−3.
• MQAM modulation, where M is restricted to be a power of 2.
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Exercise 5 solution
• What is the total occupied bandwidth, if the
multicarrier system has 8 subcarriers?
• The delay spread of the channel Tm = T2 = 20 µs. Thus the
coherence bandwidth of the channel
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Exercise 5 solution
• What is the maximum constellation size for MQAM
modulation that can be sent over each subchannel
with a target BER?
• The BER of an M-ary QAM constellation is upper bounded by
• Inserting the SNR (γ = 100) and the target BER (10–3), the
appropriate modulation order can be calculated as
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